Article(id=1239175122762920887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1700150400000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-17, revisedDate=1706457600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-29, acceptedDate=1708272000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-02-19, onlineDate=1773371972027, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1744732800000, pubDateStr=2025-04-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773371972027, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773371972027, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773371972027, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239175122226049974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773371971898, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773372071198, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239175538779148684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239175122226049974, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239175122955858872, articleId=1239175122762920887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Research Status of Microchannel Heat Dissipation Technology Based on Porous Structure, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The rapid development of microelectronic devices has driven a trend toward miniaturized and lightweight electronic devices with high heat flux. Porous structures are increasingly used in heat dissipation due to their ability to expand the heat transfer area, enhance nucleation sites for boiling, and regulate surface wettability, significantly improving boiling heat transfer. Microchannel heat dissipation technology based on porous structures has emerged as an effective and promising method to enhance heat sink performance. Recent advancements highlight three common configurations: porous structures on microchannel surfaces, porous materials within microchannels, and porous microchannel skeletons. These structures encompass coatings, microcavities, metal foams, porous fins, and ribs. This article reviews progress in microchannel heat dissipation using porous structures, evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of these configurations, addresses challenges such as balancing heat transfer and pressure drop, and proposes optimization strategies to overcome these issues.

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Zhang Li, female, professor, doctoral supervisor, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 86-21-64252847, E-mail: . Research fields: enhanced heat transfer technology and equipment.
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随着微电子器件的飞速发展,电子设备越来越倾向于小型轻量化、高集成度、高热流密度的方向发展。多孔结构因其能有效拓展传热面积、增加汽化核心和调控壁面润湿性而强化沸腾传热,广泛应用于散热领域。基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术是提高散热器性能十分有效且极具发展前景的方法。微通道表面多孔结构、微通道内填充多孔材料和微通道骨架为多孔结构是近年来3种常见的多孔结构和微通道相结合增强沸腾传热的结构形式,多孔结构主要包括多孔涂层、微腔、金属泡沫、多孔翅片和多孔肋等。主要对近年来基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术的研究进展进行了综述,对比分析了上述3种强化传热结构的优缺点,阐述了微通道散热器在传热性能和压降的平衡设计方面所面临的问题,并提出了相关的优化设计方法。

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张莉,女,教授,博士生导师,华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,021-64252847,E-mail:。研究方向:强化传热技术与装备。
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journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图1, caption=多孔涂层和发散截面微通道[19], figureFileSmall=AH6T9o+rm2BJg3HHlbmdqw==, figureFileBig=IYcbHX73f1S2VwE44EsMNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129188593725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Triangular cavities and rectangular fin microchannels[9], figureFileSmall=fTPtmhcZJEdTjYL1IbRXzA==, figureFileBig=BghjRXZAfVaNf9tsbgZ7og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129285062721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三角形空腔和矩形翅片微通道[9], figureFileSmall=fTPtmhcZJEdTjYL1IbRXzA==, figureFileBig=BghjRXZAfVaNf9tsbgZ7og==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129368948804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Microchannels