Article(id=1239211862970135005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1694880000000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-17, revisedDate=1701273600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-30, acceptedDate=1702310400000, acceptedDateStr=2023-12-12, onlineDate=1773380731574, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1739635200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773380731574, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773380731574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773380731574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239211861397270994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773380731200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773384112372, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=101, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239211863158878690, articleId=1239211862970135005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Experimental Investigation on Two-Phase Flow Pattern of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants in the Shell Side of a Helically Baffled Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The two-phase flow pattern of hydrocarbon working fluids on the shell side of a helically baffled heat exchanger for liquefied natural gas determines its heat transfer performance. This study tested the two-phase flow patterns of propane and ethane/propane mixtures on the shell side of a helically baffled heat exchanger using a visualization experimental method. The test results demonstrated that with the increase in vapor quality, the experimental observations sequentially included stratified flow, stratified-spray flow, and spray flow; as the mass flux of propane increased from 20 kg/(m2·s) to 40 kg/(m2·s), the transition vapor quality from stratified flow to stratified-spray flow decreased from 0.7 to 0.3, while the transition vapor quality from stratified-spray flow to spray flow decreased from approximately 1 to 0.7; when the proportion of ethane increased from 0 to 50%, the transition vapor quality from stratified flow to stratified-spray flow increased from 0.30-0.45 to 0.43-0.55, while the transition vapor quality from stratified-spray flow to spray flow increased from 0.69-0.85 to 0.83-close to 1. The existing flow pattern map for water-air mixtures was inadequate for predicting the flow patterns of hydrocarbon working fluids. A new set of flow pattern transition criteria was established with prediction deviations of approximately 6.5%, 5.5%, and 4.2% for the experimental stratified flow, stratified-spray flow, and spray flow, respectively.

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Ding Guoliang, male, professor, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 86-13386006116, E-mail: . Research fields: simulation and intelligent control of refrigeration and air conditioning units, thermal management of new energy vehicles and energy storage systems, simulation and optimal design of liquefied natural gas systems.
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碳氢工质在液化天然气用螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型决定了换热器的换热性能。通过可视化实验方法测试了丙烷和乙烷/丙烷混合物在螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型。测试结果表明:随着干度的增大,实验依次观测到了分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流3种流型;随着丙烷的质流密度从20 kg/(m2·s)增至40 kg/(m2·s),分层流至分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.7减至0.3,而分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化干度从接近1减至0.7;当乙烷的比例从0增至50%时,分层流至分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.30~0.45增至0.43~0.55,而分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化干度从0.69~0.85增至0.83~接近1。已有的水-空气混合物的流型图无法适用于碳氢工质的流型预测,新建立的流型转化准则对于实验的分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流的预测偏差分别约为6.5%、5.5%、4.2%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
丁国良,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,13386006116,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调装置的仿真与智能控制,新能源汽车与储能系统的热管理,液化天然气系统仿真与优化设计。
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1压缩机;2预冷冷凝器;3测试样件;4摄像机;5过冷冷凝器;6质量流量计;7气动膨胀阀;8汽化器;9气液分离器;10取样阀;11水箱;12冷水机组;13水泵;14电磁流量计。

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工质压力/MPa质量配比/%(乙烷∶丙烷)
丙烷1.0
乙烷/丙烷混合物1.28∶92
1.415∶85
1.831∶69
2.038∶62
2.3550∶50
), ArticleFig(id=1239224645963010502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862970135005, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验工况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质压力/MPa质量配比/%(乙烷∶丙烷)
丙烷1.0
乙烷/丙烷混合物1.28∶92
1.415∶85
1.831∶69
2.038∶62
2.3550∶50
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螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧碳氢工质两相流型实验研究
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杨果成 1 , 郑棓仁 1 , 丁国良 2 , 陈杰 3
制冷学报 | 2025,46(1): 101-107
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(1): 101-107
螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧碳氢工质两相流型实验研究
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杨果成1, 郑棓仁1, 丁国良2 , 陈杰3
作者信息
  • 1上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093
  • 2上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200040
  • 3中海石油气电集团有限公司 北京 100028

通讯作者:

