Article(id=1239211867265093996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.046, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695744000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-27, revisedDate=1698595200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-30, acceptedDate=1702310400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-12, onlineDate=1773380732598, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1739635200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773380732598, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773380732598, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773380732598, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239211861397270994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773380731200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773384112372, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=46, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239211867537723762, articleId=1239211867265093996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Capillary Floor Radiation Heating System with Air-Source Heat Pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The air-source heat pump capillary radiant floor heating system directly heats the floor using a refrigerant as the heat transfer fluid, which employs a simple system and promotes good heat transfer. This study developed an experimental device for capillary floor radiant heating with an air-source heat pump, and a heating experiment with parallel capillary floor radiant terminal was conducted at different outdoor ambient temperatures. The experimental results demonstrate that a longer time is required for the temperature of the capillary floor radiation terminal to reach steady as the outdoor temperature decreases. When the outdoor temperature was -5 ℃, the required time was 120 min. The temperature difference between the discharge inlet end and the condenser outlet end on the same capillary wall was large. The temperature difference on the capillary wall reached 6.40 ℃, while that on the surface of the 20 mm-thick cement floor reached 4.20 ℃. Conversely, the vertical temperature difference from the capillary wall to the cement floor surface was small, not exceeding 0.40 ℃, and the vertical heat transfer effect of the floor was good. The temperature difference at the same position of different capillaries was within 0.80 ℃, and the temperature uniformity was good. When the outdoor temperature was -5 ℃, the heating coefficient of performance of the unit reached 4.61 with good heating performance.