with different metal foam filling rates[6], figureFileSmall=nPbSBPiO4ZA/mcQhe0WOqw==, figureFileBig=/PS1yWUx/CWHNb+Y1yx4Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129461223496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图3, caption=具有不同金属泡沫填充率的微通道[6], figureFileSmall=nPbSBPiO4ZA/mcQhe0WOqw==, figureFileBig=/PS1yWUx/CWHNb+Y1yx4Nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129557692494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Manifold microchannels with different ribs structures[27], figureFileSmall=7m+eLaW84+F6GyUo9HYRvQ==, figureFileBig=2nGWef55BGUVpMjfCRxvNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129624801361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图4, caption=具有不同肋片结构的歧管微通道[27], figureFileSmall=7m+eLaW84+F6GyUo9HYRvQ==, figureFileBig=2nGWef55BGUVpMjfCRxvNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129708687444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of microchannels with different configurations[30], figureFileSmall=xYGNIMhhml72QLYpeGO7Bw==, figureFileBig=WKlLxQKzAMyFifAVBZdaWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129855488092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同配置的微通道示意图[30], figureFileSmall=xYGNIMhhml72QLYpeGO7Bw==, figureFileBig=WKlLxQKzAMyFifAVBZdaWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175129960345699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Vertical porous and solid ribs with different geometric shapes[31], figureFileSmall=bA8cSROsJ4C6R6NcrysR+g==, figureFileBig=oCT6Tjkb99IL4eWO5z/LDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175130040037482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同几何形状的垂直多孔和实心肋[31], figureFileSmall=bA8cSROsJ4C6R6NcrysR+g==, figureFileBig=oCT6Tjkb99IL4eWO5z/LDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175130170060912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=3D printed concave microchannel structure and SEM images[33], figureFileSmall=XBKovb4OBuwgwY5WSO9kkA==, figureFileBig=/yut6+Jd40yfHPMbSlrxDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175130245558390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3D打印的凹型微通道结构和SEM图像[33], figureFileSmall=XBKovb4OBuwgwY5WSO9kkA==, figureFileBig=/yut6+Jd40yfHPMbSlrxDQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175130346221692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Double layered microchannels:the upper layer is a porous fin,and the lower layer is a solid fin[43], figureFileSmall=cQqnXLCB3Gvj03n5TM/FEQ==, figureFileBig=7aFUDE5pTVAUOMxQ5abYpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175130484633730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=图8, caption=双层微通道:上层多孔翅片下层实心翅片[43], figureFileSmall=cQqnXLCB3Gvj03n5TM/FEQ==, figureFileBig=7aFUDE5pTVAUOMxQ5abYpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239175130581102727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Summary of enhanced thermal performance of microchannel surface porous structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献增强结构制造方法尺寸结构工作流体文献工况条件传热及流阻性能传热强化机理
V. Y. S. Lee等[14]铜镍合金涂层数控铣削涂层厚度:6μmHFE-7200qw:24.5~206.6 kW/m2HTC↑
CHF↑
增加成核位置
曾龙等[15]多孔壁面激光直写粗糙度升高48.7%去离子水G:200、500 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
压降↑
增大传热面积、促进流体扰动
B. Majumder等[16]多孔铝涂层热蒸发技术涂层厚度:5、100、150 nmR600aqw:9.39~74.98 kW/m2HTC↑
CHF↑
成核位点密度、表面粗糙度、表面孔隙率增加
M. Aravinthan等[17]疏水涂层化学镀锌技术涂层厚度:4 μm去离子水G:100~650 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↑
增大传热面积、润湿性
He Bolin等[18]多孔涂层烧结、线切割涂层厚度:0.3 mmR141bG:158~348 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
CHF↑
成核位点的数量更大,气泡尺寸和分布更均匀
M. A. H. Mudhafar等[19]微孔涂层喷涂法涂层厚度:150 μmFC-72Q:210 mL/minHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↑
