Article(id=1239175129859674756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.162, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=1713888000000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-24, acceptedDate=1716307200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-05-22, onlineDate=1773371973719, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371973719, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371973719, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371973719, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=162, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175130081972874, articleId=1239175129859674756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Application of Transcritical CO2 System with Ejector in Large Cold Store, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Large cold storage systems play a significant role in economic development with substantial energy consumption and environmental impacts. To promote the green, low-carbon, and efficient development of cold storage, this study mainly focuses on refrigerant substitution, refrigeration system optimization, and the application of transcritical CO2 systems with ejectors in large cold storage systems. The performance and energy consumption characteristics of different refrigeration systems were compared through a comprehensive annual hourly energy consumption analysis based on the cold storage demands at different temperatures and under various climatic conditions. The results show that the COPs of a transcritical CO2 system integrated with specifically optimized ejectors are higher than that of the R507A system in all four cities for low-temperature (-32 ℃), medium-temperature (-8 ℃), and high-temperature (0 ℃) cold storages. However, it exhibited performance advantages over the R717 system only in cold climate zones, with the highest system COPs of 2.45, 4.86, and 5.98 for low, medium, and high-temperature cold storages, respectively. Considering the system′s annual energy consumption, the application of CO2 transcritical systems in low, medium, and high-temperature cold storages in Beijing achieved energy savings of 7.9%, 10.1%, and 10.5%, respectively, compared to the R507A system. The energy savings of the R717 system were slightly higher than that of the CO2 system in low-temperature cold storage, but the CO2 system had more obvious advantages in medium- and high-temperature cold storage. The energy consumption of the CO2 transcritical system also varied across climate zones. In the cold climate zone, the energy savings reached 9.3%, outperforming the R717 system, while in the hot climate zone, its energy savings dropped to 2.8%, slightly lower than that of R717. With the appropriate selection of temperature range and climate zone, the overall operational efficiency and energy-saving performance of the transcritical CO2 system can surpass those of the R717 system. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the operational performance and energy consumption distribution characteristics of the CO2 system and highlighted its applicability in different scenarios, providing important references for promoting and applying the system, which is crucial for achieving dual carbon goals.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Tian Jian, male, Ph. D., Qingdao Haier Carrier Refrigeration Equipment Co., Ltd., 86-15800762296, E-mail: . Research fields: refrigeration and equipment, energy-saving technology.
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大型冷库在经济发展中具有重要作用,其能耗和环境影响巨大。为了推动冷库的绿色低碳高效发展,主要以制冷剂替代和制冷系统优化为出发点,研究带喷射器的跨临界CO2系统在大型冷库中的应用。基于大型冷库的应用场景,综合考虑不同温区的负荷需求以及不同的气象条件,通过全年逐时能耗分析,获得了带喷射器跨临界CO2系统在特定运行条件下的性能表现和能耗特性。集成了特定优化设计喷射器的CO2跨临界系统,对低温冷库(-32 ℃)、中温冷库(-8 ℃)和高温冷库(0 ℃)的大型冷库,在所有4个城市中的系统COP均优于R507A系统,但要在寒冷气候区域才能对R717系统显示出性能优势,在低温、中温和高温冷库中系统COP最高值分别为2.45、4.86、5.98;考虑系统全年能耗,在北京CO2跨临界系统应用于低温、中温和高温冷库,相对于R507A系统分别可实现7.9%、10.1%和10.5%的节能效果,R717系统用于低温冷库的节能率略高于CO2系统;但对中高温冷库,CO2系统的优势更加明显;不同气候区域对CO2跨临界系统的能耗分布也有影响,CO2系统在寒冷气候区域的节能效率可达9.3%,优于R717系统;而在炎热气候区域,其节能效率降至2.8%,略低于R717,因此,合理选用温区和气候区域,CO2跨临界系统的整体运行效率和节能性能可优于R717系统。对比分析了带喷射器跨临界CO2系统的能耗分布规律,指出其在不同应用场景下的适用性,为该系统的推广应用提供了重要参考,对实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。

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田健,男,博士,青岛海尔开利冷冻设备有限公司,15800762296,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷及设备,节能技术。
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label=Fig.14, caption=Total annual energy consumption in different cities, figureFileSmall=YsY3DUVR6J6ZweFnAje7rA==, figureFileBig=lWvHu7sHKi5eNn6QxLXz8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140110553111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175129859674756, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同城市年度总能耗, figureFileSmall=YsY3DUVR6J6ZweFnAje7rA==, figureFileBig=lWvHu7sHKi5eNn6QxLXz8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175140202827806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175129859674756, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Parameters of cold storage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温区功能区面积/m2蒸发温度/℃制冷量/kW
低温低温、变温冷藏区21 316-321 897.97
中温高温冷藏区1 817-8545.97
高温穿堂5 70601 117.70
合计 28 839 3 561.63
), ArticleFig(id=1239175140307685417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175129859674756, language=CN, label=表1, caption=冷库基本参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温区功能区面积/m2蒸发温度/℃制冷量/kW
