Article(id=1239211865222476377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.157, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1698163200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-25, revisedDate=1700841600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-25, acceptedDate=1705507200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-18, onlineDate=1773380732112, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1739635200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773380732112, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773380732112, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773380732112, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239211861397270994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773380731200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773384112372, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=157, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239211865423802981, articleId=1239211865222476377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Crystallization Properties of Oocytes Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Hydrogel, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microencapsulation technology based on sodium alginate hydrogels can be used to optimize freezing and rewarming procedures and to reduce cryo-damage to cells and tissues. This study first observed the morphology of oocytes of sodium alginate hydrogels at different volume fractions (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) to determine the safe concentration for their encapsulation. Second, the crystallization temperature and crystallization behavior of sodium alginate hydrogels with different volume fractions were systematically investigated using cryo-microscopy, and the morphology and crystallization of oocytes were compared when they were cooled down/retempered in the base solution (cryoprotectant solution). Finally, the freezing effects of the sodium alginate antifreeze hydrogel-encapsulated oocytes prepared by solvent replacement and physical mixing were compared. The results revealed that oocytes maintained their overall morphology and volume better in sodium alginate gels at volume fractions of 0.5% and 1.0%. Furthermore, oocytes in both the 1.0% sodium alginate group and the cryoprotectant solution group of 12.5% DMSO + 12.5% EG + 0.5 mol/L trehalose did not produce intracellular ice during the cooling process. Additionally, compared with the physical mixture, oocytes in the hydrogel solvent replacement group did not produce intracellular ice during the cooling process, and the cells retained their normal morphology after rewarming.

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Zhou Xinli, female, professor, Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-13817547878,E-mail: . Research fields: cryobiology.