增加活性空腔、加强了液体补充
B. P. Benam等[20]人工空腔离子蚀刻空腔数:0、50、100去离子水qw:7.2、45、115 kW/m2HTC↑
CHF↑
空腔作为成核位点在表面形成小气泡
Zhang Dongwei等[21]空腔空腔深度:5 μm去离子水Re:50~500HTC↑
CHF↑
边界层再开发、通道内流体的冷热交换
Lin Yuhao等[22]微腔微腔直径:25 μm流速:0.522 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
成核位点的空腔阵列增强传热
Li Y. F.等[9]空腔+翅片离子蚀刻宽度:25 μm纯丙酮G:83~442 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
CHF↑
防止局部干燥、流动扰动效应和微翅片的气泡破碎效应
), ArticleFig(id=1239175130727903376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=表1, caption=微通道表面多孔结构增强传热性能总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献增强结构制造方法尺寸结构工作流体文献工况条件传热及流阻性能传热强化机理
V. Y. S. Lee等[14]铜镍合金涂层数控铣削涂层厚度:6μmHFE-7200qw:24.5~206.6 kW/m2HTC↑
CHF↑
增加成核位置
曾龙等[15]多孔壁面激光直写粗糙度升高48.7%去离子水G:200、500 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
压降↑
增大传热面积、促进流体扰动
B. Majumder等[16]多孔铝涂层热蒸发技术涂层厚度:5、100、150 nmR600aqw:9.39~74.98 kW/m2HTC↑
CHF↑
成核位点密度、表面粗糙度、表面孔隙率增加
M. Aravinthan等[17]疏水涂层化学镀锌技术涂层厚度:4 μm去离子水G:100~650 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↑
增大传热面积、润湿性
He Bolin等[18]多孔涂层烧结、线切割涂层厚度:0.3 mmR141bG:158~348 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
CHF↑
成核位点的数量更大,气泡尺寸和分布更均匀
M. A. H. Mudhafar等[19]微孔涂层喷涂法涂层厚度:150 μmFC-72Q:210 mL/minHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↑
增加活性空腔、加强了液体补充
B. P. Benam等[20]人工空腔离子蚀刻空腔数:0、50、100去离子水qw:7.2、45、115 kW/m2HTC↑
CHF↑
空腔作为成核位点在表面形成小气泡
Zhang Dongwei等[21]空腔空腔深度:5 μm去离子水Re:50~500HTC↑
CHF↑
边界层再开发、通道内流体的冷热交换
Lin Yuhao等[22]微腔微腔直径:25 μm流速:0.522 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
成核位点的空腔阵列增强传热
Li Y. F.等[9]空腔+翅片离子蚀刻宽度:25 μm纯丙酮G:83~442 kg/(m2·s)HTC↑
CHF↑
防止局部干燥、流动扰动效应和微翅片的气泡破碎效应
), ArticleFig(id=1239175130841149587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Summary of enhanced thermal performance of microchannel filled porous materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献增强结构制造方法尺寸结构工作流体文献工况条件传热及流阻性能传热强化机理
K. K. Kumar等[6]铝金属泡沫10 PPI孔隙率:0.95去离子水流速:0.1~3 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
增大传热面积
Li Yongtong等[23]铜金属泡沫+针肋20~50PPI孔隙率:0.8~0.95去离子水qw:100W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↑
增大传热面积和热传导
Hong Sihui等[24]圆盘形金属泡沫130 PPI孔隙率:0.93去离子水kW/m2G:26.5 kg/(m2·s)qw:397.6HTC↑
CHF↑
传热面积增大、沸腾表面连续液体润湿
M. R. Hajmohammadi等[25]多孔变截面多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
高度发散、多孔材料MCHS提高了热性能
J. Seo等[26]集成膜+金属泡沫孔隙率:0.95孔径:200 μmqw:4.13W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
传热面积增大、集成膜毛细管压力进行自泵操作
Chen Chaowei等[27]多孔肋片孔隙率:0.6流速:1.2 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
优化布置增加了传热面积,流体流动模式改变
Wang Jinyuan等[28]多孔肋片+纳米流体烧结多孔铜PPI孔隙率:0.9 40混合纳米流体qw:13.8 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
纳米流体传递传热显著改善、接触面积不同
Li Fei等[29]多孔肋硅制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2入口温度:300 KHTC↑
CHF↑
多孔区域内流体混合增强,热边界层被破坏并重新发展
M. S. Lori等[31]垂直多孔肋硅制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2流速:0.25~6 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
冷却剂流过多孔肋条增强换热
Wang Chunsheng等[32]多孔肋+流动脉动多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.4流速:1 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
平均温度改善,消除了肋骨再循环区
), ArticleFig(id=1239175131105390747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=表2, caption=微通道填充多孔材料增强传热性能总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献增强结构制造方法尺寸结构工作流体文献工况条件传热及流阻性能传热强化机理
K. K. Kumar等[6]铝金属泡沫10 PPI孔隙率:0.95去离子水流速:0.1~3 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
增大传热面积
Li Yongtong等[23]铜金属泡沫+针肋20~50PPI孔隙率:0.8~0.95去离子水qw:100W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↑
增大传热面积和热传导
Hong Sihui等[24]圆盘形金属泡沫130 PPI孔隙率:0.93去离子水kW/m2G:26.5 kg/(m2·s)qw:397.6HTC↑
CHF↑
传热面积增大、沸腾表面连续液体润湿
M. R. Hajmohammadi等[25]多孔变截面多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
高度发散、多孔材料MCHS提高了热性能
J. Seo等[26]集成膜+金属泡沫孔隙率:0.95孔径:200 μmqw:4.13W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
