Article(id=1239175125879280207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.059, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699804800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-13, revisedDate=1702137600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-10, acceptedDate=1706025600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-24, onlineDate=1773371972769, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371972769, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371972769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371972769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=59, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175126072218192, articleId=1239175125879280207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Rapid Cooling Characteristics of Load with Large Heat Capacity in Joule-Thomson Refrigerator Using Helium, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Helium throttling refrigeration technology is a key cooling method used in liquid helium temperature zones in space. Research on the rapid cooling of chillers coupled with large heat capacity loads is important for the efficient operation of large heat capacity loads. To clarify the cooling characteristics of helium throttling chillers under different rapid cooling schemes, cooling experiments with no additional measures scheme, room-temperature valve bypass scheme, and thermal switch scheme were conducted based on GM pre-cooled helium Joule-Thomson chillers under different heat capacity loads. The experimental results show that the load-free pull-down times of the three schemes were 39.8 h, 20.5 h, and 19 h, respectively. Based on thermodynamics and heat transfer theories, the changes in the radiation, convection, heat conduction, and throttling source terms during no-load cooling were quantitatively analyzed, and the reasons for the difference in cooling time of helium throttling chillers under different schemes were explained. With a simulated load of 0.136 kg of copper, schemes of the room-temperature valve bypass and hot switch were adopted, and the corresponding cooling times were 25.5 h and 20 h, respectively. The experimental results show that the cooling effects of the thermal switch and room-temperature valve bypass scheme are essentially the same for the cooling of a small heat capacity load. Therefore, thermal switch cooling has significant advantages for large-heat-capacity load cooling.

