Article(id=1239175129377329784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1702224000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-11, revisedDate=1705248000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-15, acceptedDate=1708876800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-26, onlineDate=1773371973604, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371973604, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371973604, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371973604, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=120, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175129578656379, articleId=1239175129377329784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Analysis of Influencing Factors and Sensitivity Analysis of the Design Length of Buried Pipe Ground-Source Heat Pump, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of unreasonable buried pipe length design in ground-source heat pump projects, a three-dimensional dynamic simulation platform was developed. The reasonableness of the buried pipe length was evaluated by comparing the simulated outlet temperature with the designed outlet temperature based on specifications. Using a building in Beijing as a case study, the effects of soil thermal properties and borehole-related parameters on the design error in buried pipe length were analyzed. A sensitivity analysis further examined the impact of these factors. Results indicate that the relative error in buried pipe design length increases with rising soil thermal conductivity, soil volumetric heat capacity, borehole depth, and borehole spacing. Relative error ranges were 10.7%-27.3%, 8.0%-23.8%, 7.3%-12.5%, and 12.5%-17.4% for the respective factors. Sensitivity analysis revealed soil thermal conductivity as the most significant factor influencing pipe length, with a quantitative index of 0.909. Other influential factors, in descending order, were soil volumetric heat capacity, borehole spacing, number of borehole columns, and borehole depth.

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Han Zongwei, male, professor, Ph. D., School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, 86-15040168696, E-mail: . Research fields: refrigeration and heat pump technology, utilization of renewable energy.
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针对地埋管地源热泵工程应用中出现的地埋管长度设计不合理问题,搭建了地源热泵三维动态仿真平台,将动态模拟的出口温度与规范要求的设计出口温度进行对比,评估地埋管设计长度的合理性。以北京某建筑为应用对象,研究了地埋管设计长度的误差随土壤热物性参数与钻孔相关参数变化的规律,并用敏感性分析法量化了各因素对地埋管长度的影响程度。研究结果表明:随着土壤导热系数、土壤容积热容、钻孔深度、钻孔间距的增加,地埋管设计长度的相对误差逐渐增大。各因素的相对误差变化范围分别为:10.7%~27.3%、8.0%~23.8%、7.3%~12.5%、12.5%~17.4%。土壤导热系数敏感性分析的量化指标的绝对值为0.909,是地埋管长度的显著影响因素,其余因素的影响程度由高到低分别为土壤容积热容、钻孔间距、钻孔排列列数和钻孔深度。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
韩宗伟,男,教授,博士,东北大学冶金学院,15040168696,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷与热泵技术、可再生能源利用。
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tableContent=
参数数值参数数值
钻孔直径/m126.00U型管管间距/mm53.00
U型管长度/m18.30地埋管管材导热系数/[W/(m·K)]0.39
U型管内径/mm27.33土壤导热系数/[W/(m·K)]2.82
管外径/mm33.40回填材料导热系数/[W/(m·K)]0.73
管内介质(水)流速/(L/s)0.20电加热功率/kW1.06
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参数数值参数数值
钻孔直径/m126.00U型管管间距/mm53.00
U型管长度/m18.30地埋管管材导热系数/[W/(m·K)]0.39
U型管内径/mm27.33土壤导热系数/[W/(m·K)]2.82
管外径/mm33.40回填材料导热系数/[W/(m·K)]0.73
管内介质(水)流速/(L/s)0.20电加热功率/kW1.06
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钻孔排数最高出口温度/℃最低出口温度/℃
