首页 期刊 论文 学科刊群 资讯 加盟 关于
EN
image
Article(id=1239175122997801913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1699632000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-11, revisedDate=1702483200000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-14, acceptedDate=1706457600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-01-29, onlineDate=1773371972082, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371972082, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371972082, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371972082, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=28, endPage=37, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175123157185466, articleId=1239175122997801913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Comparative Study on the Main Performance Improvement Methods of Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System for New Energy Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transcritical CO2 heat pump air-conditioning systems have gained prominence in new energy vehicle thermal management due to their energy-saving and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the relatively low coefficient of performance (COP) in cooling mode remains a significant obstacle to developing transcritical CO2 heat pump air conditioning systems. To enhance system performance, five technical approaches are proposed: internal heat exchangers (IHX), expanders, vortex tubes, ejectors, and combined multiple evaporation steps with vapor injection. The performances of these methods were evaluated through one-dimensional theoretical calculations under vehicle operating conditions. Results indicate that optimizing discharge pressure is critical for all methods, with varying degrees of COP improvement. Expanders provide the most comprehensive benefits, ejectors perform well under specific design conditions, IHX shows notable enhancements in cooling mode, and vortex tubes and combined multiple evaporation steps with vapor injection exhibit broad adaptability across working conditions. These findings offer valuable insights for practical engineering applications and support the adoption of transcritical CO2 heat pump systems in new energy vehicles.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Song Yulong, male, associate professor, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 86-13488264214, E-mail: . Research fields: novel applications of the transcritical CO2 technology.
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengying Yang, Jingwen Ding, Hongsheng Xie, Yulong Song, Feng Cao, Xiangyang Dai), CN=ArticleExt(id=1239175130937618581, articleId=1239175122997801913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=CN, title=新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统主要性能提升方法对比, columnId=0, journalTitle=制冷学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了提升新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统的性能，针对回热器、膨胀机、涡流管、喷射器和多蒸发温度补气5种技术方法，采用一维理论计算，在新能源车辆运行工况下得到各系统性能并进行对比。结果表明：采用不同性能提升方法的系统均需考虑排气压力的优化，制冷模式下系统COP均得到一定程度提升。膨胀机在综合工况下具有最佳效果，喷射器在设计工况下表现良好，回热器在制冷模式下效果明显，涡流管和多蒸发温度补气全工况适应性较好。结果可为各个性能提升方法的实际工程应用提供一定参考，促进跨临界CO2热泵空调系统的推广应用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
宋昱龙，男，副教授，西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，13488264214，E-mail：。研究方向：跨临界CO2应用新技术。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=J71QkQ1l0tEx/2Egm4aw2w==, magXml=Ih1XPisce018vvDgshVWDA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=cmtdnvy1fL7OpW7blNN+Fg==, pdfFileSize=9874148, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=XwIWxwPf4NebcS0aU4+klg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=By/LsJklbfJbZOtgSDWe0g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=杨梦莹, 丁静雯, 谢宏生, 宋昱龙, 曹锋, 戴向阳)}, authors=[Author(id=1239175131675816128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239175131776479433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175131675816128, language=EN, stringName=Mengying Yang, firstName=Mengying, middleName=null, lastName=Yang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239175131856171216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175131675816128, language=CN, stringName=杨梦莹, firstName=梦莹, middleName=null, lastName=杨, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131281551524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131289940133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131298328743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安)])]), Author(id=1239175131961028826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239175132099440867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175131961028826, language=EN, stringName=Jingwen Ding, firstName=Jingwen, middleName=null, lastName=Ding, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239175132200104172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175131961028826, language=CN, stringName=丁静雯, firstName=静雯, middleName=null, lastName=丁, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司　300300　天津, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131386409132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131390603439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131386409132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131398992047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131386409132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司　300300　天津)])]), Author(id=1239175133701665015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239175133793939708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175133701665015, language=EN, stringName=Hongsheng Xie, firstName=Hongsheng, middleName=null, lastName=Xie, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239175133894603016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175133701665015, language=CN, stringName=谢宏生, firstName=宏生, middleName=null, lastName=谢, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131281551524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131289940133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131298328743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安)])]), Author(id=1239175134012043537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yulong.song@mail.xjtu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239175134150455581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175134012043537, language=EN, stringName=Yulong Song, firstName=Yulong, middleName=null, lastName=Song, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239175134267896102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175134012043537, language=CN, stringName=宋昱龙, firstName=昱龙, middleName=null, lastName=宋, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131281551524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131289940133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131298328743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安)])]), Author(id=1239175134376948015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239175134473417017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175134376948015, language=EN, stringName=Feng Cao, firstName=Feng, middleName=null, lastName=Cao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239175134561497411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175134376948015, language=CN, stringName=曹锋, firstName=锋, middleName=null, lastName=曹, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131281551524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131289940133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131298328743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安)])]), Author(id=1239175134666355018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1239175134767018328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175134666355018, language=EN, stringName=Xiangyang Dai, firstName=Xiangyang, middleName=null, lastName=Dai, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.Shenzhen