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Niu Jianhui, female, Ph. D., associate professor, master supervisor, Department of Energy Engineering, Hebei University of Architecture, 86-15324033180, E-mail: . Research fields: new-type refrigeration and heat pump system and its energy saving and environmental protection technology.
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空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统以制冷剂为热工质直接加热地板,具有系统简单、传热效果好的优点。搭建了空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖实验装置,在不同室外环境温度下对平行布置的毛细管地板辐射末端进行供暖实验研究。实验结果表明:室外温度越低,毛细管地板辐射末端温度稳定所需时间越长,当室外温度为-5 ℃时,稳定时间为120 min;同一根毛细管壁面上排气入口端与凝液出口端温差较大,可达到6.40 ℃,2 cm厚水泥地板表面温差可达4.20 ℃;从毛细管壁至水泥地板表面竖向温差较小,不超过0.40 ℃,地板竖向传热效果良好;不同毛细管的同一位置处温差在0.80 ℃以内,温度均匀性良好;室外温度为-5 ℃时,机组稳定运行制热COP可达4.61,性能良好。

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牛建会,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,河北建筑工程学院能源工程系,15324033180,E-mail:。研究方向:新型制冷热泵系统及其节能环保技术。
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测量参数仪表型号测量范围精度
压力Huba-0.1~4.0 MPa±0.2%
温度Pt100-150~150 ℃±0.15%
功率PD6000-Y300~10 kW0.5%
质量流量LW型0~150 kg/h±1%
数据采集Agilent34972A ±0.2%
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测量参数仪表型号测量范围精度
压力Huba-0.1~4.0 MPa±0.2%
温度Pt100-150~150 ℃±0.15%
功率PD6000-Y300~10 kW0.5%
质量流量LW型0~150 kg/h±1%
数据采集Agilent34972A ±0.2%
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空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统实验研究
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牛建会 , 王海超 , 吕天舒 , 李永亮
制冷学报 | 2025,46(1): 46-52
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(1): 46-52
空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统实验研究
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牛建会 , 王海超, 吕天舒, 李永亮
作者信息
  • 河北省可再生能源供热工程技术中心 河北建筑工程学院 张家口 075000

通讯作者:

牛建会,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,河北建筑工程学院能源工程系,15324033180,E-mail:。研究方向:新型制冷热泵系统及其节能环保技术。
Experimental Study on Capillary Floor Radiation Heating System with Air-Source Heat Pump
Jianhui Niu , Haichao Wang, Tianshu Lü, Yongliang Li
Affiliations
  • Hebei Renewable Energy Heating Engineering Technology Center, Hebei University of Architecture, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
出版时间: 2025-02-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.046
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空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统以制冷剂为热工质直接加热地板,具有系统简单、传热效果好的优点。搭建了空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖实验装置,在不同室外环境温度下对平行布置的毛细管地板辐射末端进行供暖实验研究。实验结果表明:室外温度越低,毛细管地板辐射末端温度稳定所需时间越长,当室外温度为-5 ℃时,稳定时间为120 min;同一根毛细管壁面上排气入口端与凝液出口端温差较大,可达到6.40 ℃,2 cm厚水泥地板表面温差可达4.20 ℃;从毛细管壁至水泥地板表面竖向温差较小,不超过0.40 ℃,地板竖向传热效果良好;不同毛细管的同一位置处温差在0.80 ℃以内,温度均匀性良好;室外温度为-5 ℃时,机组稳定运行制热COP可达4.61,性能良好。