设计长度校核长度设计长度校核长度
单排29.9132.918.087.07
两排29.9632.978.557.61
三排29.9832.998.777.82
四排29.9932.188.838.20
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钻孔排数最高出口温度/℃最低出口温度/℃
设计长度校核长度设计长度校核长度
单排29.9132.918.087.07
两排29.9632.978.557.61
三排29.9832.998.777.82
四排29.9932.188.838.20
), ArticleFig(id=1239175144946585825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175129377329784, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Results of SRC analysis, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素土壤导热系数土壤容积热容钻孔深度钻孔间距钻孔排数
SRC-0.909-0.148-0.016-0.0610.059
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影响因素土壤导热系数土壤容积热容钻孔深度钻孔间距钻孔排数
SRC-0.909-0.148-0.016-0.0610.059
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地埋管地源热泵长度设计影响因素及其敏感性分析
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毕伟蔷 1, 2 , 韩宗伟 1, 2 , 张雪平 1, 2 , 张宏志 1, 2 , 杨灵艳 3
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 120-128
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 120-128
地埋管地源热泵长度设计影响因素及其敏感性分析
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毕伟蔷1, 2, 韩宗伟1, 2 , 张雪平1, 2, 张宏志1, 2, 杨灵艳3
作者信息
  • 1东北大学冶金学院 沈阳 110819
  • 2辽宁省流程工业节能与绿色低碳技术工程研究中心 沈阳 110819
  • 3中国建筑科学研究院 北京 100013

通讯作者:

韩宗伟,男,教授,博士,东北大学冶金学院,15040168696,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷与热泵技术、可再生能源利用。
Analysis of Influencing Factors and Sensitivity Analysis of the Design Length of Buried Pipe Ground-Source Heat Pump
Weiqiang Bi1, 2, Zongwei Han1, 2 , Xueping Zhang1, 2, Hongzhi Zhang1, 2, Lingyan Yang3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China
  • 2.Liaoning Engineering Research Center of Process Industry Energy Saving and Low-carbon Technologies, Shenyang, 110819, China
  • 3.China Academy of Building Research, Beijing, 100013, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.120
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针对地埋管地源热泵工程应用中出现的地埋管长度设计不合理问题,搭建了地源热泵三维动态仿真平台,将动态模拟的出口温度与规范要求的设计出口温度进行对比,评估地埋管设计长度的合理性。以北京某建筑为应用对象,研究了地埋管设计长度的误差随土壤热物性参数与钻孔相关参数变化的规律,并用敏感性分析法量化了各因素对地埋管长度的影响程度。研究结果表明:随着土壤导热系数、土壤容积热容、钻孔深度、钻孔间距的增加,地埋管设计长度的相对误差逐渐增大。各因素的相对误差变化范围分别为:10.7%~27.3%、8.0%~23.8%、7.3%~12.5%、12.5%~17.4%。土壤导热系数敏感性分析的量化指标的绝对值为0.909,是地埋管长度的显著影响因素,其余因素的影响程度由高到低分别为土壤容积热容、钻孔间距、钻孔排列列数和钻孔深度。

To address the issue of unreasonable buried pipe length design in ground-source heat pump projects, a three-dimensional dynamic simulation platform was developed. The reasonableness of the buried pipe length was evaluated by comparing the simulated outlet temperature with the designed outlet temperature based on specifications. Using a building in Beijing as a case study, the effects of soil thermal properties and borehole-related parameters on the design error in buried pipe length were analyzed. A sensitivity analysis further examined the impact of these factors. Results indicate that the relative error in buried pipe design length increases with rising soil thermal conductivity, soil volumetric heat capacity, borehole depth, and borehole spacing. Relative error ranges were 10.7%-27.3%, 8.0%-23.8%, 7.3%-12.5%, and 12.5%-17.4% for the respective factors. Sensitivity analysis revealed soil thermal conductivity as the most significant factor influencing pipe length, with a quantitative index of 0.909. Other influential factors, in descending order, were soil volumetric heat capacity, borehole spacing, number of borehole columns, and borehole depth.

