Article(id=1239175130337825424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.098, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700409600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-20, revisedDate=1703174400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-22, acceptedDate=1706630400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-31, onlineDate=1773371973833, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371973833, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371973833, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371973833, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=98, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175130564317848, articleId=1239175130337825424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Thermal Performance of Cold Storage Packed Bed for Air Conditioning with Modified Composite PCM Based on Eutectic Hydrated Salts, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A composite cold storage phase change material (PCM) based on Na2SO4·10H2O and Na2HPO4·12H2O was developed to meet the temperature requirements of cold storage air conditioning. The phase change temperature was 8.3 ℃, with a latent heat of 151.3 kJ/kg, representing a 14.24% increase in latent heat compared to previous works. Additionally, a novel thermal energy storage device utilizing spherical encapsulated PCM within a packed bed was proposed. A three-dimensional physical model of the packed bed was constructed using EDEM software to study the effects of sphere capsule size, inlet temperature, and heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow rate on the system's thermal performance. Results show that reducing the sphere capsule size, lowering the HTF inlet temperature, and increasing the HTF flow rate accelerate the thermal energy storage process and reduce charging time. For instance, when the HTF inlet temperature increases from 2 ℃ to 4 ℃, the packed bed's cold storage capacity and density decrease by 5%, the average cold storage rate drops by 41.93%, and the pressure drop remains relatively constant. However, the effect of sphere capsule size on thermal energy storage capacity and density lacks a clear trend and depends on specific engineering applications. These findings offer theoretical guidance for the practical application and broader use of packed-bed thermal energy storage systems for air conditioning.

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Yin Yonggao, male, professor, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 86-13611515279, E-mail: . Research fields: solution dehumidification and low-grade heat utilization, energy-saving in novel heat pump and air conditioning system, energy storage technology for building carbon neutrality.
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针对蓄冷空调温度需求,研制一种以Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O为基材的复合相变蓄冷材料,其相变温度为8.3 ℃,相变潜热为151.3 kJ/kg,与前期工作相比,其潜热值提升14.24%。同时提出一种使用球形封装单体封装该相变材料(PCM)的填充床蓄冷装置,并采用EDEM软件对其建立无序堆积三维物理模型,研究单体尺寸、换热流体(HTF)入口温度和流量等参数对填充床蓄冷性能的影响。结果表明:减小单体尺寸、降低HTF入口温度和提升HTF入口流量均能加快装置的蓄冷过程,缩短蓄冷时间。HTF入口温度由2 ℃升至4 ℃时,填充床的蓄冷量和蓄冷密度降低5%,平均蓄冷速率降低41.93%,压降基本不变。然而单体尺寸对填充床蓄冷量和蓄冷密度等参数的影响并未表现出明显规律,在工程应用中需根据实际情况而定。研究结果可为填充床装置在蓄冷空调领域的推广应用提供理论指导。

