Article(id=1239211862127079893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=1710345600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-14, acceptedDate=1710432000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-03-15, onlineDate=1773380731374, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1739635200000, pubDateStr=2025-02-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773380731374, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773380731373, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773380731373, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239211861397270994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773380731200, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773384112372, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652319, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239226043106652320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239211861397270994, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239211862370349528, articleId=1239211862127079893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Multi-Energy Complementary Absorption Heat Pump Applied for Combined Cooling and Heating over a Wide Temperature Range, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Achieving low-carbon combined cooling and heating supply in distributed areas away from centralized cooling and heating networks is highly significant in the context of carbon neutrality. This study proposes a combined cooling and heating system based on an absorption heat pump, which uses a variety of clean and renewable energies, such as solar heat, geothermal, waste heat, biomass, and air-source energy, to achieve the combined cooling and heating in a wide temperature range from -20 ℃ to 90 ℃. Such systems are suitable for distributed areas, such as villages, cities, and industrial parks. The system model was constructed based on Aspen, and a prototype was developed. The prototype uses a vacuum tube collector to capture solar thermal energy and introduces natural gas as a supplementary heat source to balance fluctuations of solar energy. Multiple sets of indoor heating and cooling terminals can be driven through medium circulation and valve switching using a single set of absorption heat pumps and outdoor units. The environmental test of the prototype was performed in Jinan, and the solar thermal ratio reached 35% during the testing period. An all-weather stable energy supply was achieved by proportional control of natural gas. Moreover, a wide range of concentration adjustments was achieved by controlling the liquid level in the solution tank, enabling efficient system operation in a wider temperature range. The coefficient of performance (COP) of cooling reached 0.30-0.43 at -20 ℃ and 0.70-0.78 at 7 ℃, with cooling water temperatures varying from 30 ℃ to 20 ℃; the COP of heating reached 1.40-1.90 at 45 ℃ and 1.35-1.56 at 80 ℃, with evaporation temperature varying from -15 ℃ to 20 ℃. The study results demonstrated that introducing solar thermal energy and ambient energy recovery increased the fraction of renewable energy in the system to over 50%. Compared with the traditional method of gas furnace plus air conditioning, the annual operating cost and carbon emissions of the proposed system were reduced by over 54.3% and 44%, respectively, which has significant application potential.

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Lu Ding, male, associate professor, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 86-18810988096, E-mail: . Research fields: absorption refrigeration and heat pump, efficient utilization of low-grade heat.