传热面积增大、集成膜毛细管压力进行自泵操作
Chen Chaowei等[27]多孔肋片孔隙率:0.6流速:1.2 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
优化布置增加了传热面积,流体流动模式改变
Wang Jinyuan等[28]多孔肋片+纳米流体烧结多孔铜PPI孔隙率:0.9 40混合纳米流体qw:13.8 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
纳米流体传递传热显著改善、接触面积不同
Li Fei等[29]多孔肋硅制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2入口温度:300 KHTC↑
CHF↑
多孔区域内流体混合增强,热边界层被破坏并重新发展
M. S. Lori等[31]垂直多孔肋硅制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2流速:0.25~6 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
冷却剂流过多孔肋条增强换热
Wang Chunsheng等[32]多孔肋+流动脉动多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.4流速:1 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
平均温度改善,消除了肋骨再循环区
), ArticleFig(id=1239175131256385698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Summary of enhanced thermal performance of microchannel skeleton with porous structure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献增强结构制造方法尺寸结构工作流体文献工况条件传热及流阻性能传热强化机理
Pi Guang等[33]凹形空腔青铜粉末深度:1.1 mm半径:0.4 mm去离子水过冷度:15、30 ℃HTC↑
CHF↑
活性成核位点增加、比表面积扩大、表面再润湿性
Chen Gong等[34]多孔互联铜质基板宽度:0.8 mm深度:1.2 mm间距:1.6 mm去离子水过冷度:80、100 ℃HTC↑
CHF↑
更高比表面积、更高气泡成核位点密度
Chen Jieling等[35]多孔互联铜粉基质宽度:0.4 mm深度:1.1 mm去离子水qw:200~500W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
更大的传热面积、缓解气泡堵塞问题的能力
Lu Gui等[38]多孔翅片多孔硅制成孔隙率:0.6流速:1~1.8 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
冷却液渗透效应和滑移效应、冷却剂混合
Zong L. X.等[39]多孔针翅片硅晶片制成密集/中间密集/稀疏针纯丙酮qw:12~72 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
大量的成核位点、连续的液体补充
M. Fathi等[40]多孔翅片多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.9qw:100W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
增加的流体混合和较大的固流体传热面积
F. Bagherighajari等[41]收敛-发散多孔翅片多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.66qw:100 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
两个相邻通道之间的局部压差引起横向速度分量
Dai Hao等[42]多孔铜基体+相变浆料多孔铜基体孔隙率:0.3~0.6水和MPCM浆料流速:0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
多孔铜基体表面积更大,MPCM相变较大
Li Xianyang等[43]多孔翅片+双层多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2入口温度:300 KHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
下层垂直肋良好导热和上层多孔肋压降降低
Wang Shuolin等[45]多孔翅片+波浪形双层多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100W/cm2入口温度:300 KHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
波浪形壁面使冷却剂混合、冷却液渗透效应
), ArticleFig(id=1239175131348660395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=表3, caption=微通道骨架为多孔结构增强传热性能总结, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参考文献增强结构制造方法尺寸结构工作流体文献工况条件传热及流阻性能传热强化机理
Pi Guang等[33]凹形空腔青铜粉末深度:1.1 mm半径:0.4 mm去离子水过冷度:15、30 ℃HTC↑
CHF↑
活性成核位点增加、比表面积扩大、表面再润湿性
Chen Gong等[34]多孔互联铜质基板宽度:0.8 mm深度:1.2 mm间距:1.6 mm去离子水过冷度:80、100 ℃HTC↑
CHF↑
更高比表面积、更高气泡成核位点密度
Chen Jieling等[35]多孔互联铜粉基质宽度:0.4 mm深度:1.1 mm去离子水qw:200~500W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
更大的传热面积、缓解气泡堵塞问题的能力
Lu Gui等[38]多孔翅片多孔硅制成孔隙率:0.6流速:1~1.8 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
冷却液渗透效应和滑移效应、冷却剂混合
Zong L. X.等[39]多孔针翅片硅晶片制成密集/中间密集/稀疏针纯丙酮qw:12~72 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
大量的成核位点、连续的液体补充
M. Fathi等[40]多孔翅片多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.9qw:100W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
增加的流体混合和较大的固流体传热面积
F. Bagherighajari等[41]收敛-发散多孔翅片多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.66qw:100 W/cm2HTC↑
CHF↑
两个相邻通道之间的局部压差引起横向速度分量
Dai Hao等[42]多孔铜基体+相变浆料多孔铜基体孔隙率:0.3~0.6水和MPCM浆料流速:0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8 m/sHTC↑
CHF↑
多孔铜基体表面积更大,MPCM相变较大
Li Xianyang等[43]多孔翅片+双层多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100 W/cm2入口温度:300 KHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
下层垂直肋良好导热和上层多孔肋压降降低
Wang Shuolin等[45]多孔翅片+波浪形双层多孔铜制成孔隙率:0.6qw:100W/cm2入口温度:300 KHTC↑
CHF↑
压降↓
波浪形壁面使冷却剂混合、冷却液渗透效应
), ArticleFig(id=1239175131436740786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Comparison of enhanced thermal performance of three porous structures, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多孔结构形式具体特点优点缺点优化前景