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殷勇高,男,教授,东南大学能源与环境学院,13611515279,E-mail:。研究方向:溶液除湿及低品位热利用;新型热泵与空调系统节能;面向建筑碳中和的储能技术。
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Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 219: 119666., articleTitle=Thermal performance analysis of multi-stage cold storage packed bed with modified phase change material based on Na2SO4·10H2O, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175138890011585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175138898400195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, companyId=1239175138890011585, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175138906788803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, companyId=1239175138890011585, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东南大学能源与环境学院 南京 210096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239175139657569265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Physical model of cold storage packed bed, figureFileSmall=37QPHf+1ZSI+troU0pfEYg==, figureFileBig=A9OItcQvxgU/9/tzOJAQ0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175139745649657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图1, caption=填充床蓄冷装置的物理模型, figureFileSmall=37QPHf+1ZSI+troU0pfEYg==, figureFileBig=A9OItcQvxgU/9/tzOJAQ0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175139955363851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Independence verification, figureFileSmall=68f3XGl5S4II4U7EHbll9A==, figureFileBig=20BTTBvvwpoPq6JkEVFTzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140039249938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图2, caption=独立性验证, figureFileSmall=68f3XGl5S4II4U7EHbll9A==, figureFileBig=20BTTBvvwpoPq6JkEVFTzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140110553113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Comparison of experimental and simulated values of outlet temperature, figureFileSmall=yIeD+tbVoIOpfmT/8tjEdg==, figureFileBig=GgHvWHs2cqlxg7jU4lrYKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140202827804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图3, caption=出口温度实验值与模拟值对比, figureFileSmall=yIeD+tbVoIOpfmT/8tjEdg==, figureFileBig=GgHvWHs2cqlxg7jU4lrYKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140278325284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Schematic diagram of step-cooling experiment, figureFileSmall=0Z94YS6Tc1NWu3OwLGxSAg==, figureFileBig=XFQsulV1ord/3zqUTZjCUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140387377195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图4, caption=步冷实验示意图

1计算机;2安捷伦数据采集仪;3热电偶;4试管;5恒温水浴锅;6相变材料。