毕伟蔷, 韩宗伟, 张雪平, 张宏志, 杨灵艳. 地埋管地源热泵长度设计影响因素及其敏感性分析. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.120
Weiqiang Bi, Zongwei Han, Xueping Zhang, Hongzhi Zhang, Lingyan Yang. Analysis of Influencing Factors and Sensitivity Analysis of the Design Length of Buried Pipe Ground-Source Heat Pump[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 120 -128 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.120
地埋管地源热泵系统作为一种节能、高效的空调系统冷热源,已经得到广泛应用[1]。在地源热泵系统实际工程中,经常出现地埋管设计长度不合理的问题,不仅会影响地源热泵系统运行性能,还会影响地源热泵系统的经济性,因此开展对地埋管长度设计的研究尤为重要。
地埋管长度设计方法中使用最广泛的是半经验公式法,其中最具代表性的包括中国建筑科学研究院编订的GB 50366—2005《地源热泵系统工程技术规范》[2](简称:规范),IGSHPA(国际地源热泵协会,International Ground Source Heat Pump Association)推荐的ISBN 9780929974071《Ground source heat pump residential and light commercial design and installation guide》[3]以及ASHRAE(美国采暖、制冷与空调工程师学会,American Society of Heating,Refrigerating)推荐的ISBN 9781936504077《ASHRAE handbook—HVAC applications》[4]3种半经验公式法。Han Zongwei等[5]发现规范推荐的半经验公式法设计的地埋管管长与最佳管长间存在较大偏差,造成地埋管动态运行过程中最高和最低出口温度与设计值的相对误差分别达到-10.38%、19.73%。张宏志等[6]以北京某建筑为例,发现半经验公式法比使用出口温度约束条件设计的地埋管管长增加11.6%。郝赫[7]对比了半经验公式与EED(earth energy designer)软件计算的地埋管管长,发现半经验公式的计算结果较EED高37.86%~56.73%。J. R. Cullin等[8]发现对某地源热泵使用专业设计软件设计的地埋管管长误差小于6%,而ASHRAE方法由于使用了平均换热量计算地埋管管长,其误差可达到-21%~102%。周营营等[9]发现冷峰值负荷下蒙特卡罗方法计算的地埋管管长比半经验公式法减小11.4%。
除地埋管长度设计方法外,不同的土壤热物性参数与钻孔相关参数(钻孔间距、深度以及排列方式等)也会影响地埋管长度[10]。Zhang Wenke等[11]利用解析模型分析了土壤种类、回填材料导热系数对地埋管设计长度的影响,结果表明,花岗岩、砂岩、混凝土和干土4种土壤类型所需的地埋管管长依次增加,地埋管设计管长随回填材料导热系数的增加而减小。S. Bae等[12]利用仿真模型分析了地埋管管长的影响因素,研究表明回填材料的导热系数和管道间距对地埋管设计管长影响较大。T. Kurevija等[13]利用柱热源模型分析了钻孔间距与排列方式对管长的影响,在钻孔排列分别为21×2和7×2下,钻孔间距由9 m变为4 m,地埋管管长分别增加19.7%和36.7%;在钻孔间距分别为9 m和4 m时,钻孔排列由21×2变为7×2,地埋管管长分别增加2.9%和17.5%。