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基于海藻酸钠水凝胶的微囊化技术可用于优化冷冻和复温程序,降低细胞和组织的冷冻损伤。观察了卵母细胞在不同体积分数(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%)海藻酸钠水凝胶中的形态,确定其封装的安全浓度;利用低温显微镜系统研究了不同体积分数海藻酸钠水凝胶的结晶温度及结晶行为,并对比卵母细胞在基础溶液、保护剂溶液中降/复温时形态和结晶情况;对比溶剂置换型和物理混合型制备的海藻酸钠抗冻水凝胶包封卵母细胞的冻存效果。结果表明:卵母细胞在0.5%和1.0%体积分数的海藻酸钠凝胶中整体形态与体积维持较好;1.0%体积分数海藻酸钠组和12.5%DMSO+12.5%EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的保护剂溶液组中的卵母细胞在降温过程中均未产生胞内冰;相比物理混合型,溶剂置换型组水凝胶中的卵母细胞在降温过程中无胞内冰产生,细胞复温后仍保持正常形态。

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周新丽,女,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,13817547878,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学。
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Angewandte Chemie, 2018, 57(22): 6568-6571., articleTitle=Rational fabrication of anti-freezing, non-drying tough organohydrogels by one-pot solvent displacement, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239224525112529835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=grant from Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors, fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239224526517621680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, awardId=null, language=CN, fundingSource=上海市肿瘤能量治疗技术与器械协同创新中心资助, fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239224522151351012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239224522159739622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, companyId=1239224522151351012, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239224522168128232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, companyId=1239224522151351012, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239224523359310640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Morphology of oocytes in different concentrations of sodium alginate (scale bar: 50 μm), figureFileSmall=BGTHiP4W6ZFn7L+vQuqs8A==, figureFileBig=NwV/kOrnWo4HvKJ1RW9VKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224523464168249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=图1, caption=卵母细胞在不同浓度海藻酸钠中的形态(标尺:50 μm), figureFileSmall=BGTHiP4W6ZFn7L+vQuqs8A==, figureFileBig=NwV/kOrnWo4HvKJ1RW9VKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224523610968896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Ice crystal formation in sodium alginate hydrogel flakes with different concentrations, figureFileSmall=W2/5u930OV8Pmwb3K2KY/Q==, figureFileBig=vJdatwRyqHh3+uDd5ifP4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224523703243592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的冰晶形成情况, figureFileSmall=W2/5u930OV8Pmwb3K2KY/Q==, figureFileBig=vJdatwRyqHh3+uDd5ifP4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224523782935377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Ice crystal production from oocytes in different solutions