低温低温、变温冷藏区21 316-321 897.97
中温高温冷藏区1 817-8545.97
高温穿堂5 70601 117.70
合计 28 839 3 561.63
), ArticleFig(id=1239175140395765805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175129859674756, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Solutions of cold storage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷库机组系统
方案1方案2方案3
低温R507A/R744
复叠
R717/R744
复叠
双级跨临界
R744带喷射器
中温单级R507A单级R717单级跨临界
R744带喷射器
高温单级R507A单级R717单级跨临界R744带喷射器
), ArticleFig(id=1239175140492234806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175129859674756, language=CN, label=表2, caption=制冷系统方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷库机组系统
方案1方案2方案3
低温R507A/R744
复叠
R717/R744
复叠
双级跨临界
R744带喷射器
中温单级R507A单级R717单级跨临界
R744带喷射器
高温单级R507A单级R717单级跨临界R744带喷射器
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带喷射器的跨临界CO2系统在大型冷库中的应用
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赖坤 , 田健
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 162-170
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 162-170
带喷射器的跨临界CO2系统在大型冷库中的应用
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赖坤, 田健
作者信息
  • 青岛海尔开利冷冻设备有限公司 青岛 266500

通讯作者:

田健,男,博士,青岛海尔开利冷冻设备有限公司,15800762296,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷及设备,节能技术。
Application of Transcritical CO2 System with Ejector in Large Cold Store
Kun Lai, Jian Tian
Affiliations
  • Qingdao Haier Carrier Refrigeration Equipment Co, Ltd, Qingdao, 266500, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.162
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大型冷库在经济发展中具有重要作用,其能耗和环境影响巨大。为了推动冷库的绿色低碳高效发展,主要以制冷剂替代和制冷系统优化为出发点,研究带喷射器的跨临界CO2系统在大型冷库中的应用。基于大型冷库的应用场景,综合考虑不同温区的负荷需求以及不同的气象条件,通过全年逐时能耗分析,获得了带喷射器跨临界CO2系统在特定运行条件下的性能表现和能耗特性。集成了特定优化设计喷射器的CO2跨临界系统,对低温冷库(-32 ℃)、中温冷库(-8 ℃)和高温冷库(0 ℃)的大型冷库,在所有4个城市中的系统COP均优于R507A系统,但要在寒冷气候区域才能对R717系统显示出性能优势,在低温、中温和高温冷库中系统COP最高值分别为2.45、4.86、5.98;考虑系统全年能耗,在北京CO2跨临界系统应用于低温、中温和高温冷库,相对于R507A系统分别可实现7.9%、10.1%和10.5%的节能效果,R717系统用于低温冷库的节能率略高于CO2系统;但对中高温冷库,CO2系统的优势更加明显;不同气候区域对CO2跨临界系统的能耗分布也有影响,CO2系统在寒冷气候区域的节能效率可达9.3%,优于R717系统;而在炎热气候区域,其节能效率降至2.8%,略低于R717,因此,合理选用温区和气候区域,CO2跨临界系统的整体运行效率和节能性能可优于R717系统。对比分析了带喷射器跨临界CO2系统的能耗分布规律,指出其在不同应用场景下的适用性,为该系统的推广应用提供了重要参考,对实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。