, figureFileSmall=0Z94YS6Tc1NWu3OwLGxSAg==, figureFileBig=XFQsulV1ord/3zqUTZjCUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140467068978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Selection of the eutectic ratio, figureFileSmall=cLxrkgmtzJeKTqsxJ1OYDg==, figureFileBig=0WKiKudLb7aLyl5pSz0B+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140542566457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图5, caption=共晶配比的选择, figureFileSmall=cLxrkgmtzJeKTqsxJ1OYDg==, figureFileBig=0WKiKudLb7aLyl5pSz0B+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140630646851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Comparison on liquid fraction of packed bed at various sphere sizes, figureFileSmall=LOcIj5F+1mJojJilktlcow==, figureFileBig=hw2PHWGkqgasP10tRnd3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140727115850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同单体尺寸下填充床液化率对比, figureFileSmall=LOcIj5F+1mJojJilktlcow==, figureFileBig=hw2PHWGkqgasP10tRnd3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140798419026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Comparison on liquid fraction of packed bed at various inlet flow, figureFileSmall=2L18fEoT7vuuNeZNOhwo2w==, figureFileBig=uMxENgGyY+apmoj3IzM3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140869722198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同入口流量下填充床液化率对比, figureFileSmall=2L18fEoT7vuuNeZNOhwo2w==, figureFileBig=uMxENgGyY+apmoj3IzM3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140961996891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Temperature field and liquid fraction of packed bed at qin=6 L/min, figureFileSmall=A4hTiYp+zkHkJKETYcsM/A==, figureFileBig=KMnydHGaJtHVJuS6ycKV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175141058465890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图8, caption=入口流量为6 L/min时填充床温度场和液化率相图, figureFileSmall=A4hTiYp+zkHkJKETYcsM/A==, figureFileBig=KMnydHGaJtHVJuS6ycKV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175141150740586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Temperature field and liquid fraction of packed bed at qin=9 L/min, figureFileSmall=2+R/2v0VgGxJC5nPn5kdKw==, figureFileBig=PMwCNU312AWTWzayW92xNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175141238820975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图9, caption=入口流量为9 L/min时填充床温度场和液化率相图, figureFileSmall=2+R/2v0VgGxJC5nPn5kdKw==, figureFileBig=PMwCNU312AWTWzayW92xNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142702633078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Temperature field and liquid fraction of packed bed at qin=12 L/min, figureFileSmall=ztJvalS0Hv+pVJp1cfOFKw==, figureFileBig=pn6RhH4tH3g3K2ggJ/yOTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142803296381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图10, caption=入口流量为12 L/min时填充床温度场和液化率相图, figureFileSmall=ztJvalS0Hv+pVJp1cfOFKw==, figureFileBig=pn6RhH4tH3g3K2ggJ/yOTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142891376767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Comparison on liquid fraction of packed bed at various inlet temperature, figureFileSmall=ftIYT960UOnOGYFpL7FFIw==, figureFileBig=4KKK/VgWRHKmqEJnuiGDVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142971068549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同入口温度下填充床液化率对比, figureFileSmall=ftIYT960UOnOGYFpL7FFIw==, figureFileBig=4KKK/VgWRHKmqEJnuiGDVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175143197560971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Experimental materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用途材料名称分子式相对分子质量生产厂家