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在“碳中和”目标背景下,实现集中式冷热管网无法覆盖的分布式区域的低碳冷热兼供,具有重要的现实意义。提出一种基于吸收式热泵的冷热兼供系统,利用光热、地热、余热、生物质和空气能等多种清洁、可再生能源,实现-20~90 ℃宽温区冷热兼供,适用于乡村、城镇、工业园等分布式区域。基于Aspen构建了系统模型,并搭建了一套原理样机。样机利用真空管集热器捕集光热能,并引入天然气补燃平衡光热负荷波动;通过载热/载冷介质循环及阀组切换,利用单套吸收式热泵及室外冷热一体机,拖动多套室内供热/供冷末端。原理样机在济南进行了环境测试,整个测试期间光热占比可达35%。通过燃气比例调节,实现全天候稳定供能;通过液位控制,实现了大范围的浓度调节,使样机能在更宽的温度范围内高效运行。研究发现:当冷却水温度在30~20 ℃变化时,-20 ℃制冷COP为0.30~0.43,7 ℃制冷COP为0.70~0.78;当蒸发温度在-15~20 ℃变化时,45 ℃供热COP为1.40~1.90,80 ℃供热COP为1.35~1.56。结果表明:通过引入太阳能热驱动和空气能回收,该系统可再生能源比例超过50%;相较燃气壁挂炉和电空调的传统方式,新型系统全年运行费用降低54%,碳排放降低44%,具有巨大的应用潜力。

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鹿丁,男,副研究员,中国科学院理化技术研究所,18810988096,E-mail:。研究方向:吸收式制冷与热泵、低品位热能高效利用。
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ABS吸收器;COM燃烧器;CON冷凝器;EVA蒸发器;GEN发生器;IN-ABS中间吸收器;IN-EVA中间蒸发器;PUM溶液泵;REC精馏器;SEP分离器;SHX溶液换热器。

, figureFileSmall=1vddLCCnMfiUzCGtMBAJ7Q==, figureFileBig=uAJUwh+Nhxg8vcs7R5Nbeg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224520221979309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Monthly extreme mean temperature distribution in Beijing, figureFileSmall=+mYEOFfJ5l+5XUwckgOjDQ==, figureFileBig=W+iMtT98Coq0RHQ/UXU+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224520310059700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=CN, label=图3, caption=北京地区月极值平均温度分布, figureFileSmall=+mYEOFfJ5l+5XUwckgOjDQ==, figureFileBig=W+iMtT98Coq0RHQ/UXU+qQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224520385557176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Monthly distribution of cooling/heating load of the typical residential building in Beijing, figureFileSmall=tFhOa4xRSO8JnqCMMG3O9A==, figureFileBig=veLOp3YHfec+qvn/ZyYKvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224520461054653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=CN, label=图4, caption=北京地区典型住宅冷/热负荷逐月分布, figureFileSmall=tFhOa4xRSO8JnqCMMG3O9A==, figureFileBig=veLOp3YHfec+qvn/ZyYKvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224520553329350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Monthly distribution of COP of the system, figureFileSmall=NDrddkLbWxvyF8wTH1sw9A==, figureFileBig=yOA5qEJI9FnGLi5l9N97dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224522017141450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=CN, label=图5, caption=系统COP逐月分布, figureFileSmall=NDrddkLbWxvyF8wTH1sw9A==, figureFileBig=yOA5qEJI9FnGLi5l9N97dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239224522075861711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供冷月份天数/d供热量/kW用热量/kW燃气消耗/Nm3费用/元
11168.510.00181.9454.7
123111.513.53476.81 192.0
13112.014.12497.51 243.8
22811.012.94411.91 029.8
3157.58.82150.5376.2
合计    4 296.6
供暖月份天数/d供热量/kW用热量/kW燃气消耗/Nm3费用/元
5174.81.60217.6108.8
6308.42.80672.0336.0
7319.63.20793.6396.8
8318.42.80694.4347.2
9153.61.20144.072.0
合计   2 521.61 260.8
全年总计    5 557.4
), ArticleFig(id=1239224523950715721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239211862127079893, language=CN, label=表1, caption=燃气壁挂炉+电空调全年运行经济性能, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供冷月份天数/d供热量/kW用热量/kW燃气消耗/Nm3费用/元
11168.510.00181.9454.7
123111.513.53476.81 192.0
13112.014.12497.51 243.8
22811.012.94411.91 029.8
3157.58.82150.5376.2
合计    4 296.6
供暖月份天数/d供热量/kW用热量/kW燃气消耗/Nm3费用/元
5174.81.60217.6108.8
6308.42.80672.0336.0
7319.63.20793.6396.8
8318.42.80694.4347.2
9153.61.20144.072.0
合计   2 521.61 260.8
全年总计    5 557.4
