Article(id=1239175128542670908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.109, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698681600000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-31, revisedDate=1702310400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-12, acceptedDate=1706457600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-29, onlineDate=1773371973405, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371973405, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371973405, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371973405, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=119, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175129402503237, articleId=1239175128542670908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on the Performance and Optimization of Packing for Crossflow Cooling Tower, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a core heat exchange component in forced-draft cooling towers, the performance of packing material significantly impacts the power consumption of the equipment. In this study, an experimental platform for crossflow cooling tower packing was developed to examine the effects of wind speed, water spray density, and packing height on the heat and mass transfer performance and resistance characteristics of herringbone corrugated packing. Empirical formulas were derived to analyze fan power consumption in crossflow cooling towers. Results reveal that heat and mass transfer performance improves with increased wind speed and water spray density and decreased packing height. Wind speed was found to be the most influential factor; increasing wind speed from 0.96 m/s to 2.05 m/s raised the mass-transfer coefficient by 70%. At low water spray densities, increasing the density significantly enhanced heat and mass transfer. Air resistance in the packing zone increased with air velocity, approximately proportional to the 1.68-1.91 power of wind speed. When the cooling water volume flow rate was 70 m3/h, sacrificing 20% of heat exchange capacity and reducing the inlet-outlet temperature difference from 5 ℃ to 4 ℃ reduced power consumption by approximately 71%. To maintain a power consumption ratio of 0.035 kW·h/m3, lowering the approach temperature from 4 ℃ to 3 ℃ required a 31% reduction in cooling water volume flow rate.

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Liu Jinping, male, professor, School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, 86-13501546214, E-mail: . Research fields: efficient phase transfer heat and high-density energy storage.
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作为冷却塔的换热核心部件,填料的性能对强制通风冷却塔动力设备的功耗具有重要影响。通过搭建横流冷却塔填料性能实验台,研究了风速、淋水密度及填料高度对人字波纹填料传热传质性能及阻力特性的影响,并拟合出相关经验公式对横流冷却塔的风机功耗进行分析。结果表明:填料的传热传质性能随着风速、淋水密度的增大以及填料高度的减小而提高。其中,风速是影响横流冷却塔填料传热传质性能最重要的因素,风速由0.96 m/s增至2.05 m/s,填料的容积散质系数可提升70%;在小淋水密度下,增大淋水密度可以较好地提升填料的传热传质性能。填料区风阻随着风速的提升明显增大,在实验条件下,填料区风阻约与填料迎面风速的1.68~1.91次方成正比。当冷却水体积流量为70 m3/h时,可牺牲20%换热量,将进出水温差由5 ℃降至4 ℃,耗电比可减小约71%;而保持耗电比为0.035 kW·h/m3,将逼近度由4 ℃降至3 ℃,冷却水体积流量需减小31%。

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刘金平,男,教授,华南理工大学电力学院,13501546214,E-mail:。研究方向:高效相变换热与高密度储能。
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Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 1988, 1(1): 3-17., articleTitle=Describing the uncertainties in experimental results, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175153989514192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175128542670908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=58, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=30, authorNames=王丽莎, 章立新, 陈雨豪, journalName=广州化学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王丽莎, 章立新, 陈雨豪, 等. 横流填料热力与阻力性能实验研究[J]. 广州化学, 2020, 45(5): 58-64., articleTitle=横流填料热力与阻力性能实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175154119537618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175128542670908, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=45, issue=5, pageStart=58, pageEnd=64, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=31, authorNames=WANG Lisha, ZHANG Lixin, CHEN Yuhao, journalName=Guangzhou Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Lisha, ZHANG Lixin, CHEN Yuhao, et al. 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填料间距/mm填料径深/m填料高度/m