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Liu Shaoshuai, male, associate researcher, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, 86-13167065771, E-mail: . Research fields: space deep and low temperature mechanical refrigeration technology.
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氦节流制冷技术是空间液氦温区的主流制冷技术之一,制冷机耦合大热容负载的快速降温研究对大热容载荷的高效工作具有重要研究意义。为了明晰不同快速降温方案下氦节流制冷机的降温特性,基于GM预冷氦节流制冷机开展了不同热容负载下,无附加措施降温方案、室温阀旁通方案及热开关方案的降温实验研究。实验结果表明:无热容负载下降温时间分别为39.8、20.5、19 h;基于热力学和传热学理论,定量分析了无热容负载降温过程中辐射项、对流项、导热项及节流源项的变化规律,阐明了不同方案下氦节流制冷机降温时间差异的原因。耦合0.136 kg铜的模拟负载时,采用室温阀旁通和热开关降温方案,降温时间分别为25.5 h和20 h。实验结果表明:对于小热容负载降温,热开关与室温阀旁通方案的降温效果基本一致;对于大热容负载降温,热开关降温具有显著优势。

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刘少帅,男,副研究员,中国科学院上海技术物理研究所,13167065771,E-mail:。研究方向:空间深低温机械制冷技术研究。
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PHX预冷换热器;CFHX逆流式换热器。

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氦节流制冷机耦合大热容负载快速降温特性
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江天舒 1, 2 , 陈志超 2 , 刘少帅 2, 3 , 卢李昊 2, 3 , 蒋珍华 2, 3 , 吴亦农 1, 2, 3
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 59-66
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 59-66
氦节流制冷机耦合大热容负载快速降温特性
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江天舒1, 2, 陈志超2, 刘少帅2, 3 , 卢李昊2, 3, 蒋珍华2, 3, 吴亦农1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1上海科技大学信息科学与技术学院 上海 200031
  • 2中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 上海 200083
  • 3中国科学院大学 北京 100049

通讯作者:

刘少帅,男,副研究员,中国科学院上海技术物理研究所,13167065771,E-mail:。研究方向:空间深低温机械制冷技术研究。
Rapid Cooling Characteristics of Load with Large Heat Capacity in Joule-Thomson Refrigerator Using Helium
Tianshu Jiang1, 2, Zhichao Chen2, Shaoshuai Liu2, 3 , Lihao Lu2, 3, Zhenhua Jiang2, 3, Yinong Wu1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Information Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
  • 2.Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200083, China
  • 3.University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.059
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氦节流制冷技术是空间液氦温区的主流制冷技术之一,制冷机耦合大热容负载的快速降温研究对大热容载荷的高效工作具有重要研究意义。为了明晰不同快速降温方案下氦节流制冷机的降温特性,基于GM预冷氦节流制冷机开展了不同热容负载下,无附加措施降温方案、室温阀旁通方案及热开关方案的降温实验研究。实验结果表明:无热容负载下降温时间分别为39.8、20.5、19 h;基于热力学和传热学理论,定量分析了无热容负载降温过程中辐射项、对流项、导热项及节流源项的变化规律,阐明了不同方案下氦节流制冷机降温时间差异的原因。耦合0.136 kg铜的模拟负载时,采用室温阀旁通和热开关降温方案,降温时间分别为25.5 h和20 h。实验结果表明:对于小热容负载降温,热开关与室温阀旁通方案的降温效果基本一致;对于大热容负载降温,热开关降温具有显著优势。

