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A composite cold storage phase change material (PCM) based on Na2SO4·10H2O and Na2HPO4·12H2O was developed to meet the temperature requirements of cold storage air conditioning. The phase change temperature was 8.3 ℃, with a latent heat of 151.3 kJ/kg, representing a 14.24% increase in latent heat compared to previous works. Additionally, a novel thermal energy storage device utilizing spherical encapsulated PCM within a packed bed was proposed. A three-dimensional physical model of the packed bed was constructed using EDEM software to study the effects of sphere capsule size, inlet temperature, and heat transfer fluid (HTF) flow rate on the system's thermal performance. Results show that reducing the sphere capsule size, lowering the HTF inlet temperature, and increasing the HTF flow rate accelerate the thermal energy storage process and reduce charging time. For instance, when the HTF inlet temperature increases from 2 ℃ to 4 ℃, the packed bed's cold storage capacity and density decrease by 5%, the average cold storage rate drops by 41.93%, and the pressure drop remains relatively constant. However, the effect of sphere capsule size on thermal energy storage capacity and density lacks a clear trend and depends on specific engineering applications. These findings offer theoretical guidance for the practical application and broader use of packed-bed thermal energy storage systems for air conditioning.
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Yin Yonggao, male, professor, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, 86-13611515279, E-mail:
y.yin@seu.edu.cn. Research fields: solution dehumidification and low-grade heat utilization, energy-saving in novel heat pump and air conditioning system, energy storage technology for building carbon neutrality.
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针对蓄冷空调温度需求,研制一种以Na2SO4·10H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O为基材的复合相变蓄冷材料,其相变温度为8.3 ℃,相变潜热为151.3 kJ/kg,与前期工作相比,其潜热值提升14.24%。同时提出一种使用球形封装单体封装该相变材料(PCM)的填充床蓄冷装置,并采用EDEM软件对其建立无序堆积三维物理模型,研究单体尺寸、换热流体(HTF)入口温度和流量等参数对填充床蓄冷性能的影响。结果表明:减小单体尺寸、降低HTF入口温度和提升HTF入口流量均能加快装置的蓄冷过程,缩短蓄冷时间。HTF入口温度由2 ℃升至4 ℃时,填充床的蓄冷量和蓄冷密度降低5%,平均蓄冷速率降低41.93%,压降基本不变。然而单体尺寸对填充床蓄冷量和蓄冷密度等参数的影响并未表现出明显规律,在工程应用中需根据实际情况而定。研究结果可为填充床装置在蓄冷空调领域的推广应用提供理论指导。
, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
殷勇高,男,教授,东南大学能源与环境学院,13611515279,E-mail:
y.yin@seu.edu.cn。研究方向:溶液除湿及低品位热利用;新型热泵与空调系统节能;面向建筑碳中和的储能技术。
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2O, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175138890011585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175138898400195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, companyId=1239175138890011585, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175138906788803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, companyId=1239175138890011585, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=东南大学能源与环境学院 南京 210096)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239175139657569265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Physical model of cold storage packed bed, figureFileSmall=37QPHf+1ZSI+troU0pfEYg==, figureFileBig=A9OItcQvxgU/9/tzOJAQ0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175139745649657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
填充床蓄冷装置的物理模型, figureFileSmall=37QPHf+1ZSI+troU0pfEYg==, figureFileBig=A9OItcQvxgU/9/tzOJAQ0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175139955363851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Independence verification, figureFileSmall=68f3XGl5S4II4U7EHbll9A==, figureFileBig=20BTTBvvwpoPq6JkEVFTzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140039249938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
独立性验证, figureFileSmall=68f3XGl5S4II4U7EHbll9A==, figureFileBig=20BTTBvvwpoPq6JkEVFTzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140110553113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Comparison of experimental and simulated values of outlet temperature, figureFileSmall=yIeD+tbVoIOpfmT/8tjEdg==, figureFileBig=GgHvWHs2cqlxg7jU4lrYKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140202827804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
出口温度实验值与模拟值对比, figureFileSmall=yIeD+tbVoIOpfmT/8tjEdg==, figureFileBig=GgHvWHs2cqlxg7jU4lrYKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140278325284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Schematic diagram of step-cooling experiment, figureFileSmall=0Z94YS6Tc1NWu3OwLGxSAg==, figureFileBig=XFQsulV1ord/3zqUTZjCUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140387377195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
步冷实验示意图1计算机;2安捷伦数据采集仪;3热电偶;4试管;5恒温水浴锅;6相变材料。