and sodium alginate hydrogels (scale bar: 50 μm), figureFileSmall=E1ZoDJguOu73T6GGFztT9g==, figureFileBig=WLlWISsiebWP6cuEma1iPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224523929736033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=图3, caption=卵母细胞在不同溶液和海藻酸钠水凝胶中的冰晶生成情况(标尺:50 μm), figureFileSmall=E1ZoDJguOu73T6GGFztT9g==, figureFileBig=WLlWISsiebWP6cuEma1iPQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224524068148076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ice crystal generation from oocytes in physically mixed and solvent-substituted hydrogels (scale bar: 50 μm), figureFileSmall=Y1iv1mR50jf2B1O1rGln1g==, figureFileBig=amf1+V89nFgKb7Kr+AUsNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224524311417718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=图4, caption=卵母细胞在物理混合型与溶剂置换型水凝胶中的冰晶生成情况(标尺:50 μm), figureFileSmall=Y1iv1mR50jf2B1O1rGln1g==, figureFileBig=amf1+V89nFgKb7Kr+AUsNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224524407886717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Crystallization temperature and crystallization behavior of sodium alginate hydrogels of different concentrations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别0.5%海藻酸钠1.0%海藻酸钠1.5%海藻酸钠2.0%海藻酸钠
结晶温度/℃-16.83±0.96-18.25±0.56-18.80±0.87-17.46±1.57
平均灰度值625.229931.2941 148.3451 551.203
重结晶温度/℃-78.65±1.27-77.06±0.85-69.55±0.68-59.63±2.16
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524491772803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=表1, caption=不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶的结晶温度和结晶行为, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别0.5%海藻酸钠1.0%海藻酸钠1.5%海藻酸钠2.0%海藻酸钠
结晶温度/℃-16.83±0.96-18.25±0.56-18.80±0.87-17.46±1.57
平均灰度值625.229931.2941 148.3451 551.203
重结晶温度/℃-78.65±1.27-77.06±0.85-69.55±0.68-59.63±2.16
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524600824715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Crystallization behavior of oocytes in different solutions and sodium alginate hydrogels during cooling/rewarming process, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别外周结晶温度/℃胞内冰生成情况重结晶温度/℃卵母细胞降复温后形态
基础溶液(BS)-10.20±0.53-77.63±5.54质膜严重破损,胞质松散,部分细胞透明带破裂
CPA-30.55±1.28-31.82±4.92质膜轻微破损,胞质轻微松散,透明带无明显损伤
1.0%海藻酸钠-19.14±0.47-35.16±4.51质膜严重破损,胞质松散,透明带无明显损伤
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524718265232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=表2, caption=卵母细胞降/复温过程中在不同溶液和海藻酸钠水凝胶中的结晶行为, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别外周结晶温度/℃胞内冰生成情况重结晶温度/℃卵母细胞降复温后形态
基础溶液(BS)-10.20±0.53-77.63±5.54质膜严重破损,胞质松散,部分细胞透明带破裂
CPA-30.55±1.28-31.82±4.92质膜轻微破损,胞质轻微松散,透明带无明显损伤
1.0%海藻酸钠-19.14±0.47-35.16±4.51质膜严重破损,胞质松散,透明带无明显损伤
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524818928535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Phenomena of the cooling/rewarming process of oocytes in physically mixed and solvent-replaced hydrogels, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别外周结晶温度/℃胞内冰生成情况重结晶温度/℃初始融化温度/℃卵母细胞降复温后形态