Large cold storage systems play a significant role in economic development with substantial energy consumption and environmental impacts. To promote the green, low-carbon, and efficient development of cold storage, this study mainly focuses on refrigerant substitution, refrigeration system optimization, and the application of transcritical CO2 systems with ejectors in large cold storage systems. The performance and energy consumption characteristics of different refrigeration systems were compared through a comprehensive annual hourly energy consumption analysis based on the cold storage demands at different temperatures and under various climatic conditions. The results show that the COPs of a transcritical CO2 system integrated with specifically optimized ejectors are higher than that of the R507A system in all four cities for low-temperature (-32 ℃), medium-temperature (-8 ℃), and high-temperature (0 ℃) cold storages. However, it exhibited performance advantages over the R717 system only in cold climate zones, with the highest system COPs of 2.45, 4.86, and 5.98 for low, medium, and high-temperature cold storages, respectively. Considering the system′s annual energy consumption, the application of CO2 transcritical systems in low, medium, and high-temperature cold storages in Beijing achieved energy savings of 7.9%, 10.1%, and 10.5%, respectively, compared to the R507A system. The energy savings of the R717 system were slightly higher than that of the CO2 system in low-temperature cold storage, but the CO2 system had more obvious advantages in medium- and high-temperature cold storage. The energy consumption of the CO2 transcritical system also varied across climate zones. In the cold climate zone, the energy savings reached 9.3%, outperforming the R717 system, while in the hot climate zone, its energy savings dropped to 2.8%, slightly lower than that of R717. With the appropriate selection of temperature range and climate zone, the overall operational efficiency and energy-saving performance of the transcritical CO2 system can surpass those of the R717 system. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of the operational performance and energy consumption distribution characteristics of the CO2 system and highlighted its applicability in different scenarios, providing important references for promoting and applying the system, which is crucial for achieving dual carbon goals.

赖坤, 田健. 带喷射器的跨临界CO2系统在大型冷库中的应用. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 162 -170 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.162
Kun Lai, Jian Tian. Application of Transcritical CO2 System with Ejector in Large Cold Store[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 162 -170 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.162
