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Article(id=1239175126466482770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1701619200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-04, revisedDate=1703088000000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-21, acceptedDate=1706544000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-30, onlineDate=1773371972909, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371972909, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371972909, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371972909, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175126659420760, articleId=1239175126466482770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=A Multi-connected Air Conditioner with Refrigerant and Water Using Hot Water from District Heating System for Direct Heating, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In northern China, public buildings commonly use direct-expansion air-conditioning systems for cooling and district heating networks for heating, necessitating separate terminals for each function. This study proposes a multi-connected air conditioning system capable of utilizing refrigerants and water for direct heating with hot water from district heating systems. The system integrates three-fluid heat exchangers within indoor units, enabling seamless switching between direct-expansion air-conditioning and district heating systems. Using an office building in Beijing as a case study, the system was evaluated under summer cooling design conditions, and its heating performance during winter and transitional seasons was analyzed. Results reveal that during winter, the system requires user-side water temperatures below 54 ℃, while in transitional seasons, the direct-expansion mode delivers unit capacities exceeding peak heating demands with energy efficiency surpassing 3.5 over 49% of operating hours. This system simplifies existing configurations by providing a single terminal for year-round heating and cooling, enhancing efficiency and thermal comfort.

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Li Xianting, male, professor, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 86-10-62785860, E-mail: . Research fields: demand-oriented non-uniform indoor environment and energy-efficient equipment and system for built environment.
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我国北方较多公共建筑分别采用直膨式空调供冷和市政热水供暖，需要2套室内末端。提出了一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统，其室内机为三介质换热器，可以利用市政热水或直膨的方式加热室内空气，实现直膨式空调和集中热网供暖的灵活切换；以北京某办公建筑为例，按夏季空调工况进行机组选型，建立了系统的性能模拟模型，并分析其在供暖季及过渡季的供暖效果。结果表明：该系统在供暖季采用市政热水供暖时所需的用户侧水温低于54 ℃；在过渡季采用直膨式供暖时其机组容量高于过渡季尖峰负荷，且在49%的运行时间内能效超过3.5。提出的水氟互联空调系统采用一套末端保障夏季空调和冬季供暖需求，并在市政热水停暖后可用直膨方式供暖，简化了现有系统形式，提高了供暖舒适性。

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李先庭，男，教授，清华大学建筑学院，（010）62785860，E-mail：。研究方向：面向需求的非均匀环境营造理论与节能高效的人工环境系统。
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Journal of Refrigeration, 2017, 38(1): 40-46.), articleTitle=Experimental study of indoor thermal environment and ventilation effectiveness in a room with ceiling heating and mechanical ventilation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175148029399338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=5, pageStart=153, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=刘畅, 陈超, 蔺洁, journalName=暖通空调, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘畅, 陈超, 蔺洁, 等. 北方城镇住宅集中供暖室内热环境现状调研与分析[J]. 暖通空调, 2023, 53(5): 153-157., articleTitle=北方城镇住宅集中供暖室内热环境现状调研与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175148109091119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=5, pageStart=153, pageEnd=157, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LIU Chang, CHEN Chao, LIN Jie, journalName=Journal of HV & AC, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(LIU Chang, CHEN Chao, LIN Jie, et al. 