物理混合型-27.86±5.16无法观察无法观察-9.84±2.74质膜破裂,胞质松散,透明带无明显破损
溶剂置换型-71.53±1.27-77.39±2.96-33.63±4.49质膜和透明带完整,与冻前无明显差异
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524915397535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211865222476377, language=CN, label=表3, caption=卵母细胞在物理混合型与溶剂置换型水凝胶中降/复温过程的现象, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别外周结晶温度/℃胞内冰生成情况重结晶温度/℃初始融化温度/℃卵母细胞降复温后形态
物理混合型-27.86±5.16无法观察无法观察-9.84±2.74质膜破裂,胞质松散,透明带无明显破损
溶剂置换型-71.53±1.27-77.39±2.96-33.63±4.49质膜和透明带完整,与冻前无明显差异
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海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞结晶性质研究
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林春燕 , 张宇琪 , 周新丽
制冷学报 | 2025,46(1): 157-166
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(1): 157-166
海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞结晶性质研究
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林春燕, 张宇琪, 周新丽
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093

通讯作者:

周新丽,女,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,13817547878,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学。
Crystallization Properties of Oocytes Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Hydrogel
Chunyan Lin, Yuqi Zhang, Xinli Zhou
Affiliations
  • Institute of Biothermal Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-02-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.157
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基于海藻酸钠水凝胶的微囊化技术可用于优化冷冻和复温程序,降低细胞和组织的冷冻损伤。观察了卵母细胞在不同体积分数(0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%)海藻酸钠水凝胶中的形态,确定其封装的安全浓度;利用低温显微镜系统研究了不同体积分数海藻酸钠水凝胶的结晶温度及结晶行为,并对比卵母细胞在基础溶液、保护剂溶液中降/复温时形态和结晶情况;对比溶剂置换型和物理混合型制备的海藻酸钠抗冻水凝胶包封卵母细胞的冻存效果。结果表明:卵母细胞在0.5%和1.0%体积分数的海藻酸钠凝胶中整体形态与体积维持较好;1.0%体积分数海藻酸钠组和12.5%DMSO+12.5%EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的保护剂溶液组中的卵母细胞在降温过程中均未产生胞内冰;相比物理混合型,溶剂置换型组水凝胶中的卵母细胞在降温过程中无胞内冰产生,细胞复温后仍保持正常形态。

Microencapsulation technology based on sodium alginate hydrogels can be used to optimize freezing and rewarming procedures and to reduce cryo-damage to cells and tissues. This study first observed the morphology of oocytes of sodium alginate hydrogels at different volume fractions (0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%) to determine the safe concentration for their encapsulation. Second, the crystallization temperature and crystallization behavior of sodium alginate hydrogels with different volume fractions were systematically investigated using cryo-microscopy, and the morphology and crystallization of oocytes were compared when they were cooled down/retempered in the base solution (cryoprotectant solution). Finally, the freezing effects of the sodium alginate antifreeze hydrogel-encapsulated oocytes prepared by