Envicool Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518110, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1239175134871875938, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, authorId=1239175134666355018, language=CN, stringName=戴向阳, firstName=向阳, middleName=null, lastName=戴, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3深圳市英维克科技股份有限公司　518110　深圳, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131529015478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131537404087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131529015478, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Shenzhen Envicool Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518110, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131549987000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131529015478, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3深圳市英维克科技股份有限公司　518110　深圳)])])], keywords=null, refs=[Reference(id=1239175138218930690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=123, issue=null, pageStart=72, pageEnd=80, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=YIN Xiang, WANG Anci, FANG Jianmin, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIN Xiang, WANG Anci, FANG Jianmin, et al. Coupled effect of operation conditions and refrigerant charge on the performance of a transcritical CO2 automotive air conditioning system[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2021, 123: 72-80., articleTitle=Coupled effect of operation conditions and refrigerant charge on the performance of a transcritical CO2 automotive air conditioning system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138323788296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=266, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=AMATUNI L, OTTELIN J, STEUBING B, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AMATUNI L, OTTELIN J, STEUBING B, et al. Does car sharing reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Assessing the modal shift and lifetime shift rebound effects from a life cycle perspective[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 266: 121869., articleTitle=Does car sharing reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Assessing the modal shift and lifetime shift rebound effects from a life cycle perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138428645905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=121, issue=null, pageStart=10, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=WANG Yibiao, DONG Junqi, JIA Shiwei, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yibiao, DONG Junqi, JIA Shiwei, et al. Experimental comparison of R744 and R134a heat pump systems for electric vehicle application[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2021, 121: 10-22., articleTitle=Experimental comparison of R744 and R134a heat pump systems for electric vehicle application, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138520920599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=198, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=SHELLY T J, WEIBEL J A, ZIVIANI D, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHELLY T J, WEIBEL J A, ZIVIANI D, et al. Comparative analysis of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems under long-range drive cycles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 198: 117506., articleTitle=Comparative analysis of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems under long-range drive cycles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138638361119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=236, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=WANG Haidan, SONG Yulong, VALDISERRI P, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Haidan, SONG Yulong, VALDISERRI P, et al. Performance analysis of CO2 thermal management system for electric vehicles in winter[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 236: 121700., articleTitle=Performance analysis of CO2 thermal management system for electric vehicles in winter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138739024427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=66, issue=32, pageStart=4112, pageEnd=4128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, 等. 碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 2021, 66(32): 4112-4128., articleTitle=碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138856464942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=66, issue=32, pageStart=4112, pageEnd=4128, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=6, authorNames=WANG Congfei, CAO Feng, LI Mingjia, journalName=Chinese Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WANG Congfei, CAO Feng, LI Mingjia, et al. Research status and future development of thermal management system for new energy vehicles under the background of carbon neutrality[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2021, 66(32): 4112-4128.), articleTitle=Research status and future development of thermal management system for new energy vehicles under the background of carbon neutrality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175138978099764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=253, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=7, authorNames=MA Jing, SUN Yongfei, ZHANG Shiang, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA Jing, SUN Yongfei, ZHANG Shiang, et al. Experimental study on the performance of vehicle integrated thermal management system for pure electric vehicles[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 253: 115183., articleTitle=Experimental study on the performance of vehicle integrated thermal management system for pure electric vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139066180154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=137, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=8, authorNames=LIAN Yubo, LING Heping, ZHU Jiapeng, journalName=Control Engineering Practice, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIAN Yubo, LING Heping, ZHU Jiapeng, et al. Thermal management optimization strategy of electric vehicle based on dynamic programming[J]. Control Engineering Practice, 2023, 137: 105562., articleTitle=Thermal management optimization strategy of electric vehicle based on dynamic programming, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139154260546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=United Nations, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=United Nations. Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer[EB/OL]. (2016-11-23)[2023-11-10]. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2016/CN.872.2016-Eng.pdf., articleTitle=Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139263312460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=305, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=SONG Yulong, WANG Haidan, MA Yuan, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Yulong, WANG Haidan, MA Yuan, et al. Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles′ air conditioning systems[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 305: 117830., articleTitle=Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles′ air conditioning systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139368170066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=69, issue=null, pageStart=232, pageEnd=242, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=LEE H S, LEE M Y, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEE H S, LEE M Y. Steady state and start-up performance characteristics of air source heat pump for cabin heating in an electric passenger vehicle[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016, 69: 232-242., articleTitle=Steady state and start-up performance characteristics of air source heat pump for cabin heating in an electric passenger vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139477221977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=228, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=JI Hongzeng, PEI Jinchen, NIU Junjia, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JI Hongzeng, PEI Jinchen, NIU Junjia, et al. Hybrid offline and online strategy for optimal high pressure seeking of the transcritical CO2 heat pump system in an electric vehicle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 228: 120514., articleTitle=Hybrid offline and online strategy for optimal high pressure seeking of the transcritical CO2 heat pump system in an electric vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139603051105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=286, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=WAN Yuke, WU Chuang, LIU Chao, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WAN Yuke, WU Chuang, LIU Chao, et al. A novel self-condensing transcritical CO2 power cycle with a vortex tube: thermoeconomic assessment study and comparison[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 286: 117026., articleTitle=A novel self-condensing transcritical CO2 power cycle with a vortex tube: thermoeconomic assessment study and comparison, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139695325801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=16, issue=1, pageStart=4, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=LORENTZEN G, PETTERSEN J, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LORENTZEN G, PETTERSEN J. A new, efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1993, 16(1): 4-12., articleTitle=A new, efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139779211885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=178, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=WANG Yikai, YE Zuliang, SONG Yulong, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yikai, YE Zuliang, SONG Yulong, et al. Experimental investigation on the hot gas bypass defrosting in air source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 178: 115571., articleTitle=Experimental investigation on the hot gas bypass defrosting in air source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139858903669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=183, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=DONG Junqi, WANG Yibiao, JIA Shiwei, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DONG Junqi, WANG Yibiao, JIA Shiwei, et al. Experimental study of R744 heat pump system for electric vehicle application[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 183: 116191., articleTitle=Experimental study of R744 heat pump system for electric vehicle application, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175139951178365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=199, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=17, authorNames=WANG Yikai, ZONG Shuo, SONG Yulong, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Yikai, ZONG Shuo, SONG Yulong, et al. Experimental and techno-economic analysis of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater with fin-and-tube and microchannel heat exchanger[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 199: 117606., articleTitle=Experimental and techno-economic analysis of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater with fin-and-tube and microchannel heat exchanger, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140056035971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=236, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=18, authorNames=WANG Wenyi, YE Zuliang, YIN Xiang, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Wenyi, YE Zuliang, YIN Xiang, et al. Theoretical and experimental studies for a transcritical CO2 heat pump with spirally fluted tube gas cooler[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 236: 121414., articleTitle=Theoretical and experimental studies for a transcritical CO2 heat pump with spirally fluted tube gas cooler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140165087883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=48, issue=9, pageStart=81, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=宋昱龙, 唐学平, 王守国, journalName=西安交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋昱龙, 唐学平, 王守国, 等. 空气源跨临界CO2热泵最优排气压力的理论和实验[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2014, 48(9): 81-87., articleTitle=空气源跨临界CO2热泵最优排气压力的理论和实验, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140248973967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=48, issue=9, pageStart=81, pageEnd=87, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=SONG Yulong, TANG Xueping, WANG Shouguo, journalName=Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(SONG Yulong, TANG Xueping, WANG Shouguo, et al. Theoretical and experimental investigation for optimal discharge pressure of air-source trans-critical CO2 heat pump[J]. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, 2014, 48(9): 81-87.), articleTitle=Theoretical and experimental investigation for optimal discharge pressure of air-source trans-critical CO2 heat pump, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140349637268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=182, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=21, authorNames=ILLÁN-GÓMEZ F, SENA-CUEVAS V F, GARCÍA-CASCALES J R, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ILLÁN-GÓMEZ F, SENA-CUEVAS V F, GARCÍA-CASCALES J R, et al. Analysis of the optimal gas cooler pressure of a CO2 heat pump with gas bypass for hot water generation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 182: 116110., articleTitle=Analysis of the optimal gas cooler pressure of a CO2 heat pump with gas bypass for hot water generation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140425134746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=魏香羽, 宋昱龙, 曹锋, journalName=压缩机技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏香羽, 宋昱龙, 曹锋. 电动客车跨临界CO2空调系统充注量优化及性能研究[J]. 压缩机技术, 2021(4): 1-9., articleTitle=电动客车跨临界CO2空调系统充注量优化及性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140504826526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=23, authorNames=WEI Xiangyu, SONG Yulong, CAO Feng, journalName=Compressor Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(WEI Xiangyu, SONG Yulong, CAO Feng. Research on performance and optimization of charge of transcritical CO2 air conditioning system for electric bus[J]. Compressor Technology, 2021(4): 1-9.), articleTitle=Research on performance and optimization of charge of transcritical CO2 air conditioning system for electric bus, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140601295524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=107, issue=null, pageStart=105, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=24, authorNames=JIANG Fuzheng, WANG Yufeng, YU Binbin, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG Fuzheng, WANG Yufeng, YU Binbin, et al. Effects of various operating conditions on the performance of a CO2 air conditioning system for trains[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2019, 107: 105-113., articleTitle=Effects of various operating conditions on the performance of a CO2 air conditioning system for trains, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140676793001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=664, pageEnd=674, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=RIGOLA J, ABLANQUE N, PÉREZ-SEGARRA C D, journalName=International Journal of Refrigeration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RIGOLA J, ABLANQUE N, PÉREZ-SEGARRA C D, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of internal heat exchanger influence on CO2 trans-critical cycle performance[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 33(4): 664-674., articleTitle=Numerical simulation and experimental validation of internal heat exchanger influence on CO2 trans-critical cycle performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140773261997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=51, issue=12, pageStart=2516, pageEnd=2522, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=26, authorNames=TIAN Hua, MA Yitai, LI Minxia, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=TIAN Hua, MA Yitai, LI Minxia, et al. Study on expansion power recovery in CO2 transcritical cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2010, 51(12): 2516-2522., articleTitle=Study on expansion power recovery in CO2 transcritical cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140861342388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=7840, pageEnd=7869, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=27, authorNames=SONG Yulong, CUI Ce, YIN Xiang, journalName=Energy Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SONG Yulong, CUI Ce, YIN Xiang, et al. Advanced development and application of transcritical CO2 refrigeration and heat pump technology—a review[J]. Energy Reports, 2022, 8: 7840-7869., articleTitle=Advanced development and application of transcritical CO2 refrigeration and heat pump technology—a review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175140945228471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=189, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=28, authorNames=YU Binbin, YANG Jingye, WANG Dandong, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU Binbin, YANG Jingye, WANG Dandong, et al. An updated review of recent advances on modified technologies in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle[J]. Energy, 2019, 189: 116147., articleTitle=An updated review of recent advances on modified technologies in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175141050086077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=49, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=29, authorNames=张振宇, 王丹东, 陈江平, journalName=制冷技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张振宇, 王丹东, 陈江平, 等. 制冷剂充注量及阀开度对带气液分离器的CO2汽车空调系统性能的影响[J]. 制冷技术, 2021, 41(3): 49-54., articleTitle=制冷剂充注量及阀开度对带气液分离器的CO2汽车空调系统性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175141138166467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=49, pageEnd=54, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=30, authorNames=ZHANG Zhenyu, WANG Dandong, CHEN Jiangping, journalName=Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(ZHANG Zhenyu, WANG Dandong, CHEN Jiangping, et al. Influences of refrigerant charge and valve opening on performance of CO2 automotive air-conditioning system with gas-liquid separator[J]. Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology, 2021, 41(3): 49-54.), articleTitle=Influences of refrigerant charge and valve opening on performance of CO2 automotive air-conditioning system with gas-liquid separator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175141234635466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=53, issue=5, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=31, authorNames=叶祖樑, 王驿凯, 潘祖栋, journalName=西安交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶祖樑, 王驿凯, 潘祖栋, 等. 空气源跨临界CO2热泵中回热器影响的研究[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2019, 53(5): 1-8., articleTitle=空气源跨临界CO2热泵中回热器影响的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175142694253263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=53, issue=5, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=32, authorNames=YE Zuliang, WANG Yikai, PAN Zudong, journalName=Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(YE Zuliang, WANG Yikai, PAN Zudong, et al. A study on the effect of the internal heat exchanger in an air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump system[J]. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, 2019, 53(5): 1-8.), articleTitle=A study on the effect of the internal heat exchanger in an air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175142794916565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=54, issue=6, pageStart=155, pageEnd=160, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=33, authorNames=方健珉, 王静, 孙西峰, journalName=西安交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=方健珉, 王静, 孙西峰, 等. 回热器对电动汽车跨临界CO2制冷系统影响的实验研究[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2020, 54(6): 155-160., articleTitle=回热器对电动汽车跨临界CO2制冷系统影响的实验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175142937522907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=54, issue=6, pageStart=155, pageEnd=160, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=34, authorNames=FANG Jianmin, WANG Jing, SUN Xifeng, journalName=Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(FANG Jianmin, WANG Jing, SUN Xifeng, et al. Effect of internal heat exchanger on transcritical CO2 refrigeration system of electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, 2020, 54(6): 155-160.), articleTitle=Effect of internal heat exchanger on transcritical CO2 refrigeration system of electric vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175143017214689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=35, authorNames=曹锋, 方健珉, 殷翔, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹锋, 方健珉, 殷翔, 等. 一种车用CO2增能型热管理系统及其控制方法: CN115284825A[P]. 2022-11-04., articleTitle=一种车用CO2增能型热管理系统及其控制方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175143134655205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=36, authorNames=CAO Feng, FANG Jianmin, YIN Xiang, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=(CAO Feng, FANG Jianmin, YIN Xiang, et al. An energy-increasing type heat management system and control method of CO2 for a vehicle: CN115284825A[P]. 2022-11-04.), articleTitle=An energy-increasing type heat management system and control method of CO2 for a vehicle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175143243707115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=48, issue=9, pageStart=1823, pageEnd=1828, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=37, authorNames=SARKAR J, journalName=International Journal of Thermal Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SARKAR J. Cycle parameter optimization of vortex tube expansion transcritical CO2 system[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2009, 48(9): 1823-1828., articleTitle=Cycle parameter optimization of vortex tube expansion transcritical CO2 system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175143415673585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=16, issue=7, pageStart=4927, pageEnd=4937, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=38, authorNames=SUMERU K, NASUTION H, ANI F N, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SUMERU K, NASUTION H, ANI F N. A review on two-phase ejector as an expansion device in vapor compression refrigeration cycle[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(7): 4927-4937., articleTitle=A review on two-phase ejector as an expansion device in vapor compression refrigeration cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175143503753972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=215, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=WANG Anci, CAO Feng, YIN Xiang, journalName=Applied Thermal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Anci, CAO Feng, YIN Xiang, et al. Pseudo-optimal discharge pressure analysis of transcritical CO2 electric vehicle heat pumps due to temperature glide[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 215: 118856., articleTitle=Pseudo-optimal discharge pressure analysis of transcritical CO2 electric vehicle heat pumps due to temperature glide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1239175143604417273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=266, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=40, authorNames=WANG Anci, YIN Xiang, XIN Zhicheng, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Anci, YIN Xiang, XIN Zhicheng, et al. Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system[J]. Energy, 2023, 266: 126455., articleTitle=Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239175131281551524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131289940133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131298328743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131281551524, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239175131386409132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131390603439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131386409132, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131398992047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131386409132, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司　300300　天津)]), AuthorCompany(id=1239175131529015478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131537404087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131529015478, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Shenzhen Envicool Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518110, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239175131549987000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, companyId=1239175131529015478, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3深圳市英维克科技股份有限公司　518110　深圳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1239175135039648111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Flowchart of transcritical CO2 heat pump air- conditioning systems for new energy passenger vehicles with different performance improvement methods, figureFileSmall=Z8uhhrj68wSTcy3RWivEpA==, figureFileBig=XwIWxwPf4NebcS0aU4+klg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135123534200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基础以及不同性能提升方案的新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统流程图, figureFileSmall=Z8uhhrj68wSTcy3RWivEpA==, figureFileBig=XwIWxwPf4NebcS0aU4+klg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135350026635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=p-h diagrams of transcritical CO2 heat pump air- conditioning systems for new energy passenger vehicles with different performance improvement methods, figureFileSmall=76Acs9f91yFSZl2atNSg5A==, figureFileBig=L3TykME6DP+Z7YYxLN2kPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135433912721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基础以及不同性能提升方案的新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统p-h图, figureFileSmall=76Acs9f91yFSZl2atNSg5A==, figureFileBig=L3TykME6DP+Z7YYxLN2kPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135530381720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Optimization results of system performance with IHX, figureFileSmall=A6MaYISfzV4fv+rPB+6tmQ==, figureFileBig=3PYcpLa8SWDgyOgTZRo3dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135593296287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图3, caption=采用回热器系统性能优化结果, figureFileSmall=A6MaYISfzV4fv+rPB+6tmQ==, figureFileBig=3PYcpLa8SWDgyOgTZRo3dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135660405154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Optimization results of system performance with expander, figureFileSmall=Sw59kw2GE9uv/bQnbQ2ewg==, figureFileBig=jW46UHk1D1b9LrvdEb/xxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135744291244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图4, caption=采用膨胀机性能优化结果, figureFileSmall=Sw59kw2GE9uv/bQnbQ2ewg==, figureFileBig=jW46UHk1D1b9LrvdEb/xxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135823983028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Optimization results of system performance with multiple evaporation steps & vapor injection, figureFileSmall=CaiYvJ+d2KY3BSfhhSFmMA==, figureFileBig=6K2QZvytu/hQDomp8MqS/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135903674808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图5, caption=多蒸发温度补气性能优化结果, figureFileSmall=CaiYvJ+d2KY3BSfhhSFmMA==, figureFileBig=6K2QZvytu/hQDomp8MqS/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175135987560897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Optimization results of system performance with vortex tube, figureFileSmall=uuzR/eWiDjISzn2OwV0EDw==, figureFileBig=0+Ojt7HNqxgl9xKAGVXCcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175136079835592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图6, caption=采用涡流管性能优化结果, figureFileSmall=uuzR/eWiDjISzn2OwV0EDw==, figureFileBig=0+Ojt7HNqxgl9xKAGVXCcw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175136193081810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Optimization results of system performance with ejector, figureFileSmall=FHGObRwQvjFv944fRPkDeA==, figureFileBig=XjQhalrMSmovxEzBZTPMsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175136268579288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图7, caption=采用喷射器性能优化结果, figureFileSmall=FHGObRwQvjFv944fRPkDeA==, figureFileBig=XjQhalrMSmovxEzBZTPMsg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175136390214112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Comparison of different performance improvement methods, figureFileSmall=WFKmSIVpNep//bD40RoKlA==, figureFileBig=Q2CCbeYtpCAJeL1Z2GrVWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175136495071719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同性能提升方法的对比, figureFileSmall=WFKmSIVpNep//bD40RoKlA==, figureFileBig=Q2CCbeYtpCAJeL1Z2GrVWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175136595735021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=One-dimensional modeling and performance calculations for each system, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法计算式
基础循环
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
回热器[28]
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
膨胀机
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
多蒸发温度补气
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
涡流管[31]
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
喷射器[32]
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
), ArticleFig(id=1239175136700592629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122997801913, language=CN, label=表1, caption=各个循环一维模型搭建及性能计算方法, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化方法计算式
基础循环
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
回热器[28]
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
膨胀机
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
多蒸发温度补气
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
涡流管[31]
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
喷射器[32]
COPC=QC/W
COPH=QH/W
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1238822513841586179, delFlag=0, nameCn=制冷学报, nameEn=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=0253-4339, eissn=2097-650X, cn=11-2182/TB, coden=null, periodic=1, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1773287903512, updatedTime=1773299932329, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=J, firstLetterEn=J, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, picEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1238872966457520458, language=CN, name=制冷学报, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932350, updatedTime=1773299932350, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1238872966507852107, language=EN, name=Journal of Refrigeration, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1773299932362, updatedTime=1773299932362, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionEditorUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-portal&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=3899b7f4-47a5-4fb5-8, submissionReviewUrl=https://journal.ids.fzyun.cn/auth/realms/journal/protocol/openid-connect/auth?client_id=journal-zhilengxuebao-author&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fzhilengxuebao.portal.founderss.cn%2Foauth%2Fcallback&response_type=code&scope=phone+openid+email+profile&state=, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1238823019242635269, websiteList=[Website(id=1238843830003356342, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN, language=CN, createTime=1773292985679, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293389655, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=制冷学报, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876063237992790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300670680, updateTime=1773300670680, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063217021267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300670675, updateTime=1773300670675, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063258964313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670685, updateTime=1773300670685, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063208632658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300670673, updateTime=1773300670673, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063271547227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670688, updateTime=1773300670688, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063233798485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/file/pic, createTime=1773300670679, updateTime=1773300670679, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063263158618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300670687, updateTime=1773300670687, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063225409876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1773300670677, updateTime=1773300670677, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063246381399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300670682, updateTime=1773300670682, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876063250575704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830003356342, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300670683, updateTime=1773300670683, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1238843830074659514, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1238823019242635269, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN, language=EN, createTime=1773292985695, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1773293420654, updateBy=18614031015, name=制冷学报-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Journal of Refrigeration, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1238876091918643554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1773300677518, updateTime=1773300677518, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091893477727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1773300677512, updateTime=1773300677512, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091935420773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677522, updateTime=1773300677522, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091885089118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic?fileId=4PlxZN/EdYc/tGPHGzZ0fw==, createTime=1773300677510, updateTime=1773300677510, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091952197991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677526, updateTime=1773300677526, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091910254945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/file/pic, createTime=1773300677516, updateTime=1773300677516, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091948003686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1773300677525, updateTime=1773300677525, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091897672032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1773300677513, updateTime=1773300677513, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091927032163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1773300677520, updateTime=1773300677520, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1238876091931226468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1238843830074659514, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1773300677521, updateTime=1773300677521, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=制冷学报, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.zhilengxuebao.com/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Journal of Refrigeration, journalPhotoCn=JDTT9dhyhNYd/ugabP90Kg==, journalPhotoEn=CikjJLRTlyHZsUAWPKsBaw==, journalFirstLetter=J, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/EN/PDF/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统主要性能提升方法对比
收藏切换
PDF下载
杨梦莹 1 , 丁静雯 2 , 谢宏生 1 , 宋昱龙 1 , 曹锋 1 , 戴向阳 3
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 28-37
收起
收藏切换
制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 28-37
新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统主要性能提升方法对比
全屏
杨梦莹1, 丁静雯2, 谢宏生1, 宋昱龙1 , 曹锋1, 戴向阳3
作者信息
  • 1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安
  • 2中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司　300300　天津
  • 3深圳市英维克科技股份有限公司　518110　深圳

通讯作者:

宋昱龙，男，副教授，西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，13488264214，E-mail：。研究方向：跨临界CO2应用新技术。
Comparative Study on the Main Performance Improvement Methods of Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System for New Energy Vehicles
Mengying Yang1, Jingwen Ding2, Hongsheng Xie1, Yulong Song1 , Feng Cao1, Xiangyang Dai3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
  • 2.China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300, China
  • 3.Shenzhen Envicool Technology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518110, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028
文章导航
收藏切换
摘要
收起

为了提升新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统的性能，针对回热器、膨胀机、涡流管、喷射器和多蒸发温度补气5种技术方法，采用一维理论计算，在新能源车辆运行工况下得到各系统性能并进行对比。结果表明：采用不同性能提升方法的系统均需考虑排气压力的优化，制冷模式下系统COP均得到一定程度提升。膨胀机在综合工况下具有最佳效果，喷射器在设计工况下表现良好，回热器在制冷模式下效果明显，涡流管和多蒸发温度补气全工况适应性较好。结果可为各个性能提升方法的实际工程应用提供一定参考，促进跨临界CO2热泵空调系统的推广应用。

Transcritical CO2 heat pump air-conditioning systems have gained prominence in new energy vehicle thermal management due to their energy-saving and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, the relatively low coefficient of performance (COP) in cooling mode remains a significant obstacle to developing transcritical CO2 heat pump air conditioning systems. To enhance system performance, five technical approaches are proposed: internal heat exchangers (IHX), expanders, vortex tubes, ejectors, and combined multiple evaporation steps with vapor injection. The performances of these methods were evaluated through one-dimensional theoretical calculations under vehicle operating conditions. Results indicate that optimizing discharge pressure is critical for all methods, with varying degrees of COP improvement. Expanders provide the most comprehensive benefits, ejectors perform well under specific design conditions, IHX shows notable enhancements in cooling mode, and vortex tubes and combined multiple evaporation steps with vapor injection exhibit broad adaptability across working conditions. These findings offer valuable insights for practical engineering applications and support the adoption of transcritical CO2 heat pump systems in new energy vehicles.

杨梦莹, 丁静雯, 谢宏生, 宋昱龙, 曹锋, 戴向阳. 新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统主要性能提升方法对比. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 28 -37 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028
Mengying Yang, Jingwen Ding, Hongsheng Xie, Yulong Song, Feng Cao, Xiangyang Dai. Comparative Study on the Main Performance Improvement Methods of Transcritical CO2 Heat Pump Air-Conditioning System for New Energy Vehicles[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 28 -37 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028
正文
收起
随着科学技术的发展，能源短缺和环境污染问题逐渐加剧[1]。近年来，交通运输领域已成为人为CO2排放的主要贡献者之一[2]。在“双碳”目标背景下，新能源车辆的发展备受关注[3]。不同于传统内燃机车辆，新能源汽车没有发动机余热[4]，寒冷条件下通常需要采用PTC（positive temperature coefficient）加热器进行辅助加热，会导致续航里程显著缩短[5]。此外，包含乘员舱和电池、电动机、电控系统的新能源整车热管理系统向着一体化不断发展[6]，对其紧凑、高效的要求越来越严格[7]。因此对于新能源车辆，能够实现制冷、制热功能且能效比更高的热泵空调系统的发展至关重要[8]。
R134a是新能源乘用车广泛使用的制冷剂，但其GWP（全球变暖潜值，Global Warming Performance）高达1 430，被《蒙特利尔议定书基加利修正案》列为限制使用的强温室效应气体[9]。此外，R134a在冬季蒸发压力会急剧下降，导致质量流量严重减小，制热能力不能满足需求[10]，仍需采用PTC加热器协同制热[11]。因此从节能和环保两方面均亟待寻找新的制冷剂。
CO2作为一种天然流体，GWP为1、ODP（臭氧损耗潜值，ozone destruction potential）为0，具有环保、安全[12]、热稳定性高[13]等优点。20世纪90年代，G. Lorentzen等[14]提出了跨临界CO2循环，并将其应用于汽车空调。此后，跨临界CO2系统不断发展和繁荣。CO2在低温下也具有优异的制热性能[15]，跨临界CO2热泵可在-20 ℃甚至-25 ℃的环境温度下提供足够的制热量，并具有较高的COP[16]。因此，无论从节能还是环保角度，CO2均具有良好的发展前景。针对跨临界CO2系统也展开了多方面的研究，如组件优化[17-18]，最优排气压力[19-20]，最优充注量[1,21]等。
但跨临界CO2循环制冷能效比略有不足，并且随着环境温度升高，劣化程度加深[22]，一定程度上限制了新能源车辆跨临界CO2热泵空调系统的推广。很多学者围绕可能的优化措施展开了研究。有研究表明，在跨临界CO2系统中引入IHX（回热器，internal heat exchanger）的效果是积极的，环境温度越高效果越好[23]。采用膨胀机的跨临界CO2循环的COP（性能系数，coefficient of performance）理论计算上可比基本系统高6%~10%[24]。大量实验研究表明，在设计工况下引入喷射器一般能显著改善跨临界CO2循环的性能[25]。Yu Binbin等[26]提出一种采用涡流管的跨临界CO2制冷系统构型。但各优化技术仍具有掣肘，投入市场之前需要更多的研究论证。