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Journal of HV & AC, 2013, 43(7): 87-94.), articleTitle=Necessary regulating abilities to capacity and compression ratio for compressors used in efficient air conditioners, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239175147496722704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, awardId=52178078, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178078), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239175147576414484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, awardId=52178078, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52178078), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175140433514543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175140441903152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, companyId=1239175140433514543, 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参数数值
额定容量制冷量/W3 500
制热量/W4 650
室外机风量/（kg/s）0.4
制冷剂-风传热面积/m23.32
室内机风量/（kg/s）0.18
制冷剂-风传热面积/m21.64
水-风传热面积/m21.64
压缩机拟合参数ηcarnot0.542
a-2.026
b3.177
c-0.151
), ArticleFig(id=1239175147387670799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175126466482770, language=CN, label=表1, caption=KFR-35GW空调器参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
额定容量制冷量/W3 500
制热量/W4 650
室外机风量/（kg/s）0.4
制冷剂-风传热面积/m23.32
室内机风量/（kg/s）0.18
制冷剂-风传热面积/m21.64
水-风传热面积/m21.64
压缩机拟合参数ηcarnot0.542
a-2.026
b3.177
c-0.151
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一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统
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查富海 1 , 王源 1 , 李先庭 1 , 国德防 2 , 顾超 2
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 38-46
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 38-46
一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统
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查富海1, 王源1, 李先庭1 , 国德防2, 顾超2
作者信息
  • 1清华大学建筑学院　北京　100084
  • 2青岛海尔空调电子有限公司　青岛　266000

通讯作者:

李先庭，男，教授，清华大学建筑学院，（010）62785860，E-mail：。研究方向：面向需求的非均匀环境营造理论与节能高效的人工环境系统。
A Multi-connected Air Conditioner with Refrigerant and Water Using Hot Water from District Heating System for Direct Heating
Fuhai Zha1, Yuan Wang1, Xianting Li1 , Defang Guo2, Chao Gu2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
  • 2.Qingdao Haier Air Conditioning Electronics Co., Ltd., Qingdao, 266000, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
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摘要
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我国北方较多公共建筑分别采用直膨式空调供冷和市政热水供暖，需要2套室内末端。提出了一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统，其室内机为三介质换热器，可以利用市政热水或直膨的方式加热室内空气，实现直膨式空调和集中热网供暖的灵活切换；以北京某办公建筑为例，按夏季空调工况进行机组选型，建立了系统的性能模拟模型，并分析其在供暖季及过渡季的供暖效果。结果表明：该系统在供暖季采用市政热水供暖时所需的用户侧水温低于54 ℃；在过渡季采用直膨式供暖时其机组容量高于过渡季尖峰负荷，且在49%的运行时间内能效超过3.5。提出的水氟互联空调系统采用一套末端保障夏季空调和冬季供暖需求，并在市政热水停暖后可用直膨方式供暖，简化了现有系统形式，提高了供暖舒适性。

In northern China, public buildings commonly use direct-expansion air-conditioning systems for cooling and district heating networks for heating, necessitating separate terminals for each function. This study proposes a multi-connected air conditioning system capable of utilizing refrigerants and water for direct heating with hot water from district heating systems. The system integrates three-fluid heat exchangers within indoor units, enabling seamless switching between direct-expansion air-conditioning and district heating systems. Using an office building in Beijing as a case study, the system was evaluated under summer cooling design conditions, and its heating performance during winter and transitional seasons was analyzed. Results reveal that during winter, the system requires user-side water temperatures below 54 ℃, while in transitional seasons, the direct-expansion mode delivers unit capacities exceeding peak heating demands with energy efficiency surpassing 3.5 over 49% of operating hours. This system simplifies existing configurations by providing a single terminal for year-round heating and cooling, enhancing efficiency and thermal comfort.