大型冷库是专为大规模商品存储而设计的设施,通过先进的制冷技术控制温度和湿度,确保商品的质量和安全性,冷藏容量通常超过1万t,广泛用于食品、医药、化工、物流等行业,大型冷库的应用有助于保鲜和储存大量的农产品、食品、药品等物品,提高冷链物流的效率和质量。随着社会经济的不断发展,对于冷库的需求越来越大。根据全球冷链联盟(Global Cold Chain Alliance,GCCA)的数据,2020年世界冷库总容积达到7.19亿m3,相比2018年增长了16.7%。中国的冷库容量全球排名第3,但城市居民人均冷库容量仅为美国的25%,日本的50%,仍有很大提升空间[1]。长期以来,国内大型冷库基本以氨系统为主流技术。研究表明,R717仍然是目前最成熟和经济的制冷剂,且今后仍将占据重要地位,R744(CO2)则是重点关注的替代制冷剂[2-3]。B.Ö. Fenni等[4]介绍了在安卡拉省25 t苹果冷库系统中应用R507A制冷剂的性能表现。Y. Heredia-Aricapa等[5]介绍了最新的HFC/HFO/HC/R744制冷剂混合物选项作为R134a、R404A和R410A制冷剂的替代品,并将其能效和性能与早期开发的混合物进行对比,研究表明R744是很好的替代品。2013年以后,中国新建冷库中只有15%使用R717(仅针对大型冷库);55%采用氟利昂制冷剂,其中R507A使用最多,尤其是小型冷库;30%使用R744,主要用于R717或HFCs复叠系统中的低温循环或作为二次制冷剂;采用纯R744(跨临界)的冷库极为罕见,主要是因为单纯的跨临界系统效率较低且初始投资成本较高[6]
除了考虑制冷剂的选择,为了减小冷库的环境影响,提高运行效率,研究者对具体的制冷系统进行了研究,分析不同制冷系统在冷库中的性能表现。大型冷库(>100 m3)通过优化使用策略、对现有设备进行修复和节能改造,总体节能潜力在8%~72%[7]。李坤等[8]以双蒸发温度的大型冷库作为研究对象,对R717/R744复叠制冷系统、R507A/R744复叠制冷系统、R717制冷系统、R507A制冷系统的性能系数进行理论计算,对比了4种系统特定传热温差下的优劣。孙炳岩等[9-10]分析了冷库中氨制冷系统、复叠式制冷系统和氟利昂制冷系统的工作原理、适用场合以及在国内外研究进展,提出优化和改进的措施和方法。钱让龙[11]针对我国南北方的几个城市物流冷库,从同制冷系统、不同库体类型、不同库容量3个角度对冷库制冷系统的能耗进行运算,提供最优的技术方案。
从上述研究情况可知,目前国内外针对冷库应用的制冷系统,在逐步由传统氟利昂系统向天然环保型制冷剂系统发展,其中R744复叠系统得到越来越多的使用。但无论是替代类制冷剂和R744复叠,还是氨和R744复叠,均存在各自的问题,以现在应用较为广泛的替代类制冷剂R507A为例,虽然其臭氧损耗潜值(ozone depletion potential,ODP)为0,但全球变暖潜值(Global Warming Potential,GWP)为3 985,仍有不容忽视的环境影响;而氨由于其固有的毒性和爆炸性,面临的监管和使用限制也越来越严格;随着环保要求的不断提高,市场期待一种更加环境友好,纯天然工质的制冷系统,因此,全R744的跨临界系统作为一种很有潜力的解决方案受到关注。R744作为一种天然制冷剂,具有良好的环保性能,其ODP=0,GWP=1,不破坏臭氧层,温室效应潜能低,是替代传统制冷剂的理想选择;R744无毒、不易燃、不爆炸,相对于氨制冷剂具有较高的安全性;R744的单位容积制冷量高,有利于减少系统工质的容积循环量,实现制冷设备小型化。基于以上优势,R744在冷库系统中的应用将得到更加广泛的推广,并带来显著的节能减排效益。
跨临界R744循环的高压侧气体蕴含了大量的能量,在标准的R744跨临界系统中,高压侧的气体在通过节流阀时,其压力急剧下降,同时伴随着温度下降,该过程为非等温过程,不能做功,因此过程中的能量未被有效利用,造成了能量的浪费;由于R744的特殊物性,高低压侧之间的压差较常规制冷剂更大,节流损失更为明显,为了回收这部分能量,研究者引入了喷射器的概念,目前关于R744跨临界系统及喷射器的研究越来越多,在传统跨临界系统中结合过冷和喷射器技术成为最新的研究方向,目标是开发高效、可靠的单一R744制冷系统,并拓宽其应用范围[12-13]。M. E. Ahammed等[14]对带喷射器的R744系统(refrigeration cycle with ejector for pasteurization,RCEP)和不带喷射器的传统R744系统(conventional refrigeration cycle for pasteurization,CRCP)进行性能对比,结果表明,与CRCP相比,生产率提高了约13%,节能效果显著。P. Gullo等[15]介绍了多喷射器概念在其他高耗能建筑(如酒店、健身房、水疗中心)中显著的节能效果,以及食品零售应用中的R744喷射器平行蒸气压缩系统;针对其他能源密集型应用的跨临界R744蒸气压缩装置中采用多喷射器概念所获得的经验。R744制冷系统在商超中的应用方式较为多样,主要以亚临界复叠系统为主,跨临界系统也在逐步发展。V. Sharma等[16]分析了多种商超制冷系统,包括R744复叠系统、R744载冷剂系统、R744跨临界系统(增压或平行压缩),这些系统在超市应用中变得越来越流行。在美国8个气候区域将R744制冷系统的性能与基准R404A直膨系统进行对比,在环境温度低于8 ℃时,带平行压缩的跨临界增压系统(transcritical booster system with bypass compressor,TBS-BC)的能耗最低,TBS-BC在美国北部2/3地区的性能接近或优于R404A直膨系统。近年来,商超中带喷射器的R744系统应用逐渐增多,Á.Á. Pardiñas等[17]介绍了具有多个喷射器的集成跨临界R744平行压缩系统,与标准增压系统相比,当使用平行压缩时,系统的总功耗在环境温度为30 ℃时降低了19%,使用1组或2组喷射器可进一步降低功耗约5%和8%。E. Söylemez等[18]分析了超市中集成多喷射器的R744系统在里斯本温暖气候下运行的制冷效果和性能。喷射器提高系统中温段的制冷能力达17.4%,启用喷射器的系统总功耗降低了7.5%。带喷射器的跨临界R744循环在商超和冷库中的使用场景相似,因此,商超的带喷射器R744系统应用可为冷库采用该技术提供一些借鉴。
综上可知,带喷射器的R744跨临界系统,在大型建筑供冷、商超、食品零售领域已经获得了一定的应用,但是针对大型冷库的应用还较为罕见,目前国内尚未有相关案例,因此,本文将基于冷库的使用场景,分析带喷射器的R744跨临界系统的应用和性能表现。
喷射器是一种能量交换装置,利用高压R744气体通过喷嘴时产生的速度势能,将低压R744气体引射升压,从而实现降压。喷射器的示意图如图1所示。