Helium throttling refrigeration technology is a key cooling method used in liquid helium temperature zones in space. Research on the rapid cooling of chillers coupled with large heat capacity loads is important for the efficient operation of large heat capacity loads. To clarify the cooling characteristics of helium throttling chillers under different rapid cooling schemes, cooling experiments with no additional measures scheme, room-temperature valve bypass scheme, and thermal switch scheme were conducted based on GM pre-cooled helium Joule-Thomson chillers under different heat capacity loads. The experimental results show that the load-free pull-down times of the three schemes were 39.8 h, 20.5 h, and 19 h, respectively. Based on thermodynamics and heat transfer theories, the changes in the radiation, convection, heat conduction, and throttling source terms during no-load cooling were quantitatively analyzed, and the reasons for the difference in cooling time of helium throttling chillers under different schemes were explained. With a simulated load of 0.136 kg of copper, schemes of the room-temperature valve bypass and hot switch were adopted, and the corresponding cooling times were 25.5 h and 20 h, respectively. The experimental results show that the cooling effects of the thermal switch and room-temperature valve bypass scheme are essentially the same for the cooling of a small heat capacity load. Therefore, thermal switch cooling has significant advantages for large-heat-capacity load cooling.

江天舒, 陈志超, 刘少帅, 卢李昊, 蒋珍华, 吴亦农. 氦节流制冷机耦合大热容负载快速降温特性. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.059
Tianshu Jiang, Zhichao Chen, Shaoshuai Liu, Lihao Lu, Zhenhua Jiang, Yinong Wu. Rapid Cooling Characteristics of Load with Large Heat Capacity in Joule-Thomson Refrigerator Using Helium[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 59 -66 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.059
航空航天技术的发展为人类探索宇宙提供了重要帮助。在空间探测任务中,探测器为获得更高灵敏度、信噪比、分辨率并降低噪声对深低温技术提出了迫切需求[1-4]。目前用于深低温制冷机的技术主要有:斯特林制冷机技术、脉冲管制冷技术、预冷型氦节流(JT)制冷机技术、杜瓦技术、吸附式制冷技术、稀释制冷技术和绝热去磁制冷技术等。其中液氦温区(4.2 K)不仅是某些探测器的工作温区,也是mK级温区制冷机的前级预冷温区。线性压缩机驱动的预冷型氦JT制冷机[5]具有寿命长、重量低、可靠性高、冷端无运动部件等优点,已成为空间液氦温区的主流制冷技术之一。