The air-source heat pump capillary radiant floor heating system directly heats the floor using a refrigerant as the heat transfer fluid, which employs a simple system and promotes good heat transfer. This study developed an experimental device for capillary floor radiant heating with an air-source heat pump, and a heating experiment with parallel capillary floor radiant terminal was conducted at different outdoor ambient temperatures. The experimental results demonstrate that a longer time is required for the temperature of the capillary floor radiation terminal to reach steady as the outdoor temperature decreases. When the outdoor temperature was -5 ℃, the required time was 120 min. The temperature difference between the discharge inlet end and the condenser outlet end on the same capillary wall was large. The temperature difference on the capillary wall reached 6.40 ℃, while that on the surface of the 20 mm-thick cement floor reached 4.20 ℃. Conversely, the vertical temperature difference from the capillary wall to the cement floor surface was small, not exceeding 0.40 ℃, and the vertical heat transfer effect of the floor was good. The temperature difference at the same position of different capillaries was within 0.80 ℃, and the temperature uniformity was good. When the outdoor temperature was -5 ℃, the heating coefficient of performance of the unit reached 4.61 with good heating performance.

牛建会, 王海超, 吕天舒, 李永亮. 空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统实验研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 46 -52 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.046
Jianhui Niu, Haichao Wang, Tianshu Lü, Yongliang Li. Experimental Study on Capillary Floor Radiation Heating System with Air-Source Heat Pump[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (1) : 46 -52 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.046
由于空气源热泵在北方寒冷地区供暖时兼具节能与舒适特性[1-3],近几年在我国北方煤改电工程中得到了广泛应用。
随着国家“碳达峰”“碳中和”政策的开展,空气源热泵将会得到进一步应用。另一方面随着经济的发展和生活水平的不断提高,人们对居住环境的舒适性和健康性提出了更高的要求,为了更好地满足节能、环保和舒适、健康的要求,空气源热泵供暖末端也出现了多种形式[4-6],其中毛细管地板辐射热泵就是其中之一[7-9]
空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统因系统简单、无需二次换热,而逐渐引起学者们的关注。张帅等[10]将空气源热泵和散热器组合在一起针对北方农村地区采用高保温、大温差、小流量的输配方式供暖,提高了整体性能。许洁[11]将低温散热器空调供暖系统应用于夏热冬冷地区,得到了很强的舒适性。王琳[12]对制冷剂直膨式毛细管供热的空气源热泵地板换热特性进行研究,为直膨式供热末端的推广提供指导。傅允准等[13]总结了毛细管辐射采暖的优缺点,并对系统的应用前景、系统性能等方面作出展望。曾章传等[14]是国内最早研发直接地板辐射供暖系统的,发现该系统具有高于传统地暖系统的节能性。王园园等[15]设计了一种新型的空气源热泵制冷剂直热式建筑供暖系统,该系统在满足热舒适性的同时,节能效果达50%,运行稳定后制热COP(性能系数,coefficient of performance)达到3.3。黎天标[16]研究表明,当室外温度为0 ℃,相对湿度为50%时,直凝式空气源热泵地暖系统小时能效比达2.72以上,当室外温度升至5 ℃,机组小时能效比升至3.41以上,远高于其他采暖形式。李龙新[17]通过理论分析与计算,得出整个供暖季系统制热COP集中在2.5~3.0,具有较强的节能性。赵军等[18]通过太阳能集热器数学模型,分析得到直膨式太阳能热泵系统制热COP可达到4.0~6.5。文献[19-21]针对制冷剂直接冷凝末端,建立了二维热传导微分方程和边界条件求解数学模型,模拟计算制冷剂和地板结构层之间的传热过程。文献[22-24]对毛细管辐射末端进行实验研究,表明毛细管地板辐射供暖系统不仅室内温度场分布均匀,而且室内热舒适性指标PMV-PPD(predicted mean vote-predicted percentage dissatisfied)可以达到规范Ⅰ级的舒适标准。