实验主材十水硫酸钠Na2SO4·10H2O322.20国药集团
十二水合磷酸氢二钠Na2HPO4·12H2O358.14国药集团
熔点控制剂氯化钾KCl74.55国药集团
成核剂硼砂Na2B4O7·10H2O381.37成都科隆
增稠剂聚丙烯酰胺C3H5NO71.08罗恩
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143348555920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验材料, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用途材料名称分子式相对分子质量生产厂家
实验主材十水硫酸钠Na2SO4·10H2O322.20国药集团
十二水合磷酸氢二钠Na2HPO4·12H2O358.14国药集团
熔点控制剂氯化钾KCl74.55国药集团
成核剂硼砂Na2B4O7·10H2O381.37成都科隆
增稠剂聚丙烯酰胺C3H5NO71.08罗恩
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143465996437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Physical properties of relevant materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料ρ/(g/cm3λ/[W/(m·K)]T/Kγ/(kJ/kg)cp/[kJ/(kg·K)]
PCM1 4000.732(s)281.45151.31.75(s)
0.628(l)2.73(l)
998.20.6273.154.182
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143566659739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表2, caption=相关材料物性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料ρ/(g/cm3λ/[W/(m·K)]T/Kγ/(kJ/kg)cp/[kJ/(kg·K)]
PCM1 4000.732(s)281.45151.31.75(s)
0.628(l)2.73(l)
998.20.6273.154.182
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143658934433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Experimental instruments and parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称型号生产厂家精度
磁力搅拌水浴锅HH-2J恩谊仪器温度稳定性±0.5 ℃
低温恒温槽SLDC-0520赛勒仪器温度稳定性±0.01 ℃
差示扫描量热仪uDSC7 Evo法国Setaram℃,热焓精度<0.05%温度精度<0.01
导热系数测试仪TC3000E西安夏溪电子3%
安捷伦数据采集仪34970AAglient温度系数0.03 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143759597735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表3, caption=实验仪器及参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
仪器名称型号生产厂家精度
磁力搅拌水浴锅HH-2J恩谊仪器温度稳定性±0.5 ℃
低温恒温槽SLDC-0520赛勒仪器温度稳定性±0.01 ℃
差示扫描量热仪uDSC7 Evo法国Setaram℃,热焓精度<0.05%温度精度<0.01
导热系数测试仪TC3000E西安夏溪电子3%
安捷伦数据采集仪34970AAglient温度系数0.03 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143830900906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Comparison of PCM prepared in previous work with PCM prepared in this paper, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PCM各成分配比组成γ/(kJ/kg)
前期工作制备[25]79%Na2SO4·10H2O+14%氯化铵+3%硼砂+4%聚丙烯酸钠132.4
本文制备45.46%Na2SO4·10H2O+33.61%Na2HPO4·12H2O+17.36%KCl+2.57%硼砂+1%PAM151.3
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143923175599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表4, caption=前期工作制备的PCM与本文制备的PCM对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PCM各成分配比组成γ/(kJ/kg)
前期工作制备[25]79%Na2SO4·10H2O+14%氯化铵+3%硼砂+4%聚丙烯酸钠132.4
本文制备45.46%Na2SO4·10H2O+33.61%Na2HPO4·12H2O+17.36%KCl+2.57%硼砂+1%PAM151.3
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144015450293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Performance parameters of packed bed at various sphere sizes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
单体尺寸/cm性能参数
蓄冷量/MJ蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3平均蓄冷速率/kW压降/kPa
810.8047.190.286.58
711.3549.590.386.40
610.9647.880.416.97
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单体尺寸/cm性能参数