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多能互补的吸收式热泵用于宽温区冷热兼供系统研究
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鹿丁 1, 2 , 刘子健 1, 2 , 申涛 1, 2 , 陈润东 1, 2 , 公茂琼 1, 2
制冷学报 | 2025,46(1): 24-31
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(1): 24-31
多能互补的吸收式热泵用于宽温区冷热兼供系统研究
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鹿丁1, 2 , 刘子健1, 2, 申涛1, 2, 陈润东1, 2, 公茂琼1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院理化技术研究所 北京 100190
  • 2中国科学院大学 北京 100049

通讯作者:

鹿丁,男,副研究员,中国科学院理化技术研究所,18810988096,E-mail:。研究方向:吸收式制冷与热泵、低品位热能高效利用。
Multi-Energy Complementary Absorption Heat Pump Applied for Combined Cooling and Heating over a Wide Temperature Range
Ding Lu1, 2 , Zijian Liu1, 2, Tao Shen1, 2, Rundong Chen1, 2, Maoqiong Gong1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-02-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.024
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在“碳中和”目标背景下,实现集中式冷热管网无法覆盖的分布式区域的低碳冷热兼供,具有重要的现实意义。提出一种基于吸收式热泵的冷热兼供系统,利用光热、地热、余热、生物质和空气能等多种清洁、可再生能源,实现-20~90 ℃宽温区冷热兼供,适用于乡村、城镇、工业园等分布式区域。基于Aspen构建了系统模型,并搭建了一套原理样机。样机利用真空管集热器捕集光热能,并引入天然气补燃平衡光热负荷波动;通过载热/载冷介质循环及阀组切换,利用单套吸收式热泵及室外冷热一体机,拖动多套室内供热/供冷末端。原理样机在济南进行了环境测试,整个测试期间光热占比可达35%。通过燃气比例调节,实现全天候稳定供能;通过液位控制,实现了大范围的浓度调节,使样机能在更宽的温度范围内高效运行。研究发现:当冷却水温度在30~20 ℃变化时,-20 ℃制冷COP为0.30~0.43,7 ℃制冷COP为0.70~0.78;当蒸发温度在-15~20 ℃变化时,45 ℃供热COP为1.40~1.90,80 ℃供热COP为1.35~1.56。结果表明:通过引入太阳能热驱动和空气能回收,该系统可再生能源比例超过50%;相较燃气壁挂炉和电空调的传统方式,新型系统全年运行费用降低54%,碳排放降低44%,具有巨大的应用潜力。

Achieving low-carbon combined cooling and heating supply in distributed areas away from centralized cooling and heating networks is highly significant in the context of carbon neutrality. This study proposes a combined cooling and heating system based on an absorption heat pump, which uses a variety of clean and renewable energies, such as solar heat, geothermal, waste heat, biomass, and air-source energy, to achieve the combined cooling and heating in a wide temperature range from -20 ℃ to 90 ℃. Such systems are suitable for distributed areas, such as villages, cities, and industrial parks. The system model was constructed based on Aspen, and a prototype was developed. The prototype uses a vacuum tube collector to capture solar thermal energy and introduces natural gas as a supplementary heat source to balance fluctuations of solar energy. Multiple sets of indoor heating and cooling terminals can be driven through medium circulation and valve switching using a single set of absorption heat pumps and outdoor units. The environmental test of the prototype was performed in Jinan, and the solar thermal ratio reached 35% during the testing period. An all-weather stable energy supply was achieved by proportional control of natural gas. Moreover, a wide range of concentration adjustments was achieved by controlling the liquid level in the solution tank, enabling efficient system operation in a wider temperature range. The coefficient of performance (COP) of cooling reached 0.30-0.43 at -20 ℃ and 0.70-0.78 at 7 ℃, with cooling water temperatures varying from 30 ℃ to 20 ℃; the COP of heating reached 1.40-1.90 at 45 ℃ and 1.35-1.56 at 80 ℃, with evaporation temperature varying from -15 ℃ to 20 ℃. The study results demonstrated that introducing solar thermal energy and ambient energy recovery increased the fraction of renewable energy in the system to over 50%. Compared with the traditional method of gas furnace plus air conditioning, the annual operating cost and carbon emissions of the proposed system were reduced by over 54.3% and 44%, respectively, which has significant application potential.