161.0212.047 5、1.638 0、1.228 5
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填料间距/mm填料径深/m填料高度/m
161.0212.047 5、1.638 0、1.228 5
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风机风量/(103 kg/h)淋水密度/[103 kg/(m2·h)]进水温度/℃
10~2421~7037±1.5
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风机风量/(103 kg/h)淋水密度/[103 kg/(m2·h)]进水温度/℃
10~2421~7037±1.5
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测量参数测量装置精度
进出水温度Pt100铂电阻±0.1 ℃
进出空气干湿球温度
循环水流量电磁流量计1.0级
填料区静压降压差变送器(0~300 Pa)0.2%FS
出口动压
大气压力空盒气压表±2 hPa
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测量参数测量装置精度
进出水温度Pt100铂电阻±0.1 ℃
进出空气干湿球温度
循环水流量电磁流量计1.0级
填料区静压降压差变送器(0~300 Pa)0.2%FS
出口动压
大气压力空盒气压表±2 hPa
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主要参数最大相对不确定度/%
填料风阻Δp/Pa3.41
进出水温差Δt/℃0.42
淋水密度q/[kg/(m2·h)]13.33
风量密度g/[kg/(m2·h)]3.23
空气侧换热量Qa/kW3.32
水侧换热量Qw/kW13.34
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主要参数最大相对不确定度/%
填料风阻Δp/Pa3.41
进出水温差Δt/℃0.42
淋水密度q/[kg/(m2·h)]13.33
风量密度g/[kg/(m2·h)]3.23
空气侧换热量Qa/kW3.32
水侧换热量Qw/kW13.34
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横流冷却塔填料性能实验研究及优化
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陈勇春 1, 2 , 刘金平 1, 2, 3 , 谭小卫 4 , 苏振兴 4 , 谭志锋 4 , 邹震杰 1, 2
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 109-119
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 109-119
横流冷却塔填料性能实验研究及优化
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陈勇春1, 2, 刘金平1, 2, 3 , 谭小卫4, 苏振兴4, 谭志锋4, 邹震杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1华南理工大学电力学院 广州 510641
  • 2广东省能源高效清洁利用重点实验室 广州 510641
  • 3亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室 广州 510641
  • 4新菱空调(佛冈)有限公司 清远 511600

通讯作者:

刘金平,男,教授,华南理工大学电力学院,13501546214,E-mail:。研究方向:高效相变换热与高密度储能。
Experimental Study on the Performance and Optimization of Packing for Crossflow Cooling Tower
Yongchun Chen1, 2, Jinping Liu1, 2, 3 , Xiaowei Tan4, Zhenxing Su4, Zhifeng Tan4, Zhenjie Zou1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510641, China
  • 2.Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Energy Utilization, Guangzhou, 510641, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science, Guangzhou, 510641, China
  • 4.Sinro Air Conditioning (Fogang) Co., Ltd., Qingyuan, 511600, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.109
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作为冷却塔的换热核心部件,填料的性能对强制通风冷却塔动力设备的功耗具有重要影响。通过搭建横流冷却塔填料性能实验台,研究了风速、淋水密度及填料高度对人字波纹填料传热传质性能及阻力特性的影响,并拟合出相关经验公式对横流冷却塔的风机功耗进行分析。结果表明:填料的传热传质性能随着风速、淋水密度的增大以及填料高度的减小而提高。其中,风速是影响横流冷却塔填料传热传质性能最重要的因素,风速由0.96 m/s增至2.05 m/s,填料的容积散质系数可提升70%;在小淋水密度下,增大淋水密度可以较好地提升填料的传热传质性能。填料区风阻随着风速的提升明显增大,在实验条件下,填料区风阻约与填料迎面风速的1.68~1.91次方成正比。当冷却水体积流量为70 m3/h时,可牺牲20%换热量,将进出水温差由5 ℃降至4 ℃,耗电比可减小约71%;而保持耗电比为0.035 kW·h/m3,将逼近度由4 ℃降至3 ℃,冷却水体积流量需减小31%。

As a core heat exchange component in forced-draft cooling towers, the performance of packing material significantly impacts the power consumption of the equipment. In this study, an experimental platform for crossflow cooling tower packing was developed to examine the effects of wind speed, water spray density, and packing height on the heat and mass transfer performance and resistance characteristics of herringbone corrugated packing. Empirical formulas were derived to analyze fan power consumption in crossflow cooling towers. Results reveal that heat and mass transfer performance improves with increased wind speed and water spray density and decreased packing height. Wind speed was found to be the most influential factor; increasing wind speed from 0.96 m/s to 2.05 m/s raised the mass-transfer coefficient by 70%. At low water spray densities, increasing the density significantly enhanced heat and mass transfer. Air resistance in the packing zone increased with air velocity, approximately proportional to the 1.68-1.91 power of wind speed. When the cooling water volume flow rate was 70 m3/h, sacrificing 20% of heat exchange capacity and reducing the inlet-outlet temperature difference from 5 ℃ to 4 ℃ reduced power consumption by approximately 71%. To maintain a power consumption ratio of 0.035 kW·h/m3, lowering the approach temperature from 4 ℃ to 3 ℃ required a 31% reduction in cooling water volume flow rate.