蓄冷量/MJ蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3平均蓄冷速率/kW压降/kPa
810.8047.190.286.58
711.3549.590.386.40
610.9647.880.416.97
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入口流量/(L/min)性能参数
蓄冷量/MJ蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3平均蓄冷速率/kW压降/kPa
610.7246.790.304.35
911.3549.590.386.40
1212.1853.170.458.66
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入口流量/(L/min)性能参数
蓄冷量/MJ蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3平均蓄冷速率/kW压降/kPa
610.7246.790.304.35
911.3549.590.386.40
1212.1853.170.458.66
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入口温度/℃性能参数
蓄冷量/MJ蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3平均蓄冷速率/kW压降/kPa
211.7951.510.446.49
311.3549.590.386.40
411.2048.930.316.49
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入口温度/℃性能参数
蓄冷量/MJ蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3平均蓄冷速率/kW压降/kPa
211.7951.510.446.49
311.3549.590.386.40
411.2048.930.316.49
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基于共晶水合盐改性材料的空调用填充床蓄冷特性研究
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黄金燕 , 殷勇高
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 98-108
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 98-108
基于共晶水合盐改性材料的空调用填充床蓄冷特性研究
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黄金燕, 殷勇高
作者信息
  • 东南大学能源与环境学院 南京 210096

通讯作者:

殷勇高,男,教授,东南大学能源与环境学院,13611515279,E-mail:。研究方向:溶液除湿及低品位热利用;新型热泵与空调系统节能;面向建筑碳中和的储能技术。
Thermal Performance of Cold Storage Packed Bed for Air Conditioning with Modified Composite PCM Based on Eutectic Hydrated Salts
Jinyan Huang, Yonggao Yin
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.098
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针对蓄冷空调温度需求,研制一种以Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O为基材的复合相变蓄冷材料,其相变温度为8.3 ℃,相变潜热为151.3 kJ/kg,与前期工作相比,其潜热值提升14.24%。同时提出一种使用球形封装单体封装该相变材料(PCM)的填充床蓄冷装置,并采用EDEM软件对其建立无序堆积三维物理模型,研究单体尺寸、换热流体(HTF)入口温度和流量等参数对填充床蓄冷性能的影响。结果表明:减小单体尺寸、降低HTF入口温度和提升HTF入口流量均能加快装置的蓄冷过程,缩短蓄冷时间。HTF入口温度由2 ℃升至4 ℃时,填充床的蓄冷量和蓄冷密度降低5%,平均蓄冷速率降低41.93%,压降基本不变。然而单体尺寸对填充床蓄冷量和蓄冷密度等参数的影响并未表现出明显规律,在工程应用中需根据实际情况而定。研究结果可为填充床装置在蓄冷空调领域的推广应用提供理论指导。

A composite cold storage phase change material (PCM) based on Na2SO4·10H2O and Na2HPO4·12H2O was developed to meet the temperature requirements of cold storage air conditioning. The phase change temperature was 8.3 ℃, with a latent heat of 151.3 kJ/kg, representing a 14.24% increase in latent heat compared to previous works. Additionally, a novel thermal energy storage device utilizing spherical encapsulated PCM within a packed bed was proposed. A three-dimensional physical model of the packed bed was constructed using EDEM software to study the effects of sphere capsule size, inlet temperature, and heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow rate on the system's thermal performance. Results show that reducing the sphere capsule size, lowering the HTF inlet temperature, and increasing the HTF flow rate accelerate the thermal energy storage process and reduce charging time. For instance, when the HTF inlet temperature increases from 2 ℃ to 4 ℃, the packed bed's cold storage capacity and density decrease by 5%, the average cold storage rate drops by 41.93%, and the pressure drop remains relatively constant. However, the effect of sphere capsule size on thermal energy storage capacity and density lacks a clear trend and depends on specific engineering applications. These findings offer theoretical guidance for the practical application and broader use of packed-bed thermal energy storage systems for air conditioning.