查富海, 王源, 李先庭, 国德防, 顾超. 一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 38 -46 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
Fuhai Zha, Yuan Wang, Xianting Li, Defang Guo, Chao Gu. A Multi-connected Air Conditioner with Refrigerant and Water Using Hot Water from District Heating System for Direct Heating[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 38 -46 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
正文
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在建筑中，供暖和空调系统常用于室内热湿环境营造，其系统性能对于提供舒适的室内环境至关重要，且保障效果关系民生福祉[1-2]。
在我国北方，对于住宅和小型的公共建筑，多采用直膨式末端，如空调器或多联机满足建筑供冷需求，该机组根据夏季工况进行选型，难以满足在冬季极端工况下的供暖需求，故在该类型建筑中一般另设一套末端，并多以市政热水为热源满足供暖需求[3]。由此可见，现有的北方典型小型建筑多采用两套热源以及对应的两套末端来满足供冷供热需求，在供暖季采用市政热水用于供热，在供暖季开始前和结束后，无法利用市政热水及对应的末端用于供暖，则室内供暖无法有效保障，需开启另一套直膨式末端用于供暖[4]。另有一类建筑采用一套低环温热泵系统，利用准双级压缩或双级压缩等技术满足低环境温度下的供热需求，同时也用于夏季制冷，但该系统结构复杂，初投资高，且其冬季制热性能会受到结除霜的影响[5]。
若能用一套末端实现直膨式热泵和集中热网供暖的灵活切换，则可以在保障全年冷热供应需求的同时，简化系统形式，降低初投资，并实现系统高效可靠运行。
近年来，有学者提出了三介质换热器[6-7]，其中3种不同的流体介质可以相互换热，在用于热泵空调系统中时，可以有效简化系统配置，并通过减少用于模式切换的阀门数量提升系统可靠性。Zhang Penglei等[8]提出一种基于三介质换热器的混合PV/T-空气源双源热泵系统，以从太阳能和空气中吸收能量，与传统的空气源热泵相比，该系统在供暖季的能耗降低13.1%，且系统形式简化。Liang Chenjiyu等[9]提出一种基于三介质换热器的新型调温除湿机，采用三介质换热器代替传统调温除湿机的冷凝器，制冷剂管道和阀门得到了有效简化，具有较好的经济性。三介质换热器为一套末端实现直膨式热泵和集中热网供暖的灵活切换提供了基础条件。
本文提出一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统，利用三介质换热器实现直膨式热泵和集中热网供暖的灵活切换，对其系统形式及运行模式进行介绍，建立了系统的性能模拟模型，并以北京的典型建筑为例，对该系统在供暖季及过渡季的供暖效果进行分析。
1 系统形式
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本文所提的系统以现有的直膨式空调机组为基础，如分体式空调器和多联机，将其室内机换热器更换为三介质换热器[6]，三介质换热器包括制冷剂通道、水通道和空气流道，制冷剂通道连接至热泵循环的管路，多个直膨式机组的多个室内机的水通道并联接入水-水换热器的一侧，构成二次网，水-水换热器的另一侧为一次网的市政热水，一次网通过水-水换热器与二次网换热，进而实现对室内的供热，其系统形式如图1（a）所示。由于三介质换热器中的流体介质均能相互换热，制冷剂通道与水通道独立，故能实现直膨式供暖和市政热水供暖的灵活切换，且系统结构简单，可靠性高，无冻结风险。
传统的采用直膨式空调和热水供暖末端的系统形式如图1（b）所示，包括2套末端。本文所提的水氟互联空调系统与传统系统相比，无需额外的热水供暖末端，采用的三介质换热器与现有的空调室内机换热器的成本相当，且并未增设新的设备，故系统初投资会降低。
