Article(id=1239175130639815322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.145, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1694275200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-10, revisedDate=1703606400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-27, acceptedDate=1705507200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-18, onlineDate=1773371973905, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371973905, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371973905, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371973905, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=154, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175130866307745, articleId=1239175130639815322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Soft Measurement of Refrigerant Leakage Based on Key Features, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Refrigerant leakage is a frequent and costly fault that deteriorates the normal operation of a chiller; however, it is difficult to measure directly. This study proposes a data mining- and key-feature-based approach for the soft measurement of refrigerant leakage. Random forest importance ranking and distance correlation coefficients were used to select the characteristic features, and a support vector regression (SVR) soft measurement model was established to measure leakage quantitatively. The proposed model was validated through a leakage experiment conducted on a screw chiller with a rated cooling capacity of 1 440 kW and a refrigerant charge of 330 kg. The results showed that the SVR soft measurement model established on the three selected key features achieved significantly improved performance. The model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.844 kg and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.734 kg, outperforming the other three feature subsets.

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Han Hua, female, associate professor, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-13611880360, E-mail: . Research fields: fault diagnosis and optimization of refrigeration and air conditioning system, application of AI in refrigeration system, new refrigeration methods.
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针对制冷剂泄漏难以直接测量的问题,建立基于数据挖掘和关键特征的制冷剂泄漏故障软测量研究。通过随机森林重要性排序和距离相关系数对制冷剂泄漏故障的表征特征进行筛选,建立支持向量回归(SVR)软测量模型对泄漏进行定量测量。经一台额定制冷量为1 440 kW、充注量为330 kg螺杆式冷水机组泄漏实验验证,基于3个表征特征建立的SVR软测量模型在测试集上的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为0.844 kg和0.734 kg,软测量性能较其它3个特征子集显著提升。

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韩华,女,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,13611880360,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调系统的故障诊断及优化,AI在制冷系统中的应用,新型制冷方式。
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language=CN, label=图8, caption=测试集不同特征子集下的SVR软测量结果, figureFileSmall=55Tuhygy9t1UXwujP6T/mw==, figureFileBig=LX1BvBtDw9xerA//gevYLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175144124502202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130639815322, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Model parameter optimization results, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称寻优范围步长最佳参数
n_estimators(0,300)325
max_features(1,8)13
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参数名称寻优范围步长最佳参数
n_estimators(0,300)325
max_features(1,8)13
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排名IncMSE权值系数IncNodePurity权值系数
1冷却水进水温度0.070 7EER0.156 1
2冷凝器换热量0.061 0冷凝器换热量0.147 2
3冷却水出水温度0.046 1冷却水进水温度0.124 8
4冷冻水进水温度0.034 5制冷量0.102 6
5EER0.025 7冷冻水进水温度0.061 9
6制冷量0.022 6冷冻水出水温度0.060 0
7冷冻水出水温度0.020 1冷却水出水温度0.052 5
8液相温度10.018 1蒸发温度0.039 3
9蒸发温度0.016 8液相温度20.039 2
10液相温度20.012 7蒸发压力0.033 9
11蒸发压力0.009 2液相温度10.031 5