丁国良,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,13386006116,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调装置的仿真与智能控制,新能源汽车与储能系统的热管理,液化天然气系统仿真与优化设计。
Experimental Investigation on Two-Phase Flow Pattern of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants in the Shell Side of a Helically Baffled Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Guocheng Yang1, Bangren Zheng1, Guoliang Ding2 , Jie Chen3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
  • 3.CNOOC Gas & Power Group Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100028, China
出版时间: 2025-02-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.101
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碳氢工质在液化天然气用螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型决定了换热器的换热性能。通过可视化实验方法测试了丙烷和乙烷/丙烷混合物在螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型。测试结果表明:随着干度的增大,实验依次观测到了分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流3种流型;随着丙烷的质流密度从20 kg/(m2·s)增至40 kg/(m2·s),分层流至分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.7减至0.3,而分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化干度从接近1减至0.7;当乙烷的比例从0增至50%时,分层流至分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.30~0.45增至0.43~0.55,而分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化干度从0.69~0.85增至0.83~接近1。已有的水-空气混合物的流型图无法适用于碳氢工质的流型预测,新建立的流型转化准则对于实验的分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流的预测偏差分别约为6.5%、5.5%、4.2%。

The two-phase flow pattern of hydrocarbon working fluids on the shell side of a helically baffled heat exchanger for liquefied natural gas determines its heat transfer performance. This study tested the two-phase flow patterns of propane and ethane/propane mixtures on the shell side of a helically baffled heat exchanger using a visualization experimental method. The test results demonstrated that with the increase in vapor quality, the experimental observations sequentially included stratified flow, stratified-spray flow, and spray flow; as the mass flux of propane increased from 20 kg/(m2·s) to 40 kg/(m2·s), the transition vapor quality from stratified flow to stratified-spray flow decreased from 0.7 to 0.3, while the transition vapor quality from stratified-spray flow to spray flow decreased from approximately 1 to 0.7; when the proportion of ethane increased from 0 to 50%, the transition vapor quality from stratified flow to stratified-spray flow increased from 0.30-0.45 to 0.43-0.55, while the transition vapor quality from stratified-spray flow to spray flow increased from 0.69-0.85 to 0.83-close to 1. The existing flow pattern map for water-air mixtures was inadequate for predicting the flow patterns of hydrocarbon working fluids. A new set of flow pattern transition criteria was established with prediction deviations of approximately 6.5%, 5.5%, and 4.2% for the experimental stratified flow, stratified-spray flow, and spray flow, respectively.