陈勇春, 刘金平, 谭小卫, 苏振兴, 谭志锋, 邹震杰. 横流冷却塔填料性能实验研究及优化. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 109 -119 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.109
Yongchun Chen, Jinping Liu, Xiaowei Tan, Zhenxing Su, Zhifeng Tan, Zhenjie Zou. Experimental Study on the Performance and Optimization of Packing for Crossflow Cooling Tower[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 109 -119 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.109
据中国制冷空调工业协会的统计数据显示[1],2022年中国制冷空调行业的总产值达7 700亿元,其中工商用制冷空调设备及配件的占比高达54%。因此,制冷空调系统能效的提高对制冷空调行业的发展具有重要意义。而在制冷空调系统中,冷却塔作为冷却循环水的重要设备,基本承担了空调冷却水系统的负荷[2],由于冷却塔提供冷却水的温度降低相比于冷水机组提高能效的性价比更高,其传热传质能力的提升可有效降低空调机组的能耗,因此冷却塔的性能优化受到学者们的广泛关注。
填料作为冷却塔的核心换热部件,研究人员对其性能的优化开展了大量工作。G. Raj等[3]在逆流式冷却塔中测试了3种不同填料的性能,结果表明,在相同条件下,薄膜填料相比玻璃填料和球填料具有更好的热力性能和更小的损失。S. Shinde等[4]对比了具有相同蜂窝结构的商业PVC(聚氯乙烯)填料和纸基填料的性能,发现纸基填料的性能优于商业PVC填料,可应用于工业生产。但王颖等[5]在直接蒸发冷却实验台测试了植物纤维填料和PVC填料的性能,发现植物纤维填料的压降显著高于PVC填料,在应用中会导致风机的能耗较高。A. C. C. Tomás等[6]在逆流式冷却塔中将椰子壳、椰子纤维和PET(聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)等材料替代商业填料使用,发现在相同条件下,替代填料的冷却能力可以达到商用填料的80%,且两者运行时功耗相差较小,但由于替代材料成本较低,因此具有作为冷却塔填料的潜力。Kong Qingjie等[7]选用了正弦波泡沫陶瓷波纹板作为填料,并将实验结果与S波、垂直波纹和水平波纹等商业填料进行对比,发现泡沫陶瓷波纹板的结构可使填料内的液相分布更为均匀,因此具有更好的传热传质性能。
除了填料的材料类型,填料尺寸与布置方式也是影响填料性能的重要因素。胡三季等[8]在逆流式冷却塔中测试了不同高度下11种填料的性能,结果发现,随着填料高度的增大,填料的热力性能增强,但填料压降也会增大。Xi Ying等[9]分析了实际冷却塔的工况,指出逆流塔中填料高度越高,越容易满足冷却任务,最大可减少30%的风量需求,电机功耗最大可降低0.221 kW。P. Shahali等[10]研究了填料肋数对塔的冷却效率的影响,发现随着填料肋数的增加,冷却效率有小幅提高。Gao Ming等[11]对5种不同填料布置方式的湿式冷却塔的热力性能进行实验研究,指出与均匀布局相比,非均匀布置方式最多可将冷却塔的热力性能提高30%。