综上所述,现有研究已关注到半经验公式法设计的地埋管长度不合理的问题,但大多集中于地埋管长度随某因素(如钻孔间距、管群排列等)的变化规律,缺少对地埋管长度设计误差的全方面量化研究,也缺少对地埋管长度各因素影响程度的评估,对实际工程的借鉴意义有限。为解决上述问题,本文搭建了地源热泵系统三维动态仿真模型,研究了地埋管设计长度的误差随土壤热物性参数和钻孔相关参数变化的规律,并用敏感性分析法评估上述因素对地埋管长度的影响程度,以期为地埋管长度的设计提供一些参考。
地埋管长度设计方法中使用最广泛的是半经验公式法,它采用一维稳态热阻模型来描述地埋管的传热过程,与三维瞬态模型的换热过程存在一定的误差。为了评估土壤热物性参数和钻孔相关参数对上述误差的影响,本文搭建了地源热泵系统三维动态仿真模型,并对该仿真模型进行了验证。
地埋管与土壤的实际换热过程是复杂的瞬态换热过程。因此,为了加快计算速度,简化模型求解过程,本文进行如下假设:
1)土壤视为各向同性的均匀介质,其热物性参数在整个模拟过程中保持不变;
2)流体视为不可压缩的牛顿流体,忽略黏性耗散产生的热量;
3)忽略土壤与回填材料、回填材料与管壁之间的接触热阻;
4)仅考虑导热工况,忽略地下水渗流、土壤冻结及热湿迁移等因素。
地埋管管内流体的流动换热过程满足质量守恒方程、动量守恒方程、能量守恒方程,表达式分别如下[14]
式中:v为流体的矢量方向,m/s;ρ为地埋管内换热流体密度,kg/m3p为地埋管内换热流体的压力,Pa;μ为地埋管内换热流体的动力黏度,Pa·s;k为流体导热系数,W/(m·K);T为流体温度,K;cp为流体比定压热容,J/(kg·K);g为重力加速度,取9.8 m/s2
土壤与回填材料的热传导过程可用三维非稳态热传导微分方程表示[15]
式中:ρ′为土壤或回填材料的密度,kg/m3c′为土壤或回填材料的比热容,J/(kg·K);λ为土壤或回填材料的导热系数,W/(m·K);t为时间,s。
变负荷工况条件下机组的制热量、制热功率、制冷量、制冷功率的关系可由式(5)~式(8)表示,式(5)~式(8)实现了地埋管换热器进出口温度与建筑动态负荷的实时耦合[15]
式中:QhQc分别为热泵机组制热量和制冷量,kW;QhdQcd分别为热泵机组额定制热量和额定制冷量,kW;PhPc分别为热泵机组制热、制冷工况下的功率,kW;PhdPcd分别为热泵机组制热、制冷工况下的额定功率,kW;Tout,hTout,c分别为制热、制冷工况下的地埋管换热器出口温度,℃;a1b1c1d1a2b2c2d2为拟合参数。
在制冷和制热工况下,地埋管的进口温度可由式(9)和式(10)得到:
式中:Tin,cTin,h分别为制热、制冷工况下的地埋管换热器进口温度,℃;ii+1分别表示某时刻与其下一时刻;c为地埋管换热器内循环流体比热容,kJ/(kg·K);S为地埋管总横截面积,m2v为管内循环流体的速度,m/s。
利用Comsol Multiphysics软件建立了三维地埋管换热模型,如图1所示。根据钻孔在管群中所处位置的不同,可将其分为4类钻孔:1#角钻孔、2#边角钻孔、3#边心钻孔、4#中心钻孔,通过改变钻孔周围土壤的边界条件表征不同类型的钻孔[16]。1#、2#、3#这3类钻孔侧面的远边界土壤设置为等温条件,1#、2#、3#、4#这4类钻孔的侧面与其它钻孔接壤的区域设置为绝热条件。钻孔侧面边界条件设置如图1(a)所示。钻井的顶部和底部分别设置为对流边界和等温边界[17]。在网格划分上,为了提高计算速度,将远离钻孔中心、温度梯度变化较小的土壤区域设置为元素大小为粗化的自动网格;为保证仿真模型的准确性,将温度梯度变化较大的钻孔及U型地埋管区域划分为定制网格尺寸的细化网格。
根据上述数学模型的假设和图1(a)所示简化的地埋管管群模型,将模型验证分为两部分:1)基于上述数学模型的假设,验证模拟地埋管换热器与土壤、管内流体换热过程的准确性;2)验证以图1(a)的简化地埋管管群换热模型,代替完整的地埋管管群换热模型的准确性。