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排名IncMSE权值系数IncNodePurity权值系数
1冷却水进水温度0.070 7EER0.156 1
2冷凝器换热量0.061 0冷凝器换热量0.147 2
3冷却水出水温度0.046 1冷却水进水温度0.124 8
4冷冻水进水温度0.034 5制冷量0.102 6
5EER0.025 7冷冻水进水温度0.061 9
6制冷量0.022 6冷冻水出水温度0.060 0
7冷冻水出水温度0.020 1冷却水出水温度0.052 5
8液相温度10.018 1蒸发温度0.039 3
9蒸发温度0.016 8液相温度20.039 2
10液相温度20.012 7蒸发压力0.033 9
11蒸发压力0.009 2液相温度10.031 5
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特征子集特征描述
S-3冷凝器换热量,冷却水进水温度,液相温度1
Sxu4冷却水出水温度,蒸发器趋近温度
液相温度1,冷冻水出水温度
Srank11详见表2
Sall25详见附录A
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特征子集特征描述
S-3冷凝器换热量,冷却水进水温度,液相温度1
Sxu4冷却水出水温度,蒸发器趋近温度
液相温度1,冷冻水出水温度
Srank11详见表2
Sall25详见附录A
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特征子集参数寻优范围最佳参数
CσCσ
S-3(102,106(0.24,0.25)1040.246
Sxu4(0.34,0.35)0.341
Srank11(0.19,0.20)1050.192
Sall25(0.01,0.02)0.013
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特征子集参数寻优范围最佳参数
CσCσ
S-3(102,106(0.24,0.25)1040.246
Sxu4(0.34,0.35)0.341
Srank11(0.19,0.20)1050.192
Sall25(0.01,0.02)0.013
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序号特征参数单位序号特征参数单位
1冷冻水进水温度14EER 
2冷冻水出水温度15热平衡%
3冷却水进水温度16A相电压V
4冷却水出水温度17B相电压V
5液相温度118C相电压V
6液相温度219平均电压V
7蒸发温度20A相电流A
8蒸发器趋近温差21B相电流A
9蒸发压力kPa22C相电流A
10冷冻水流量m3/h23平均电流A
11冷却水流量m3/h24输入功率kW
12制冷量kW25功率因数 
13冷凝器换热量kW   
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序号特征参数单位序号特征参数单位
1冷冻水进水温度14EER 
2冷冻水出水温度15热平衡%
3冷却水进水温度16A相电压V
4冷却水出水温度17B相电压V
5液相温度118C相电压V
6液相温度219平均电压V
7蒸发温度20A相电流A
8蒸发器趋近温差21B相电流A
9蒸发压力kPa22C相电流A
10冷冻水流量m3/h23平均电流A
11冷却水流量m3/h24输入功率kW
12制冷量kW25功率因数 
13冷凝器换热量kW   
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基于关键特征的制冷剂泄漏故障软测量研究
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凌敏彬 1 , 杨钰婷 1 , 韩华 1 , 徐玲 2 , 崔晓钰 1
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 145-154
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 145-154
基于关键特征的制冷剂泄漏故障软测量研究
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凌敏彬1, 杨钰婷1, 韩华1 , 徐玲2, 崔晓钰1
作者信息
  • 1上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093
  • 2开利空调冷冻研发管理(上海)有限公司 上海 200436

通讯作者:

韩华,女,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,13611880360,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调系统的故障诊断及优化,AI在制冷系统中的应用,新型制冷方式。
Soft Measurement of Refrigerant Leakage Based on Key Features
Minbin Ling1, Yuting Yang1, Hua Han1 , Ling Xu2, Xiaoyu Cui1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
  • 2.Carrier Air Conditioning & Refrigeration R&D Management (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.145
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针对制冷剂泄漏难以直接测量的问题,建立基于数据挖掘和关键特征的制冷剂泄漏故障软测量研究。通过随机森林重要性排序和距离相关系数对制冷剂泄漏故障的表征特征进行筛选,建立支持向量回归(SVR)软测量模型对泄漏进行定量测量。经一台额定制冷量为1 440 kW、充注量为330 kg螺杆式冷水机组泄漏实验验证,基于3个表征特征建立的SVR软测量模型在测试集上的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为0.844 kg和0.734 kg,软测量性能较其它3个特征子集显著提升。

Refrigerant leakage is a frequent and costly fault that deteriorates the normal operation of a chiller; however, it is difficult to measure directly. This study proposes a data mining- and key-feature-based approach for the soft measurement of refrigerant leakage. Random forest importance ranking and distance correlation coefficients were used to select the characteristic features, and a support vector regression (SVR) soft measurement model was established to measure leakage quantitatively. The proposed model was validated through a leakage experiment conducted on a screw chiller with a rated cooling capacity of 1 440 kW and a refrigerant charge of 330 kg. The results showed that the SVR soft measurement model established on the three selected key features achieved significantly improved performance. The model had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.844 kg and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.734 kg, outperforming the other three feature subsets.