本文针对回热器、膨胀机、多蒸发温度补气、涡流管和喷射器5种性能提升方法，详细介绍采用各个方法的系统流程图以及p-h图，对各个系统性能进行一维计算，并在新能源乘用车工况下与基准循环进行对比。
1 系统构建
收起
常规新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统如图1（a）所示。低温低压的CO2被跨临界压缩机压缩进入超临界区域，在气体冷却器中与外部介质发生类显热放热。蒸发器后气液分离器的存在能够极大程度避免压缩机吸气带液[27]。此外，采用一个四通阀进行系统制冷、制热模式的切换。
系统循环p-h图如图2（a）所示，详细表明了CO2的热力学性质在循环中各个部位的变化过程。CO2高压放热部分是位于临界点之上的冷却过程，不同于传统制冷剂的冷凝过程，此时压力与温度相互独立。
虽然跨临界CO2基本循环产生的节流损失大于常规亚临界循环，蒸发器入口制冷剂干度较大，导致系统制冷能效比较低，但大量的改进技术有望使跨临界CO2循环的实际效率等于甚至优于常规的亚临界循环[26]，下文对上述技术进行详细阐述。
1）回热器。
在基础新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统上引入回热器，让气体冷却器出口的CO2和气液分离器出口的饱和CO2气体进行热交换[28]，降低阀前温度，提高压缩机吸气过热度。引入回热器的系统具体流程如图1（b）所示。此时为保证制冷或制热模式下，流经回热器两侧的制冷剂温度不同，采用2个四通阀进行系统制冷、制热模式的切换。
引入回热器的系统循环p-h图如图2（b）所示。其中3-4和6-1为回热器内的换热过程。以制冷模式为例，由于阀前温度的降低，循环的比制冷量增加，同时，压缩机吸气过热度提高，循环的比功也有变化[29]，COP整体呈提高的趋势。需要注意的是，压缩机吸气过热度增加会导致吸气密度减小，质量流量减小。随着回热率增加，压缩机吸排气温度不断升高，受排气温度限制，回热率可能具有限度。
2）膨胀机。
膨胀机能以一定等熵效率回收膨胀机入口高压流体的压力能，通过连轴将其转化为轴功，来替代压缩机的部分功耗，且能增加循环比制冷量，从而提高循环的能效比。采用膨胀机代替节流阀的新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统具体流程如图1（c）所示。由于膨胀机的高低压制冷剂进出口固定，因此采用2个四通阀进行制冷、制热模式的切换。
采用膨胀机代替节流阀的系统循环p-h图如图2（c）所示，图中4s点为等熵节流后对应的状态点，4h点为等焓节流后对应的状态点。膨胀机的等熵效率很大程度决定着系统的性能提升程度，因此需要对膨胀机的结构进行优化以期达到更高的等熵效率。膨胀过程中具有易受摩擦损失的两相区域，而跨临界循环中的膨胀过程单相部分占比更大，在两相过程中，CO2液体和气体的密度与常规制冷剂循环的密度相差较小。因此，膨胀机应用于跨临界CO2循环较常规制冷剂循环更具优势。
3）多蒸发温度补气。
能够满足宽温域下车厢和电池多目标温度控制的综合热管理系统逐渐受到关注，实际中热管理系统含有车内换热器和用于电池温度控制的水冷换热器[30]。两级压缩中间补气是跨临界CO2制冷性能优化的可行技术方案之一，采用多蒸发温度补气的新能源乘用车CO2热泵空调系统具体流程如图1（d）所示。实际运行中车厢和电池回路的制冷、制热模式组合情况多变，本文以车厢制冷或制热时电池均需制冷的情况为例，采用2个四通阀进行制冷、制热模式的切换。
系统循环p-h图如图2（d）所示，可知蒸发温度较高的支路质量流量占比越大，系统COP越高，但对系统的制冷能力起反作用。实际新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统应用时，压缩机两级排量比设计能使系统同时满足高温制冷模式下的制冷能力和性能要求。
4）涡流管。
涡流管是一种能够回收高压流体压力能的节流装置。涡流管可以依靠内部双向涡之间复杂的传热传质作用，将进口气体分离成两股不同温度的气流，并分别从两个出口流出。若温度较低的那股流体状态位于两相区，则在高速涡的离心作用下，将会分离为饱和液体和饱和气体并分别从近壁区和中心区流高压流体入口以及不同状态温度流体的出口均固定，因此采用2个四通阀进行制冷、制热模式的切换。出[25]。有理论结果表明，Maurer模型在系统COP和总成本方面更优[31]，因此本文选择Maurer模型计算优化结果。采用涡流管的新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统具体流程如图1（e）所示。由于涡流管系统循环p-h图如图2（e）所示，气体冷却器出口的CO2经过涡流管节流，分成了3股不同状态的流体、饱和液体（4）、饱和气体（C）和过热气体（H）。饱和液体（4）和饱和气体（C）再次混合至两相状态（6）进入蒸发器吸热，达到制冷效果。过热气体在去过热器中被冷却（5），并与蒸发器出来的CO2混合（1）再进入压缩机完成压缩过程。
5）喷射器。
采用喷射器作为节流装置，气体冷却器出口的一次流体的压力通过喷嘴转化为动能，蒸发器出口的二次流体可以被夹带并与一次流体混合达到一定的速度，然后将混合流体的动能再次转化为压力，实现膨胀功的回收[25]。喷射器的使用减少了节流前后的压差，压缩机的功耗减少，相当于回收了使用膨胀阀节流损失的部分压能，从而提高了系统COP。采用喷射器的新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统具体流程如图1（f）所示，喷射器主喷嘴、次喷嘴等位置固定，因此采用2个四通阀进行制冷、制热模式的切换。
系统循环p-h图如图2（f）所示，一次流经压缩机压缩后进入气体冷却器、喷射器主喷嘴和气液分离器（1-2-3-4-6-7-1）循环，二次流在节流阀、蒸发器、喷射器次喷嘴和气液分离器（8-8a-9-5-6-7-8）中循环，一次流和二次流在混合室（6）处混合。此时压缩机的吸气压力（1）高于基础循环（9）的吸气压力，意味着采用喷射器循环的压缩机功耗小于基础循环的功耗。
2 模型搭建
收起
对新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统以及不同性能提升方法的研究，主要可采用一维理论和仿真计算、三维数值模拟、实验研究等。本文采用MATLAB软件调用REFPROP软件的制冷剂物性进行一维理论计算。从p-h图的角度进行研究，不考虑压力损失，对于多变过程，采用常数值的等熵效率进行表示。实际中部件需要结构优化以期保证变工况下的效率稳定及优化。在不同的系统循环下，制冷制热量计算有所不同，具体的计算式如表1所示。
3 结果与讨论
收起
制冷模式下环境温度设为30~45 ℃，制热模式下环境温度设为-20~7 ℃，分析每个性能提升方法下系统性能的变化趋势，并综合对比采用各性能提升方法下系统COP的优化程度。
3.1 各性能提升方法效果
由于CO2的热物性，跨临界CO2循环在气体冷却器出口温度较高时，存在最优排气压力令COP最大[33]，因此各性能提升方法以及不同运行工况下的运行数据结果均考虑排气压力的优化。
1）回热器。
制冷模式以环境温度35 ℃为例，制热模式以环境温度0 ℃为例，改变回热率的大小以及排气压力，计算结果如图3所示。制冷模式下，回热器的使用能够明显提升新能源乘用车CO2空调系统的性能，回热率越高，系统COP越高。此外，引入回热器之后，系统的最优排气压力下降，随着回热率的增加，最优排气压力不断下降。制热模式下，回热器的使用也可以使系统COP略有提升，降低系统的最优排气压力。但此时回热率达到1的理想情况带来的提升效果也不显著。本次计算时制热模式气体冷却器出口温度较高，实际气体冷却器出口温度可能会更低，采用回热器系统性能甚至可能不如基础循环[28]。因此实际应用时，当新能源乘用车CO2系统切换为制热模式，令回热器两侧制冷剂温度均为蒸发温度，回热器失效。
2）膨胀机。
制冷模式以环境温度35 ℃为例，制热模式以环境温度0 ℃为例，改变排气压力，采用膨胀机后系统的性能计算结果如图4所示。随着排气压力的提高，系统制冷量、制热量和功耗均不断提高，初始制冷量和制热量随着排气压力的提高出现大幅增加，后续增幅逐渐减小，功耗增幅较为稳定，COP在综合作用下呈先升高后下降的趋势。因此存在最优排气压力，使系统COP达到最大，各环境工况下的系统COP均为最优排气压力下的最优值。
3）多蒸发温度补气。
制冷模式以环境温度35 ℃为例，制热模式以环境温度0 ℃为例，采用多蒸发温度补气系统性能计算结果如图5所示。实际中两支路的质量流量之比取决于新能源乘用车电池和车厢所需换热量的比值，而电池换热量需求和车厢需求相比一般较小，简化将电池路制冷剂流量占比设定为0.15，该路蒸发温度设定为11 ℃[34]。随着排气压力的提高，系统制冷量、制热量和功耗均不断提高，但制冷量和制热量增幅也逐渐减小，因此COP呈先升高后下降的趋势，存在最优排气压力。最终各环境工况下的系统COP均为最优排气压力下的最优值。
4）涡流管。
制冷模式以环境温度35 ℃为例，制热模式以环境温度0 ℃为例，采用涡流管后系统性能计算结果如图6所示。此时各工况下去过热器出口温度均定为气冷出口温度。类似的，单个工况下，随着排气压力的提高，COP呈先升高后下降的趋势。最终各环境工况下的系统COP均为最优排气压力下的最大值。
5）喷射器。
制冷模式以环境温度35 ℃为例，制热模式以环境温度0 ℃为例，采用喷射器后系统性能计算结果如图7所示。喷射器的设计工况环境温度定为45 ℃。类似的，随着排气压力的提高，COP呈先升高后下降的趋势。最终各环境工况下系统COP均为最优排气压力对应的最大值。
3.2 不同性能提升方法综合对比
针对跨临界CO2循环制冷能效比较低的问题，不同的性能提升方法在制冷模式下均能够有效提升新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统的性能，但随着环境温度的变化，各性能提升方法的提升效果也会发生变化。在制热模式下各性能提升方法也具有一定的影响。因此将各个性能提升方法进行综合对比，结果如图8所示。
采用膨胀机对系统性能提升的效果最为显著，在全工况范围内均为各个性能提升方法最佳。制冷模式下，当环境温度为45 ℃时，系统COP能提高14.9%，随着环境温度下降，提升效果逐渐减弱。制热模式下，性能提升基本约为7%。
当环境温度较高，接近喷射器的设计工况时，喷射器也能够有较为优良的提升效果，具有和膨胀机接近的提升效果，当环境温度为45 ℃时，系统COP提高约12.3%。当工况逐渐偏离设计工况时，提升效果逐渐衰减甚至不如基本循环，如制热模式环境温度较低的-20~-10 ℃。喷射器内部原理和流动过程较为复杂，且成本及适应性问题仍需进一步的研究优化。
回热器的使用在制冷模式下对系统的性能也具有提升效果，当环境温度为45 ℃时，系统COP提高约8.4%，但随着环境温度即气体冷却器出口温度的下降性能提升程度衰减。制热模式下作用微小。需要注意的是，部分工况，如高温45 ℃，低温-20 ℃等，由于排气温度的限制，即使在理论计算下也无法达到1的回热率。回热器的作用机理较为明晰，使用较为方便，已广泛应用于跨临界CO2热泵空调系统。
采用涡流管的循环系统，各工况下去过热器出口温度均定为气冷出口温度。制冷模式下，采用涡流管技术对新能源乘用车CO2空调系统性能的提升百分比随着环境温度的升高而不断增大。与基础循环相比，当环境温度为45 ℃时，系统COP能够提升7.8%。制热模式下，采用涡流管技术对统性能的提升百分比随着环境温度降低而不断增大。
采用多蒸发温度的提升效果变化总体和涡流管较为类似，制冷模式也是环境温度越高提升效果越明显，环境温度为45 ℃时，系统COP能够提升6.3%。制热模式下，性能优化百分比随着环境温度的降低效果逐渐提升，趋势逐渐变缓。
4 结论
收起
本文基于一维理论计算，分析了不同性能提升方法应用于新能源乘用车跨临界CO2热泵空调系统及不同运行工况下的提升效果和变化趋势，得到如下结论：
1）不同的性能提升方法下系统均需考虑排气压力的优化，优化后的COP均为最优排气压力下的数值。
2）不同的性能提升方法均能够一定程度提升跨临界CO2热泵空调系统在制冷模式下较低的COP，在制冷模式下优化效果均随环境温度的升高而提升。
3）在不同运行工况下，各个性能优化技术对系统的提升效果各不相同。膨胀机在全工况范围内均最佳，喷射器在设计工况下表现良好，回热器在制冷模式下效果明显，涡流管和多蒸发温度补气适应性较好。
4）在跨临界CO2热泵空调系统具有优势的制热模式下，膨胀机、涡流管、多蒸发温度补气等技术也具有一定的提升效果。
这些性能提升方法技术在系统制冷COP提升上具有广阔的应用前景，一维理论计算仍具有局限性，需要进一步的三维仿真以及实验研究。此外，各个性能提升方法技术应用的经济成本和结构复杂程度均需进行考量。
文献
收起
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式：
[1]
YIN Xiang, WANG Anci, FANG Jianmin, et al. Coupled effect of operation conditions and refrigerant charge on the performance of a transcritical CO2 automotive air conditioning system[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2021, 123: 72-80.
[2]
AMATUNI L, OTTELIN J, STEUBING B, et al. Does car sharing reduce greenhouse gas emissions? Assessing the modal shift and lifetime shift rebound effects from a life cycle perspective[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2020, 266: 121869.
[3]
WANG Yibiao, DONG Junqi, JIA Shiwei, et al. Experimental comparison of R744 and R134a heat pump systems for electric vehicle application[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2021, 121: 10-22.
[4]
SHELLY T J, WEIBEL J A, ZIVIANI D, et al. Comparative analysis of battery electric vehicle thermal management systems under long-range drive cycles[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 198: 117506.
[5]
WANG Haidan, SONG Yulong, VALDISERRI P, et al. Performance analysis of CO2 thermal management system for electric vehicles in winter[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 236: 121700.
[6]
王从飞, 曹锋, 李明佳, 等. 碳中和背景下新能源汽车热管理系统研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 科学通报, 2021, 66(32): 4112-4128.
(WANG Congfei, CAO Feng, LI Mingjia, et al. Research status and future development of thermal management system for new energy vehicles under the background of carbon neutrality[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2021, 66(32): 4112-4128.)
[7]
MA Jing, SUN Yongfei, ZHANG Shiang, et al. Experimental study on the performance of vehicle integrated thermal management system for pure electric vehicles[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2022, 253: 115183.
[8]
LIAN Yubo, LING Heping, ZHU Jiapeng, et al. Thermal management optimization strategy of electric vehicle based on dynamic programming[J]. Control Engineering Practice, 2023, 137: 105562.
[9]
United Nations. Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer[EB/OL]. (2016-11-23)[2023-11-10]. https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/2016/CN.872.2016-Eng.pdf.
[10]
SONG Yulong, WANG Haidan, MA Yuan, et al. Energetic, economic, environmental investigation of carbon dioxide as the refrigeration alternative in new energy bus/railway vehicles′ air conditioning systems[J]. Applied Energy, 2022, 305: 117830.
[11]
LEE H S, LEE M Y. Steady state and start-up performance characteristics of air source heat pump for cabin heating in an electric passenger vehicle[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016, 69: 232-242.