杨果成, 郑棓仁, 丁国良, 陈杰. 螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧碳氢工质两相流型实验研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.101
Guocheng Yang, Bangren Zheng, Guoliang Ding, Jie Chen. Experimental Investigation on Two-Phase Flow Pattern of Hydrocarbon Refrigerants in the Shell Side of a Helically Baffled Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (1) : 101 -107 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.101
螺旋折流板管壳式换热器具有突出的换热压降综合性能,且受流动诱导振动影响较小[1-2],因此被广泛用作天然气液化工厂预冷循环的主冷凝器[3-4]。在预冷循环中,螺旋折流板管壳式换热器管侧通常采用海水为壳侧制冷剂冷凝提供冷量,而壳侧制冷剂通常使用从原料气中提取的碳氢工质。其中壳侧的制冷剂包括纯丙烷和以乙烷/丙烷为主要成分的混合碳氢工质[5-8]。碳氢工质在换热器壳侧沿螺旋形通道流动,流动形态复杂,并且流型随着流动冷凝的进行发生变化[9-10],从而导致换热器的性能难以预测。流型判别是换热器换热特性研究的前提。因此为了优化换热器设计,有必要对螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧流型进行研究。
已有文献对螺旋折流板管壳式换热器的研究多集中于换热特性[11-12]和压降特性[13-14]的研究,仅有陈亚平等[15-17]对壳侧两相流型进行了研究。陈亚平等[15-16]使用CFD模拟方法研究了立式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的流型,研究发现螺旋折流板能够加强流体冲刷管壁,减小液膜厚度,而在折流板上增加挡液堰和疏液口可以有效排液。而对于卧式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧流型的实验研究,杜婷婷[17]使用可视化技术观测了壳侧流型,并发现贝克流型图[18]并不适用于卧式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的流型判断。这些研究所使用的工质为水蒸气和水-空气混合物,目前还缺少碳氢工质在螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧两相流型的研究。由于工质物性上的较大差异,有必要使用碳氢工质进行壳侧流型的研究。
螺旋折流板管壳式换热器作为管壳式换热器之一,管壳式换热器壳侧流型的分类方法应该可以用于这种特殊换热器壳侧流型的分类。而壳侧流型按I. D. R. Grant等[19]的观测结果通常可以分为分层流、分层-雾状流、雾状流、间歇流和泡状流5种流型。其流型图的绘制参考了水平管内的流型图,以气液相表观速度为横纵坐标。
本文的目的是通过实验方法获得纯丙烷工质和乙烷/丙烷混合工质在螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型分布,参照I. D. R. Grant等的流型图绘制新的流型图,并建立流型判别准则。
实验装置分为制冷剂循环和冷却水循环两部分,如图1所示。制冷剂循环包括隔膜压缩机、气液分离器、预冷冷凝器、测试样件、过冷冷凝器、膨胀阀和水浴式气化器。气相制冷剂先被隔膜压缩机压缩至高压,压缩机前设置气液分离器以防止压缩机液击损坏。随后高压气相制冷剂依次经过预冷冷凝器、测试样件和过冷冷凝器,被冷却和冷凝为过冷液相状态。过冷液相制冷剂之后经过膨胀阀节流为两相状态,继而被水浴式汽化器加热汽化为过热气体并返回压缩机入口,完成循环。实验过程中,通过调节主回路和旁通回路上的气动调节阀来调节制冷剂的冷凝压力和质量流量。
冷却水循环由1台冷水机组、1个水箱和2条冷却水回路组成,分别为制冷剂循环中的预冷冷凝器和过冷冷凝器提供冷量。测试样件与冷却水无热量交换,实验不考虑冷凝过程对流型造成的影响。冷水机组用于调节水箱中的水温,温度范围在5~20 ℃。在每条冷却水回路中分别包含了水泵、电磁流量计和气动调节阀。通过调节气动调节阀可以控制回路中的水流量,从而实现供冷量的调节。特别是对预冷冷凝器的冷量调节可以实现测试样件入口干度的精确调节。
通过计算机软件与实验装置上的PLC控制系统实时通信,最终实现了对被测实验样件的壳侧压力、流量和干度的调节。实验过程中采集压缩机入口的气相工质,并使用色谱分析仪获得实验工质的组分比例。
图2所示为实验用的测试样件。实验用的测试样件为卧式1/4扇形螺旋折流板管壳式冷凝器,如图2(a)所示。其主要的结构参数与实际换热器相同,如图2(b)所示。测试样件的壳侧安装有高硼硅玻璃视镜用以观测混合碳氢冷剂的流型,并通过摄像机记录壳侧流型。测试样件外包裹有30 mm厚的泡沫橡塑材料,漏热量小于3%。
实验测试的工质包括纯工质(丙烷)和混合工质(乙烷/丙烷混合冷剂)。实验工况参考了实际液化天然气预冷循环的运行工况[20-21],设置纯丙烷的测试压力为1.0 MPa,冷却水温度为7 ℃。而乙烷/丙烷混合工质的乙烷质量配比包括8%、15%、31%、38%、50%,对应的冷凝压力分别为1.2、1.4、1.8、2.0、2.35 MPa,以保证泡点温度和露点温度的平均值接近纯丙烷的冷凝温度26.9 ℃。纯丙烷的工况测试范围为质流密度20~40 kg/(m2·s),干度0.1~0.9;乙烷/丙烷混合工质的工况测试范围为质流密度30~50 kg/(m2·s),干度0.1~0.9,其他实验工况参数如表1所示。
壳侧质流密度的计算式如下:
测试样件干度是根据冷凝压力和壳侧制冷剂平均比焓通过NIST-REFPROP Version 10.0软件[22]查询得到的,如式(3)所示。而测试样件壳侧制冷剂的平均比焓与入口比焓的计算方法如式(4)和式(5)所示。
参照误差标准计算手册[23]对误差进行了分析,误差包括重复测量误差和仪表精度误差。计算得到的质流密度误差为±1.4%~±3.8%。干度误差为±0.061~±0.079(丙烷)和±0.042~±0.090(乙烷/丙烷混合工质)。
卧式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧两相流型分类参考I. D. R. Grant等[19]对管壳式换热器壳侧水平流动流型的判别方法。在实验工况范围内,观测到分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流3种流型,如图3所示。
分层流:工质气液完全分离,液相工质在重力作用下沿壳侧底部流动,气相工质流动速度缓慢,流动过程中不会夹带液滴,如图3(a)所示。
分层-雾状流:部分液相工质仍然在重力作用下沿壳侧底部流动,但气相工质流动速度增大导致另一部分液相工质以液滴形式随气相工质一起运动,如图3(b)所示。
