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Article(id=1239211862588453337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715011200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-07, revisedDate=1716134400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-20, acceptedDate=1716393600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-23, onlineDate=1773380731484, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1739635200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773380731484, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773380731484, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773380731484, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239211861397270994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773380731200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773384112372, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239211862760419802, articleId=1239211862588453337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Physical Properties and High-Temperature Heat Pump Application Characteristics of the New Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant HP-1, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

HP-1 is an eco-friendly hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerant with favorable thermodynamic and environmental properties. The critical parameters and saturated vapor pressure of HP-1 are similar to those of R245fa, with HP-1 serving as a potential replacement for R245fa, which has a high global warming potential (GWP) in high-temperature heat pumps. The flammability, solubility, and material compatibility of HP-1 were mainly determined experimentally, with the results demonstrating that HP-1 has a flammability range of 9.75%-16.1%, exhibiting excellent solubility with MK220 lubricating oil at elevated temperatures, and good compatibility with materials used in high-temperature heat pump systems. When HP-1 is applied to high-temperature heat pump units, the condensing temperature of the unit can reach up to 125 ℃ when the evaporating temperature ranges between 50 ℃ and 70 ℃, with a heating capacity of 99.27-153.14 kW and a coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.25-4.85.

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Han Xiaohong, female, professor, Institute of refrigeration and cryogenics, Zhejiang University, 86-13758134870, E-mail: . Research fields: thermal pipe cooling, microchannel cooling, immersion liquid cooling technology, refrigerant replacement technology, refrigerant leakage and recovery and reuse technology.
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HP-1是新一代环保HFOs制冷剂，由于具有良好的热力学性能和环保性能，且其临界参数和饱和蒸气压均与R245fa性质接近，具有替代高GWP的R245fa用于高温热泵等领域的潜力。通过理论与实验的方法，对HP-1的可燃性、溶油性和材料相容性等关键物性展开研究。研究结果表明：HP-1可燃极限为9.75%~16.10%，与MK220润滑油高温下互溶性良好，与高温热泵系统材料相容性良好。HP-1应用高温热泵机组，在蒸发温度为50~70 ℃时，机组冷凝温度均可达125 ℃，制热量为99.27~153.14 kW，COP为2.25~4.85。

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韩晓红，女，教授，浙江大学制冷与低温研究所，13758134870，E-mail：。研究方向：热管散热、微通道散热、浸没液体冷却技术、制冷剂替代技术、制冷剂泄漏与回收及再利用技术。