凌敏彬, 杨钰婷, 韩华, 徐玲, 崔晓钰. 基于关键特征的制冷剂泄漏故障软测量研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 145 -154 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.145
Minbin Ling, Yuting Yang, Hua Han, Ling Xu, Xiaoyu Cui. Soft Measurement of Refrigerant Leakage Based on Key Features[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 145 -154 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.145
制冷剂泄漏故障是制冷系统中最常发生的故障之一[1-2],占总维护成本的17%,排在制冷系统控制故障和风扇故障之后[3]。此外,当泄漏量(充注量减少)为25%时,导致制冷系统的COP(性能系数,coefficient of performance)降低15%,制冷量降低20%[4]。制冷剂泄漏故障不仅会直接影响机组的制冷效果,导致机组制冷量降低,制冷效果变差[5],且泄漏的制冷剂会污染大气环境,增加能源消耗,造成温室效应[6-7]。由于制冷剂在故障发生的初始阶段泄漏量较小,其作为全局故障的影响将随着制冷剂循环迅速蔓延至整个系统,因此可以认为是常见故障中最难以检测和最容易误诊的故障[8-9]。因此,制冷剂泄漏的研究对于指导节能环保的维护干预具有重要意义,近年来尤其是中国“双碳”目标后,受到广泛关注。
在判别制冷剂泄漏故障的研究中,涉及的特征参数种类繁多,但针对不同类型制冷系统的泄漏实验常以制冷剂充注量不足代替,通过数据拟合来获得参数与制冷剂充注量的关系,用其中灵敏度最高的参数来表征制冷剂泄漏。刘杰等[10]在焓差实验台中研究了不同换热器下汽车空调系统的充注量情况,结果表明,制冷剂充注量不足和过充均会导致压缩机排气温度过高,造成压缩机内润滑油失效,对系统稳定运行产生不利影响。王海峰等[11]基于COP最大原则研究了不同工况下多功能空调热水器的最佳充注量,结果表明,不同工况下所需制冷剂最佳充注量存在较大差异。Sun Shaobo等[12]在变流量制冷系统中提出一种独立成分分析-反向传播神经网络(independent component analysis-back propagation neural network,ICA-BPNN)的混合故障检测模型检测制冷剂充注量,结果表明,融合ICA-BPNN检测模型具有更好的检测性能。Liu Jiangyan等[13]将主元分析(principal component analysis,PCA)和指数加权移动平均(exponentially-weighted moving average,EWMA)方法相结合检测变流量制冷系统制冷剂充注量故障,结果表明,在故障程度较低时,PCA-EWMA模型获得较PCA(T2和Q统计量)更好的故障检测效率。但通过简单统计分析某些特征参数来对比正常工况与泄漏工况,所得结果存在极大的局限性,并不能明确是否存在其他干扰工况造成类似结果[14]
随着机器学习技术的兴起,数据驱动的故障检测和诊断策略已广泛应用于制冷剂泄漏故障[15]。S. A. Tassou等[16]一组10个人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)作为预测模块来识别故障或无故障操作,并为其生成一组残差来匹配泄漏和过充注条件。韩华等[17]利用主元分析(PCA)法提取制冷系统特征向量,对典型人工智能方法所建故障诊断模型的性能进行理论研究与应用分析,确定了以支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)算法为基础的故障诊断模型,综合讨论了包括制冷剂泄漏等多个冷水机组故障的诊断性能。王江宇等[18]针对多联机系统运行过程发生的制冷剂充注量故障,结合主成分分析与决策树优点,提出了基于主成分分析与决策树(principal component analysis-decision tree,PCA-DT)的制冷剂充注量故障诊断方法。A. Rai等[19]应用高斯混合模型,得到了用于监测管道状态的泄漏检测指标,可有效区分非泄漏和泄漏状态。这些研究通过生成残差和最大似然概率作为泄漏指标,定性地检测、诊断制冷剂是否发生泄漏,但对泄漏的定量研究很少。