此外,在不同的填料结构下,填料区内气液两相的湍动程度并不一致,因此填料的热力性能与阻力特性也有所差别。H. R. Goshayshi等[12]在鼓风式逆流塔中研究了填料间距与填料粗糙度对冷却塔传质性能的影响,发现冷却塔传质系数随着填料间距的增加而下降;粗糙填料的传质性能相比光滑填料提高了1.5~2.5倍,但填料的压降也会随之增加;同时他们指出,填料的摩擦阻力和传热性能是相关的,通常不可能以低摩擦系数实现高传热性能。Gu Chenjie等[13]研究了填料的波纹角度对低温流体的流动影响,发现填料的波纹角度即使只变化5°也会对流体的流动性能产生显著影响,将45°的波纹角度提升至60°时压降可降低81.1%,而只牺牲约30%的传质效率。Zhao Zefang等[14]在传统波纹表面增加了不同的小槽,开发出新型波纹填料,实验结果表明,增加4个平行小槽的填料相比传统波纹填料热力性能可提高12.2%,且增加小槽对风阻的影响较小。
在冷却塔的运行过程中,填料性能除了受到填料本身类型、结构及尺寸等限制,还会受到塔的工况参数影响。其中最主要的是淋水密度及风速,已有很多研究指出在低水气比时可以有效提高塔的冷却效率[15-17],风速的增大可以提高塔的传热传质性能,但同时也会增大填料区的风阻[18-19]
然而,目前已有的指导冷却塔优化的经验公式大多是基于逆流塔的填料得出的,横流式冷却塔在近几年才开始受到关注,对横流塔内填料的热力性能及阻力特性的研究相对较少[14,20]。相比于逆流式冷却塔,虽然横流式冷却塔冷却效率较低,却具有通风阻力小、水损失小等优势,在淋水密度较大的工况下,相比于逆流塔能较大程度地减小动力设备的功耗。因此,横流式冷却塔填料的优化研究具有重要意义。
本文建立了容积散质系数计算模型,搭建了横流冷却塔实验台,利用新菱空调(佛冈)有限公司的横流冷却塔系统对填料尺寸及冷却塔工况进行了耦合分析。得到了风速、淋水密度及填料高度对填料传热传质性能及阻力特性的影响,并拟合出横流冷却塔的经验公式,为横流冷却塔的优化设计提供指导。
相比于逆流式冷却塔,横流冷却塔的水与空气流动方向为二维运动,空气从x方向进入,喷淋水从y方向垂直下落,因此逆流式冷却塔的一维换热理论对横流式冷却塔的传热传质计算并不适用。基于Merkel理论的假设,矩形横流冷却塔填料的传热传质基本方程如下:
式中:βxv为容积散质系数,kg/(m3·h),反映了填料的传热传质能力;g为风量密度,kg/(m2·h);q为淋水密度,kg/(m2·h);t为水温,℃;i″i分别为水温对应的饱和空气焓和空气焓,kJ/kg;cw为水的比热容,取4.186 kJ/(kg·K)。上述基本方程的边界条件为:
式中:下标1表示横流冷却塔的空气进口及喷淋水进口。为求解基本方程,饱和空气焓与水温的对应关系可用式(3)表示:
AB分别计算如下:
式中:分别为循环水进、出口水温及平均水温对应的饱和空气焓,kJ/kg;t1t2分别为冷却塔进、出口水温,℃。
,求解基本方程可得:
式中:H为填料高度,m;L为填料径深,m;XY表示各点沿进风、进水方向上的位置。
求解式(5)可得到η的积分方程,用逐次逼近法解析,当y=1时,冷却塔出口平均水温对应的饱和空气焓可由式(6)计算[21]
最后通过式(3),计算可得冷却塔出口平均水温。在计算模型中,由于容积散质系数βxv未知,而冷却塔出口水温t2可以通过实验测得,因此需要先假设βxv,在βxv与出口平均水温计算值间进行迭代,当迭代得到的与实验测得的t2实际值温差小于0.001 ℃,认为得到相应工况下准确的容积散质系数值,具体计算流程如图1所示。在计算过程中,饱和空气焓与空气焓的取值分别采用式(7)和式(8)计算。
式中:tθ分别为水温及空气的干球温度,℃;p″为温度对应的饱和水蒸气分压力,kPa;p0为大气压力,kPa;φ为相对湿度。