雾状流:气相工质流动速度继续增加,所有液相工质均被气相工质夹带以液滴形式随气相工质运动,如图3(c)所示。
根据观测的流型结果绘制纯丙烷在螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的流型分布图,如图4所示。由图4可知,不同质流密度工况下,发生流型转化的干度均不同。
分层流转化为分层-雾状流:在质流密度为20 kg/(m2·s)时,分层流转化为分层雾状流的干度约为0.7。而在质流密度为30 kg/(m2·s)和40 kg/(m2·s)时,分层流转化为分层雾状流的干度分别为0.45和0.30。
分层-雾状流转化为雾状流:在质流密度为20 kg/(m2·s)时,分层液体始终存在,未观测到雾状流,此时可以认为转化。可能是由于该质流密度下实验的干度还未达到转化的干度。在质流密度为30 kg/(m2·s)时,分层雾状流转化为雾状流的干度为0.85。而质流密度增至40 kg/(m2·s)时,分层雾状流转化为雾状流的干度减至0.7。
综上所述,流型转化干度随质流密度的增大而减小。应该是由于质流密度增加导致工质气相速度增大,相同干度下气体剪切效应增强,促进了分层流至雾状流的转变。
根据观测的流型绘制乙烷/丙烷混合工质(50%:50%)在卧式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的流型分布图,如图5所示。
分层流转化为分层-雾状流:在质流密度为30 kg/(m2·s)时,分层流转化为分层雾状流的干度约为0.55。而在质流密度为40 kg/(m2·s)和50 kg/(m2·s)时,分层流转化为分层-雾状流的干度分别为0.43和0.33。
分层雾状流转化为雾状流:在质流密度为30 kg/(m2·s)时,分层液体始终存在,未观测到雾状流。在质流密度为40 kg/(m2·s)时,分层雾状流转化为雾状流的干度为0.83。而质流密度增至50 kg/(m2·s)时,分层雾状流转化为雾状流的干度减至0.65。
流型转化随质流密度和干度的变化原因与纯丙烷工质的解释相同,也是由于质流密度增加导致工质气相速度增大,气相剪切效应增强。
组分变化会改变混合工质的物性,从而对壳侧的流型分布造成影响。实验分别在30 kg/(m2·s)和40 kg/(m2·s)质流密度工况条件下,改变乙烷组分配比0~50%,观测流型分布的变化,如图6所示。
质流密度为30 kg/(m2·s)工况下的流型分布如图6(a)所示。乙烷组分配比从0增至50%,分层流转化为分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.45增至0.55。乙烷组分配比在0~15%时,分层-雾状流转化为雾状流的转化干度为0.83~0.85。而乙烷组分配比大于15%后,在实验干度范围内未观测到雾状流流型。
质流密度为40 kg/(m2·s)工况下的流型分布如图6(b)所示。乙烷组分配比从0增至50%,分层流转化为分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.3增至0.43。乙烷组分配比从0增至50%,分层-雾状流转化为雾状流的转化干度从0.69增至0.83。
说明易挥发组分(乙烷)质量配比增加会增加流型转化干度。这可能是由于乙烷质量配比高的乙烷/丙烷混合工质的气相密度大,相同干度下的气相工质速度低,气体剪切效应减弱。在实验工况下,当混合工质的乙烷质量配比从8%增至50%时,饱和气相密度从25.4 kg/m3增至46.5 kg/m3,相同质流密度下气相速度降低,这与工质压力增加有关。
由于以前文献中的管壳式换热器壳侧流型图均是根据水-空气混合工质的实验结果绘制的,不一定适用于碳氢工质的情况。因此有必要根据实验结果重新绘制流型图并建立相应的流型转化准则。参照Grant绘制的流型图,可以将纯工质和混合工质的流型实验结果整理计算得到以液相表观速度UL和气相表观速度UG分别为横纵坐标的流型图,如图7所示。工质液相表观速度和气相表观速度的计算式如下:
图7可知,分层流至分层-雾状流以及分层-雾状流至雾状流转化临界值均随着UL增加而单调减小。该结果与Grant用水-空气混合工质实验得到的结果相似,但转化边界完全不同。
造成该偏差的可能原因是Grant使用的工质为水-空气混合工质,物性与碳氢类工质差异较大。对于工质的气液相密度比,空气和水的密度比约为1∶1 000,而实验碳氢工质的气相和液相密度比最大为1∶25,两种工质差异很大。
将分层流和分层-雾状流两种流型区域边界附近的15个数据点拟合为一次线性函数,则得到分层流至分层-雾状流的转化曲线:
将分层-雾状流和雾状流两种流型区域边界附近的9个数据点拟合为一次线性函数,则得到分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化曲线:
新的转化准则对实验获得的分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流的判别偏差分别约为6.5%、5.5%、4.2%。新的转化准则的适用范围:乙烷丙烷质量配比0∶100%~50%∶50%,质流密度20~50 kg/(m2·s),干度0.1~0.9。
碳氢工质在LNG用螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型决定了换热器的冷凝换热性能。由于物性上的巨大差异,现有对非碳氢工质的研究结果无法直接用于碳氢工质的流型预测。使用可视化实验方法对丙烷和乙烷/丙烷混合工质在1/4扇形螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧的两相流型进行了观测。实验工况覆盖范围:乙烷丙烷质量配比0∶100%~50%∶50%,质流密度20~50 kg/(m2·s),干度0.1~0.9。通过研究得到如下结论:
1)在实验工况范围内,随着干度的增大,卧式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器样件壳侧依次观测到分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流3种流型。
2)壳侧碳氢工质质流密度增加会导致流型转化的干度减小。当丙烷的质流密度从20 kg/(m2·s)增至40 kg/(m2·s),分层流至分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.7减至0.3,而分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化干度从接近1减至0.7。
3)易挥发组分(乙烷)质量配比增加会增大混合工质流型转化的干度。当乙烷的比例从0增至50%时,分层流至分层-雾状流的转化干度从0.30~0.45增长至0.43~0.55,而分层-雾状流至雾状流的转化干度从0.69~0.85增至0.83~接近1。
4)Grant的流型转化判别准则不能适用于碳氢工质在卧式螺旋折流板管壳式换热器壳侧流型判别,建立的新判别准则对于实验的分层流、分层-雾状流和雾状流的预测偏差分别约为6.5%、5.5%、4.2%。
AF