取其中单个机组为例对运行模式进行分析，具体而言，所提的系统在供暖时能实现市政热水直接供暖模式和直膨式供暖模式。在图2~图4中，实线表示管路连通或设备工作，虚线表示管路未连通或设备停机。市政热水直接供暖模式如图2所示，此时关闭所有的直膨式空调机组，仅开启室内机的风机，开启水泵实现二次网的循环，进而实现市政热水的直接供热。各个室内机所在的水支路上设有阀门，用于调节进入各个室内机的水流量，从而控制向室内的供热量。北方供暖季在市政供暖时，该系统可用此模式。
直膨式供暖模式如图3所示，此时关闭二次网的水泵及各个室内机水通道对应的阀门，开启直膨式空调机组，将四通换向阀切换至供热模式，系统从空气中取热为室内提供热量。该模式可在北方的供暖季初期和末期，无市政热水可利用，又存在室内热负荷时为室内供热。
此外，该系统还能实现直膨式供冷模式，如图4所示，其运行方法与传统的直膨式系统供冷方式一致，将四通换向阀切换为供冷模式，该模式可在供冷季和过渡季有冷负荷需求时为室内提供冷量，保障室内热湿环境。
由此可见，所提系统能实现全年的冷热供应及2种不同热源的灵活切换，下文将重点对该系统用于供暖时的保障效果进行分析。
2 数学模型
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为研究所提系统的供暖性能，建立了直膨式机组性能模型及市政热网换热模型，其中直膨式机组选取多个一拖一的分体式房间空调器。在此基础上，可以评估所提系统用于建筑全年供暖时的保障效果。
2.1 直膨式空调机组模型
直膨式空调机组室外机内的换热器、压缩机、膨胀阀和室内机换热器构成了蒸气压缩式热泵循环[10]。本节建立了换热器、风机、压缩机模型以及在结除霜工况下的性能修正模型，从而得到空调器在实机运行时的性能模型。
2.1.1 换热器模型
该空调室外机采用原管翅式风冷换热器，并将室内机替换为三介质换热器，该三介质换热器的结构如图5（a）所示，包括分集流管部与换热管组，每组换热管的制冷剂换热扁管和水扁管相互贴合，各组换热管间设有翅片，用于实现制冷剂和水与空气的热交换。
本文中，室外机和室内机内的换热器均采用ε-NTU方法求解[9,11]，传热单元数（NTU）和效能（ε）的计算分别如式（1）和式（2）所示。因为在制冷剂相变传热时的热容为无限大，故ε在制冷剂与空气换热时可由式（3）计算。
式中：K为换热器的传热系数，W/（m2·℃）；A为传热面积，m2；cmin为空气的比热容，本文取1.005 kJ/（kg·℃）；cmax为制冷剂或水的比热容，其中水取4.2 kJ/（kg·℃）；mmin为空气的质量流量，kg/s；mmax为制冷剂或水的质量流量，kg/s。
其中，换热器的K值由文献[9]所述的实验进行测定并拟合成与流体流速之间的关系，其实验设置如图5（b）所示。制冷剂与空气的传热系数（Kr，a）和水与空气的传热系数（Kw，a）的计算分别如式（4）和式（5）所示。
式中：va和vw分别为空气和水的流速，m/s。
室外机和室内机内换热器的传热面积由机组样本和实际测量可得，室内机的制冷剂-风传热面积（Ar，a）和水-风传热面积（Aw，a）由三介质换热器实测得到，室外机的制冷剂-风传热面积（Ar，a）由样本提供。
在该系统中，制冷剂与空气的换热量（Qr，a）和水与空气的换热量（Qw，a）分别由式（6）和式（7）计算。
式中：εr，a、εw，a分别为制冷剂和空气、水与空气换热时的效能；tr、tain、twin分别为制冷剂相变温度、空气入口温度和水入口温度，℃。
2.1.2 风机模型
室外机和室内机风机的额定功率以及变风量下的功率计算如式（8）和式（9）所示[12]。
式中：Wf，rated和Wf分别为额定工况和变工况下的风机功率，kW；ma，rated和ma分别为额定工况和变工况下空气的质量流量，kg/s；pf为风机的全压，Pa；ρa为空气密度，kg/m3；ηfan为风机效率，取0.6。
2.1.3 压缩机模型