鹿丁, 刘子健, 申涛, 陈润东, 公茂琼. 多能互补的吸收式热泵用于宽温区冷热兼供系统研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (1) : 24 -31 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.024
Ding Lu, Zijian Liu, Tao Shen, Rundong Chen, Maoqiong Gong. Multi-Energy Complementary Absorption Heat Pump Applied for Combined Cooling and Heating over a Wide Temperature Range[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (1) : 24 -31 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.024
在“碳中和”目标背景下,降低化石能源使用及温室气体排放迫在眉睫,全世界超过30%的碳排放来自建筑领域能源消耗[1]。在美国、英国和欧盟,建筑供冷热的能耗分别占据建筑能耗的48%、70%和65%[2];而在中国城市和农村,该数据分别为58%和41%[3]。另一方面,随着城镇化和人民生活质量改善,中国的建筑能耗将会进一步增加[4]。因此,优化供冷热系统以降低能耗和碳排放是实现“碳中和”目标的重要环节。
通常,城市地区的供冷热可通过集中式管网来实现,尤其基于热电厂的集中式热电联供。然而,集中式管网初始投资高、铺设难度大、沿程热损失多,难以覆盖广泛的分布式区域,包括乡村、城镇、工业园等[5-6]。近年来,针对分布式区域供冷热的研究逐渐增多。吸收式制冷与热泵技术可以利用多种中低品位能源,提供宽温区的制冷供热,且机组规格从千瓦至兆瓦级不等,特别适合分布式区域供冷热。
目前,分布式冷热联供系统主要基于蒸气压缩式系统,其能源形式单一,对高品位电能需求大,难以消纳分布式清洁可再生能源。近年来,部分学者开始关注吸收式技术。P. K. Satapathy等[7]提出一种压缩-吸收式热泵系统,系统以R22为工质,可以同时实现制冷与制热。J. Labus等[8]研究了小型溴化锂吸收式热泵的实验性能,系统能够提供4.5 kW的制冷量和8 kW的供热量,热泵的驱动热源可以由太阳能集热器或燃气锅炉提供。R. Ramesh等[9]通过增加换热器和溶液冷却精馏器等部件,显著提高系统效率,可实现300~430 kW的冷量供应和700~1 100 kW的热量供应。上述研究的系统均同时生产冷能与热能,这与两联供机组设计相背离。对于两联供机组,夏季仅需实现冷量供应,冬季仅需热量供应。Lu Zisheng等[10]研究了不同配置与架构吸收式双联供的效率与经济性,结果表明,双效吸收式机组为最优配置,最低回收期仅为1.9 a。S. Jayasekara等[11]提出了一种可同时利用两种品位热能的吸收式系统,可实现冷热两联供,研究发现,系统的性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)提高了11%,初始投资和回收周期相较传统技术大幅降低。Wu Wei等[12]提出了一种基于地源吸收式热泵的三联供(冷气、暖气和热水)系统,可显著降低地缘热泵造成的土壤温度下降。上述研究中,系统的制冷或制热负荷均由系统本身运行工况决定,但在实际应用中,系统负荷受日温度波动、月温度波动和用户冷热需求量波动等因素影响。相较于系统制冷量及制热量的大小,系统制冷量及制热量与用户需求量间的匹配更为重要。
本研究以低碳、高效冷热兼供为目标,针对集中式冷热管网无法覆盖的分布式区域,提出一种多能互补的吸收式冷热兼供系统,利用太阳能和生物质能等可再生能源,并通过天然气补燃平衡供能负荷,实现宽温区冷热兼供。通过循环浓度、流量等参数调节,实现供冷热功率与用户冷热负荷的良好匹配,通过光热和空气能的高效利用,显著降低系统的碳排放。