solvent replacement and physical mixing were compared. The results revealed that oocytes maintained their overall morphology and volume better in sodium alginate gels at volume fractions of 0.5% and 1.0%. Furthermore, oocytes in both the 1.0% sodium alginate group and the cryoprotectant solution group of 12.5% DMSO + 12.5% EG + 0.5 mol/L trehalose did not produce intracellular ice during the cooling process. Additionally, compared with the physical mixture, oocytes in the hydrogel solvent replacement group did not produce intracellular ice during the cooling process, and the cells retained their normal morphology after rewarming.

林春燕, 张宇琪, 周新丽. 海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞结晶性质研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 157 -166 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.157
Chunyan Lin, Yuqi Zhang, Xinli Zhou. Crystallization Properties of Oocytes Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Hydrogel[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (1) : 157 -166 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.157
卵母细胞低温保存是用于人类辅助生殖技术和生育力保存的有效技术[1],在基础研究[2-3]和临床应用[4-6]中具有重要作用。目前,卵母细胞玻璃化保存后的存活率较高[7],但仍存在玻璃化所需的保护剂浓度过高[8-9]、细胞后续发育能力明显减弱[10]等问题。所以,仍然需要探究新型卵母细胞玻璃化保存的方法。
海藻酸钠是由褐藻或细菌产生的一种多糖的统称,能在毫摩尔浓度的钙或其他二价阳离子(如钡或锶)作用下形成稳定的水凝胶[11]。这种胶化特性可在生理条件下包裹住细胞,并使细胞在整个基质中均匀分布。海藻酸钠水凝胶因具有良好的稳定性、生物相容性[12]和冰晶抑制能力等优势,在低温保存领域被广泛用作包封材料[13-15]。M. Serra等[16]将人类胚胎干细胞微胶囊化在海藻酸盐中进行冷冻保存,结果发现,该策略提高了细胞扩增率(细胞浓度增加约20倍)和冻后细胞回收率(>70%)。与未包封的细胞相比,解冻后的细胞存活率提高了3倍,而不影响细胞特性。Bian Jiang等[17]研究了海藻酸钠水凝胶包裹分离的人卵巢组织玻璃化冷冻,实验将卵泡的活力、生长情况和超微结构与包裹但未冷冻的新鲜对照组进行对比,结果表明,水凝胶包封玻璃化冷冻保存方法能有效维持卵泡的活力,并可在复温后立即投入使用。截至目前,海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞的研究几乎未见报道。
海藻酸盐凝胶的形成取决于交联剂/阳离子的类型和浓度,以及藻酸盐的分子量、组成、聚合度和聚合物链长[18],即海藻酸钠水凝胶的力学性能受聚合物组成和浓度的影响。由于卵母细胞具有独特的结构和极高的含水量,表面积与体积比小,对外周环境和渗透压变化敏感[19]。因此,使用海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞时,需要考虑水凝胶的力学性能对卵母细胞的影响。此外,通过对降/复温过程中冰晶形成和生长现象的可视化观察,对于筛选低温保护剂,优化冻存程序具有极大帮助。杨波等[20]在低温显微研究中发现,在降温过程中,溶液的结晶形状、大小与溶液的浓度和添加溶质(糖或糖醇)有关,溶液浓度高,形成的冰晶小,对细胞损伤小。因此,利用低温显微镜观察藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞在降/复温过程中的结晶行为并进行分析,将有助于解释水凝胶的低温保护机理。
本文采用海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞,首先,评估不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞的安全性;其次,使用低温显微镜系统分析不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶的结晶温度与结晶行为,对比卵母细胞在基础溶液、保护剂溶液和水凝胶中的结晶温度和复温后的形态;然后,制备两种海藻酸钠抗冻水凝胶对卵母细胞进行包封,观察胞内外冰晶生成情况,揭示海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞的抑冰作用。
二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide,DMSO)、乙二醇(ethylene glycol,EG)购自美国Sigma公司;组织培养液(tissue culture media 199,TCM199)、青链霉素、胎牛血清(fetal bovine serum,FBS)购自美国Gibco公司;无水乙醇、无水氯化钙、柠檬酸三钠、海藻糖、海藻酸钠、D-甘露醇购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司;胚胎培养用矿物油、孕马血清促性腺激素(pregnant mare serum gonadotropin,PMSG)、人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotrophin,HCG)、M2培养液、透明质酸酶、KSOM培养液购自江苏易核科学仪器有限公司。