目前空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统研究主要集中在系统性能及热舒适性方面,而针对毛细管地板辐射供暖末端的地板温度特性研究较少。本文搭建了空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统实验装置,在人工环境控制室研究不同室外环境温度下,空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统的地板温度特性及系统制热性能的变化。
空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统实验装置搭建在河北建筑工程学院人工环境控制室内,控制室分室内侧和室外侧两间,室内外环境控制室内温度均能控制在-15~40 ℃,精度±0.2 ℃;湿度均能控制在30%~85%,不确定度5%。
热泵系统由空气源热泵室外机组及毛细管地板辐射供暖末端两部分组成。室外机组位于室外人工环境控制室内,由额定功率为0.735 kW某品牌滚动转子压缩机、翅片管式蒸发器、电子膨胀阀等组成。毛细管地板辐射供暖末端由16根外径为4 mm的铜管平行布置组成。采用R410A作为制冷剂并通过电子膨胀阀来实时控制蒸发器出口过热度为5 ℃。压缩机排出的高温高压制冷剂蒸气直接进入毛细管地板辐射末端冷凝放热,冷凝后的高压制冷剂液体经过电子膨胀阀节流降压后进入蒸发器蒸发吸热,实验装置如图1所示。
在人工环境控制室内搭建尺寸为2 m×1.5 m(长×宽)的毛细管地板辐射供暖地面,由自室内环境控制室地面依次向上敷设50 mm厚聚苯乙烯保温板、0.04 mm铝箔镜面反射膜、铁丝网、毛细管、20 mm厚水泥砂浆层构成。毛细管末端通过铜管与室外机组连接,采用16根外径为4 mm、壁厚为0.5 mm、直管段长度为2 000 mm的铜管,相邻毛细管之间间距为100 mm。为了保证分液均匀,实验地板辐射末端装置采用两组8分支分液器分流,高温高压的气态制冷剂经过分液器分流后,进入各毛细管支路。支路采用平行型布置方式且每个支路毛细管等长,支路和主路焊接连接。空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统实物如图2所示。
本实验只进行冬季热泵制热工况运行,实验将室内侧温度稳定在20 ℃,实验研究当室外侧温度分别为5、0、-5 ℃时,热泵机组从开机至稳定这一动态变化过程中,毛细管地板辐射末端温度特性及热泵机组制热性能的变化规律。
毛细管地板辐射供暖地面的温度测点由下至上分3层布置,每一层测点位置相同,均布置5个测点,如图3所示。第1层布置在毛细管壁面,测点分别为1″、2″、3″、4″、5″;第2层布置在10 mm厚水泥砂浆找平层中,测点分别为1′、2′、3′、4′、5′;第3层布置在水泥地板表面,测点分别为1、2、3、4、5。
在机组主要设备进出口处设置温度、压力等传感器,主要测量压缩机吸排气温度及压力、压缩机功率、冷凝器进出口温度及压力、制冷剂质量流量等参数,通过Agilent 34972A数据采集仪采集记录数据,各测量用仪表性能参数如表1所示。
实验过程中使用温度、压力传感器、流量计以及功率表等仪表获得直接测量的物理量,间接物性参数由测量获得的温度、压力等参数经查询软件REFPROP 9.1获得,系统制热量由冷凝器入口与出口制冷剂焓差乘以制冷剂质量流量获得:
式中:Q为制热量,kW;q为制冷剂质量流量,kg/s;hiho分别为冷凝器入口、出口制冷剂焓值,kJ/kg。
系统制热COP:
式中:P为压缩机功率,kW。
在数据分析过程中,对于不能直接测得的被测量Y,若与其他测量值x1x2,…,xn(输入量)存在如下函数关系:
被测量Y的估计值y的标准不确定度,是由相应输入量x1x2,…,xn的标准不确定度适当合成求得的,记为ucy)。当全部输入量xi彼此独立时,合成标准不确定度利用式(4)计算:
式中:uxk)为标准不确定度;∂f/∂xk为函数yxk的误差传递系数,表示估计值yxk的变化而变化的程度。
由式(1)与式(2)可知:
系统制热量与制热COP的误差按式(7)~式(10)计算:
式中:uquP为参数不确定度;uQuCOP为合成标准不确定度;urel,Qurel,COP为测量误差。
在实验过程中,数据采集每隔10 s扫描记录一次,取每20个连续测量数据的平均值作为一个测量值,代入式(7)~式(10)计算得到制热量测量误差为2.8%,制热COP测量误差为5.4%。
当室外温度为0 ℃,室内温度为20 ℃时,毛细管地板辐射末端各测点的温度变化如图4~图6所示。开机初期,各测点的升温过程明显,待系统运行120 min后,各测点温度趋于稳定。
图4所示为毛细管壁温度变化,测点1″、3″、5″分别位于同一根毛细管的排气进口端、中段及凝液出口端3个位置上。由图4可知,1″温升最快,5″温升最慢,待系统运行稳定后1″温度最高维持在26.5 ℃,而5″温度最低为20.1 ℃,两者相差6.4 ℃,而3″温度介于两者之间,与1″和5″温差分别为4.4 ℃和2.1 ℃。这是由于1″位于排气进口端,压缩机排气进入毛细管后最先加热1″位置。而5″位于凝液出口端,放热后的制冷剂凝液温度较低,因而5″管段温度较低,同一根毛细管不同位置处温差较明显。
测点2″、3″与4″位于不同毛细管的相同位置处,由图4可知,这三者温度接近,最大温差不超过0.80 ℃,说明机组分液均匀,毛细管末端冷凝放热效果均匀一致。
图5所示为地板竖向不同厚度上温度变化。由图5可知,在不同厚度上各测点温度接近,毛细管壁3″温度最高为22.3 ℃,地板表面3温度最低为21.9 ℃,两者最大温差为0.40 ℃。说明较薄的水泥填充层对地板竖向温度影响较小。