壳侧流通面积,m2

cp,cw

冷却水的比定压热容,kJ/(kg· ℃)

B

折流板螺距,m

Di

测试样件壳体内径,m

Dt

测试样件管束外接圆直径,m

do

管外径,m

Fr

制冷剂质量流量,kg/s

G

制冷剂质流密度,kg/(m2·s)

hr

制冷剂在测件入口平均比焓,kJ/kg

hr,in

制冷剂在测件入口的比焓,kJ/kg

hr,pre,in

制冷剂在预冷器入口的比焓,kJ/kg

pr

制冷剂冷凝压力,MPa

Tcw,pre,inTcw,pre,out

预冷器冷却水入口、出口温度,℃

Tcw,inTcw,out

测件冷却水入口、出口温度,℃

tp

测试样件管间距,m

UG

气相表观速度,m/s

UL

液相表观速度,m/s

Vcw,pre

预冷器的冷却水体积流量,m3/s

Vcw

测件的冷却水体积流量,m3/s

x

壳侧平均干度

ρcw

冷却水密度,kg/m3

ρG

制冷剂气相密度,kg/m3

ρL

制冷剂液相密度,kg/m3

μL

制冷剂液相黏度系数,Pa·s

σ

制冷剂表面张力系数,N/m

  • 国家自然科学基金(52104067)
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
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2025年第46卷第1期
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文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.101
  • 接收时间:2023-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-02-16
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2023-09-17
  • 修回日期:2023-11-30
  • 录用日期:2023-12-12
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52104067)
国家自然科学基金(52104067)
作者信息
    1上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093
    2上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200040
    3中海石油气电集团有限公司 北京 100028

通讯作者:

丁国良,男,教授,上海交通大学机械与动力工程学院,13386006116,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调装置的仿真与智能控制,新能源汽车与储能系统的热管理,液化天然气系统仿真与优化设计。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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