本文中，压缩机采用卡诺效率-负荷率修正模型[12-14]。本机组采用的制冷剂为R410A。机组的能效（coefficient of performance，COP）计算如式（10）所示，部分负荷能效修正系数及负荷率计算方法如式（11）和式（12）所示，相关系数根据机组样本进行了拟合。压缩机功率计算如式（13）所示，蒸发器、冷凝器换热量及压缩机功率关系式如式（14）所示。
式中：COPcom和COPRCC分别为压缩机的实际效率和理想循环的效率；ηcarnot为卡诺效率，可根据样本进行拟合得到；β为负荷率修正系数；tc和te分别为冷凝温度和蒸发温度，℃；λLR为负荷率；a、b、c由机组样本拟合；Qc、Qe和Wcom分别为冷凝器、蒸发器换热量和压缩机功率，kW；Qcapacity，c为机组额定制热量，kW。
2.1.4 结除霜修正模型
该系统中的空调器在制热运行时可能会由于室外环境等因素陷入结除霜工况，除霜影响因子（Fdo）用于修正系统在结除霜运行时的能耗[15]，其计算方法如式（15）~式（18）所示。
式中：Fcs为环境影响因子，与室外空气温度（tout）和相对湿度（φout）相关；下标th表示开始结霜的阈值；tdef为最大结霜程度所对应的温度；γh为修正因子。在本研究中，tth、tdef、φth、γh分别为2.8 ℃、-0.5 ℃、72%、0.22[15]。
系统整机能耗包括压缩机能耗（Wcom）、室外机风扇能耗（Wf，out）和室内机风扇能耗（Wf，in）。在考虑结除霜修正后，系统的总能耗（Wt）和COP计算如下：
2.1.5 整机性能模型
基于上述冷凝器及蒸发器内的换热器模型、压缩机模型、风机模型和结除霜修正模型，可得整机的性能计算模型，如图6所示[9,12,16]。根据建筑负荷（Qt），基于冷凝器模型可计算出冷凝温度（tc），再通过假设蒸发温度（te），计算压缩机的功率（Wcom）和蒸发器的换热量（Qe），当冷凝器、蒸发器换热量及压缩机功率满足式（14）时，可迭代得出此时的te，进而再通过风机模型和结除霜修正模型得到此时的整机制热能耗（Wt）和COP。
2.2 市政热网换热模型
在该系统中，供暖用户的三介质换热器的水通道连接至二次网，二次网通过水-水换热器与一次网换热。其中，供暖用户和热水网路均采用质调节的方式进行供热调节[17]。在进行供热质调节时，水-水换热器的热平衡方程如式（21）所示，其中换热器在设计工况和运行工况下的对数平均温差分别如式（22）和式（23）所示，进而可得到在运行工况下各点水温和负荷比的关系如式（24）所示。
式中：为运行工况与设计工况下的负荷比；为换热器不同工况下传热系数比，由于流量不变，该值为1；和为设计工况下一次网的供水温度和回水温度，分别为120、70 ℃[17]；和分别为二次网的供水温度和回水温度，分别为85、60 ℃[17]；τ1、τ2、tg和th分别为运行工况下一次网的供、回水温度和二次网的供、回水温度，℃。
根据用户侧的热负荷，以及室内机三介质换热器的传热模型，可求解此时的二次网供、回水温度，进而根据水-水换热器模型可计算此时的一次网供、回水温度。
2.3 建筑模型
本文选取了北京市的一层办公建筑为案例，如图7所示，共有8个房间，每个房间长6 m，宽4 m，高3.6 m。北京市的供暖时间为11月15日至次年3月15日，过渡季为3月16日至5月14日和9月16日至11月14日，供暖时间为07：00—20：00，室内设定温度为20 ℃。建筑的所有外围护结构参数符合标准[18]要求，室外逐时参数由DeST软件获取，且建筑负荷由DeST软件逐时计算[19]。
本文以房间1为例进行分析，其全年冷热负荷如图8所示，根据夏季制冷工况进行选型，设有一台型号为KFR-35GW的空调器，其室内机和室外机内的换热器、压缩机、风机风量等参数由厂家样本拟合，如表1所示。且所有房间内的空调器的室内机通过水路并联接入二次网，且每个用户侧支路的水流量为0.8 m3/h。后文将重点研究该系统在供暖季及过渡季用于供暖时的保障效果。
3 结果与分析
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本节对所提系统在用于建筑供暖时的保障效果进行分析，包括供暖季时采用市政热水供暖时的所需水温变化及过渡季采用直膨式机组供暖时的性能。
3.1 供暖季供暖效果分析