, figureFileSmall=0Z94YS6Tc1NWu3OwLGxSAg==, figureFileBig=XFQsulV1ord/3zqUTZjCUg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140467068978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Selection of the eutectic ratio, figureFileSmall=cLxrkgmtzJeKTqsxJ1OYDg==, figureFileBig=0WKiKudLb7aLyl5pSz0B+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140542566457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
共晶配比的选择, figureFileSmall=cLxrkgmtzJeKTqsxJ1OYDg==, figureFileBig=0WKiKudLb7aLyl5pSz0B+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140630646851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=
Comparison on liquid fraction of packed bed at various sphere sizes, figureFileSmall=LOcIj5F+1mJojJilktlcow==, figureFileBig=hw2PHWGkqgasP10tRnd3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140727115850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
不同单体尺寸下填充床液化率对比, figureFileSmall=LOcIj5F+1mJojJilktlcow==, figureFileBig=hw2PHWGkqgasP10tRnd3iA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140798419026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=
Comparison on liquid fraction of packed bed at various inlet flow, figureFileSmall=2L18fEoT7vuuNeZNOhwo2w==, figureFileBig=uMxENgGyY+apmoj3IzM3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140869722198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
不同入口流量下填充床液化率对比, figureFileSmall=2L18fEoT7vuuNeZNOhwo2w==, figureFileBig=uMxENgGyY+apmoj3IzM3xQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140961996891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=
Temperature field and liquid fraction of packed bed at qin=6 L/min, figureFileSmall=A4hTiYp+zkHkJKETYcsM/A==, figureFileBig=KMnydHGaJtHVJuS6ycKV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175141058465890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
入口流量为6 L/min时填充床温度场和液化率相图, figureFileSmall=A4hTiYp+zkHkJKETYcsM/A==, figureFileBig=KMnydHGaJtHVJuS6ycKV5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175141150740586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=
Temperature field and liquid fraction of packed bed at qin=9 L/min, figureFileSmall=2+R/2v0VgGxJC5nPn5kdKw==, figureFileBig=PMwCNU312AWTWzayW92xNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175141238820975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
入口流量为9 L/min时填充床温度场和液化率相图, figureFileSmall=2+R/2v0VgGxJC5nPn5kdKw==, figureFileBig=PMwCNU312AWTWzayW92xNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142702633078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=
Temperature field and liquid fraction of packed bed at qin=12 L/min, figureFileSmall=ztJvalS0Hv+pVJp1cfOFKw==, figureFileBig=pn6RhH4tH3g3K2ggJ/yOTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142803296381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
入口流量为12 L/min时填充床温度场和液化率相图, figureFileSmall=ztJvalS0Hv+pVJp1cfOFKw==, figureFileBig=pn6RhH4tH3g3K2ggJ/yOTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142891376767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=
Comparison on liquid fraction of packed bed at various inlet temperature, figureFileSmall=ftIYT960UOnOGYFpL7FFIw==, figureFileBig=4KKK/VgWRHKmqEJnuiGDVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175142971068549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
不同入口温度下填充床液化率对比, figureFileSmall=ftIYT960UOnOGYFpL7FFIw==, figureFileBig=4KKK/VgWRHKmqEJnuiGDVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175143197560971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Experimental materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 用途 | 材料名称 | 分子式 | 相对分子质量 | 生产厂家 |
|---|
| 实验主材 | 十水硫酸钠 | Na2SO4·10H2O | 322.20 | 国药集团 |
| 十二水合磷酸氢二钠 | Na2HPO4·12H2O | 358.14 | 国药集团 |
| 熔点控制剂 | 氯化钾 | KCl | 74.55 | 国药集团 |
| 成核剂 | 硼砂 | Na2B4O7·10H2O | 381.37 | 成都科隆 |
| 增稠剂 | 聚丙烯酰胺 | C3H5NO | 71.08 | 罗恩 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143348555920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
实验材料, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 用途 | 材料名称 | 分子式 | 相对分子质量 | 生产厂家 |
|---|
| 实验主材 | 十水硫酸钠 | Na2SO4·10H2O | 322.20 | 国药集团 |
| 十二水合磷酸氢二钠 | Na2HPO4·12H2O | 358.14 | 国药集团 |
| 熔点控制剂 | 氯化钾 | KCl | 74.55 | 国药集团 |
| 成核剂 | 硼砂 | Na2B4O7·10H2O | 381.37 | 成都科隆 |
| 增稠剂 | 聚丙烯酰胺 | C3H5NO | 71.08 | 罗恩 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143465996437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Physical properties of relevant materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | ρ/(g/cm3) | λ/[W/(m·K)] | T/K | γ/(kJ/kg) | cp/[kJ/(kg·K)] |
|---|
| PCM | 1 400 | 0.732(s) | 281.45 | 151.3 | 1.75(s) |
| 0.628(l) | 2.73(l) |