带喷射器的R744跨临界系统是一种新型制冷系统,在高压侧用喷射器代替传统的节流阀,实现R744工质的降压,并利用高压流体来引射蒸发器中的低压流体,从而降低节流过程中的能量损失,提高系统效率。图2所示为带喷射器的基本R744跨临界循环,该循环包括R744压缩机、冷凝器、回热器、蒸发器和特别设计的喷射器。R744气体经过压缩形成跨临界状态的高温高压气体,然后通过冷凝器,回热器进行冷却,释放热量。喷射器利用高压气体蕴含的能量将低压气体引射回中压储液罐,提高了压缩机吸气口的压力,降低压缩机压比和功耗,提高系统可靠性。
R744系统集成的喷射器采用最新的可调制喷射技术,能够使压缩机在更高的吸入压力下运行,同时维持系统的制冷需求工况,系统能够在不同温度和负荷条件下实现优越的性能,可显著提高系统COP并降低能耗,利用R744在超临界状态下的特性,既实现了高效制冷,又具备环保性。喷射器的使用还能简化系统结构,降低系统成本,为大型冷库等应用领域提供了可靠而高效的制冷解决方案。
为了研究带喷射器跨临界R744系统在大型冷库中的应用效果,本文以某大型冷库为研究对象,该冷库由1栋独立建筑构成,总面积约为28 839 m2,分为低温冷藏区、变温冷藏区、高温冷藏区和穿堂等不同功能区,总设计负荷为3 561.63 kW(蒸发温度分别为-32、-8、0 ℃);冷库机组采用单工况设计,设置1个机房,具体信息如表1所示。
按照“分区制冷,单独控温”的方式,采用带可调节喷射器和液泵的跨临界R744系统来满足冷库高温、中温、低温的负荷需求。在目前的冷库应用中,R404A和R507A用于替代R22,特别是在一些新建项目中,R507A几乎完全取代了R22;此外,R717在大型冷库中仍然占据主导地位,因此为了对比分析,选择R507A制冷剂系统作为比较基准,用R744和R717两种工质设计对照方案,即R507A作为HFCs(氢氟碳化物)类制冷剂的代表,而R717则代表另一种自然工质类制冷剂,通过不同类型制冷剂系统的对比分析,探讨在冷库应用中使用纯R744系统的可行性,具体方案如表2所示。
根据冷库各功能区的不同蒸发温度制冷需求,整个冷库制冷系统包括低温系统、中温系统和高温系统。机组系统蒸发端采用满液式蒸发布置,冷凝端采用蒸发式冷凝布置。
1)方案1:R507A系统(基准)。
采用R507A/R744复叠系统满足低温需求,其中低温级使用6PME-40K系列活塞压缩机,中温级使用OSK8591系列螺杆压缩机;
单级R507A系统满足中温需求,使用HSK8591-180系列螺杆压缩机;
单级R507A系统满足高温需求,使用HSK8591-180系列螺杆压缩机。
复叠系统中,低温级设计工况为蒸发温度-32 ℃,冷凝温度-8 ℃,工质为R744;中温级蒸发温度为-13 ℃,冷凝温度为45 ℃,工质为R507A,中温级和低温级通过复叠换热器连接,两级之间传热温差为5 K。
2)方案2:R717系统。
采用R717/R744复叠系统满足低温需求,低温级使用6PME-40K系列活塞压缩机,工质为R744,中温级使用OSNA95103系列螺杆压缩机,工质为R744;
单级R717系统满足中温需求,使用OSKA8581系列螺杆压缩机;
单级R717系统满足高温需求,使用OSKA8591系列螺杆压缩机。其他系统参数设定与基准方案相同。方案2的系统布置与方案1相同,其低温系统、中温系统和高温系统原理如图3所示,只是制冷剂由R507A替换为R717。
3)方案3:R744跨临界系统。
低温系统为带喷射器的双级跨临界R744系统,其中低温级使用6PME-40K系列活塞压缩机,中温级使用6CTEU-50LK系列活塞压缩机;
中温系统为单级跨临界R744系统,使用6CTEU-50LK系列活塞压缩机;
单级跨临界R744系统满足高温需求,使用6DTEU-50LK系列活塞压缩机。
单级跨临界喷射器循环有两种不同的操作模式:喷射器模式和气体旁通模式,在喷射器模式下,气体旁通阀完全打开,止回阀关闭(灰色),如图5(a)所示;当喷射器压升(Δplift)无法大于最小压升(Δpmin)时,气体旁通阀开始关闭,将储液器与吸入管路之间的压差控制在最小压升(Δpmin),止回阀打开,气体旁通模式开启,如图5(b)所示,确保系统中的膨胀阀压降最小,最小压升(Δpmin)可调整。
两级跨临界喷射器循环的工作原理类似于单级跨临界喷射器,但包括低温级和中温级两级。低温级压缩机产生的气体连通到中温级压缩机的吸气口。通过中温蒸发器的工质全部进入喷射器。如果喷射器提供的压升小于指定的最小值,则循环将以气体旁通模式运行。
本文选取了4个典型的气象条件城市进行对比分析,这4个城市在地理分布上按由南到北,纬度逐渐升高,涵盖了炎热到寒冷气候区域。城市的月平均气温如图6所示。
在单次计算中,不同制冷系统使用相同的年度负荷率和气象条件,针对每个系统进行8 760 h的逐时能耗计算,单位时间点的负荷需求由负荷曲线决定,压缩机根据负荷需求曲线按阶梯或时间占比输出,以精确匹配负荷量。
针对低温冷库、中温冷库和高温冷库的负荷需求,分别以深圳、上海、北京、沈阳的气象条件为基础,以系统平均COP为指标来评估不同制冷方案的运行性能表现,如图7所示。
图7可知,R744系统应用于3种温区冷库,在所有4个城市的COP均优于R507A系统,相比于R717系统,R744则要在寒冷气候区域才能显示出性能优势。对于低温冷库,在4个城市中R744系统的COP从1.90逐渐增至2.45,R744系统在沈阳比R507A系统和R717系统分别高9.4%、0.8%;对于中温冷库,R744系统COP最高可达4.86,在北京和沈阳R744系统均显示出最优的性能,在沈阳比R507A系统和R717系统分别高13.0%、11.2%;对于高温冷库,R744系统COP最大值为5.98,在沈阳比R507A系统和R717系统分别高12.8%、5.5%。
以北京地区的低温、中温和高温冷库为分析对象,进行全年的逐时能耗计算,并按月分段统计,以获得不同温区冷库随月度变化的趋势,如图8~图10所示。
图8可知,相比于R507A/R744复叠系统,R717/R744复叠系统在满足低温冷库需求时,节能效率全年在6.5%~10.5%,最低的节能效果出现在4月和10月,属于春秋季节,而最大节能效果出现在夏季7月,全年分布相对较为稳定,波动差值为4.0%;R744跨临界系统按月的节能率呈反抛物线分布,在1月和12月达到最大值15.1%,在7月达到最小值0.6%,全年的波动差值达14.5%。综合全年来看,R717/R744复叠系统相对于R507A/R744复叠系统节能8.1%,而R744跨临界系统全年节能率为7.9%,R717/R744复叠系统略优于R744跨临界系统。