提出的吸收式冷热兼供系统如图1所示。高温导热油为热源载体,通过真空管集热器回收太阳能;村镇地区存在丰富的秸秆等生物质,发酵产生的沼气在燃气锅炉中燃烧并进一步加热导热油;与此同时,天然气被引入燃气锅炉进行补燃,以平衡可再生能源的供能波动,确保系统的稳定运行。高温导热油进入发生器,释放热量给溶液以进行发生过程,驱动吸收式热泵运行,于夏季在蒸发器提供冷能,于冬季在冷凝器和吸收器提供热能。为充分利用沼气和天然气燃烧产生的烟气余热,吸收式机组在夏季通过溶液预热器回收烟气余热加热待发生溶液,在冬季通过中间蒸发器回收烟气余热进行液氨的部分蒸发。吸收式机组产生的冷能和热能分别通过载冷介质和载热介质输送给用户侧的室内末端。在夏季工况下,阀1/3/5开启、阀2/4/6关闭,在蒸发器获得冷能的载冷介质进入室内供冷末端释放冷量,而冷凝器和吸收器产生的废热通过载热介质在室外冷热一体机释放至环境。在冬季工况下,阀2/4/6开启、阀1/3/5关闭,在冷凝器和吸收器获得热能的载热介质进入室内供热末端释放热量,而蒸发器则通过载冷介质在室外冷热一体机从环境吸收低品位热能。系统正常运行工况下,载冷介质温度不低于-20 ℃,载热介质温度不高于60 ℃,均可采用乙二醇溶液。
针对吸收式冷热兼供系统性能进行研究,关键在于吸收式机组的模型构建。本文利用Aspen Plus软件,针对提出的吸收式冷热兼供系统进行建模,通过引入中间过程有效改善了低环境温度工况下的供热性能[13]。采用的氨水工质具有强极性,因为溶液中存在H3O+等强极性离子,采用Aspen Plus软件自带的电解质模型(ELECNRTL)作为物性计算方法,该模型的优势在于可以计算宽浓度范围的多元离子液体物性参数,并可调用0~100%氨质量分数范围内的氨水热物性可靠数据。采用RadFrac、Mixer+MheatX、Heater、Pump和Valve模型分别模拟发生器、(中间)吸收器、换热器、溶液泵和节流阀,系统建模模型如图2所示,并采用以下合理假设和参数设定[14]
1)燃烧的过剩空气率为20%;
2)发生器出口溶液、冷凝器出口制冷剂和吸收器出口溶液均为饱和液,精馏器与发生器间的溶液和制冷剂均为饱和状态;
3)精馏器出口制冷剂蒸气的氨质量分数维持在99.9%;
4)蒸发器内部制冷剂温度滑移为5 ℃;
5)发生器、吸收器、中间吸收器和过冷器等液-液换热器的窄点温差为5 ℃;
6)中间蒸发器和溶液预热器等气-液换热器的窄点温差为10 ℃;
7)管道和部件的压降和漏热均忽略不计,节流过程为等焓过程;
8)除泵以外的其他功耗忽略不计。
系统在供热和制冷工况下的性能系数COP分别由下式计算得到:
供热COP:
制冷COP:
式中:QCQAQEQG分别为冷凝热、吸收热、蒸发热和发生热,kW。
以北京地区为例,冬季供热期为11月15日至次年3月15日,共4个月;夏季供冷期为5月15日至9月15日,共4个月。北京地区月平均气温分布如图3所示,需要注意的是,冬季供热期的月平均气温取极低值,而夏季供冷期的月平均气温取极高值。月平均温度数据对于本文提出的冷热兼供系统性能分析至关重要,不仅影响冷热负荷分布,还决定冬季供热工况下的蒸发温度,以及夏季供冷工况下的冷凝温度和吸收温度。
以典型三口住宅为例,取有效负荷面积(除掉储物间、楼梯间等无需供热、供冷的区域)为80 m2。根据暖通设计规范,取夏季和冬季室内标准设计温度分别为26 ℃和16 ℃,计算得到华北地区典型住宅冷/热负荷逐月分布,如图4所示。考虑管道漏热等因素,计算负荷时取放大系数为1.2。
吸收式冷热兼供系统的全年运行性能系数COP分布如图5所示。由图5可知,系统冬季供热COP维持在1.7~1.8;夏季供冷COP维持在0.85~0.90;系统COP与环境温度在夏季供冷工况下呈负相关,而在冬季供热工况下呈正相关。此外,冬季工况下系统蒸发温度受环境温度影响,供热COP逐月变动幅度较大;而夏季工况下系统冷凝温度和吸收温度受环境温度影响,供冷COP逐月变动幅度较小。
研究发现,吸收式冷热兼供系统各主要部件的换热量随运行工况变化较大,如图6所示。尤其在夏季供冷工况下,蒸发器、冷凝器、吸收器和发生器的换热量变化范围为4~12 kW,这给机组各部件换热结构的设计选型带来了挑战。主要原因为夏季住宅冷负荷的逐月变化幅度较大:在初夏的5月和初秋的9月,80 m2有效住宅面积的冷负荷仅约为4 kW,而在平均气温最高的7月则达到了近10 kW。