为满足未来空间探测应用的需求,国内外相关机构陆续展开了研究。2009年,由日本宇宙开发局(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency,JAXA)、日本通信研究实验室、住友重工[6]联合开发的SMILES发射成功。K. Otsuka等[7]使用两级斯特林预冷氦节流制冷机为亚毫米天线和超导绝缘层混频器和高电子迁移率晶体管放大器提供29 mW@4.5 K的制冷性能,总降温时间为70 h。2010年对同样的机器优化,旁通三级逆流式换热器高压侧管路与节流小孔,使降温时间缩短至57 h。普朗克项目(Planck)是探测宇宙微波各向异性的空间飞行任务[8],为给高频仪器焦平面和低频仪器参考载荷提供低于5 K的工作环境并为稀释制冷机提供预冷,卢瑟福-阿普尔顿实验室(Rutherford Appleton Laboratory,RAL)与欧洲航天局(European Space Agency,ESA)[9-10]研制了使用空间辐射制冷技术和氢吸附制冷机作为预冷的氦节流制冷机。为加速降温,T. W. Bradshaw等[11-12]采用了旁通三级逆流式换热器高压侧管路与节流阀的方案,并单独为旁通管设计了预冷换热器。地面实验样机测试中,空载情况下两级GM制冷机预冷的氦节流制冷机总降温时间为17 h[13]。2009年,随Planck卫星升空后,由于冷端负载及预冷方式不同,启动JT制冷达到4 K温区用时40 h[14]。K. Banks等[15]于2008年报道了詹姆斯-韦伯空间望远镜(James Webb Space Telescope,JWST)中红外仪器(Mid-Infrared Instmment,MIRI)低温制冷系统的原型机,采用三级脉管制冷机预冷,可为JWST提供90.2 mW@6.2 K的制冷性能。JWST项目所需寿命为5年零6个月,而主机天文台的冷却速度非常慢,需要3个月的时间从300 K冷却至接近40 K。2010年,JWST整体热设计发生改变,可在400 W的输入功下获得75 mW@6.2 K的制冷性能,综合科学仪器模块的第1次降温实验从300 K降至6 K用时约18 d[16]。2018年,马跃学等[17]报道了一台氦节流制冷机,采用三级脉管制冷机预冷,可提供81.5 mW@4.48 K的制冷性能,在未采取加速降温方案以及未耦合热容负载的情况下实验样机的降温时间为12.8 h。2020年,陈志超等[18]报道了一台两级脉管预冷氦节流制冷机,两级脉管制冷机提供15 K的预冷温度,最终获得了100 mW@4.5 K的制冷性能,制冷机采用旁通逆流式换热器低压侧的加速降温方案,未耦合热容负载的降温时间为10 h。
综上所述,耦合了科学载荷的氦节流制冷机降温时间通常需要数十小时以上,极大影响了科学载荷的工作效率与有效工作时间。为实现氦节流制冷机耦合大热容科学装置的快速降温,本文基于GM预冷闭式氦节流制冷机实验台,开展了多种方式降温实验研究,并对氦节流制冷机的降温过程进行量化分析,明晰了氦节流制冷机快速降温机理,为耦合热容的氦节流制冷机快速降温提供理论和实验指导。
典型结构的氦节流制冷机如图1所示,主要包含两级预冷机、多级直流线性压缩机组、预冷换热器(PHX)、逆流式换热器(CFHX)、节流小孔和蒸发器。各部件通过管道连接,形成闭式JT循环。多级直流线性压缩机提供循环高低压,高压氦气经压缩机组压缩后,经CFHXs和PHXs依次预冷。节流前高压氦气的温度低于转变温度(约为45 K),具有节流制冷效应。经节流小孔等焓节流,高压氦气转化为低压两相氦气。液氦通过在蒸发器腔中的相变吸热,在液氦温区提供冷量。最后,低压氦气经CFHXs回热后回流多级直流线性压缩机组。
氦节流制冷机降温过程中,JT循环的高压氦气经PHX2冷却后进入CFHX3的高压管路,然而进入CFHX3的高压低温氦气与回流的低压高温氦气形成逆温度梯度,导致进入CFHX3的冷量绝大部分被回流的低压高温氦气带出CFHX3,使得二级冷头向氦节流制冷机末级(包含CFHX3、节流小孔和蒸发器)传递的净冷量降低,增大了氦节流制冷机末级的降温时间。同时,由于高温下氦气经过节流小孔阻抗较大,JT循环的质量流量远低于制冷工况下的质量流量,限制了二级冷头向末级传递冷量。并且由于降温过程中节流前温度高于氦气转化温度,高压氦气经过节流小孔发生节流制热,这部分热负荷进一步增大了蒸发器的降温时间。
为使降温过程中二级冷头冷量高效传递至蒸发器,通常采用旁通低压管路、高压管路、节流部件及其他辅助措施加速降温。图1所示为几种典型的快速降温方案,具体分析介绍如下:
1)低温阀旁通。
图1(a)所示为由低温阀控制,旁通末级CFHX高压管路和节流小孔的快速降温方案[19],为目前氦节流制冷机中的主流旁通方案。通过在三级高压入口和节流后设置旁通管路,将末级CFHX3的高压管路和节流部件进行旁通,使PHX2出口高压氦气携带的冷量可直接传递至蒸发器,同时避免了节流小孔的影响。该方案仅旁通了CFHX3的高压管路,CFHX1和CFHX2中低压管路回流氦气的冷量可被充分回收,降低了预冷机的热负荷,减少了预冷机的降温时间。然而该方案的难点在于高可靠和小型的低温旁通阀,国内目前尚未发现满足氦节流制冷机应用需求的商用低温电磁阀,仅美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)和JAXA采取了该旁通方案。
2)室温阀旁通。