容积散质系数体现了填料的传热传质能力,而填料的冷却能力一般使用冷却数来体现,计算如下:
式中:N为冷却数;V为填料体积,m3Gw为循环水量,kg/h;k为蒸发水量散热系数,其计算式为:
本文利用新菱空调(佛冈)有限公司横流冷却塔系统,搭建横流冷却塔实验台,实验测试的填料为该公司生产的人字波纹填料,填料的几何尺寸及冷却塔工况分别如表1表2所示。
实验测试的参数有进出塔空气的干湿球温度、进出塔循环水温度、循环水量、出风动压及填料前后静压。
冷却塔实验系统如图2所示。混合池中的循环水通过循环水泵泵送至锅炉中进行加热,然后送入热水池中,随后热水池中的循环水与冷水池中的循环水通过三通阀混合(水温调节至37 ℃),并由流量控制水泵泵送至填料区上方的集水盘,集水盘中的循环水通过喷头喷淋至填料上与空气进行换热,换热后流入下方水槽,回到冷水池中,最终进入混合池等待下一步加热。系统中水量调节阀用于调节水槽的液面高度与进风口持平,电磁流量计用于监测循环水量变化,电子测温仪用于监测进出口水温变化。
冷却塔实验台如图3所示,实验台整体尺寸为17.135 m×1.585 m×3.770 m。在填料区前后的管道壁各取4个压力测点,每个测点均设置在管道壁的中心位置,所有测压点均连接至压差变送器以测出填料区前后静压差。为了使所测空气动压更加稳定,将风机出风口管道延长(管道直径为0.8 m),并在出风管道末端设置皮托管,同样连接至压差变送器,以此测出出口动压。
由于填料区迎风面积较大,为了提高测量空气温度的准确性,在填料区进出口分别设置空气采集装置,如图4所示,空气由进气孔进入,并汇集到集气管中,在抽气扇的抽吸作用下经过干球温度计与湿球温度计,以此测出进出塔空气的干湿球温度。表3所示为各测量装置及其精度。此外,通过在填料区前后设置挡板,调节水量调节阀使水槽液面高度与进风口齐平,以此达到改变填料高度的效果。
为评估测试结果的精确性,需要对测试参数进行不确定度分析,在实验测试中,不确定度主要来自仪器的测量误差,因此根据表3中的精度对具体参数的误差进行估计。根据R. J. Moffat[22]的经典误差传递理论,结果R的不确定度可由式(11)和式(12)计算。
式中:δXiR函数中各自变量Xi的不确定度,当R由式(13)表示时,参数的相对不确定度可由式(14)计算:
淋水密度:
风量密度:
式中:Ga为循环风量,kg/h;FwFa分别为喷淋面积与进风面积,m2
通过误差传递,在不同工况下,主要参数的最大相对不确定度计算结果如表4所示。
实验测试过程保证在湿球温度为10~31 ℃内的无雨条件下进行。在测试前,先调节水量调节阀使水槽液面与所设挡板齐平,随后改变风机频率,通过三通阀调节进塔水量及进水温度,将进口水温调节至约37 ℃,在进塔水温稳定后每分钟记录一次数据,观察电子测温仪读数,当存在连续10组以上的数据显示进出水温差小于0.1 ℃时,认为横流冷却塔系统运行稳定,随后继续记录数据,并取1 min内的数据平均值作为最终结果。
在实验测试过程中,忽略与外界环境的热交换和换热过程中的水损失,横流冷却塔填料区内的换热过程可视为绝热过程,空气侧与水侧换热量应符合能量守恒关系式(17)。
对实验过程中空气侧与水侧的换热量进行能量守恒验证,实验数据的换热平衡如图5所示,换热平衡的平均误差为7.28%,基本符合能量守恒,可认为实验数据可靠。
本文通过搭建横流冷却塔实验台,计算不同填料高度及冷却塔工况下填料的容积散质系数,通过容积散质系数的对比得到不同参数对填料传热传质性能的影响。实验时使用的填料一致,仅通过设置挡板及调节液位以改变填料高度,因此不受填料内流道差异的影响,可认为填料性能仅与填料高度及冷却塔工况有关。