图9所示为中温冷库的月度能耗分布,R717系统在5—10月显示出节能效果,7月达到最大值12.3%,其他月份均不节能,尤其1月和12月,比基准系统反而多耗能6.6%;而R744跨临界系统在低温环境下显示出极佳的节能效果,1月和12月可以达到24.9%,然后随气温的升高而逐渐降低,6—8月没有节能效果。全年来看,R717系统相对于R507A系统节能2.7%,而R744跨临界系统全年节能率为10.1%,明显优于R717系统。
对于高温冷库,R717系统和R744跨临界系统的节能率随月度的变化趋势与中温冷库类似,如图10所示,R717系统冬季最低节能2.6%,夏季最大节能12.4%;R744跨临界系统冬季最高节能16.1%,夏季7月节能效果最差,甚至比R507A系统低1.4%。全年R717系统相对于R507A系统节能7.2%,而R744跨临界系统全年节能率为10.5%,仍然优于R717系统。
综上可知,对于低温、中温和高温的冷库负荷需求,R717系统和R744跨临界系统均比R507A系统的能耗表现更好。从时间上看,R717系统在冬季低温环境下节能效果相对较差,夏季高温条件下节能效果好;R744跨临界系统正好相反,节能效果冬季高而夏季低,高温冷库甚至相对于R507A系统不节能。从负荷温区来看,低温冷库R717系统的节能效果最好,优于R744跨临界系统和R507A系统,而中温和高温冷库,R744跨临界系统均明显优于R717系统和R507A系统。
针对高中低温冷库工况,依据表2中的3个不同制冷系统方案,采用4个城市的气象数据分别进行计算,并对其各自的能耗表现进行对比分析。
图11所示为将方案1应用于4个不同城市,满足高中低温冷库需求的月度总能耗,4个城市总体按气候区域由热到冷,月度总能耗逐渐降低,深圳最高,到上海有所降低,沈阳最低。可以看出,包含低温、中温和高温冷库的总能耗,在炎热地区较高,而在寒冷气候区域的城市能耗偏低。以典型的炎热气候区域深圳和典型寒冷气候区域沈阳为例,两个城市由气象条件带来的能耗差异,在时间分布上看,冬季和炎热季节相对较为接近,沈阳比深圳低13.1%~20.0%;而在春秋这样的过渡季节,能耗差距较为明显,最大差异在5月,沈阳比深圳低27.8%。
图12所示为方案2的月度总能耗,分布趋势与方案1类似,但总体能耗比方案1有所降低;同时,对比深圳和沈阳,由城市气象条件带来的能耗差异,在3月达到最大值,沈阳比深圳能耗低24.8%。气象条件对方案2的影响没有方案1显著。
图13所示为方案3的月度总能耗,R744跨临界系统,总体能耗表现依然在沈阳最好,深圳和沈阳两个城市由气象条件带来的能耗差异,冬季沈阳比深圳能耗低至少24.3%,夏季差距减小,沈阳比深圳能耗低11.4%,过渡季差异明显,最大差异在3月,沈阳比深圳低36.3%。
综合考虑3个方案在4个不同城市的年度总能耗,如图14所示。相比于R507A系统,R717系统和R744跨临界系统均显示出一定的节能效果,R717系统较为稳定,在炎热地区(深圳)节能效果最佳,达到10%,随着所选城市气温逐渐降低,节能效果呈下降趋势,在寒冷地区(沈阳)达到最小值7.2%,降幅较小;R744跨临界系统则正好相反,在炎热地区节能效果最差,为2.8%,不及R717系统,但是随着城市气温逐渐降低,节能效果呈快速上升趋势,在沈阳达到最优节能效果9.3%。从节能率曲线对比,以北京为界,R744跨临界系统在北京以南地区节能效果不如R717系统,在北京以北地区,节能效果优于R717系统。
本文集中探讨了带喷射器的R744跨临界系统在大型冷库中的应用,综合考虑不同温度的负荷需求,以及不同的气象条件,通过计算全年逐时能耗,获得了带喷射器的R744跨临界系统在特定运行条件下的性能表现和能耗特性,得到如下结论:
1)R744跨临界系统应用于低温、中温和高温冷库,在所有4个城市中COP均优于R507A系统,但需在寒冷气候区域才能对R717系统显示出性能优势,R744跨临界系统在低温、中温和高温冷库中COP最高分别可达2.45、4.86和5.98。
2)考虑系统的全年能耗,在北京地区,R744跨临界系统对低温、中温和高温冷库分别比R507A系统节能7.9%、10.1%和10.5%;低温冷库R717系统效率略高于R744跨临界系统,而中温和高温冷库,R744跨临界系统均明显优于R717系统。
3)从季节能耗分布看,R744跨临界系统冬季节能效果较好,而夏季偏低,甚至不节能。
4)不同气候区域对R744跨临界系统的能耗影响显著,在炎热地区R744跨临界系统节能效果最差,为2.8%,不及R717系统,在寒冷地区达到最优节能效果9.3%,优于R717系统。
总体而言,集成了喷射器的R744跨临界系统性能系数表现明显优于氟利昂系统,只要合理选择使用温区和地域,其性能系数也优于氨系统。因此,将该系统应用于大型冷库中,其固有的环境友好特性,可以大幅降低直接碳排放;同时还能够通过效率提升带来节能效益,减少总体能源消耗和间接碳排放,对推进实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.162
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
  • 修回日期:2024-04-24
  • 录用日期:2024-05-22
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    青岛海尔开利冷冻设备有限公司 青岛 266500

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田健,男,博士,青岛海尔开利冷冻设备有限公司,15800762296,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷及设备,节能技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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