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Geneva: International Organization for Standardization, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239224530955203560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=冷冻机油与制冷剂相容性试验法：SH/T 0699—2000[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2000., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239224531051672556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(Test method for miscibility of refrirator oils with refrigerants: SH/T 0699—2000[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2000.), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239224531185890288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sealed glass tube method to test the chemical stability of materials for use within refrigerant systems: ASHRAE 97-2007[S]. 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companyId=1239224516883313110, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所　上海　200240)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239224519802548874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Combustibility test equipment, figureFileSmall=VnLZRJ+weHLajAQl9fLo4g==, figureFileBig=YZgALwbX5EJzMWyovKA+Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224519919989397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=图1, caption=可燃性实验装置, figureFileSmall=VnLZRJ+weHLajAQl9fLo4g==, figureFileBig=YZgALwbX5EJzMWyovKA+Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224519999681178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=HP-1 combustion flame, figureFileSmall=mGEbKO0WlbvEEhmJfRt4hw==, 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工质沸点/℃临界温度/℃临界压力/MPa蒸气压（25 ℃）/MPaODPGWP
HP-19.73150.123.530.1770<1
R245fa15.05153.863.650.1480790
), ArticleFig(id=1239224522969248526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表1, caption=HP-1与R245fa基础物性对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工质沸点/℃临界温度/℃临界压力/MPa蒸气压（25 ℃）/MPaODPGWP
HP-19.73150.123.530.1770<1
R245fa15.05153.863.650.1480790
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523057328918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Lower flammability limit experiment of HP-1 in dry air, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号HP-1/空气（体积分数/%）实验温度/℃肉眼观察燃烧结果
LE-099.0/91.023.4/24.1未点燃，电极发光
LE-109.0/91.022.5/21.0未点燃，电极发光
LE-1110.0/90.023.7/24.3点燃，蓝色火焰约20~25 cm
LE-1210.0/90.024.2/23.3点燃，蓝色火焰约20~25 cm
LE-139.5/95.023.1/22.5未点燃，电极发光
LE-149.5/95.023.6/22.7未点燃，电极发光
LE-1511.0/99.024.2/22.3点燃，蓝色火焰约30~40 cm
LE-1612.0/98.023.5/23.2点燃，蓝色火焰约30~40 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523308987168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表2, caption=HP-1在干空气中的可燃下限实验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号HP-1/空气（体积分数/%）实验温度/℃肉眼观察燃烧结果
LE-099.0/91.023.4/24.1未点燃，电极发光
LE-109.0/91.022.5/21.0未点燃，电极发光
LE-1110.0/90.023.7/24.3点燃，蓝色火焰约20~25 cm
LE-1210.0/90.024.2/23.3点燃，蓝色火焰约20~25 cm
LE-139.5/95.023.1/22.5未点燃，电极发光
LE-149.5/95.023.6/22.7未点燃，电极发光
LE-1511.0/99.024.2/22.3点燃，蓝色火焰约30~40 cm
LE-1612.0/98.023.5/23.2点燃，蓝色火焰约30~40 cm
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523384484646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Upper flammability limit experiment of HP-1 in dry air, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号HP-1/空气（体积分数/%）实验温度/℃肉眼观察燃烧结果
LE-2513.0/87.024.2/21.8点燃
LE-2714.0/86.023.1/22.7点燃
LE-2915.0/85.023.3/21.6点燃
LE-3016.0/84.024.1/21.4点燃
LE-3117.0/83.024.1/21.5未点燃，电极发光
LE-3218.0/82.023.9/22.1未点燃，电极发光
LE-3316.0/84.024.4/21.4点燃，微弱蓝色火焰
LE-3416.2/83.823.4/21.3未点燃，电极发光
LE-3516.2/83.823.8/21.4未点燃，电极发光
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523489342254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表3, caption=HP-1在干空气中的可燃上限实验, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号HP-1/空气（体积分数/%）实验温度/℃肉眼观察燃烧结果
LE-2513.0/87.024.2/21.8点燃
LE-2714.0/86.023.1/22.7点燃
LE-2915.0/85.023.3/21.6点燃
LE-3016.0/84.024.1/21.4点燃
LE-3117.0/83.024.1/21.5未点燃，电极发光
LE-3218.0/82.023.9/22.1未点燃，电极发光
LE-3316.0/84.024.4/21.4点燃，微弱蓝色火焰
LE-3416.2/83.823.4/21.3未点燃，电极发光