图6所示为水泥地板表面温度变化。与图4相比,从开机至稳定运行,不同位置处测点温升变缓,但依然是排气进口端测点1温度最高,凝液出口端测点5温度最低,温度稳定后,两者温度分别为24.5 ℃和20.3 ℃,温差为4.20 ℃,与图4中毛细管壁温相比,两者温差减小2.20 ℃。稳定后测点1与测点3温差为2.50 ℃,测点3与测点5温差为1.70 ℃。不同毛细管相同位置上测点2、3、4温度接近,且均稳定在22.0 ℃附近,3个测点之间的温差不超0.70 ℃。与毛细管壁面温差相比,敷设较薄的水泥填充层对地板温度影响较小。
由此可知,毛细管地板辐射供暖的温度均匀性是系统设计需特别注意的问题,应该在设计初期和施工过程保证制冷剂流量分配均匀,特别是分液器/分气器的选择和管路的长度等结构参数选取;此外,敷设毛细管时可以冷热逆流间隔布置,同时在铺设水泥前进行开机试运行,保证均匀度在可接受的范围内。
图7所示为当室外环境温度to分别为5、0、-5 ℃,室内温度为20 ℃时,地板表面测点1、3、5的温度变化对比。
图7(a)所示为地板表面测点1在3种不同工况下的温度变化,由图7(a)可知,室外环境温度越高,地表升温速度越快,机组达到稳定所需时间越短,且运行稳定后温度也越高。测点1在室外环境为5 ℃时,从开机30min至60min内温度升高速率最快,平均为0.74 ℃/10min,开机90min后机组基本达到稳定,该点温度最高,稳定运行后温度维持在约25.0 ℃。当室外环境温度为-5 ℃时,测点1温度升高速率最慢,从开机30 min至60 min内温度升高速率平均为0.47 ℃/10 min,且开机160 min后机组达到稳定,其温度为22.9 ℃。室外环境温度为0 ℃时,测点1的升温速率与机组运行稳定后温度介于上述两种环境温度之间。
图7(b)所示为地板表面测点3在3种不同工况下的温度变化。由图7(b)可知,测点3温度变化趋势与图7(a)中测点1的温度变化趋势基本相同,但与测点1温度相比,不同工况下温升速率明显下降,且温度稳定后测点3平均温度明显低于测点1的温度。同样5 ℃工况升温最快,为0.43 ℃/10 min,-5 ℃工况升温速度最慢,为0.19 ℃/10 min,温度稳定后5 ℃工况时,平均温度为22.4 ℃,-5 ℃时温度为20.2 ℃,而0 ℃工况下,温度介于两者之间。与图7(a)中测点1相比,测点3位于制冷剂凝结段,因此温度比排气入口端的温度稍低。
图7(c)所示为地板表面测点5在3种不同工况下的温度变化,由于测点5位于凝液出口段,制冷剂温度较低,因此机组开机初期未出现明显升温,而是一直基本维持在平均温度附近。5 ℃时维持在20.6 ℃,0 ℃时维持在20.2 ℃,-5 ℃时维持在19.9 ℃。这也与图4中毛细管壁温5″测点温度相吻合。
图8所示为不同工况下系统制热量的变化。由图8可知,系统制热量随室外温度的降低而降低,当室外温度为5 ℃时,制热量稳定在约2.46 kW;当室外温度为0 ℃时,制热量稳定在约2.22 kW;当室外温度为-5 ℃时制热量稳定在约1.89 kW。
图9所示为不同工况下系统制热COP的变化。由图9可知,系统制热COP的变化规律与系统制热量的变化规律基本相同,随室外温度降低,制热COP下降。当室外温度分别为5、0、-5 ℃时,制热COP基本稳定在约6.12、5.47、4.61。系统制热COP较高,节能效果良好。
空气源热泵毛细管地板辐射供暖系统直接以液态制冷剂作为热载体加热地面,通过在不同室外环境温度下进行实验研究,得到以下结论:
1)室外温度越低,毛细管地板辐射末端温度稳定所需时间越长,当室外温度为-5 ℃时,稳定时间为120 min。同一根毛细管壁面上排气入口端与凝液出口端温差较大,可达到6.40 ℃,20mm厚水泥地板表面温差可达到4.20 ℃,建议在敷设毛细管初期充分考虑制冷剂分配与地板表面温度均匀等问题;从毛细管壁至水泥地板表面竖向温差较小,不超过0.40 ℃,地板竖向传热效果良好。不同毛细管同一位置处温差在0.80 ℃以内,温度均匀性良好。
2)地板表面排气入口端温升速率随室外环境温度降低而逐渐下降,5 ℃工况升温最快,为0.74 ℃/10 min,-5 ℃工况升温速度最慢,为0.47 ℃/10 min。待温度稳定后,地板表面不同位置处温度均随室外环境温度下降而有所下降。室外环境温度为-5 ℃时,地板中部位置温度为20.2 ℃,凝液出口端温度为19.9 ℃。
3)热泵机组制热性能随室外温度的降低而下降,当室外温度为-5 ℃时,机组制热量达到1.89 kW,制热COP稳定在4.61,机组性能良好。
  • 河北建筑工程学院博士科研启动基金项目(B-202303)
  • 河北建筑工程学院研究生创新基金项目(XY2023052)
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.046
  • 接收时间:2023-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-02-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-27
  • 修回日期:2023-10-30
  • 录用日期:2023-12-12
基金
Doctoral Research Initiation Fund Project of Hebei University of Architecture(B-202303)
河北建筑工程学院博士科研启动基金项目(B-202303)
Graduate Innovation Fund Project of Hebei University of Architecture(XY2023052)
河北建筑工程学院研究生创新基金项目(XY2023052)
作者信息
    河北省可再生能源供热工程技术中心 河北建筑工程学院 张家口 075000

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牛建会,女,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,河北建筑工程学院能源工程系,15324033180,E-mail:。研究方向:新型制冷热泵系统及其节能环保技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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