图6所示为1.021 m径深下人字波纹填料的容积散质系数变化,由图6(a)~(c)可知,填料的容积散质系数随着填料迎面风速及淋水密度的增大而增大,其中风速对容积散质系数的影响较为明显,其增大可使容积散质系数大幅提升。当填料高度为2.047 5 m、淋水密度为7.0×104 kg/(m2·h)时,风速由0.96 m/s增至2.05 m/s,容积散质系数可由7 432.14 kg/(m3·h)增至12 605.17 kg/(m3·h),提升70%。说明风速的增大可有效增加填料区内气液两相的湍动,同时也可加快填料区内温度和湿度较高的空气排出,以此增强气液两相的传热传质能力。此外,同一风速下,在淋水密度较小时,增大淋水密度可使容积散质系数得到较好的提升,而在淋水密度较大时,增大淋水密度对容积散质系数的提升有限。当填料高度为2.047 5 m、填料迎面风速为2.05 m/s时,将淋水密度由2.1×104 kg/(m2·h)增至3.0×104 kg/(m2·h)时,容积散质系数由8 437.71 kg/(m3·h)增至10 639.99 kg/(m3·h),提升26%;而将淋水密度由5.0×104 kg/(m2·h)增至7.0×104 kg/(m2·h)时,容积散质系数增大467.46 kg/(m3·h),提升仅4%。说明在淋水密度较小时,由于循环水量较低,喷淋水无法在填料表面形成连续的液膜,填料区内存在较多空隙,因此空气与水的传热传质不够充分,此时增大淋水密度可有效增大气液两相的传热面积,以此提高填料的传热传质性能;而在淋水密度较大时,喷淋水已经可以在填料表面形成稳定连续的液膜,因此增大淋水密度对传热传质性能的提升也会减小。
图6(d)可知,随着填料高度的减小,容积散质系数小幅提升。当淋水密度为5.0×104 kg/(m2·h)、填料迎面风速为2.6 m/s时,将填料高度由1.638 0 m降至1.228 5 m,容积散质系数由14 204.87 kg/(m3·h)增至14 830.38 kg/(m3·h),提升约4%。原因是进入填料的循环水在填料上部已经被进口的空气先一步冷却,到达填料下部时,温度降低的循环水与空气之间的传热传质已经减弱,因此在填料径深较大时,增大填料高度并不能使填料的传热传质性能得到更好的提升。增大填料高度虽然不能有效增强填料的传热传质性能,但根据冷却数计算式(9),以淋水密度为5.0×104 kg/(m2·h),填料迎面风速为2.6 m/s为例,将填料高度由1.228 5 m增至1.638 0 m,冷却数由0.34增至0.44。因此较大的填料高度可以完成更高的冷却任务,而在满足冷却任务的条件下,选择较小的填料高度可以更好地发挥填料的传热传质能力。
本文对人字波纹填料的填料区风阻进行了研究,填料区淋水喷头采用挡板进行遮蔽,在实验时,通过设置挡板的方式以实现改变填料高度的目的,并调节水量调节阀使水槽液面与进风口齐平,因此忽略挡板等部分的局部阻力,可认为填料区前后静压降为填料区风阻。
图7所示为1.021 m填料径深下人字波纹填料的填料区风阻变化,由图7(a)~(c)可知,填料区风阻主要受风速的影响,随着风速的增大,填料区风阻的增长速率逐渐加快。当填料高度为2.047 5 m、淋水密度为7.0×104 kg/(m2·h)时,风速由0.96 m/s增至2.05 m/s,填料区风阻由22.68 Pa增至88.59 Pa,增大至约3.91倍。而填料区风阻受淋水密度的影响较小,当填料高度为2.047 5 m、填料迎面风速为2.05 m/s时,淋水密度由2.1×104 kg/(m2·h)增至7.0×104 kg/(m2·h)时,填料区风阻由72.01 Pa增至88.59 Pa,仅增大23%。