图1(b)所示为室温阀控制,旁通CFHXs低压侧的结构。通过在CFHX3低压入口设置旁通管路,旁通CFHXs各级低压管路。该方案下高压氦气经PHX2冷却后携带的冷量可以全部传递给蒸发器,有效增大了向制冷机末级传递的净冷量。然而旁通CFHXs低压侧管路的劣势在于随着末级温度的降低,从旁通管路回流氦气的冷量无法回收利用,高压管路中氦气的冷却完全依靠两级预冷换热器;同时未旁通节流小孔,高温区仍存在节流制热负荷,且无法有效提高质量流量。
3)热开关。
图1(c)所示为氦节流制冷机耦合热开关快速降温的结构。热开关冷端与预冷机二级冷头热耦合,热端通过柔性冷链与蒸发节流部件连接,预冷降温阶段热开关保持连通,二级冷头的冷量可通过热传导的方式直接传递至蒸发器。当吸附泵温度降低,热开关断开时,漏热量通常为若干mW,对整机影响较小。该方案无需设置额外管路及阀门,极大降低了系统的复杂性,提高了系统可靠性。然而受热开关尺寸及传热距离限制,热开关无法实现远距离快速降温。
GM制冷机具有冷量大、稳定性高、降温速度快等优势,因此选择GM预冷氦节流制冷机开展无附加措施、室温阀旁通、热开关3种方案的降温实验,研究氦节流制冷机多方案降温特性。
图2所示为3种方案降温曲线。无附加措施方案降温时间最长,室温阀旁通其次,热开关降温时间最短,验证了2种加速降温方案的效果。
氦气的转变温度约为45 K,因此,在氦气节流前温度高于45 K时,蒸发器处无冷量产生。根据蒸发器处有无冷量产生可将氦节流制冷机的降温分为2个阶段,高温区(T>45 K)的降温阶段和低温区(T<45 K)的降温阶段。低温区的降温过程如图3所示。理想情况下,此阶段3种方案的降温时间并无显著差异。实际实验过程中,无附加措施方案<热开关方案<室温阀旁通方案。这是由于无附加措施方案降温过程中,JT循环保持完整,节流后温度分布较为均匀;室温阀旁通方案中,通常是当节流前温度接近二级预冷温度时关闭旁通阀,而此时CFHX3低压入口仍处于较高温区,工质与CFHX3低压侧管路进行换热导致温度升高,增加了这一阶段的降温时间;热开关方案中,冷量直接由二级冷头传输到蒸发器,导致节流前温度略高于蒸发器,从而影响降温时间。
为研究氦节流制冷机降温特性及2种方案加速降温机理,计算3种方案降温过程瞬态导热量。以蒸发器为分析对象,无附加措施方案和室温阀旁通方案中,蒸发器的热交换以4种途径进行,分别为蒸发器与二级冷头和二级冷屏间的辐射传热、蒸发器与二级冷头沿CFHX管壁轴向导热、工质节流效应传热和工质与蒸发器腔对流传热。热开关方案中还存在蒸发器与二级冷头间的直接导热。
1)辐射传热项。
式中:Qrad为辐射传热量,W;σ为斯忒藩-玻耳兹曼常量,5.67×10-8 W/(m2·K4);Aeva为蒸发器表面积,m2A2nd为二级冷头和二级冷屏内表面积,m2εH为高温侧表面发射率;εL为低温侧表面发射率;Teva为蒸发器温度,K;T2nd为二级冷头温度,K。
2)导热项。
式中:Qd为导热量,W;为温度为TCFHX3时不锈钢导热系数,W/(m·K);S为逆流式换热器横截面面积,m2L为逆流式换热器长度,m。
3)节流源项。
式中:QJT为节流效应传热量,W;Qm为JT循环质量流量,kg/s;HCFHX3,H,out为CFHX3高压出口工质焓值,kJ/kg;Heva,L为蒸发器内工质焓值,kJ/kg。
4)对流传热项。
对于对流传热项,直接计算较为复杂,因此利用蒸发器总传热量与其他项做差值计算对流传热量。
式中:Q为蒸发器总传热量,W;cpCu,Teva为温度Teva时铜的比定压热容,J/(kg·K);meva为蒸发器质量,kg;Δt为时间间隔,s;i表示i时刻;Qv为对流传热量,W。
5)热开关导热项。
热开关传热系数根据实验室现有热开关性能进行拟合。
式中:Qrkg为热开关导热量,W;hrkg为热开关传热系数,W/(m2·K);Arkg为热开关冷、热端面积,m2
6)热开关方案中的对流传热项。
图4所示为无附加措施方案降温过程瞬态导热量随时间的变化。由图4可知,降温过程中轴向导热量较小,维持在10-4~10-2 mW的量级,对氦节流制冷机降温的影响较小,可以忽略不计。高温区降温阶段,高压氦气温度高于45 K,流经节流小孔时发生节流制热,带来约2 mW的热负荷,对氦节流制冷机的降温有一定阻碍作用。降温初期,预冷机两级冷头迅速降至60 K、10 K温区,并维持稳定工况,此时蒸发器与二级冷头的温差较大,两者间辐射传热强度远高于其他形式的传热,因此这一时期蒸发器的降温完全由辐射传热主导。随着蒸发器温度降低,二级冷头与蒸发器的温差逐渐缩小,辐射传热强度降低。同时由于节流前温度降低,节流小孔阻抗减小,系统质量流量增大,工质从二级冷头带入蒸发器的冷量增加,对流传热强度增大。降温约25 h时,对流传热开始主导降温。蒸发器降至液氦温区后,工质节流产生冷量,这部分冷量从CFHX低压侧流出制冷机末级,因此计算结果中表现为对流传热量为负值。
图5所示为室温阀旁通方案降温过程瞬态导热量随时间的变化。与无附加措施方案相比,室温阀旁通方案降温初期,蒸发器的降温仍由辐射传热主导,然而高压来流氦气从预冷机二级冷头带来的冷量全部输送至蒸发器中,对流传热对蒸发器的降温起一定作用。降温9 h时,蒸发器与二级冷头温差减小,辐射传热量降低,对流传热强度超过辐射传热强度,对流传热开始主导蒸发器降温。降温约18 h时,节流前温度降至约25 K,具有较强的节流制冷效应,关闭旁通阀,开启JT循环。此时CFHX3低压入口温度约70 K,工质从二级冷头带来的冷量用来冷却CFHXs低压侧管路,导致工质温度迅速升高,引起蒸发器温度上升,因此总传热量为负值。