图6还可知,系统在冬季供热工况下余热回收量在1~1.4 kW,大于在夏季供冷工况下的0.3~0.7 kW。这是因为在冬季供热工况下,系统通过中间蒸发器回收烟气余热,由于液氨在中间压力下的蒸发温度仅为18 ℃,因此烟气可被降至较低的温度再排向外界环境;在夏季供热工况下,系统通过溶液预热器回收烟气余热,而溶液温度较高,因此系统的余热回收能力受限。
研究还发现,吸收式冷热兼供系统在夏季供冷与冬季供热工况下的氨水溶液浓度(氨质量分数)变化幅度较大,如图7所示。需要注意的是,此处的溶液浓度是系统运行的最佳浓度,偏离该浓度系统性能将有所降低。在冬季供热工况下,系统的最佳溶液浓度维持在33%~40%;而在夏季供热工况下,系统的最佳溶液浓度则在56%~61%。
基于模拟分析结果,研制了30 kW供热和10 kW制冷的多能互补吸收式冷热兼供系统原理样机,如图8所示,主要包括3个模块:光热集热模块、燃气补燃模块和吸收式冷热兼供模块。其中,光热集热模块采用真空管集热器,置于济南市某厂房的房顶。充分吸收太阳能并加热导热油,吸收光热后的导热油流入燃气补燃模块,通过天然气(或生物质沼气)补燃,平衡光热负荷变化导致的导热油温度波动,使进入发生器的导热油温度维持相对稳定。吸收式热泵利用导热油驱动,实现宽温区冷热兼供:在供冷模式下,载冷介质在蒸发器获得冷能,并在供冷末端释放冷能,载热介质带走系统的废热释放至室外;在供热模式下,载热介质在冷凝器和吸收器获得热能,并在供热末端释放热能,载冷介质从外界环境中获取低品位空气能并传递给蒸发器进行有效回收。
2023年7—9月,原理样机在济南一厂区开展了环境测试,在-20 ℃和7 ℃供冷、50 ℃和80 ℃供热4种工况下分别稳定运行24~48 h,如图9所示。可知,在白天阳光充足的09:00—16:00时间段,样机几乎可以实现全光热驱动,燃气功率占比很小;在一些阴雨天气仍然需要天然气补燃,如图9(c)所示。整体而言,在-20~90 ℃的宽温区供冷热工况下,系统的光热占比可达35%。实验过程中还发现,供冷温度越低、供热温度越高时,系统所需的发生温度越高,光热占比随之减小。由此可知,优化系统工况进而降低驱动热源温度,是后续进一步提升光热占比的关键点。
图10所示为样机在不同工况下的性能系数COP变化。由图10可知,提出的多能互补吸收式热泵可以实现宽温区冷热兼供:制冷温度可达-20~10 ℃,供热温度可达40~90 ℃。在制冷模式下,当冷却水温度在30~20 ℃变化时,-20 ℃制冷COP为0.30~0.43,7 ℃制冷COP为0.70~0.78;在供热模式下,当蒸发温度在-15~20 ℃变化时,45 ℃供热COP为1.40~1.90,80 ℃供热COP为1.35~1.56。特别地,供热工况下系统温跨达到70 ℃,显示出突出的大温跨性能。
实际上,样机能够实现大温跨冷热兼供核心点在于:通过调节阀开度及储液罐液位控制,实现了系统循环浓度的大范围调控。根据温度、压力、液位高度等参数估计,样机可以实现30%~60%的浓度调控,对照图7可以发现其基本实现了系统在不同工况下的最优浓度匹配。
吸收式冷热兼供系统可实现对包括太阳能、生物质能等可再生能源及天然气等绿色能源的综合利用,采用多能互补的方式平衡单一能源形式的负荷变动,进而实现能源的稳定供应;而且,可再生能源的利用可有效降低机组运行成本、增强系统的经济性。对于无集中式供热的村镇地区,在冬季一般采用燃气壁挂炉进行分户式取暖,而在夏季则主要采用电空调进行制冷。为研究提出的吸收式冷热兼供系统的经济性,将其与传统燃气壁挂炉+电空调的形式进行对比分析。在研究过程中,取冬季日供热时间为12 h,夏季日供冷时间为8 h;天然气价格为2.5元/Nm3,电价为0.5元/(kW·h)。
首先,研究提出的系统在全燃气驱动情况下的经济性,此时系统无太阳能和生物质能输入,基于实验结果,分析得到吸收式冷热兼供机组燃气耗量及费用,如图11所示。由图11可知,系统在冬季供热期和夏季供冷期的天然气消耗较为均衡,分别为993.7 Nm3和977.3 Nm3,燃气费用分别为2 483.8元和2 443.3元,而系统全年运行的燃气费用为4 927.1元。