[12]
JI Hongzeng, PEI Jinchen, NIU Junjia, et al. Hybrid offline and online strategy for optimal high pressure seeking of the transcritical CO2 heat pump system in an electric vehicle[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2023, 228: 120514.
[13]
WAN Yuke, WU Chuang, LIU Chao, et al. A novel self-condensing transcritical CO2 power cycle with a vortex tube: thermoeconomic assessment study and comparison[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2023, 286: 117026.
[14]
LORENTZEN G, PETTERSEN J. A new, efficient and environmentally benign system for car air-conditioning[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 1993, 16(1): 4-12.
[15]
WANG Yikai, YE Zuliang, SONG Yulong, et al. Experimental investigation on the hot gas bypass defrosting in air source transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020, 178: 115571.
[16]
DONG Junqi, WANG Yibiao, JIA Shiwei, et al. Experimental study of R744 heat pump system for electric vehicle application[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 183: 116191.
[17]
WANG Yikai, ZONG Shuo, SONG Yulong, et al. Experimental and techno-economic analysis of transcritical CO2 heat pump water heater with fin-and-tube and microchannel heat exchanger[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 199: 117606.
[18]
WANG Wenyi, YE Zuliang, YIN Xiang, et al. Theoretical and experimental studies for a transcritical CO2 heat pump with spirally fluted tube gas cooler[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2024, 236: 121414.
[19]
宋昱龙, 唐学平, 王守国, 等. 空气源跨临界CO2热泵最优排气压力的理论和实验[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2014, 48(9): 81-87.
(SONG Yulong, TANG Xueping, WANG Shouguo, et al. Theoretical and experimental investigation for optimal discharge pressure of air-source trans-critical CO2 heat pump[J]. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, 2014, 48(9): 81-87.)
[20]
ILLÁN-GÓMEZ F, SENA-CUEVAS V F, GARCÍA-CASCALES J R, et al. Analysis of the optimal gas cooler pressure of a CO2 heat pump with gas bypass for hot water generation[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2021, 182: 116110.
[21]
魏香羽, 宋昱龙, 曹锋. 电动客车跨临界CO2空调系统充注量优化及性能研究[J]. 压缩机技术, 2021(4): 1-9.
(WEI Xiangyu, SONG Yulong, CAO Feng. Research on performance and optimization of charge of transcritical CO2 air conditioning system for electric bus[J]. Compressor Technology, 2021(4): 1-9.)
[22]
JIANG Fuzheng, WANG Yufeng, YU Binbin, et al. Effects of various operating conditions on the performance of a CO2 air conditioning system for trains[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2019, 107: 105-113.
[23]
RIGOLA J, ABLANQUE N, PÉREZ-SEGARRA C D, et al. Numerical simulation and experimental validation of internal heat exchanger influence on CO2 trans-critical cycle performance[J]. International Journal of Refrigeration, 2010, 33(4): 664-674.
[24]
TIAN Hua, MA Yitai, LI Minxia, et al. Study on expansion power recovery in CO2 transcritical cycle[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2010, 51(12): 2516-2522.
[25]
SONG Yulong, CUI Ce, YIN Xiang, et al. Advanced development and application of transcritical CO2 refrigeration and heat pump technology—a review[J]. Energy Reports, 2022, 8: 7840-7869.
[26]
YU Binbin, YANG Jingye, WANG Dandong, et al. An updated review of recent advances on modified technologies in transcritical CO2 refrigeration cycle[J]. Energy, 2019, 189: 116147.
[27]
张振宇, 王丹东, 陈江平, 等. 制冷剂充注量及阀开度对带气液分离器的CO2汽车空调系统性能的影响[J]. 制冷技术, 2021, 41(3): 49-54.
(ZHANG Zhenyu, WANG Dandong, CHEN Jiangping, et al. Influences of refrigerant charge and valve opening on performance of CO2 automotive air-conditioning system with gas-liquid separator[J]. Chinese Journal of Refrigeration Technology, 2021, 41(3): 49-54.)
[28]
叶祖樑, 王驿凯, 潘祖栋, 等. 空气源跨临界CO2热泵中回热器影响的研究[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2019, 53(5): 1-8.
(YE Zuliang, WANG Yikai, PAN Zudong, et al. A study on the effect of the internal heat exchanger in an air-source transcritical CO2 heat pump system[J]. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, 2019, 53(5): 1-8.)
[29]
方健珉, 王静, 孙西峰, 等. 回热器对电动汽车跨临界CO2制冷系统影响的实验研究[J]. 西安交通大学学报, 2020, 54(6): 155-160.
(FANG Jianmin, WANG Jing, SUN Xifeng, et al. Effect of internal heat exchanger on transcritical CO2 refrigeration system of electric vehicle[J]. Journal of Xi′an Jiaotong University, 2020, 54(6): 155-160.)
[30]
曹锋, 方健珉, 殷翔, 等. 一种车用CO2增能型热管理系统及其控制方法: CN115284825A[P]. 2022-11-04.
(CAO Feng, FANG Jianmin, YIN Xiang, et al. An energy-increasing type heat management system and control method of CO2 for a vehicle: CN115284825A[P]. 2022-11-04.)
[31]
SARKAR J. Cycle parameter optimization of vortex tube expansion transcritical CO2 system[J]. International Journal of Thermal Sciences, 2009, 48(9): 1823-1828.
[32]
SUMERU K, NASUTION H, ANI F N. A review on two-phase ejector as an expansion device in vapor compression refrigeration cycle[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2012, 16(7): 4927-4937.
[33]
WANG Anci, CAO Feng, YIN Xiang, et al. Pseudo-optimal discharge pressure analysis of transcritical CO2 electric vehicle heat pumps due to temperature glide[J]. Applied Thermal Engineering, 2022, 215: 118856.
[34]
WANG Anci, YIN Xiang, XIN Zhicheng, et al. Performance optimization of electric vehicle battery thermal management based on the transcritical CO2 system[J]. Energy, 2023, 266: 126455.
2025年第46卷第2期
PDF下载
115
52
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028
  • 接收时间：2023-11-11
  • 首发时间：2026-03-13
  • 出版时间：2025-04-16
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2023-11-11
  • 修回日期：2023-12-14
  • 录用日期：2024-01-29
基金
作者信息
    1西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院　710049　西安
    2中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司　300300　天津
    3深圳市英维克科技股份有限公司　518110　深圳

通讯作者:

宋昱龙，男，副教授，西安交通大学能源与动力工程学院，13488264214，E-mail：。研究方向：跨临界CO2应用新技术。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.028
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏
相关链接
论文
最新文章
热读文章
热点专题
内参
蓝皮书
产业发展报告
传播力报告
期刊分级目录
资讯
学术新闻
行业新闻
学术会议
行业会议
关于
关于我们
联系我们
北京市海淀区学院南路86号
100081
010-62199257
qkjq@cast.org.cn

中国科学技术协会版权所有 京ICP 备10216604号-4 海淀分局备案 1101084647
科技导报社主办 中国科协信息中心技术支持