首先利用文献[18]中沙箱实验的实测数据验证模拟地埋管换热器与土壤、管内流体的换热过程的可行性。沙箱实验系统由水泵、电加热器、地埋管换热器组成,地埋管换热器的进口和出口处测量流体温度,水泵入口处使用流量计测量回路中的流体流速。为尽量减少周围环境温度变化对沙箱的干扰,实验中用一个更大的木箱围绕沙箱,因此在模拟中将沙箱实验的周围均设置为等温边界条件。根据表1所示沙箱实验的参数,建立了对应的模型,并对比了沙箱实验的实测数据与仿真模型的地埋管进出口温度的差异,结果如图2所示。实测数据与模拟数据的地埋管进、出口温度最大相对误差分别为4.58%、3.82%,均在5%以内。因此,基于上述数学模型的假设,模拟地埋管换热器与土壤、管内流体的换热过程是准确的。
为验证图1(a)中建立的简化地埋管管群换热模型的可行性,本文建立了如图3(a)所示的完整的地埋管管群换热模型,该管群模型包括所有类型的钻孔(1#、2#、3#、4#),为对比两种模型间的差异,对图1(a)图3(a)两种模型下地埋管出口温度的相对误差进行了对比,结果如图3(b)所示,图1(a)模型与图3(a)模型间的最大相对误差为0.92%。因此,验证了图1(a)所示简化的地埋管管群换热模型替代完整的地埋管管群换热模型是准确的。
规范推荐的半经验公式法地埋管长度计算式如下:
式中:LhLc分别为制热和制冷工况下所需的钻孔总长度,m;Rf为传热介质与U型管内壁的对流传热热阻;Rpe为U型管的管壁热阻;Rb为钻孔内材料热阻;Rs为地层热阻;Rsp为短期连续脉冲负荷引起的附加热阻,单位均为m·K/W;FhFc分别为制热和制冷运行份额;T为土壤未受扰动的初始温度,℃;Tmin为供热工况下,地埋管换热器中传热介质的最低出口温度,℃;Tmax为制冷工况下,地埋管换热器中传热介质的最高出口温度,℃;COP为热泵机组的供热性能系数;EER为热泵机组的制冷性能系数。
规范规定:夏季运行期间,地埋管换热器出口最高温度宜低于33 ℃;冬季运行期间,不添加防冻剂的地埋管换热器出口最低温度宜高于4 ℃。针对地源热泵系统实际运行中所出现的地埋管设计长度不合理问题,本文利用建立的地源热泵动态仿真模型,将模拟的最高、最低出口温度与规范要求的设计最高、最低出口温度进行对比,评估地埋管设计长度的合理性,通过改变钻孔数量对地埋管长度进行校核,获得运行过程中满足出口温度约束且最接近设计值的地埋管长度,地埋管长度具体校核流程如图4所示。
为研究地埋管设计长度的误差随土壤热物性和钻孔相关参数的变化规律,本文以北京地区某办公建筑为研究对象,利用DeST软件模拟了该建筑的全年动态负荷,模拟结果如图5所示。该建筑最大冷负荷为124.56 kW,最大热负荷为71.78 kW,全年累计冷热负荷之比为1.05。供冷期和供暖期的起止时间分别为5月19日至9月15日,11月6日至次年3月15日。
土壤导热系数影响地埋管换热器与土壤的换热效果。本文利用式(11)、式(12)的半经验公式法计算了不同土壤导热系数下的地埋管设计长度,并根据图4的校核流程确定了对应的地埋管校核长度,分别获得相应的最高(低)出口温度,结果如图6所示。地埋管的设计长度均大于校核长度,地埋管设计长度过长导致地埋管最高、最低出口温度与设计值的偏差较大,影响了地源热泵系统经济性。在满足设计出口温度要求的前提下,通过调整地埋管的数量改变地埋管长度,减少出口温度设计值的偏差,地埋管的校核长度得以缩短,从而提高了地源热泵系统运行的经济性。地埋管设计长度存在一定的误差,一是由于半经验公式法未考虑动态负荷对地埋管换热的影响,二是由于地埋管设计长度是根据一维稳态模型来描述地埋管的传热过程,因此地埋管校核长度的计算结果更精确。土壤导热系数由1.5 W/(m·K)逐渐增至4.5 W/(m·K)时,地埋管设计长度与校核长度的差值相同,与对应土壤导热系数下的地埋管校核长度相比,设计长度分别增加了10.7%、15.0%、18.8%、23.1%、27.3%,是地埋管的设计长度随土壤导热系数的增加逐渐减小导致。