图6所示为热开关方案降温过程瞬态导热量随时间的变化。氦节流制冷机耦合热开关的快速降温方案中,二级冷头的冷量通过热开关与柔性冷链直接从二级冷头传输至蒸发器。高温区降温阶段,降温由热开关导热主导,蒸发器与二级冷头温差较小,因此辐射传热强度较低。当热开关吸附泵降至30 K附近时,热开关断开,由前人实验[20]测得热开关闭合状态下的漏热为1.36 mW。热开关断开后,工质与蒸发器腔的对流传热开始主导降温,最终蒸发器降至液氦温区,工质节流产生冷量。
根据不同降温方案降温过程瞬态导热量的变化,降温过程中室温阀旁通方案、热开关方案分别通过增强对流传热和直接导热的方式提高预冷机二级冷头传递至蒸发器的净冷量。降温初期,室温阀旁通方案中,蒸发器的降温仍由辐射传热主导,辐射传热量占总传热量的60%~80%;而热开关方案在高温区降温阶段均由热开关导热主导蒸发器降温,随蒸发器温度降低,热开关导热占比逐渐增大,证明了热开关方案对提高进入蒸发器的净冷量具有更大优势。
通过对热开关和室温阀旁通方案传热过程的量化分析,验证了2种方案均可实现有效将预冷机二级冷头冷量传递至蒸发器,实现氦节流制冷机的快速降温。基于2种快速降温方案,本文开展了耦合热容负载下的降温实验,研究冷端热容对氦节流制冷机降温的影响。耦合热容负载的降温实验装置如图7所示。通过在蒸发器上耦合0.136 kg铜作为热容负载开展降温实验。
图8所示为2种快速降温方案下不同热容负载的降温曲线。耦合了热容负载的室温阀旁通方案降温时间相比无热容时的降温时间增加了5 h。
根据2.2.1节的计算可得耦合热容负载下室温旁通方案的瞬态导热曲线,图9所示为该方案下蒸发器降温过程的传热特性,可见热容负载的增加对蒸发器降温过程传热特性影响较小。通过对温度变化积分计算总传热量,蒸发器降温所需总传热量由5.359 kJ增至6.817 kJ,而降温过程仍由对流传热主导。2种热容负载实验中仅热容参数发生变化,高低压保持不变,系统循环流量变化较小,进入蒸发器的净冷量无明显变化,因此增加蒸发器热容负载增大了降温总传热,对整机降温时间影响较大。
热开关方案中,热容参数的变化对降温时间影响较小,降温时间增量仅为1 h。根据2.2.1节的计算可得耦合热容负载下热开关方案的瞬态导热曲线,图10所示为该方案下蒸发器降温过程的传热特性,可知与无热容的实验相比,高温区降温阶段蒸发器的降温仍由热开关导热主导,当蒸发器热容负载增大后,蒸发器与二级冷头间的传热温差由12 K增至16 K,表明二级冷头通过热开关向蒸发器传递的净冷量增大。低温区的降温过程分别在19 h和19.6 h时对热开关吸附泵增加了100 mW的加热,增加了内热源,从而导致蒸发器温度升高,表现为节流源项先升高再降低,总传热出现波动。对整个降温过程,蒸发器热容的增加对整机降温时间的影响较小。
可知,当氦节流制冷机耦合大热容负载时,相比室温阀旁通的方案,热开关方案能更有效地将冷量传递至蒸发器,表明热开关对于耦合热容的氦节流制冷机快速降温具有显著优势。
为实现氦节流制冷机耦合大热容科学装置的快速降温,本文基于GM预冷氦节流制冷机开展了无附加措施、室温阀旁通和热开关3种方案的降温实验研究,得到结论如下:
1)3种方案降温时间分别为39.8、20.5、19 h,验证了室温阀旁通和热开关方案对缩短降温时间的显著效果。
2)定量分析了3种方案降温过程的瞬态导热量,明晰了氦节流制冷机降温特性及室温阀旁通和热开关方案的加速降温机理。
3)为验证耦合热容情况下氦节流制冷机的降温特性,开展了耦合热容快速降温的实验。结果显示,室温阀旁通方案和热开关方案的降温时间分别为25.5 h和20 h,室温阀旁通方案中制冷机的降温主要由对流传热主导,相比无热容负载时输入蒸发器的净冷量变化较小,整机降温受热容参数影响较大,降温时间增量为5 h。热开关方案中制冷机的降温由热开关导热主导,相比无热容负载时输入蒸发器净冷量增加,降温时间增量仅为1 h。由此表明对于耦合热容负载的氦节流制冷机降温,热开关方案相比室温阀旁通方案具有更大的优势。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51806231)
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2025年第46卷第2期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.059
  • 接收时间:2023-11-13
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-13
  • 修回日期:2023-12-10
  • 录用日期:2024-01-24
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51806231)
国家自然科学基金(51806231)
作者信息
    1上海科技大学信息科学与技术学院 上海 200031
    2中国科学院上海技术物理研究所 上海 200083
    3中国科学院大学 北京 100049

通讯作者:

刘少帅,男,副研究员,中国科学院上海技术物理研究所,13167065771,E-mail:。研究方向:空间深低温机械制冷技术研究。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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