LE-3516.2/83.823.8/21.4未点燃，电极发光
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523631948600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Solubility test results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目MK220/HP-1（质量分数/%）两相分离温度/℃
低温相溶性（-60~50 ℃）5-3
10-8
19-40
29-48
41-41
61-38
高温相溶性（50~150 ℃）5未分离
14未分离
29未分离
39未分离
47未分离
62未分离
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523741000508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表4, caption=相溶性测试结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目MK220/HP-1（质量分数/%）两相分离温度/℃
低温相溶性（-60~50 ℃）5-3
10-8
19-40
29-48
41-41
61-38
高温相溶性（50~150 ℃）5未分离
14未分离
29未分离
39未分离
47未分离
62未分离
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523841663808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Experimental materials and conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料温度/℃时间/h
硅钢片A/硅钢片B/316L不锈钢/紫铜/玻璃棒/铝棒1751 000
亚胺薄膜/绝缘纸/聚酯纤维带/氟塑料管/电磁线/玻璃丝纤维带/聚四氟乙烯引线/漆块/定纹管110500
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523954910026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表5, caption=实验材料与实验条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料温度/℃时间/h
硅钢片A/硅钢片B/316L不锈钢/紫铜/玻璃棒/铝棒1751 000
亚胺薄膜/绝缘纸/聚酯纤维带/氟塑料管/电磁线/玻璃丝纤维带/聚四氟乙烯引线/漆块/定纹管110500
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524063961935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Results of HP-1 gas chromatography analysis before and after solubility experiments with metal/glass materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品谱图编号出峰时间/min峰面积
0 h-sample20180224-048.05799.764
384 h-sample20180312-038.11199.790
624 h-sample20180322-038.10399.703
1 000 h-sample20180408-018.10799.723
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524210762581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表6, caption=金属/玻璃材料相容性实验前后HP-1气相色谱分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品谱图编号出峰时间/min峰面积
0 h-sample20180224-048.05799.764
384 h-sample20180312-038.11199.790
624 h-sample20180322-038.10399.703
1 000 h-sample20180408-018.10799.723
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524315620187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Weight change of metal/glass materials before and after the experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料实验前质量/g实验后质量/g质量变化率/%
硅钢片A3.0783.0790.02
硅钢片B4.7014.7010
316L不锈钢13.70513.7060
紫铜3.4643.4630.03
玻璃棒2.6232.6230
铝棒8.3948.3950.01
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524407894880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表7, caption=实验前后金属/玻璃材料质量变化, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验材料实验前质量/g实验后质量/g质量变化率/%
硅钢片A3.0783.0790.02
硅钢片B4.7014.7010
316L不锈钢13.70513.7060
紫铜3.4643.4630.03
玻璃棒2.6232.6230
铝棒8.3948.3950.01
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524495975269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=EN, label=Tab.8, caption=Results of HP-1 gas chromatographic analysis before and after solubility experiments with nonmetallic materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品出峰用时/min峰面积
0 h-sample8.14099.844
240 h-sample8.01299.836
500 h-sample8.00899.836
), ArticleFig(id=1239224524609221483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表8, caption=非金属材料相容性实验前后HP-1气相色谱分析结果, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品出峰用时/min峰面积
0 h-sample8.14099.844
240 h-sample8.01299.836
500 h-sample8.00899.836
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实验材料实验前质量/g实验后质量/g质量变化率/%
亚胺薄膜0.0310.0322.27
绝缘纸0.1330.1405.73
氟塑料管0.3240.3240.25
聚酯纤维带0.6030.6050.25
PTFE0.4590.4610.46
电磁线0.6520.6520
玻璃丝纤维带0.1260.15220.9