容积热容作为土壤的另一热物性参数,其大小对地埋管长度有一定影响。图7所示为地埋管长度及其最高(低)出口温度随土壤容积热容的变化,地埋管设计长度相同时,土壤容积热容越大,土壤与地埋管交换相同的热量,其温度变化越小,供冷期最高出口温度越低,因此地埋管校核长度随土壤容积热容的增加而减小。随着土壤容积热容由2 000 kJ/(m3·K)逐渐增至5 000 kJ/(m3·K),与对应土壤容积热容下的地埋管校核长度相比,设计长度分别增加8.0%、12.5%、13.0%、18.2%、23.8%,是由于半经验公式法计算的地埋管设计长度忽略了钻孔内材料的容积热容对传热过程的影响,而地埋管校核长度考虑了钻孔内材料的容积热容。因此,土壤容积热容逐渐增加时,与未考虑钻孔内材料的容积热容相比,考虑钻孔内材料容积热容的工况下供冷期地埋管出口温度更低,因此地埋管校核长度减小的幅度更大,地埋管设计长度误差越大。
除土壤热物性参数外,钻孔相关参数也会对地埋管长度产生影响。深度是钻孔的重要设计参数,合理选择深度有利于减小地埋管长度。图8所示为地埋管长度及其最高(低)出口温度随钻孔深度的变化。地埋管设计长度是半经验公式的结果除以钻孔深度得到的钻孔数量取整所得,因此设计长度在不同钻孔深度下略有不同,但相差较小。钻孔深度由60 m逐渐增至100 m时,与对应钻孔深度的地埋管校核长度相比,设计长度分别增加了7.3%、8.6%、10.0%、11.5%、12.5%,是由于半经验公式法未考虑钻孔深度对地埋管长度的影响,而校核长度考虑了钻孔深度对地埋管换热的影响,因此钻孔深度增加时,供冷期土壤堆积的热量越少,土壤温度越低,供冷期地埋管最高出口温度越低,地埋管校核长度越小,地埋管设计长度与校核长度的差值越大,地埋管设计长度的误差逐渐增大。
钻孔间距的大小决定钻孔排列的紧密程度,从而影响地埋管的换热效果。图9所示为地埋管长度及其最高(低)出口温度随钻孔间距的变化,在地埋管设计长度下,钻孔间距由4 m增至6 m时,钻孔排列越疏松,供冷期土壤中堆积的热量越少,土壤温度越低,供冷期地埋管最高出口温度依次降低,地埋管校核长度越小。钻孔间距由4m增至6m时,与对应钻孔间距的地埋管校核长度相比,设计长度分别增加了12.5%、12.5%、12.5%、17.4%、17.4%,半经验公式法计算的地埋管设计长度是根据供冷期中的最大冷负荷计算的,但其地层热阻计算时考虑了整个供冷期的能量堆积的影响,导致地层热阻偏大,地埋管设计长度偏大。因此,钻孔间距越大,供冷期堆积的能量越少,地埋管设计长度的误差越大。
不同的钻孔排列方式造成钻孔排列的紧密程度不同,从而影响地埋管换热性能。在本文的研究管数中,钻孔排数分别为单排、双排、三排和四排时,钻孔排列的密集程度依次增加。表2所示为地埋管长度设计的最高(低)出口温度随钻孔排数的变化。当钻孔排数由单排变化到四排时,地埋管设计长度下供冷期最高出口温度依次增加了0.05、0.02、0.01 ℃。随着钻孔排列逐渐变密集,供冷期堆积的热量越多,供冷期地埋管出口温度逐渐升高,因此地埋管长度将逐渐增加。钻孔排数在研究范围内变化时,与对应钻孔间距的地埋管校核长度相比,设计长度的增加范围为12.5%~17.4%。
上述研究均为单因素变化对地埋管长度的影响研究,但实际换热过程是有多因素共同作用的换热过程,因此目标影响因素变化引起的敏感性大小一般受模型中其他影响因素取值的影响[19]。本文使用基于SRC(标准回归系数,standard regression coefficient)的全局敏感性分析方法量化各影响因素,评估单因素的敏感性在其他影响因素作用下对地埋管长度模型的响应[20]。SRC的正负表示输入与输出的正负相关性,绝对值大小表示输入对输出参数的重要性,SRC整体模型的拟合效果常用决定系数R2表示,R2>0.7认为拟合效果较好。假设各影响因素之间互不关联,计算如式(13)~式(17)所示[21]
i个变量的标准回归系数为:
决定系数R2的计算式为:
式中:s为模型输出参数的总标准差;iN=1,2,…,N)表示实验的次数;yi为第i次实验时的输出参数;yi的均值;j表示第j个输入参数;sj为第j个输入参数的标准差;xij表示第j个输入参数在第i次实验中的取值;xj表示xij的均值,即第j个输入参数下i次实验的均值;kj为每个输入参数xj的系数;为预测值。
依据相关文献选定了相对全面的输入参数的范围,土壤导热系数与土壤容积热容分别为1.5~4.5 W/(m·K)[22]和2 000~5 000 kJ/(m3·K)[22]。对于浅层地源热泵,其钻孔深度、钻孔间距、钻孔排数的取值分别为:50~100 m[23]、4~6 m[2]、1~6排。在地埋管长度模型中R2为0.89,说明土壤热物性参数和钻孔相关工程参数与地埋管长度模型的拟合程度较好。表3所示为各影响因素的标准回归系数分析结果,除钻孔排数外,其余影响因素的SRC均为负值。土壤导热系数的SRC的绝对值最大,为0.909,因此土壤导热系数是地埋管长度的显著影响因素;其次为土壤容积热容,SRC的绝对值为0.148,土壤容积热容对地埋管长度的影响较大;钻孔深度、钻孔间距,钻孔排数的SRC的绝对值均小于0.1,对地埋管长度的影响较小。由表3可知,各影响因素对地埋管长度影响程度由高至低为:土壤导热系数、土壤容积热容、钻孔间距、钻孔列数与钻孔深度。
针对地源热泵系统存在的地埋管设计长度不合理问题,本文利用数值模拟的方法,将动态模拟的出口温度与规范中的设计值进行对比,评估地埋管设计长度的合理性,基于此研究了地埋管设计长度的误差随土壤热物性参数与钻孔相关参数变化的规律,并用敏感性分析法量化了各因素对地埋管长度的影响程度,得到如下结论:
1)由于忽略了建筑动态负荷对地埋管换热的影响,以及使用了简化的一维稳态换热模型,导致半经验公式法计算的地埋管设计长度存在一定的误差。随着土壤导热系数、土壤容积热容、钻孔深度、钻孔间距在所研究范围内增加,地埋管设计长度的相对误差逐渐增大。在上述研究范围内,土壤导热系数、土壤容积热容、钻孔深度、钻孔间距、钻孔排数的变化导致相对误差的变化范围分别为:10.7%~27.3%、8.0%~23.8%、7.3%~12.5%、12.5%~17.4%、12.5%~17.4%。
2)土壤导热系数的敏感性分析量化指标的绝对值为0.909,远大于其他影响因素,是地埋管长度的显著影响因素。其余各因素对地埋管长度模型的影响程度由高到低依次为:土壤容积热容、钻孔间距、钻孔排数与钻孔深度。
  • 国家自然科学基金(521706180)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.120
  • 接收时间:2023-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-11
  • 修回日期:2024-01-15
  • 录用日期:2024-02-26
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(521706180)
国家自然科学基金(521706180)
作者信息
    1东北大学冶金学院 沈阳 110819
    2辽宁省流程工业节能与绿色低碳技术工程研究中心 沈阳 110819
    3中国建筑科学研究院 北京 100013

通讯作者:

韩宗伟,男,教授,博士,东北大学冶金学院,15040168696,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷与热泵技术、可再生能源利用。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.120
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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