黄金燕, 殷勇高. 基于共晶水合盐改性材料的空调用填充床蓄冷特性研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 98 -108 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.098
Jinyan Huang, Yonggao Yin. Thermal Performance of Cold Storage Packed Bed for Air Conditioning with Modified Composite PCM Based on Eutectic Hydrated Salts[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 98 -108 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.098
在当代,人们对生活质量要求不断提高,建筑总能耗逐年增加,其中空调能耗约占建筑总能耗的40%~60%[1]。降低建筑空调能耗,推动新能源和可再生能源技术在建筑中的应用,已成为我国建筑领域节能减排的重点[2]。蓄冷空调技术可以利用蓄冷介质储能,在夜间用电低谷时段将建筑需要的冷量进行储存,在白天用电高峰期将储存的冷量释放出来以满足用户侧冷负荷的需求,可以达到节约空调耗电量,提高空调运行效率的目的。其中相变蓄冷空调技术利用PCM(phase change material)储能,利用常规冷水机组作为蓄冷的冷源,蓄冷材料模块化封装,可以解决冰蓄冷技术在蓄冷工况制冷机组能效比(coefficient of performance,COP)低,水蓄冷技术设备占地面积大的瓶颈问题,同时具备水蓄冷技术系统简单和冰蓄冷技术占地面积小的优点,具有广阔的应用前景[3]。目前相变蓄冷材料及高性能蓄冷装置已成为蓄冷空调研发技术的重要方向[4]
在相变蓄冷材料方面,研发相变温度约为8 ℃,高潜热、高导热的PCM成为蓄冷空调目前研究的重点[5]。水合无机盐材料由于具有较高的相变潜热,不具备可燃性,成本低等优势在低温蓄冷领域广受关注,但也存在固有缺陷,在相变过程中容易失去结晶水造成其结晶成核能力差,存在过冷度、相分离现象等,从而降低了材料的蓄释冷性能和循环使用寿命,目前可通过添加成核剂[6]与增稠剂[7]解决其过冷与相分离的问题。Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O作为两种常见的水合无机盐材料受到了学者的广泛关注[8]。Lin Niangzhi等[9]以Na2SO4·10H2O为相变材料,以硼砂为成核剂,减小过冷度,以羧甲基纤维素为增稠剂,抑制相分离,并加入KCl和NH4Cl控制其相变温度,加入膨胀石墨提升导热系数,制备出复合相变材料,并测得相应的物性参数,但发现其相变潜热值仅为99.35 J/g。为此,一些学者提出可以通过水合盐复合的办法来降低单一水合盐中所存在的过冷和相分离等缺点[10]。Liu Yushi等[11-13]制备的二元共晶水合盐材料均证实了该观点。然而目前对于Na2SO4·10H2O-Na2HPO4·12H2O共晶水合盐材料在蓄冷空调领域的研究还较少。
在储能装置方面,诸多学者在提升装置储能速率和储能密度方面进行了大量研究[14]。Li Mingjia等[15]研究发现填充床相变储能系统的储能速率是管壳式储能系统的1.8~3.2倍。Liu H. B.等[16]建立了一个基于球体堆积过程的三维堆积床相变储热模型,并分析了其内部的流动和传热情况,得到了不同的无量纲参数(如管与胶囊的直径比、雷诺数和史蒂芬数)对堆积床相变储热单元内径向流动传热特性的影响规律。Li Xiaoyan等[17]提出了一种可用于常规空调系统的填充球形单元模块封装多PCM的填充床蓄冷装置。建立了蓄冷系统三维填充装置模型,研究了换热流体(heat transfer fluid,HTF)流量和HTF温度对系统液化率、相变完成时间和装置内温度分布等参数的影响。结果表明,增加HTF的流量,可明显缩短填充床系统的相变完成时间。Dong Xuan等[18]借助CFD仿真软件对多球PCM蓄冷系统的蓄冷性能进行了数值模拟,研究了PCM球直径及冷冻水在罐内的流速等参数对系统性能的影响。结果表明,减小PCM球的直径,提高冷冻水的流速,可获得较高的蓄冷速率,当蓄冷系统使用PCM球时,可根据冷冻水流量和凝固时间的限制,仔细设置球径。J. Cofré-Toledo等[19]利用ANSYS软件对不同球体直径(40、60、80 mm)封装的有机PCM的熔化和凝固过程进行了数值模拟,并通过努塞尔数统一了熔化和凝固过程的行为。O. Pop等[20]对球壳封装PCM潜热存储装置的流动和传热过程进行了数值分析,并将所得结果与实验结果进行对比,结果表明所建立的数学模型可以描述该系统的流动和换热情况。但大多数学者都运用球体有序堆积的方法模拟填充床的蓄冷过程,实际情况下填充床内的球形封装单体大多处于一种无序状态,因此用有序堆积的方法很难反映填充床内部真实的蓄冷特性。
综上所述,针对7~9 ℃这一建筑空调温区,本文研发一种高性能复合相变材料,并对其相变温度、相变潜热、过冷度、比热等物性参数进行测试。同时提出一种使用球形封装单体封装PCM的填充床蓄冷装置,使用EDEM软件建立无序堆积三维物理模型,研究封装单体尺寸、HTF的入口温度和流量等参数对填充床蓄冷性能的影响,为填充床装置在蓄冷空调领域的推广应用提供理论指导。
在文献调研的基础上,选择和购买的材料如表1所示。
复合相变材料的理论共晶配比通过Schrader公式[21]进行计算,如式(1)所示:
式中:Tm为复合材料共晶温度,K;TiHi分别为各组分的相变温度(K)和潜热(kJ/kmol);Xi为第i组分的摩尔分数;R为气体常数,值为8.315 kJ/(kmol·K)。
采用熔融共混法制备复合相变材料,用电子天平分别称取不同含量的成核剂、增稠剂、熔点控制剂与Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O进行混合,在40 ℃恒定水浴中加热熔化并磁力搅拌1 h,使体系混合均匀。筛选出相变温度在8 ℃附近、无过冷度、无相分离的低温复合相变材料。