图7(d)可知,随着填料高度的增大,填料区风阻也会略有增长。当淋水密度为5.0×104 kg/(m2·h)、填料迎面风速为1.5 m/s时,将填料高度由1.638 0 m降至1.228 5 m,填料区风阻降低2.47 Pa。主要原因是当填料高度减小时,在填料迎面风速不变的情况下,液膜的破碎与断裂等现象会更少,因此当其他条件相同时,填料区压降会有小幅降低。
在冷却塔的性能分析中,冷却塔的出水温度基于容积散质系数的关联式进行预测,因此容积散质系数关联式的准确性十分重要。将实验所得的72组数据进行汇总,利用Levenberg-Marquardt算法将横流塔中人字波纹填料的容积散质系数拟合为风量密度、淋水密度和填料高度的关系式,结果如下:
图8所示为填料传热传质性能实际值与拟合值结果的对比,可以看出相对误差在±10%以内,拟合效果良好。
将实验所得的容积散质系数拟合式与其他学者在横流冷却塔实验台中得出的波纹填料关联式进行对比。Zhao Zefang等[14]与王丽莎等[23]在横流冷却塔的实验台测试中分别将所测波纹填料的容积散质系数拟合为式(19)和式(20)。
式中:单位为kg/(m3·s);g′与q′单位为kg/(m2·s);单位为kg/(m3·h);g″q″单位为t/(m2·h)。
当淋水密度为5.0×104 kg/(m2·h)、填料高度为2.047 5 m时,式(18)~式(20)的容积散质系数对比如图9所示。
图9可知,实验拟合的公式与其余两式相比,随风量密度的变化,容积散质系数的增长趋于一致。当风量密度由4.0×103 kg/(m2·h)增至1.2×104 kg/(m2·h)时,式(18)~式(20)的容积散质系数分别增长93%、95%、104%。而相比于式(19),本文中实验拟合的关联式得到容积散质系数更高,原因是本文中实验使用的填料径深更小且填料片数更多,因此传热传质性能有所提高;相比于式(20),容积散质系数偏低的主要原因是填料具体波纹类型的不同。
此外,将填料的阻力特性拟合为淋水密度、进塔风速及填料高度的关联式,结果如下:
式中:Δp为填料区风阻,Pa;ρ为湿空气密度,kg/m3v为进塔风速,m/s;CM为淋水密度的二次函数。
图10所示为填料阻力特性实际值与拟合结果的对比,可以看出相对误差同样在±10%以内,拟合效果良好。将实验过程中的淋水密度代入拟合关联式,可得在实验条件下,填料区风阻约与填料迎面风速的1.68~1.91次方成正比。
随着填料区风阻的增大,冷却塔风机所需功耗也会快速增大,风机功耗是冷却塔设计需要考虑的重要内容。横流冷却塔剖面图如图11所示,在横流式冷却塔中,风机功耗主要受风速及两侧填料区压降的影响,计算式如下:
式中:E为风机功耗,kW;Gva为体积风量,m3/s;ηf为风机效率,取0.6;vf为风机处风速,m/s。
利用式(18)、式(21)~式(22),设计进塔干球温度为31.5 ℃,进塔湿球温度为28 ℃,进塔水温为37 ℃,填料高度为2.047 5 m,冷却塔风机外径为0.8 m,可得到冷却塔在不同进出水温差下单位水量的耗电量变化,如图12所示。由图12可知,随着冷却水体积流量的增大,耗电比逐渐增加,且在冷却水体积流量较高时增速明显加快,原因是冷却水体积流量的增大使风量的需求量增大,风速的提高使风机处动压及两侧填料区压降迅速增大,因此冷却单位水量所需的能耗较高。在标准工况(5 ℃进出水温差)下,当冷却水量为42 m3/h时,耗电比为0.035 kW·h/m3,可以达到国标中5级能效的标准[21]。而当水量继续增加时,虽然冷却塔的换热量有所提高,但由于耗电比较高,所以冷却塔的经济性较差,此时可通过减小进出水温差来降低耗电比,当冷却水体积流量为70 m3/h时,将进出水温差由5 ℃降至4 ℃,耗电比可由0.109 kW·h/m3降至0.032 kW·h/m3,冷却单位水量的风机能耗减小约71%,而换热量只牺牲20%。