| 水 | 998.2 | 0.6 | 273.15 | — | 4.182 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143566659739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
相关材料物性参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 材料 | ρ/(g/cm3) | λ/[W/(m·K)] | T/K | γ/(kJ/kg) | cp/[kJ/(kg·K)] |
|---|
| PCM | 1 400 | 0.732(s) | 281.45 | 151.3 | 1.75(s) |
| 0.628(l) | 2.73(l) |
| 水 | 998.2 | 0.6 | 273.15 | — | 4.182 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143658934433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Experimental instruments and parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 仪器名称 | 型号 | 生产厂家 | 精度 |
|---|
| 磁力搅拌水浴锅 | HH-2J | 恩谊仪器 | 温度稳定性±0.5 ℃ |
| 低温恒温槽 | SLDC-0520 | 赛勒仪器 | 温度稳定性±0.01 ℃ |
| 差示扫描量热仪 | uDSC7 Evo | 法国Setaram | ℃,热焓精度<0.05%温度精度<0.01 |
| 导热系数测试仪 | TC3000E | 西安夏溪电子 | 3% |
| 安捷伦数据采集仪 | 34970A | Aglient | 温度系数0.03 ℃ |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143759597735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
实验仪器及参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 仪器名称 | 型号 | 生产厂家 | 精度 |
|---|
| 磁力搅拌水浴锅 | HH-2J | 恩谊仪器 | 温度稳定性±0.5 ℃ |
| 低温恒温槽 | SLDC-0520 | 赛勒仪器 | 温度稳定性±0.01 ℃ |
| 差示扫描量热仪 | uDSC7 Evo | 法国Setaram | ℃,热焓精度<0.05%温度精度<0.01 |
| 导热系数测试仪 | TC3000E | 西安夏溪电子 | 3% |
| 安捷伦数据采集仪 | 34970A | Aglient | 温度系数0.03 ℃ |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143830900906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=
Comparison of PCM prepared in previous work with PCM prepared in this paper, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PCM | 各成分配比组成 | γ/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 前期工作制备[25] | 79%Na2SO4·10H2O+14%氯化铵+3%硼砂+4%聚丙烯酸钠 | 132.4 |
| 本文制备 | 45.46%Na2SO4·10H2O+33.61%Na2HPO4·12H2O+17.36%KCl+2.57%硼砂+1%PAM | 151.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175143923175599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
前期工作制备的PCM与本文制备的PCM对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| PCM | 各成分配比组成 | γ/(kJ/kg) |
|---|
| 前期工作制备[25] | 79%Na2SO4·10H2O+14%氯化铵+3%硼砂+4%聚丙烯酸钠 | 132.4 |
| 本文制备 | 45.46%Na2SO4·10H2O+33.61%Na2HPO4·12H2O+17.36%KCl+2.57%硼砂+1%PAM | 151.3 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144015450293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=
Performance parameters of packed bed at various sphere sizes, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 单体尺寸/cm | 性能参数 |
|---|
| 蓄冷量/MJ | 蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3) | 平均蓄冷速率/kW | 压降/kPa |
|---|
| 8 | 10.80 | 47.19 | 0.28 | 6.58 |
| 7 | 11.35 | 49.59 | 0.38 | 6.40 |
| 6 | 10.96 | 47.88 | 0.41 | 6.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144124502203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
不同单体尺寸下填充床的性能参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 单体尺寸/cm | 性能参数 |
|---|
| 蓄冷量/MJ | 蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3) | 平均蓄冷速率/kW | 压降/kPa |
|---|
| 8 | 10.80 | 47.19 | 0.28 | 6.58 |
| 7 | 11.35 | 49.59 | 0.38 | 6.40 |
| 6 | 10.96 | 47.88 | 0.41 | 6.97 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144229359807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=
Performance parameters of packed bed at various inlet flow, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 入口流量/(L/min) | 性能参数 |
|---|
| 蓄冷量/MJ | 蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3) | 平均蓄冷速率/kW | 压降/kPa |
|---|
| 6 | 10.72 | 46.79 | 0.30 | 4.35 |
| 9 | 11.35 | 49.59 | 0.38 | 6.40 |
| 12 | 12.18 | 53.17 | 0.45 | 8.66 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144321634499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
不同入口流量下填充床的性能参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 入口流量/(L/min) | 性能参数 |
|---|
| 蓄冷量/MJ | 蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3) | 平均蓄冷速率/kW | 压降/kPa |
|---|
| 6 | 10.72 | 46.79 | 0.30 | 4.35 |
| 9 | 11.35 | 49.59 | 0.38 | 6.40 |
| 12 | 12.18 | 53.17 | 0.45 | 8.66 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144426492103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=
Performance parameters of packed bed at various inlet flow, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 入口温度/℃ | 性能参数 |
|---|
| 蓄冷量/MJ | 蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3) | 平均蓄冷速率/kW | 压降/kPa |
|---|
| 2 | 11.79 | 51.51 | 0.44 | 6.49 |
| 3 | 11.35 | 49.59 | 0.38 | 6.40 |
| 4 | 11.20 | 48.93 | 0.31 | 6.49 |
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144481018059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175130337825424, language=CN, label=表7, caption=
不同入口温度下填充床的性能参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 入口温度/℃ | 性能参数 |
|---|
| 蓄冷量/MJ | 蓄冷密度/(kW·h/m3) | 平均蓄冷速率/kW | 压降/kPa |
|---|
| 2 | 11.79 | 51.51 | 0.44 | 6.49 |
| 3 | 11.35 | 49.59 | 0.38 | 6.40 |
| 4 | 11.20 | 48.93 | 0.31 | 6.49 |
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