溶液浓度除特别指出,均按照体积分数(%)配制。基础溶液(base solution,BS):TCM199+20%FBS。
低温显微镜系统主要由BCS196生物低温台、Linksys 32温度控制软件、T95程序温度控制器、LNP95自动冷却系统以及BX51TRF型显微镜(Olympus,Japan)组成。液氮在温度控制器的控制下由液氮泵自动注入低温台中,用来冷却样品。低温台可以实现-196~125 ℃范围内的降温及升温,升降温速率最快为100 ℃/min,最慢为0.01 ℃/min。
降复温程序均设置为:从室温20 ℃以50 ℃/min的降温速率降至-100 ℃,平衡1 min,再以100 ℃/min的升温速率复温至室温。相机拍摄时间间隔均设置为1 s,每组进行3~5次平行实验。
选取7周龄ICR (institute of cancer research)系SPF (specific pathogen free)级小鼠10只,腹腔注射PMSG 0.2 mL,48 h后再腹腔注射HCG 0.2 mL。在注射HCG后的15~16 h内用颈椎脱臼法快速处死小鼠,剖开腹腔,取出输卵管与卵巢结合体。将其放入PBS (phosphate buffered saline)中涮洗3次,再移入提前预热好的M2捡卵液(M2培养液+1%青链霉素)中。在体视镜视野下,找到输卵管与卵巢连接处的膨大部并撕开,排出卵丘-卵母细胞复合物。再将复合物移至50 μL的透明质酸酶液滴中,用10 μL移液枪反复吹打3~5 min使卵丘细胞与卵母细胞分离获得裸卵。在M2溶液中洗涤3~5次后挑选形态正常的卵母细胞移入事先制备好的M2培养液液滴中,最后用2 mL胚胎用矿物油封住,放入培养箱备用。
为研究海藻酸钠水凝胶包封形成的机械应力是否会影响卵母细胞的形态和存活情况,选取0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的4种不同浓度海藻酸钠包封并释放卵母细胞。
配制海藻酸钠溶液,成分为BS+1%D-甘露醇+0.5%/1.0%/1.5%/2.0%海藻酸钠。1%的D-甘露醇用于维持卵母细胞与周围环境的渗透压平衡。用移液枪分别吸取4种不同浓度的海藻酸钠溶液,在培养皿上制作4个5 μL液滴。将卵母细胞从培养箱中取出,放入1~3个卵母细胞至各液滴中,等待1 min,实时观察卵母细胞形态。拍照后,吸取20 μL 0.15 mol/L CaCl2溶液,轻轻覆盖于海藻酸钠液滴上,交联3 min。交联完成后,用吸水纸吸去液滴上多余的CaCl2溶液,在显微镜视野下观察卵母细胞在海藻酸钠水凝胶中的状态。随后,在海藻酸钠水凝胶上滴加0.075 mol/L柠檬酸钠溶液进行解交联,将释放出的卵母细胞依次在M2液滴中清洗3次,再放入培养箱中培养1 h,观察卵母细胞的存活状态。以透明带完整无明显变形且卵周间隙均匀,质膜完整,胞质无外流、皱缩、变暗或松散不均匀现象为存活标准。
使用CO2激光雕刻机(美国UNIVERSAL VLS2.30)在厚度为300 μm的亚克力板上雕刻长为2 cm、宽为1.5 cm的长方形,并在长方形中央切除直径为1 cm的圆形孔洞。选取同尺寸的带有小孔的聚四氟乙烯膜,与亚克力片贴合按压紧密,制成水凝胶薄片模具。分别吸取少量0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%浓度海藻酸钠溶液滴加在模具的圆形孔洞中,盖上盖玻片,随后将模具完全浸入CaCl2溶液中进行交联,时长为30 min。
从模具中取出水凝胶薄片,平铺于坩埚中,盖上盖玻片,转移至低温载物台中开始降复温程序。以初始冰晶出现温度为结晶温度,统计各组样本结晶温度。各组均依次选取20 ℃室温、结晶前、初始结晶、-100 ℃最终结晶、出现重结晶、冰晶开始融化、冰晶即将全部融化和恢复室温后8个时间节点,观察并拍照记录海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的结晶情况。
选取0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片在约-100 ℃平衡时的冰晶最终生成图,将图片导入Image J软件进行处理。综合计算各图取平均灰度值,以此对比不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片冰晶生成厚度与密度。
将卵母细胞分别置于体外培养液(KSOM培养液+1%青链霉素)、12.5%EG+12.5%DMSO+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的CPA溶液、1.0%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶中进行低温显微实验,观察降/复温过程中卵母细胞在培养液、保护剂溶液及海藻酸钠水凝胶中胞内冰产生情况。
用移液枪在坩埚上制作2 μL的培养液和浓度为12.5%EG+12.5%DMSO+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的CPA溶液液滴,将卵母细胞吹入液滴后,在坩埚中垫上C型环防止卵母细胞被压碎,再夹取盖玻片覆盖在液滴上。将加载好样品的坩埚放置在低温台上,开启降复温程序。对于海藻酸钠水凝胶组样本,用移液枪在坩埚上制作2 μL的1.0%浓度海藻酸钠液滴,将卵母细胞吹入液滴后,在液滴上方滴加20 μL的0.15 mol/L CaCl2溶液进行交联。3 min后,用吸水纸吸去样品周围多余的液体,再将坩埚放置在低温台中,开启降复温程序。实验中记录结晶温度和卵母细胞胞内冰生成情况,拍摄降/复温过程8个时间节点图片。
分别使用溶剂置换法和物理混合法制备海藻酸钠水凝胶,包封卵母细胞进行低温显微实验,探究抗冻型水凝胶对卵母细胞的低温保护作用机制。
物理混合法:称取100 mg海藻酸钠粉末于15 mL离心管中,加入10 mL浓度为12.5%EG+12.5%DMSO+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的保护剂溶液混合配置成CPA基1%浓度海藻酸钠溶液。在坩埚中央制作一个3 μL的CPA基1.0%浓度海藻酸钠溶液液滴,用口吸器将卵母细胞吹入液滴中,滴加0.15 mol/L CaCl2溶液交联3 min后,用吸水纸吸去周围多余液体。