本文针对冷水机组制冷剂泄漏量难以直接测量的问题,提出利用软测量,即通过建立计算原理之间的关系,将无法直接测量的量与其他易于测量的量连接起来完成间接测量[20]。常用的软测量方法有人工神经网络(ANN)[21]、模糊逻辑[22]、支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)等,其中SVR被认为是小样本统计估计和测量学习的最佳方法[23]。G. Maksimović等[24]对比研究了SVR、ANN在医疗支出预测问题,结果表明SVR较ANN具有更好的预测准确性。Wang Wenchuan等[25]在水文预报领域通过SVM、ANN和模糊逻辑等人工智能技术对水电站的月流量进行时间序列预测,发现SVM在不同评价指标下均能获得更好的预测精度。本文首先通过随机森林对故障运行参数进行重要性排序,结合距离相关系数剔除强相关参数,获得3个泄漏表征特征,再基于SVR建立制冷剂泄漏软测量模型,并对比分析了不同特征子集下软测量值与实测值的误差,验证了所选表征特征的有效性。
为解决制冷剂随着泄漏时间而带来的影响和变化,选择一台带四管制热回收的双机头螺杆式冷水机组作为制冷剂泄漏故障实验的研究对象。图1所示为制冷剂泄漏实验的系统原理,机组额定制冷量为1 440 kW(409.5冷吨),额定功率为270.8 kW,制冷剂为R134a,额定充注量为330 kg,节流装置为电子膨胀阀(electronic expansion valve,EEV)。为保证制冷剂泄漏实验安全进行,泄漏点设在低温低压侧蒸发器出口处,连接装有流量控制阀的软管,制冷剂通过软管泄漏至放置在电子秤上的储液罐中,电子秤精度为±10 g,泄漏量由控制阀控制。在制冷模式下运行,制冷剂从额定充注量的330 kg均匀泄漏至264 kg,相当于额定充注量的20%,每隔5 s采集一组数据,每一组数据由25个特征参数组成(附录A),共采集2.5 h,获得1 800条时间序列的数据。
为消除不同特征变量在数据的量纲和量级产生巨大的差异,如EER和冷凝器换热量这两个参数的单位不同,取值范围相差1 000倍,需对数据进行标准化消除量纲差异。采用min-max方法(即离差标准化)对数据进行线性压缩,使结果落入[0,1]区间内。计算式如下:
式中:x为变量的值;xMin为该类变量中的最小值;xMax为该类变量中的最大值;xnormalization为归一化后的值。
随机森林是L. Breiman于2001年提出的利用多棵决策树组合进行分类与回归的集成算法[26]。在选取样本过程中,采用有放回随机采样(Bootstrapping),包括训练数据的随机选取和待选特征的随机选取。随机森林原理如图2所示,从总的原始训练数据N中,采用Bootstrapping方法随机选取z个样本作为单棵决策树的训练样本。每一棵单独的决策树需要继续向下分裂,若每个样本有M个特征,则每个分裂节点处,都将在M个特征组成的特征空间里随机选择mmM)个特征,通过计算每个特征的信息量选择具有分类能力的特征继续节点分裂,直到无法再生长为止。重复上述步骤k次,得到k棵决策树的k个训练样本集,最终的输出结果为k棵决策树结果的预测平均值。