聚四氟乙烯引线0.2840.2902.22
漆块1.0891.1101.96
定纹管0.1850.22722.23
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实验材料实验前质量/g实验后质量/g质量变化率/%
亚胺薄膜0.0310.0322.27
绝缘纸0.1330.1405.73
氟塑料管0.3240.3240.25
聚酯纤维带0.6030.6050.25
PTFE0.4590.4610.46
电磁线0.6520.6520
玻璃丝纤维带0.1260.15220.9
聚四氟乙烯引线0.2840.2902.22
漆块1.0891.1101.96
定纹管0.1850.22722.23
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仪器型号测量范围精度
温度传感器Pt1000（补气温度）0~150 ℃±0.1 ℃
Pt1000（压缩机吸气温度）
Pt100（压缩机排气温度）
压力传感器XSK-AC10B-107（低压侧）0~5 000 kPa±0.2%
XSK-AC10B-107（高压侧）
功率计WT230 0.4%
), ArticleFig(id=1239224525078983549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862588453337, language=CN, label=表10, caption=热泵系统相关测量仪器[10], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器型号测量范围精度
温度传感器Pt1000（补气温度）0~150 ℃±0.1 ℃
Pt1000（压缩机吸气温度）
Pt100（压缩机排气温度）
压力传感器XSK-AC10B-107（低压侧）0~5 000 kPa±0.2%
XSK-AC10B-107（高压侧）
功率计WT230 0.4%
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新型环保工质HP-1物性和高温热泵应用特性研究
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欧阳洪生 1, 2 , 张董鑫 2 , 岑淑婷 2 , 燕鸿飞 2 , 严丽霞 2 , 胡斌 3 , 郭智恺 2 , 韩晓红 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(1): 16-23
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(1): 16-23
新型环保工质HP-1物性和高温热泵应用特性研究
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欧阳洪生1, 2, 张董鑫2, 岑淑婷2, 燕鸿飞2, 严丽霞2, 胡斌3, 郭智恺2, 韩晓红1
作者信息
  • 1浙江大学制冷与低温研究所　杭州　310007
  • 2浙江省化工研究院有限公司　含氟温室气体替代及控制处理国家重点实验室　杭州　310023
  • 3上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所　上海　200240

通讯作者:

韩晓红，女，教授，浙江大学制冷与低温研究所，13758134870，E-mail：。研究方向：热管散热、微通道散热、浸没液体冷却技术、制冷剂替代技术、制冷剂泄漏与回收及再利用技术。
Physical Properties and High-Temperature Heat Pump Application Characteristics of the New Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant HP-1
Hongsheng Ouyang1, 2, Dongxin Zhang2, Shuting Cen2, Hongfei Yan2, Lixia Yan2, Bin Hu3, Zhikai Guo2, Xiaohong Han1
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Fluorinated Greenhouse Gases Replacement and Control Treatment, Zhejiang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co.，Ltd., Hangzhou, 310023, China
  • 3.Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
出版时间: 2025-02-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.016
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摘要
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HP-1是新一代环保HFOs制冷剂，由于具有良好的热力学性能和环保性能，且其临界参数和饱和蒸气压均与R245fa性质接近，具有替代高GWP的R245fa用于高温热泵等领域的潜力。通过理论与实验的方法，对HP-1的可燃性、溶油性和材料相容性等关键物性展开研究。研究结果表明：HP-1可燃极限为9.75%~16.10%，与MK220润滑油高温下互溶性良好，与高温热泵系统材料相容性良好。HP-1应用高温热泵机组，在蒸发温度为50~70 ℃时，机组冷凝温度均可达125 ℃，制热量为99.27~153.14 kW，COP为2.25~4.85。

HP-1 is an eco-friendly hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) refrigerant with favorable thermodynamic and environmental properties. The critical parameters and saturated vapor pressure of HP-1 are similar to those of R245fa, with HP-1 serving as a potential replacement for R245fa, which has a high global warming potential (GWP) in high-temperature heat pumps. The flammability, solubility, and material compatibility of HP-1 were mainly determined experimentally, with the results demonstrating that HP-1 has a flammability range of 9.75%-16.1%, exhibiting excellent solubility with MK220 lubricating oil at elevated temperatures, and good compatibility with materials used in high-temperature heat pump systems. When HP-1 is applied to high-temperature heat pump units, the condensing temperature of the unit can reach up to 125 ℃ when the evaporating temperature ranges between 50 ℃ and 70 ℃, with a heating capacity of 99.27-153.14 kW and a coefficient of performance (COP) of 2.25-4.85.