该系统在供暖季采用市政热水为建筑供暖，其二次网逐时供水需求温度如图9（a）所示，在整个供暖季，用于满足室内负荷需求的二次网供水温度为20~54 ℃。受室外气象影响，在供暖季中期要求的供水温度较高，初期和末期较低。二次网的供水温度区间及频数如图9（b）所示，由于供暖季大部分时间建筑为部分负荷运行，25~35 ℃的所需二次网供水温度占据了供暖季62%的时间段。
在整个供暖季中，用于满足室内负荷需求的一次网供水温度为35~74 ℃，如图10（a）所示。与二次网水温变化规律类似，所需供水温度在供暖季中期较高，初期和末期较低。一次网的供水温度区间及频数如图10（b）所示，40~55 ℃的所需二次网供水温度占据了供暖季71%的时间段。且最高要求温度低于75 ℃，低于现有市政热水的一次网设计温度，故能有效保障整个供暖季的供暖需求。
在供暖季用于间歇供暖时，由于该系统采用高温热水的风机盘管式系统，相较于直膨式系统供暖，无需经历润滑油加热、压缩机启动、压差建立等过程，室内升温更快且舒适性更好[20]。
3.2 过渡季供暖效果分析
在过渡季时，对该房间的热负荷进行逐时计算，如图11（a）所示，建筑在较多时段存在热负荷，且集中在供暖季开始前及结束后的一段时间。热负荷区间及频率如图11（b）所示，最大热负荷为3.28 kW，且大部分负荷集中在1.5 kW以下。由于市政热网停止供应，该系统可采用直膨式末端为建筑供暖，且此时热负荷低于该空调器的供热量，故能保障其在整个过渡季的供暖需求。
对过渡季采用空调器供暖时的系统能效进行计算，如图12（a）所示，空调器的COP集中在2.1~4.3。逐时能效区间及频数如图12（b）所示，在空调器运行时，由于室外空气温度较高，且建筑多为部分负荷工况，COP超过3.5的运行时间占总运行时间的49%。故该系统在满足整个过渡季供暖需求的同时能实现高效运行。
由上述分析可知，建筑在过渡季供暖时会存在较多的低负荷工况，而直膨式空调在低负荷运行时机组能效较低[21]。本文提出的水氟互联空调系统可以在过渡季低负荷工况工作时，部分机组的压缩机停止运转，其供暖的房间所需热量由其他运行机组提供，并通过水环路将热量传递至该房间。因此，部分运行的机组承担了所有房间的负荷，运行机组的负荷率增高，从而可进一步提升系统能效。
4 结论
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本文提出一种利用市政热水直接供暖的水氟互联空调系统，利用三介质换热器实现直膨式热泵和集中热网供暖的灵活切换，以北京的某办公建筑为例，按夏季空调工况进行机组选型，建立了系统性能模拟模型，分析其在供暖季及过渡季的供暖效果，得到结论如下：
1）在供暖季，该系统采用市政热水供暖，所需的用户侧水温低于54 ℃，一次网水温低于74 ℃，低于现有热网设计温度，能保障供暖季的供暖需求。
2）在过渡季，该系统采用直膨式空调供暖，其机组容量高于过渡季尖峰负荷，且在49%的运行时间内能效超过3.5，故该系统在满足整个过渡季供暖需求的同时能实现高效运行。
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52178078)
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.038
  • 接收时间：2023-12-04
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期：2023-12-04
  • 修回日期：2023-12-21
  • 录用日期：2024-01-30
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178078)
国家自然科学基金(52178078)
作者信息
    1清华大学建筑学院　北京　100084
    2青岛海尔空调电子有限公司　青岛　266000

通讯作者:

李先庭，男，教授，清华大学建筑学院，（010）62785860，E-mail：。研究方向：面向需求的非均匀环境营造理论与节能高效的人工环境系统。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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