随机森林通过对变量重要性进行度量(variable importance measure,VIM)实现变量的排名,评判不同特征变量对目标变量的影响程度大小。较常见的重要性度量指标为方差增量(increase in mean squared error,IncMSE)或节点纯度增量(increase in node purity,IncNodePurity)[27]。IncMSE(式(2))主要是通过随机扰动的方法依次改变特征前后的顺序,并测试模型在扰动后特征上的效果。IncNodePurity(式(3))根据随机森林中决策树节点分裂时的不纯度变化作为衡量指标。
式中:ΔE为方差增量;ΔP为节点纯度增量;k为构造的决策树数量;Ei分别为对第n种统计参量扰动后的袋外数据和未添加扰动的袋外数据在第i棵决策树下的预测误差;GjGlGr分别代表该节点j及其左子节点和右子节点的不纯度;IjIlIr分别表示节点j及其左边节点和右边节点中训练样本数占总训练样本数的比重;Ni表示按特征i分割的节点。
RF变量选择模型训练过程如图3所示,将泄漏实验的1 800组时间序列数据作为RF模型的输入,每一个数据包含25个特征变量,基于Python系统构建随机森林变量选择模型。对RF模型中的2个重要参数:决策树的个数n_estimators和最大节点个数max_features进行网格搜索和五折交叉验证寻优。经过1 877.698 s的寻优过程,获得随机森林模型的最佳参数。寻优范围和最佳参数如表1所示。
在此基础上,分别用2个评价指标(IncMSE和IncNodePurity)计算各特征参数对制冷剂泄漏故障的重要性,进行重要性排序,如图4所示。排名第11以后的IncMSE权值系数(图4(a))均小于0.009,甚至靠后的特征参数方差增量几乎为0。在图4(b)中,冷冻水进出水温度之间的节点纯度很接近,约为0.006,蒸发温度与液相温度2的节点纯度很相似,约为0.039,排名第11以后的IncNodePurity值均小于0.03。将2种排序方法的前11个特征列于表2中,发现变量名称一致,仅前后顺序有差别,因此初步选用该11个变量。分析可知,靠前的大多为物理参数与性能参数,因重要性排序而剔除的变量大部分为信号参数。
在上述基于随机森林重要度排序初选变量中,考虑到变量与变量之间的耦合性,选择距离相关系数作为衡量变量间相关性的指标,进行相关性分析,进一步剔除制冷剂泄漏故障的冗余信息。
对于2个随机向量xRpyRq,记(xy)={(xiyi),i=1,...,n}为观察到的随机样本,xy间的距离相关系数(dCor)可以定义为:
式中:vxy)为xy的距离协方差;vxx)和vyy)分别为xy的距离方差。
图5所示为表2中11个参数经过两两变量之间的距离相关系数计算后的结果呈现,对角线为各特征参数的名称,黄色部分表示两变量间呈现较强的相关性,紫色表示相关性较弱,第1行为各参数与制冷剂泄漏量之间的距离相关系数。在统计学中,相关系数大于0.6的属于强相关和极强相关的关系,因此,首先要保证变量和制冷剂泄漏量之间的强相关,即大于0.6,如图5第1行中绿色的变量均小于0.6,便不能被选择。同时,所选特征变量中两两之间的相关性要尽可能小,以减小信息冗余,若某2个变量之间相关系数过大,则删除其中贡献值靠后的那个,例如:冷凝器换热量与制冷量、EER及冷冻水进水温度的距离相关系数高于0.8,则选择与制冷剂泄漏量相关性最强的冷凝器换热量作为表征特征之一,将其他3个均舍弃。
按照上述选择方法,最终选择冷凝器换热量、冷却水进水温度、液相温度1(即储液器出口温度)作为制冷剂泄漏故障的关键特征。其中,冷凝器换热量与制冷剂泄漏量的距离相关系数为0.820,冷却水进水温度与制冷剂泄漏量的距离相关系数为0.711,液相温度1与制冷剂泄漏量的距离相关系数为0.631。与传统制冷剂泄漏故障的定性诊断不同,软测量的关键参数集中在高压侧。
支持向量回归(SVR)[28]是一种经典的机器学习算法,尤其在小样本数据集的场景中被广泛应用。SVR是寻找一个超平面,使得该超平面沿着纵轴方向上下平移ε(误差间隔带)后,扫过的ε-不敏感损失区域包含所有的样本点。具体为设置一个阈值ε,仅计算|fx)-y|>ε的数据点的误差损失。假设给定样本集D={(x1y1),…,(xnyn)}∈(xyn,其中,xix=RnyiRi=1,2,…,n,并给定ε>0。超平面的表达式为:
式中:ωx均为n维列向量;b为偏置;ψxi)表示引入的核函数,核函数ψxixj)的表达式为:
式中:σ为核宽度函数,σ越小,核函数的宽度越小,越有选择性。
SVR问题可以形式化为求解最优化问题,其中定义损失函数为:
式中:C为惩罚参数;lεε-不敏感损失函数。
SVR求解时通过引入拉格朗日乘子ai来解决该约束最优化的问题:
选取制冷剂随时间泄漏实验获得的1 800组数据,将数据的前1 560组(0~7 800 s)数据作为软测量模型的训练样本,剩余240组(7 805~9 000 s)数据作为测试数据。如表3所示,建立不同特征子集的软测量模型,分别为:基于上述两阶段选出的3个特征参数组成的特征子集,用S-3表示,Yang Yuting等[29]研究得出的基于直接用皮尔逊相关性系数选取的4个参数(Sxu4)、RF重要性排序前11的参数(Srank11)以及最原始的25个特征参数(Sall25),对制冷剂泄漏进行软测量研究,验证所选关键特征(S-3)的有效性。
基于Python系统在上述4个特征子集中构建SVR制冷剂泄漏软测量模型,其训练过程如图6所示。参数设置对于机器学习方法的模型训练至关重,SVR选择的核函数类型为径向基函数(radial basis function,RBF),2个关键变量为惩罚系数C和核函数的宽度σ,采用网格搜索和五折交叉验证实现参数对寻优,寻优范围如表4所示。由不同特征子集构成的泄漏数据训练集分别输入模型,SVR首先采用默认初始参数实施软测量,根据五折交叉验证结果计算均方根误差(rootmean squared error,RMSE),按照设定的范围和步长进行Cσ的网格搜索,重新训练SVR并计算RMSE,与前一次对比,保留RMSE较小的参数和模型,直到搜索范围结束,RMSE达到最小,输出最佳参数(表4)和训练好的SVR软测量模型;然后将相应的测试集输入模型进行测试,根据模型输出的制冷剂泄漏量(即软测量值)与实测泄漏量的差异(图7),对模型进行评价。评价指标为RMSE和平均绝对误差(mean absolute error,MAE),如式(9)、式(10)所示。
式中:yi为实验测得的泄漏量;ys为SVR软测量模型得到的制冷剂泄漏软测量值;n为样本数。
图7中前7 800 s为模型训练阶段,4个模型在4 000 s之前的波动均很大,由于制冷剂泄漏故障发生时会触发系统的自我调节,出现参数回升,各软测量曲线围绕制冷剂实测值上下波动。随着模型训练的继续,软测量结果越来越接近实测值曲线,说明模型在不断地从数据中学习规律和知识。其中,特征参数较多的Srank11和Sall25模型在前4 000 s的波动较小,S-3和Sxu4两个模型则起伏较大,表明参数多时初期跟踪性更强。
图7中将7 800~9 000 s的测试阶段放大,其结果可以反映软测量模型的测试效果。整体来看4个模型均能输出与实际泄漏量相似的泄漏趋势,S-3模型相对于其他3个模型效果更佳,软测量值与实测值曲线较为接近,且波动较小。Sxu4模型围绕实测值曲线上下波动范围较大,Srank11模型在最后时间内的软测量较好,Sall25软测量模型整体在实测值曲线之下,虽然趋势相同,但偏差较大,测试结果不佳。
图8所示为软测量结果的RMSE与MAE,误差值越小表示与实测值越接近,性能越好。S-3和Sxu4在训练过程中的RMSE与MAE均较大,相当于Srank11和Sall25的3倍,原因在于训练初期软测量值波动较大。但在测试阶段,S-3呈现出最佳性能,RMSE和MAE分别仅为0.844 kg和0.734 kg,其次是Srank11,误差值约为S-3的2倍;Sxu4次之,最差的是Sall25模型,误差值约为S-3的5倍。由此分析,由冷凝器换热量、冷却水进水温度、液相温度1这3个关键变量建立的S-3软测量模型外推性最佳,测试集RMSE分别较Sxu4、Srank11和Sall25下降61.5%、48.9%、71.4%,MAE分别下降59.2%、48.1%、75.1%。