欧阳洪生, 张董鑫, 岑淑婷, 燕鸿飞, 严丽霞, 胡斌, 郭智恺, 韩晓红. 新型环保工质HP-1物性和高温热泵应用特性研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.016
Hongsheng Ouyang, Dongxin Zhang, Shuting Cen, Hongfei Yan, Lixia Yan, Bin Hu, Zhikai Guo, Xiaohong Han. Physical Properties and High-Temperature Heat Pump Application Characteristics of the New Environmentally Friendly Refrigerant HP-1[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (1) : 16 -23 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.016
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随着我国“双碳”目标的提出，推动能源结构转型、推进产业优化升级成为我国高质量发展的必经之路[1]。我国工业领域的能源消耗量约占全国能源消耗总量的70%，能源利用效率为33%，与发达国家存在较大差距[2]。以工业余热为例，我国工业能耗约50%未得到利用，而是通过各种形式的余热直接排放[3]。高温热泵是一种将低位热源提升至高位热源的节能装置，可以有效回收工业余热制取高温热源，从而提高工业能源利用率，减少碳排放。高温热泵应用领域广泛，如印染、屠宰、造纸、化工和电厂等[4-5]，近年来国内多家企业推出高温热泵机组，工质的选择是该领域研究重点[6]。
选择合适的高温热泵工质可以提高系统的效率、稳定性和可靠性，同时也可以满足环保和经济性的要求，并推动高温热泵技术的发展[7]。《蒙特利尔议定书基加利修正案》约定削减高GWP（全球变暖潜值，Global Warming Potential）氢氟碳化物（HFCs）。2023年11月生态环境部印发的《2024年度氢氟碳化物配额总量设定与分配方案》[8]指出，中国在2024年的氢氟碳化物（HFCs）配额总量为18.53亿t CO2，其中内用生产配额总量为8.95亿t CO2，进口配额总量为0.1亿t CO2。替代高GWP的HFCs制冷剂主要包括天然工质、HCs、HCFOs、HFOs以及混合工质等[9]。而高温热泵领域常用HFCs物质R245fa由于具有较高的GWP，将面临严格的削减和使用限制。基于此，浙江省化工研究有限公司研发了HFOs类环保工质HP-1[10]，这是一种单工质，用于替代R245fa。为推进HP-1在高温热泵实际应用进程，需要解决实用化之前的关键性技术问题。本文主要针对HP-1可燃性、溶油性和材料相容性等关键物性及高温热泵应用性能展开研究，为HP-1替代R245fa用于高温热泵等领域提供技术参考。
1 基础性质研究
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HP-1与R245fa基础物性对比如表1所示。HP-1环境性能优异，ODP（臭氧损耗潜值，ozone depletion potential）为0，GWP<1[10]，沸点为9.73 ℃，与R245fa临界温度和临界压力相近，具有替代R245fa应用于高温热泵、ORC（organic Rankine cycle，有机朗肯循环）系统等领域的潜力。
2 关键性质研究
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本文主要对HP-1的可燃性、与润滑油的相溶性及与材料的兼容性展开研究。实验中HP-1由浙江省化工研究院有限公司提供样品，样品纯度为99.8%，实验前未进行任何处理。
2.1 可燃性研究
制冷剂可燃性研究主要包括可燃极限和燃烧速度研究，可燃浓度下限（LFL，lower flammability limit）和可燃浓度上限（UFL，upper flammability limit）共同确定了制冷剂的可燃极限[11]。
2.1.1 实验设备和实验步骤
参考GB/T 12474—2008[12]和ISO 817-2014[13]标准开展可燃极限和燃烧速度实验研究，实验装置如图1所示，实验温度通过测量竖直玻璃管上下两端的温度获得。