模型采用球形单体无序堆积结构,使用EDEM软件模拟球形封装单体在重力作用下自由下落至填充床容器的过程,之后单体相互挤压运动达到静力平衡,再利用其生成的球形单体圆心坐标及半径数组建立稳定的球形单体三维无序堆积模型。如此能较为真实地模拟球形封装单体的无序堆积过程,使得球形封装单体在填充床容器内的位置均处于随机分布状态。填充床容器的内径为30 cm,高度为80 cm,在保证相变蓄冷材料质量相同的情况下,选取球形单体直径分别为8、7和6 cm进行建模,相应的堆积单体数量为100、145和230个。在填充床中,球之间的接触类型为点接触,这不利于网格的生成,因此本文采用99%的间隙接触模型来处理该问题[22]。物理模型与网格划分后的模型如图1所示。
本文利用Fluent软件对填充床蓄冷装置的蓄冷特性进行数值分析,并进行以下假设:
1)填充床的外壁设为绝热,且忽略圆柱壁的厚度;
2)HTF在流过填充床时,其物性参数不发生变化;
3)装有PCM的球形封装单体被视为各向同性;
4)忽略HTF与封装单体间的辐射传热;
5)封装单体内的PCM的密度与相变过程中的密度一致,不随时间和温度的变化而变化;
6)初始时刻填充床装置内各处PCM温度均匀一致。
为了研究相变区域相变材料与换热流体换热过程,采用Solidification&Melting模型来处理相变问题,其中焓法被应用来解决相变材料的熔化凝固问题。其过程满足能量守恒,能量方程表示为:
式中:t为时间,s;T为温度,K;Δ为梯度算子;ρ为密度,kg/m3为流体速度,m/s;k为导热系数,W/(m·K);H为相变材料比焓,kJ/kg;S为源项。其中H由式(3)~式(5)进行计算。
式中:h为显热比焓,kJ/kg;ΔHm为潜热比焓,kJ/kg;href为参考温度下的焓,kJ/kg;Tref为参考温度,K;cp为比定压热容,kJ/(kg·K);γ为相变材料的潜热,kJ/kg;β为液相分数。
为保证计算结果的准确性,对模型的网格数量进行独立性验证,如图2所示。共选取5组网格,划分的网格数分别为357 293、477 706、628 083、847 435和1 315 285。图2(a)对比了PCM完成相变所需时间,由图2(a)可知,当网格数达到847 435时已基本稳定,为节约计算资源,故选取847 435的网格数进行计算。由图2(b)可知,模型在847 435网格数的模型下,时间步长为1 s对模拟结果的影响较小,为节约计算资源,故选用1 s的时间步长进行接下来的计算。
选择的PCM(具体制备过程及热物性测量见2.1节)和HTF(水)具体物性参数如表2所示。蓄冷开始时,入口处的HTF以恒定的温度tin和质量流量qin流入填充床蓄冷装置,设置出口为压力出口。在模拟过程中,定义求解器为三维非稳态求解器,选用Soldification & Melting模型模拟PCM的相变过程,压力和速度耦合项采用SIMPLEC计算方法,HTF的流动使用RNG k-ε湍流模型。
为了验证模型的准确性,选取文献[23]中的实验数据进行验证,根据实验中的实际尺寸建立同尺度的模型,将出口温度监测点T5与数值模拟结果进行对比,对比结果如图3所示,计算可知出口温度最大相对误差为2.51%,实验与数值模拟结果具有良好的一致性,表明该数学模型的可靠性,可采用该模型进行接下来的模拟研究。
步冷实验是在蓄释冷过程对相变材料内部温度进行监测。通过蓄释冷过程能得到该相变材料的步冷曲线图,可以观察到其相变温度以及是否存在过冷现象。实验装置如图4所示。具体步骤为:将已校正过的K型热电偶放入试管内监测材料的温度,并用数据采集仪每1 s记录一次温度数据,同时将试管放入40 ℃的恒温水浴锅中加热30 min,待试管内温度趋于稳定后,将带有热电偶的试管取出置于低温水浴中进行冷却,继续记录温度数据,至温度降至低温水浴温度后停止记录。
差示扫描量热法即DSC(differential scanning calorimetry),是通过程序控制温度的变化,测量试样和参比物的功率差(热流率)与温度的关系的一种方法[24]。根据测得的DSC曲线可以测出相变材料的相变温度、潜热和比热容等物性参数。具体步骤为:用电子天平称取一定质量(5~30 mg)的样品置于不锈钢样品池中,将其放入微量热仪反应釜中,反应釜中另有一标准池作为对比。升降温范围为-10~40 ℃,升降温速率为1.2 K/min。
导热系数测定装置为TC3000E瞬态热线法导热分析仪,测量探头选择片状,分别测定蓄冷材料在熔融态和凝固态下的导热系数。将制备的PCM倒入烧杯中,开启仪器并稳定一段时间,然后将片状探头缓慢插入材料中至浸没整个金属片,等待10 s后显示测量结果,1 min后开始下一次读数,共采集5次数据,取平均值作为最后的测试结果。
通过热循环实验测定PCM的热稳定性。将装有样品的试管放入温度为40 ℃的恒温水浴保持30 min以确保样品完全熔化,然后立即将试管放置在2 ℃的低温水浴中直至完全凝固。以上步骤为1次循环,再按上述步骤进行50次循环以测试其稳定性。
不同测试实验所用仪器设备如表3所示。
图5(a)所示为根据Schrader方程绘制二元复合体系T-X相图,由图可知,由Schrader方程得到的共晶材料Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O的摩尔比为41:59,换算成质量比为42.5:57.5。再分别对单一材料以及共晶材料进行步冷测试,步冷曲线如图5(b)所示,其相变温度为21.3 ℃,过冷度为5.1 ℃,发现共晶配比下复合相变材料的过冷度低于单一相变材料的过冷度,因此最终确定Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O的质量比为42.5:57.5。
目前复合材料的相变温度高于空调蓄冷的温度要求,需添加熔点控制剂以降低复合材料的相变温度。选用KCl作为无机盐类熔点控制剂,通过进行不同KCl配比的步冷曲线测试,最终选择质量分数为18%的KCl作为熔点控制剂。
水合无机盐材料普遍都存在过冷度大的问题,这对于材料的蓄释冷过程十分不利。选用硼砂作为成核剂以降低材料的过冷度,并进行不同配比的步冷曲线测试,最终选择质量分数为2.6%的硼砂作为成核剂,可基本消除过冷度。
此外,水合盐无机盐材料普遍具有相分离问题,这会导致材料失去蓄冷能力,极大地缩短材料的使用寿命。选用聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)为增稠剂以消除相分离现象,通过观察添加增稠剂后相变材料在静置48 h后的相分离情况,最终选择质量分数为1.0%的PAM作为增稠剂。
在选用增稠剂的基础上又对蓄冷材料进行了循环稳定性测试,在经历50次循环后,该材料的步冷曲线基本与第1次循环的步冷曲线保持一致,这表明其循环稳定性良好,可应用于实际工程。本文研制的复合相变蓄冷材料最终配比为45.46% Na2SO4·10H2O+33.61% Na2HPO4·12H2O+17.36%KCl+2.57%硼砂+1%PAM。
对2.1.2节研制的复合蓄冷材料进行DSC测试、导热系数测试等热物性测试。得到相变材料的具体物性参数如表2所示,与前期工作制备的材料(表4)相比,本文研制的蓄冷材料的潜热值提升了14.24%。
根据本文采用的3种球形单体尺寸,对填充床装置内PCM的蓄冷过程进行了模拟,选取的入口温度tin为3 ℃,质量流量qin为9 L/min。不同单体尺寸下填充床液化率变化如图6所示,由图6可知,当单体尺寸内径分别为8、7和6 cm时,完成相变的时间分别为14 040、12 330和10 230 s。随着单体尺寸的减小,完成相变的时间也相应减少,单体尺寸为7 cm和6 cm时与8 cm相比,完成相变的时间分别减少了12.18%和27.13%。此外,随着单体尺寸的减小,相变开始时间也相应缩短。