针对训练时的波动,S-3软测量模型能很好地调整进而呈现出越来越好的效果,模型的学习能力与泛化能力相对其他3个模型最好,根本原因是上述3个关键参数的选择,能够很好地捕捉到制冷剂泄漏且与泄漏量强相关,模型能高效且低噪声地提取与泄漏相关的重要信息。Sxu4模型和S-3有同样的关键变量——液相温度1,其中冷却水出水温度与冷冻水出水温度在RF重要性排序和距离相关性系数中排在前列,但蒸发器趋近温度在本文研究中处于后11名中,因此与S-3相比,Sxu4引入了一个相关度较差的变量,使其性能相对较差。在RF重要性排序中,若前面的参数重要性较大,则后续与之相关的参数可能对模型的重要性减弱。Srank11和Sall25均包含S-3中所有的参数变量,其中Srank11是经过RF重要性排在前11的特征参数子集,且一定程度上削减了参数相关性,因此呈现出比Sxu4与Sall25更好的性能。Sall25包括所有参数,在训练过程呈现出较好的性能,但由于存在大量冗余信息,在测试中干扰软测量结果,性能较差。
本文针对螺杆式冷水机组的制冷剂泄漏量难以直接测量的问题,以一台双机头螺杆式冷水机组作为研究对象,开展泄漏量软测量研究。基于随机森林重要性排序剔除重要度较低特征,并结合距离相关性系数进行独立性筛查,如此经复合层级甄选获得制冷剂泄漏故障关键特征;然后基于SVR建立制冷剂泄漏软测量模型,对比分析不同特征子集下,模型软测量值与泄漏量实测值的误差,验证了所选关键特征及软测量模型的有效性。得到如下结论:
1)采用RF算法和距离相关系数,筛选出的对制冷剂泄漏故障较为重要且独立性较强的3个关键特征为:冷凝器换热量、冷却水进水温度、液相温度1(储液器出口温度)。与传统制冷剂泄漏故障的定性诊断不同,软测量的关键参数集中在高压侧。
2)基于3个关键特征(S-3)建立的SVR制冷剂泄漏软测量模型,与基于皮尔逊相关系数得到的Sxu4、RF重要性排名前11(Srank11)及原始特征参数(Sall25)建立的SVR软测量模型相比,虽然在训练过程前期波动较大,进而使训练集上的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对误差(MAE)较大,却在测试阶段呈现出最佳性能,RMSE分别比Sxu4、Srank11和Sall25下降61.5%、48.9%、71.4%,MAE分别下降59.2%、48.1%、75.1%,具有良好的学习和泛化能力。
实际应用中,若缺乏流量传感器,则S-3中的冷凝器换热量无法获得,此时可退而采用Sxu4中的4个温度参数进行制冷剂泄漏软测量。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51506125)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.145
  • 接收时间:2023-09-10
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-10
  • 修回日期:2023-12-27
  • 录用日期:2024-01-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51506125)
国家自然科学基金(51506125)
作者信息
    1上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093
    2开利空调冷冻研发管理(上海)有限公司 上海 200436

通讯作者:

韩华,女,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,13611880360,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调系统的故障诊断及优化,AI在制冷系统中的应用,新型制冷方式。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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