可燃极限值研究方法：记录实验中制冷剂体积分数L1和L2的值，L1和L2对应相邻的传播浓度和非传播浓度，制冷剂的LFL为L1和L2的中间值，同理确定制冷剂的UFL。
燃烧速度计算式：
式中：af为火焰底部横截面积，m2；Af为火焰表面积，m2；Ss为火焰传播速度，m/s；Su为火焰燃烧速度，m/s。
实验步骤如下：
1）先检查装置密封性，用真空泵将玻璃管抽真空至不大于0.6 kPa，停止抽真空后，5 min压力示数上升不大于0.2 kPa，真空度符合要求。
2）待测试制冷剂纯度要达到99.5%以上，用分压法配置制冷剂与空气，然后利用微型隔膜真空搅拌泵搅拌5 min，使玻璃管内制冷剂与空气均匀分布。
3）停止搅拌后进行点火。可燃极限实验时将下泄压阀关闭，实验过程中观察点火极周围是否有火焰出现或传播；燃烧速度实验时将下泄压阀开启，实验过程中使用高倍摄像机对火焰传播过程进行录像，用于燃烧速度计算。
4）点火后将玻璃管内可燃产物气体用真空泵抽出，用空气清洗玻璃管腔体两遍以上。
2.1.2 实验结果与讨论
1）可燃极限实验研究。
HP-1可燃下限实验结果如表2所示。由实验编号LE-11和LE-12可知，HP-1体积分数为10.0%时，两次实验均发生点燃；由实验编号LE-13和LE-14可知，HP-1在体积分数为9.5%时，两次实验均未点燃。因此，HP-1在干空气中的可燃下限为9.75%。
HP-1可燃上限实验结果如表3所示。由实验编号LE-30和LE-33可知，HP-1在体积分数为16%时，两次实验均点燃，出现微弱蓝色火焰；由实验编号LE-34和LE-35可知，HP-1在体积分数为16.2%时，均未点燃。因此，HP-1在干空气中的可燃上限为16.1%。
2）燃烧速度实验研究。
根据可燃极限实验结果开展燃烧速度实验研究，进行5组HP-1燃烧速度实验，HP-1体积分数分别为11.0%、12.0%、13.0%、14.0%和15.0%，火焰均未能传播至玻璃管顶端，无法计算其燃烧速度。燃烧火焰传播情况如图2和图3所示，当HP-1体积分数为12.0%时，火焰传播距离最大，为198.3 mm。
HP-1可燃极限为9.75%~16.10%，燃烧速度测试过程中，HP-1无法形成稳定传播的火焰。
2.2 HP-1与润滑油互溶性研究
参考SH/T 0699-2000《冷冻机油与制冷剂相溶性实验法》[14]开展HP-1与POE润滑油MK220（上海明可途新材料科技有限公司）互溶性测试。将不同含油率的HP-1与MK220润滑油密封于玻璃管内，实验研究了HP-1/MK220混合液在含油率为5%~60%，温度为-60~150 ℃时的相溶性，其中低温相溶性实验测温为-60~50 ℃，高温相溶性实验测温为50~150 ℃。实验结果如表4和图4所示。由表4可知，在5%~60%含油率和50~150 ℃温度内，HP-1与MK220冷冻油混合溶液始终为均一透明的溶液状态，未出现絮状沉淀物或两相分离的现象，两者具有良好的互溶性。
由图4可知，当温度在-3 ℃以上，HP-1制冷剂与MK220能以任意比例互溶，当温度逐渐降低，HP-1制冷剂与MK220冷冻油能以一定比例互溶。
2.3 HP-1与材料相容性
参考ASHRAE 97-2007[15]标准开展HP-1与材料共存体系的加速老化实验研究，考察HP-1与高温热泵系统常见金属材料和非金属材料以及润滑油在高温下的稳定性和材料相容性。实验设备使用1 L高压反应釜，如图5所示。
材料相容性实验材料与实验条件如表5所示。
2.3.1 金属材料和玻璃材料相容性
金属/玻璃材料相容性实验前后HP-1气相色谱分析结果如表6所示，出峰时间和峰面积均基本无变化，表明HP-1保持稳定。
实验前后金属/玻璃材料的质量变化与外观变化分别如表7和图6所示，可以看到，实验前后金属的质量未发生明显质量变化，金属材料外观无变化。
此外，实验后收集尾气进行酸度检测，未测得酸度（以HCl计）。即研究表明HP-1与金属材料相容性良好。
2.3.2 非金属材料相容性
非金属材料相容性实验前后HP-1气相色谱分析结果如表8所示，出峰时间和峰面积稳定，HP-1含量无明显变化。
实验前后非金属材料质量对比情况如表9所示，大部分材料质量有所增加，其中玻璃丝纤维带和定纹管增加显著，质量变化率分别达20.90%和22.23%，由于两者容易吸附润滑油导致。实验结束后对HP-1气体进行酸度测试，未检出酸度（以HCl计）。
实验前后非金属材料外观变化如图7所示，可以发现实验后氟塑料管和漆块颜色加深明显，其他材料表面并未发生明显变化。
综上可知，HP-1本身稳定性良好，非金属材料由于吸附润滑油导致质量增加，其中的玻璃丝纤维带和定纹管增加显著，氟塑料管和漆块实验后颜色加深，其他非金属材料相容性良好。