溶剂置换法:在坩埚中央制作一个3 μL的1.0%浓度海藻酸钠溶液液滴,吹入卵母细胞后,吸取20 μL 0.15 mol/L CaCl2溶液滴加至液滴上方,交联3 min成凝胶后吸除多余CaCl2溶液,再向凝胶上方加入50 μL浓度为12.5%EG+12.5%DMSO+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的CPA溶液,加载时长为8 min。加载好后,用吸水纸吸去外周的CPA溶液。
海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞制备好后,将坩埚移入低温台,设置降复温程序开始实验。拍摄各组卵母细胞胞内冰产生和生长图片,并记录冰晶出现的温度和时间。
不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞,再用柠檬酸钠溶液解交联释放卵母细胞的全过程中卵母细胞的形态变化如图1所示(从左至右依次为交联前、交联后以及释放后)。交联前为卵母细胞在海藻酸钠溶液中的状态;交联后为滴加CaCl2溶液交联海藻酸钠溶液,卵母细胞在海藻酸钠水凝胶中的状态;释放后为向海藻酸钠水凝胶中加入柠檬酸钠溶液解交联释放出卵母细胞,并在M2溶液中恢复一段时间后的状态。
图1可知,卵母细胞在0.5%和1.0%浓度的海藻酸钠溶液和海藻酸钠凝胶中整体形态与体积并无明显变化,解交联并在M2溶液中恢复3 min后,卵母细胞仍保持较好的球形状态。在1.5%浓度的海藻酸钠中,由于溶液黏度变大,卵母细胞在交联后的海藻酸钠水凝胶中受到了一定的挤压,形状由球形变成了椭圆形(虚线箭头);在释放恢复后卵母细胞又恢复了原来的形态,胞质与透明带并未出现破损与松散。而2.0%浓度海藻酸钠组交联后被包封在凝胶中的卵母细胞形态发生明显变化,这可能是由于凝胶强度过大,卵母细胞受到机械力而造成不规则形变。释放恢复后的卵母细胞的胞质与透明带之间有较大空隙(实线箭头),说明较高浓度的海藻酸钠凝胶可能会对卵母细胞造成不可逆损伤。
为研究海藻酸钠溶液交联成水凝胶后的结晶情况,制作了厚度为300 μm,浓度为0.5%、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的4种海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片,考虑到海藻酸钠包封卵母细胞在冷冻前交联时长不宜过长,统一交联时长为30 min,分别进行降复温低温显微实验。海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的结晶温度和结晶行为如表1所示。对比不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶的结晶温度差异可以发现,交联时长为30 min时,水凝胶薄片的结晶温度并未随浓度的升高有显著降低。考虑到交联剂的类型和胶凝条件均会影响水凝胶的机械性能[21]。因此,30 min的交联时长可能较短,不足以使300 μm厚的海藻酸钠完全交联成水凝胶,使各浓度薄片之间的结晶温度无较大差异。
不同浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶在交联时长为30 min的情况下,降复温过程中的结晶情况如图2所示。由图2可知,水凝胶薄片在室温下呈透明状,透光性较好。对比4种浓度的水凝胶薄片的冰晶出现初期与最终状态,冰晶出现时均为从一侧到另一侧蔓延且逐层不断生长的趋势。在-100 ℃平衡时,最终冰晶生成图片的灰度值如表1所示。随着海藻酸钠浓度的升高,图片灰度值也逐步增高,0.5%组图片的平均灰度值为625.229,而2.0%组图片的平均灰度值达1 551.203。灰度值的升高说明海藻酸钠水凝胶中形成的冰晶晶体间产生了复杂的反射与折射,削弱了光线的传播,使视野变暗,间接表明海藻酸钠浓度越高,冰晶的体积越小,生长越密集,高密度的细小冰晶会使光线受阻。此外,冷冻过程中可能会使溶液中海藻酸钠产生浓度波动,并且由于钙残留物的存在,可能导致凝胶的进一步交联[22],从而使凝胶刚度增加。
由于低温台复温速率的限制,水凝胶薄片在复温过程中出现重结晶现象,重结晶的判断标准为复温过程中水凝胶内部冰晶再次生长。而薄片重结晶的温度与浓度存在关联性,即浓度越高重结晶温度越高。0.5%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的重结晶温度为-78.65 ℃,而2.0%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的重结晶温度升至-59.63 ℃。随着海藻酸钠浓度的增大,在复温过程中海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的重结晶温度升至-59.63 ℃。随着海藻酸钠浓度的增大,在复温过程中冰晶的再结晶温度升高,较高温度才会出现再结晶。水凝胶薄片的重结晶现象与降温过程中的结晶温度相关联,结晶温度越低,重结晶温度越高。在温度恢复至室温后,各组水凝胶薄片的形态与冷冻前相比并无明显差异。
综合考虑不同浓度海藻酸钠结晶性质及其对卵母细胞形态的影响,选取最适浓度为1.0%的海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞进行低温显微实验,对比卵母细胞在基础溶液、浓度为12.5%DMSO+12.5%EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的保护剂溶液中降复温时形态和结晶情况。卵母细胞在基础溶液、浓度为12.5%DMSO+12.5%EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖的保护剂溶液和1.0%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶中的冰晶生成情况如图3所示,升降温过程中的结晶行为如表2所示。
表2可知,在相同的降温速率50 ℃/min的条件下,海藻酸钠包封组的卵母细胞外周结晶温度(-19.14 ℃)明显低于BS组的结晶温度(-10.20 ℃),但仍高于CPA组的-30.55 ℃。降温过程中,BS溶液先发生了结晶现象,冰晶从细胞外部快速传播扩散至细胞内部,诱导卵母细胞胞内冰的产生,即图中出现的卵母细胞胞质变黑现象。Zhang Wujie等[23]研究发现,海藻酸钠水凝胶微球在低温保存后仍能够保持完整形态,并且在低浓度的低温保护剂作用下,微球内部的水可以优先玻璃化。本文海藻酸钠包封组的外周结晶温度虽高于CPA组,但该组的卵母细胞在降温过程中同样未出现明显的胞内冰生成现象。可能原因是在降温过程中,海藻酸钠水凝胶周围的溶液最先结晶,而在海藻酸钠与钙离子交联形成的水凝胶三维网络中冰晶的生长和扩散受到限制,从而抑制胞内冰的产生,减弱了降温时周围冰晶形成和生长过程产生的作用力对卵母细胞造成的冲击。