表5所示为不同单体尺寸下填充床的性能参数,由表5可知,单体尺寸为7 cm和6 cm时与8 cm相比,蓄冷量和蓄冷密度分别提升了5.09%和1.48%,平均蓄冷速率分别提升了35.71%和46.66%,压降分别降低了2.84%和提升了5.88%。由此可见,填充床装置的平均蓄冷速率随着单体尺寸的减小而升高,而单体尺寸的大小对填充床装置的蓄冷量、蓄冷密度和压降的影响并未表现出特定规律,在实际应用中要视具体情况而定。
以7 cm的单体尺寸为例,在不同的入口流量下对填充床装置内PCM的蓄冷过程进行了模拟,选取的入口温度tin为3 ℃。不同入口流量下填充床液化率变化如图7所示,由图7可知,当入口流量分别为6、9和12 L/min时,完成相变的时间分别为13 170、12 330和11 760 s。随着入口流量的增加,完成相变的时间相应减少,入口流量为9和12 L/min时与6 L/min相比,完成相变的时间分别减少了6.38%和10.71%。此外,随着入口流量的增加,相变开始时间也相应缩短。
表6所示为不同入口流量下填充床的性能参数,由表6可知,入口流量为9和12 L/min时与6 L/min相比,蓄冷量和蓄冷密度分别提升5.98%和13.62%,平均蓄冷速率分别提升26.67%和50.00%,压降分别提升47.13%和99.08%。由此可见,当流入填充床装置的HTF在处于较高入口流量时,填充床装置的蓄冷量、蓄冷密度、平均蓄冷速率及压降均会有所提升。
图8所示为入口流量为6 L/min时不同时刻的温度和液化率相图,由图8(a)可知,在蓄冷初始阶段,由于HTF流量较小,在流过填充床时未形成均匀流动,使得横向截面及纵向截面的温度场分布不均匀,且填充床内的PCM基本未发生相变。待HTF达到均匀流动后,如图8(b)和(c)所示,横向和纵向截面的温度场分布均较为均匀,从液化率相图可以看出封装单体内PCM的固液相界面随着时间呈圆形逐渐向内推移,且靠近入口处的PCM先开始相变。当时间为12 000 s时,如图8(d)所示,填充床内的PCM已基本完成相变。
图9所示为入口流量为9 L/min时不同时刻的温度和液化率相图,由图9(a)可知,在蓄冷初始阶段,由于入口流量变大,相比于图8(a),填充床内横向截面及纵向截面的温度场较为均匀,且填充床内PCM的固液相界面呈圆形逐渐向内推移。随着时间的增加,如图9(b)和(c)所示,填充床内的PCM进一步发生相变。当时间为12 000 s时,如图9(d)所示,填充床内靠近入口处的PCM已完成相变,只有部分靠近出口和壁面处的PCM未全部完成相变,整个填充床的温度已基本降至HTF的入口温度。
图10所示为入口流量为12 L/min时不同时刻的温度和液化率相图,由图10(a)可知,在蓄冷初始阶段,相比于图9(a),由于入口流量较大使得在流经填充床时未形成均匀流动,从而使横向截面及纵向截面的温度场分布不均匀,且填充床内的PCM基本未发生相变。待HTF达到均匀流动后,如图10(b)和(c)所示,横向和纵向截面的温度场分布均较为均匀,从液化率相图可以看出封装单体内的PCM的固液相界面均随着时间呈圆形逐渐向内推移。当时间为12 000 s时,如图10(d)所示,填充床内的PCM已基本完成相变,整个填充床的温度已基本降至HTF的入口温度。
综上可知,与HTF入口质量流量为9 L/min相比,入口流量过小或过高均不利于HTF在填充床内形成均匀稳定流动,在实际应用过程中应选择适中的流量确保填充床内温度分布均匀,减少不必要的冷量损失。
以7 cm的单体尺寸为例,研究了HTF在不同入口温度下对填充床装置内PCM蓄冷过程的影响,选取的入口流量qin为9 L/min。不同入口温度下填充床液化率变化如图11所示,由图11可知,当入口温度分别为2、3和4 ℃时,完成相变的时间分别为10 980、12 330和14 400 s。随着入口温度的升高,完成相变的时间也相应增加,入口温度为3和4 ℃时与2 ℃相比,完成相变的时间分别增加了10.95%和23.75%。此外,随着入口温度的升高,相变开始时间也相应延长。
表7所示为不同入口温度下填充床的性能参数,由表7可知入口温度为3和4 ℃时与2 ℃时相比,蓄冷量和蓄冷密度分别降低3.73%和5.00%,平均蓄冷速率分别降低15.79%和41.93%,压降分降低1.38%和0%。由此可知,当流入填充床装置的HTF在处于较低入口温度时,填充床装置的蓄冷量、蓄冷密度和平均蓄冷速率均会有所提升,但压降基本不变。
本文针对蓄冷空调应用场合,研发了一种基于Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O为基材的复合相变蓄冷材料,将其通过球形封装单体封装,以无序堆积的形式应用于填充床蓄冷装置内,并对填充床不同工况下的蓄冷过程进行模拟研究,得到如下结论:
1)以Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O为基材,并添加熔点控制剂、成核剂和增稠剂对复合材料进行改性,最终得到相变温度为8.3 ℃,相变潜热为151.3 J/g的高性能复合材料的配方,与前期工作相比,其潜热值提升了14.24%。
2)在PCM质量相同的条件下,随着封装单体尺寸的减小,填充床装置相变开始时间和完成时间也相应缩短,但对蓄冷量、蓄冷密度以及压降的影响未表现出明显规律,其蓄冷量、蓄冷密度以及压降与HTF流过填充床装置的整个过程有关。在本文选用的8、7、6 cm三个尺寸中,7 cm最为适宜。
3)提升HTF入口流量可以加快填充床的蓄冷过程,提升填充床的蓄冷速率,缩短蓄冷时间。与HTF入口质量流量9 L/min相比,入口流量过小或过高均不利于HTF在填充床内形成均匀稳定流动,在实际应用过程中应选择适中的流量确保填充床内温度分布均匀,减少不必要的冷量损失。在本文选用的6、9、12 L/min中,9 L/min最为适宜。
4)随着HTF入口温度的增加,填充床内PCM完成相变的时间越长,较低的HTF入口温度能够加快填充床蓄冷装置的蓄冷过程,缩短蓄冷时间,提升蓄冷量和蓄冷密度。
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.098
  • 接收时间:2023-11-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-20
  • 修回日期:2023-12-22
  • 录用日期:2024-01-31
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    东南大学能源与环境学院 南京 210096

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殷勇高,男,教授,东南大学能源与环境学院,13611515279,E-mail:。研究方向:溶液除湿及低品位热利用;新型热泵与空调系统节能;面向建筑碳中和的储能技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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