3 HP-1高温热泵循环性能研究
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在对HP-1关键物性研究的基础上，进一步开展其在高温热泵系统中的循环性能研究。
实验系统如图8所示。压缩机选用上海汉钟精机股份有限公司的RC2-200 T-P螺杆压缩机，理论容积流量为193 m3/h，额定输入功率为55 kW。冷凝器采用两管程壳管式换热器，工质在管外冷却凝结，总换热管为78根，传热面积为25.42 m2；蒸发器采用干式壳管式换热器，两管程为140根换热管，有效传热面积为13.738 m2；中间换热器采用板式换热器，传热面积为2.40 m2，油冷却器传热面积为1.73 m2；油分离器工作容为积0.064 m3，工作压力小于2.8 MPa，采用电子膨胀阀，通过PLC编制程序控制其运行开度，开度为0~100%。主要测量仪器如表10所示。
HP-1高温热泵机组制热量与能效比如图9所示。由图9（a）可知，固定蒸发温度，随着冷凝温度的上升，制热量下降，3种蒸发温度下制热量的下降率分别为8.27%、17.48%和24.81%，并且随着蒸发温度的上升，制热量的降幅增加。冷凝温度为100 ℃时，蒸发温度为70 ℃的制热量比蒸发温度为60 ℃和50 ℃分别高出22.46%和41.51%，当冷凝温度达到120 ℃时，这两个数值分别为11.59%和16.00%。由图9（b）可知，随着冷凝温度的升高，系统的性能系数（coefficient of performance，COP）下降。当冷凝温度相同时，随着蒸发温度的升高，系统COP随之升高。HP-1高温热泵系统，在蒸发温度为50~70 ℃时，机组冷凝温度均可达125 ℃，制热量为99.27~153.14 kW，COP为2.25~4.85。研究结果可为HP-1高温热泵系统应用提供技术支持与设计借鉴。
4 结论
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HP-1的ODP为0，GWP<1，基础物性与R245fa相似，适用于高温热泵等领域。本文对HP-1的关键物性和高温热泵应用性能进行实验研究，得到如下结论：
1）采用竖直玻璃管法测得HP-1可燃极限为9.75%~16.10%，燃烧速度实验过程中，HP-1最大火焰传播距离仅为198.3 mm，无法到达实验容器顶部。
2）在含油率为5%~60%时，HP-1与POE润滑油MK220均表现出良好的互溶性，尤其适用于制热温度大于100 ℃的高温热泵工况。
3）HP-1与高温热泵系统常见材料相容性良好。
4）HP-1高温热泵系统，在蒸发温度为50~70 ℃时，机组冷凝温度均可达125 ℃，制热量为99.27~153.14 kW，COP为2.25~4.85。研究结果可为HP-1高温热泵系统应用提供技术支持与设计借鉴。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(2076185)
文献
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.016
  • 接收时间：2024-05-07
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-02-16
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-07
  • 修回日期：2024-05-20
  • 录用日期：2024-05-23
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(2076185)
国家自然科学基金(2076185)
作者信息
    1浙江大学制冷与低温研究所　杭州　310007
    2浙江省化工研究院有限公司　含氟温室气体替代及控制处理国家重点实验室　杭州　310023
    3上海交通大学制冷与低温工程研究所　上海　200240

通讯作者:

韩晓红，女，教授，浙江大学制冷与低温研究所，13758134870，E-mail：。研究方向：热管散热、微通道散热、浸没液体冷却技术、制冷剂替代技术、制冷剂泄漏与回收及再利用技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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