复温过程中,由于低温台的复温速率有限,各组卵母细胞均出现了重结晶现象。根据外周溶液的重结晶状况判断BS组卵母细胞重结晶温度约为-77.63 ℃。而1.0%海藻酸钠组中的卵母细胞在约-35.16 ℃开始出现重结晶,生长至-29.3 ℃,并在-10.9 ℃开始融化,时间节点与保护剂组接近。恢复至室温后,各组卵母细胞之间的形态有较大的差异,BS组中的卵母细胞质膜与透明带均受到严重破坏,胞质松散;保护剂组的卵母细胞复温后胞质虽也出现了破损,但程度较轻,卵母细胞的基本形态得以维持;而1.0%浓度海藻酸钠包封组的卵母细胞情况与BS组类似,质膜破裂且胞质松散。Huang Haishui等[24]指出在没有CPA的情况下,海藻酸盐水凝胶微胶囊中的水凝胶网络在降温和升温过程中因广泛的冰产生而发生机械变形,从而在复温至室温后对微胶囊造成不可逆的损害。当添加CPA时,可以防止冰晶的形成,并抑制海藻酸钠的浓度波动带来的凝胶刚度变化。从理论上讲,基质刚度的增加会对细胞活力产生负面影响[25]。因此,仅用海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞进行冻存,存在一定的有效范围,即海藻酸钠水凝胶无法完全取代保护剂的低温保护作用。需进一步研究海藻酸钠水凝胶与保护剂联合使用对卵母细胞的低温保存效果是否有促进作用。
分别使用溶剂置换型与物理混合型两类抗冻水凝胶包封卵母细胞,以50 ℃/min的降温速率和100 ℃/min的复温速率进行低温显微实验。卵母细胞在物理混合型与溶剂置换型水凝胶中的冰晶生成情况如图4所示,降复温过程中的现象如表3所示。
图4可知,物理混合型水凝胶在交联后出现了大量的絮状物,整体较为杂乱。对比冰晶产生的初始时间节点,物理混合型水凝胶平均在-27.86 ℃时就有冰晶产生,并且随着温度的降低持续快速生长至整个界面,遮挡视野,无法看清卵母细胞在其中的状态。而溶剂置换型水凝胶在约-71.53 ℃才出现冰晶,且冰晶生长和扩散的速度缓慢,可以清楚地看到卵母细胞在降温过程中无胞内冰产生。
本研究制备的两类水凝胶使用的保护剂浓度相同,但结果却存在差异。可能原因是海藻酸钠交联成水凝胶时需要滴加CaCl2溶液,并且需要一定的交联时间,而物理混合型水凝胶在CaCl2中交联时,水凝胶中的保护剂与CaCl2溶液中的水进行了置换,使水凝胶中的保护剂含量降低,水凝胶中含有较高份额的自由水,降温过程中有大量冰晶产生,从而影响包封冻存效果。溶剂置换型水凝胶则恰好相反,海藻酸钠先在CaCl2溶液中交联成水凝胶,再浸泡保护剂,水凝胶中的部分水被置换成保护剂,从而减少水凝胶中自由水的含量。保护剂中醇类的疏水残基在水凝胶中聚集,干扰三维氢键网络,减弱了水分子之间的相互作用,从而抑制水凝胶中的冰晶形成和扩散,强化海藻酸钠水凝胶的低温性能。Chen Fan等[26]还指出,不仅可以基于单一的CPA进行溶剂置换,还可以使用二元甚至三元CPA混合物来制备防冻和耐干燥的有机水凝胶,可以进一步平衡有机水凝胶的性能。
由于视野不清,无法看清复温过程中卵母细胞在物理混合型水凝胶中的状况,仅能观察到冰晶开始融化的平均温度为-9.84 ℃。回至室温后,卵母细胞的质膜较降复温前明显发生了破裂,胞质松散。而溶剂置换型水凝胶复温过程中在-77.39 ℃时开始重结晶,冰晶在凝胶中不断生长,布满整个视野,温度到达约-33.63 ℃冰晶开始融化,恢复至室温后,卵母细胞与冻前相比无明显差异,胞质和透明带均完整,无明显破损。
本文对海藻酸钠水凝胶用于包封卵母细胞的安全性进行了评估,并通过低温显微镜系统研究了海藻酸钠水凝胶的结晶性质,对比了保护剂与海藻酸钠水凝胶不同的结晶机制,得到如下结论:
1)0.5%和1.0%浓度的海藻酸钠水凝胶包封卵母细胞可使细胞维持较好形态。0.5%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的重结晶温度为-78.65 ℃,图片的平均灰度值为625.229;2.0%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶薄片的重结晶温度升为-59.63 ℃,图片平均灰度值达1 551.203。说明交联后的海藻酸钠水凝胶可以减缓冰晶的生长速度与体积,海藻酸钠水凝胶浓度增大,生成的冰晶则越细小,重结晶温度越高。
2)1.0%浓度海藻酸钠水凝胶组和CPA组(12.5%DMSO+12.5%EG+0.5 mol/L海藻糖)中的卵母细胞在降温过程中均未产生胞内冰。验证了海藻酸钠水凝胶的包封对卵母细胞具有一定的抑冰作用,但无法完全取代保护剂,可以将其和保护剂结合应用于保存其他细胞或组织。
3)使用相同浓度的保护剂情况下,溶剂置换型水凝胶中的卵母细胞在降温过程中无胞内冰产生,外围水凝胶结晶温度低至-71.53 ℃,细胞复温后仍保持正常形态。相比于物理混合型制备的海藻酸钠抗冻水凝胶,溶剂置换型海藻酸钠抗冻水凝胶具有更好的低温性能,更适用于卵母细胞冷冻保存。
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.157
  • 接收时间:2023-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-02-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-25
  • 修回日期:2023-11-25
  • 录用日期:2024-01-18
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grant from Shanghai Co-innovation Center for Energy Therapy of Tumors
上海市肿瘤能量治疗技术与器械协同创新中心资助
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    上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093

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周新丽,女,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,13817547878,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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