作为对照,分析了采用燃气壁挂炉+电空调的传统形式的全年运行经济性能,如表1所示。由表1可知,采用传统形式的冬季供热期及夏季供冷期运行费用分别为4 296.6元和1 260.8元,全年运行费用总计5 557.4元。因此,采用本文提出的吸收式冷热兼供系统进行冬季供热、夏季供冷,即使在全燃气驱动的情况下,单户全年运行费用仍较传统燃气壁挂炉+电空调的形式降低11.3%;但同时亦可发现,新型系统在全燃气驱动情况下的夏季供冷运行费用明显高于电空调。
图12所示为提出的吸收式冷热兼供系统的经济性随可再生能源占比的变化,其中可再生能源占比定义为可再生能源(太阳能、生物质能等)提供的热能与驱动系统所需总热能的比值。可以发现,随着可再生能源占比的提升,系统运行费用逐渐降低;即使可再生能源占比为0(全燃气驱动)时,新型系统较燃气壁挂炉的冬季供热节能潜力达42.2%,全年运行的经济性能同样优于燃气壁挂炉+电空调的传统方式;而当可再生能源占比达到48.4%以上时,系统在夏季供冷期运行费用低于家用电空调,全年运行费用低于2 542.4元,相较于传统方式降低54.3%以上,具有优越的经济性能。
进一步分析了系统的碳减排性能,设定电和天然气的碳排放因子分别为0.592 kg(CO2)/(kW·h)和1.998 kg(CO2)/Nm3。针对华北地区的典型住宅,供冷热系统的年均碳排放对比如图13所示。即使在全燃气驱动(无光热输入)的情况下,新型系统相较于燃气壁挂炉+电空调的传统方式的碳排放降低20%;而当光热等可再生能源占比达到50%时,采用新系统的单户全年供冷热碳排放低于3 000 kg,碳减排潜力可达44%。
本文提出了一种基于吸收式热泵的冷热兼供系统,利用光热、地热、余热、生物质和空气能等多种清洁、可再生能源,实现-20~90 ℃宽温区冷热兼供,适用于乡村、城镇、工业园等分布式区域。利用Aspen Plus软件构建了吸收式冷热兼供系统模型,研制了30 kW供热和10 kW制冷的多能互补吸收式冷热兼供系统原理样机,并在济南进行了环境测试,得到如下结论:
1)在-20~90 ℃的宽温区供冷热工况下,整个测试期间光热占比可达35%。
2)当冷却水温度在30~20 ℃变化时,-20 ℃制冷COP为0.30~0.43,7 ℃制冷COP为0.70~0.78,当蒸发温度在-15~20 ℃变化时,45 ℃供热COP为1.40~1.90,80 ℃供热COP为1.35~1.56。结果表明,通过引入太阳能热驱动和空气能回收,该系统可再生能源比例超过50%,显示出显著的碳减排潜力。
3)经济性及碳减排分析结果表明:即使在全燃气驱动的情况下,新型系统全年运行费用仍较燃气壁挂炉和电空调的传统方法降低11.3%;当可再生能源占比达到48.4%以上时,系统全年运行费用低于2 542.4元,相较于传统方式降低54.3%以上;全年供冷热碳排放低于3 000 kg,碳减排潜力可达44%。
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2025年第46卷第1期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.01.024
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-02-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
  • 修回日期:2024-03-14
  • 录用日期:2024-03-15
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    1中国科学院理化技术研究所 北京 100190
    2中国科学院大学 北京 100049

通讯作者:

鹿丁,男,副研究员,中国科学院理化技术研究所,18810988096,E-mail:。研究方向:吸收式制冷与热泵、低品位热能高效利用。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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