在制冷空调系统中,冷却塔的出水温度越低,冷水机组的能效比越高。因此冷却塔的逼近度(冷却塔出水温度与湿球温度的差值)是冷却塔设计时的重要参数。保持设计工况与进出水温差不变,在相同冷却水体积流量下,降低冷却塔逼近度,冷却塔的耗电比将明显增大。如图13所示,当冷却水体积流量为40 m3/h时,将逼近度由4 ℃降至3 ℃时,耗电比将由0.031 kW·h/m3增至0.07 kW·h/m3,增至2.26倍。当耗电比为0.035 kW·h/m3时,将逼近度由4 ℃降至3 ℃,冷却水体积流量将由42 m3/h降至29 m3/h,减小约31%。
本文通过搭建横流冷却塔实验台,对影响人字波纹填料传热传质性能及阻力特性的主要因素进行了研究。拟合出横流冷却塔中人字波纹填料的经验公式,并对变工况下的风机功耗变化进行了分析计算,得到如下结论:
1)风速是影响横流冷却塔填料传热传质性能最重要的因素,随着风速的增大,填料的传热传质性能显著提高。对于实验中使用的人字波纹填料,当填料高度为2.047 5 m、淋水密度为7.0×104 kg/(m2·h)时,风速由0.96 m/s增至2.05 m/s,容积散质系数可提升70%。但风速的提升会使填料区风阻明显增大,在实验条件下,填料区风阻约与填料迎面风速的1.68~1.91次方成正比。
2)在淋水密度较低时,增大淋水密度可以有效提升填料的传热传质性能;而在淋水密度较高时,增大淋水密度对传热传质性能的提升有限。当填料高度为2.047 5 m、填料迎面风速为2.05 m/s时,将淋水密度由2.1×104 kg/(m2·h)增至3.0×104 kg/(m2·h),容积散质系数提升26%;而将淋水密度由5.0×104 kg/(m2·h)增至7.0×104 kg/(m2·h),容积散质系数仅提升4%。填料区风阻随淋水密度的增大而增大,但增幅较小。
3)随着填料高度的减小,填料的传热传质性能得到小幅提高,但冷却能力有所下降。同时,填料高度的减小会使填料区风阻小幅降低。因此在满足冷却任务的条件下,应选择较小的填料高度,在有效发挥填料传热传质能力的同时减小风机能耗。
4)利用实验拟合的关联式对横流式冷却塔的风机功耗进行了分析。当冷却水体积流量为70 m3/h时,可牺牲20%换热量,将进出水温差由5 ℃降至4 ℃,冷却单位水量的风机能耗减小约71%。保持耗电比为0.035 kW·h/m3,将逼近度由4 ℃降至3 ℃,冷却水体积流量需减小31%。
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.109
  • 接收时间:2023-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-31
  • 修回日期:2023-12-12
  • 录用日期:2024-01-29
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    1华南理工大学电力学院 广州 510641
    2广东省能源高效清洁利用重点实验室 广州 510641
    3亚热带建筑与城市科学全国重点实验室 广州 510641
    4新菱空调(佛冈)有限公司 清远 511600

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刘金平,男,教授,华南理工大学电力学院,13501546214,E-mail:。研究方向:高效相变换热与高密度储能。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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