微通道表面多孔结构通道壁面制备涂层、微腔增大换热表面积、增加气泡成核位点、有效抑制了沸腾传热不稳定性要求更高的工艺、腔体设计无统一标准、表面粗糙度难控制合理选择制造手段,形成不易剥落的涂层以及高度一致的粗糙度
微通道填充多孔材料通道内填充多孔材料显著增加了传热面积、提高形核密度、滑移效应、边界层被破坏增加扰动换热增强压降大、工艺复杂且要求高、研究多集中在翅片安装与侧壁优化翅片或肋片布局减小压降;用阵列翅片替代嵌入式翅片
微通道骨架为多孔结构多孔基质中制备微通道进一步强化气泡形核和流动沸腾传热、加强了壁面边界层破坏、相邻流道诱导横向流动换热、换热效果更强多采用烧结、3D打印,几何精度和粗糙度大、压降大、换热机理复杂研究多孔互联微通道网络,探究粉体形态、尺寸等对流动沸腾影响的机理
), ArticleFig(id=1239175131570958522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239175122762920887, language=CN, label=表4, caption=三种多孔结构增强热性能对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多孔结构形式具体特点优点缺点优化前景
微通道表面多孔结构通道壁面制备涂层、微腔增大换热表面积、增加气泡成核位点、有效抑制了沸腾传热不稳定性要求更高的工艺、腔体设计无统一标准、表面粗糙度难控制合理选择制造手段,形成不易剥落的涂层以及高度一致的粗糙度
微通道填充多孔材料通道内填充多孔材料显著增加了传热面积、提高形核密度、滑移效应、边界层被破坏增加扰动换热增强压降大、工艺复杂且要求高、研究多集中在翅片安装与侧壁优化翅片或肋片布局减小压降;用阵列翅片替代嵌入式翅片
微通道骨架为多孔结构多孔基质中制备微通道进一步强化气泡形核和流动沸腾传热、加强了壁面边界层破坏、相邻流道诱导横向流动换热、换热效果更强多采用烧结、3D打印,几何精度和粗糙度大、压降大、换热机理复杂研究多孔互联微通道网络,探究粉体形态、尺寸等对流动沸腾影响的机理
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基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术研究现状
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周雄 , 张莉
制冷学报 | 2025,46(2): 17-27
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(2): 17-27
基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术研究现状
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周雄, 张莉
作者信息
  • 华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200237

通讯作者:

张莉,女,教授,博士生导师,华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,021-64252847,E-mail:。研究方向:强化传热技术与装备。
Research Status of Microchannel Heat Dissipation Technology Based on Porous Structure
Xiong Zhou, Li Zhang
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
出版时间: 2025-04-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.017
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随着微电子器件的飞速发展,电子设备越来越倾向于小型轻量化、高集成度、高热流密度的方向发展。多孔结构因其能有效拓展传热面积、增加汽化核心和调控壁面润湿性而强化沸腾传热,广泛应用于散热领域。基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术是提高散热器性能十分有效且极具发展前景的方法。微通道表面多孔结构、微通道内填充多孔材料和微通道骨架为多孔结构是近年来3种常见的多孔结构和微通道相结合增强沸腾传热的结构形式,多孔结构主要包括多孔涂层、微腔、金属泡沫、多孔翅片和多孔肋等。主要对近年来基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术的研究进展进行了综述,对比分析了上述3种强化传热结构的优缺点,阐述了微通道散热器在传热性能和压降的平衡设计方面所面临的问题,并提出了相关的优化设计方法。

The rapid development of microelectronic devices has driven a trend toward miniaturized and lightweight electronic devices with high heat flux. Porous structures are increasingly used in heat dissipation due to their ability to expand the heat transfer area, enhance nucleation sites for boiling, and regulate surface wettability, significantly improving boiling heat transfer. Microchannel heat dissipation technology based on porous structures has emerged as an effective and promising method to enhance heat sink performance. Recent advancements highlight three common configurations: porous structures on microchannel surfaces, porous materials within microchannels, and porous microchannel skeletons. These structures encompass coatings, microcavities, metal foams, porous fins, and ribs. This article reviews progress in microchannel heat dissipation using porous structures, evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of these configurations, addresses challenges such as balancing heat transfer and pressure drop, and proposes optimization strategies to overcome these issues.

周雄, 张莉. 基于多孔结构的微通道散热技术研究现状. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (2) : 17 -27 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.017
Xiong Zhou, Li Zhang. Research Status of Microchannel Heat Dissipation Technology Based on Porous Structure[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (2) : 17 -27 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.017
近几十年来,随着电子设备的快速发展,微型化、轻量化和高热流密度逐渐成为电子设备追求的目标。如今制约电子设备进一步发展的主要是散热问题。据预测,常规电子芯片热流密度将达到500 W/cm2,局部热点热流密度将超过1 000 W/cm2[1],但常规通道液冷的散热能力低于200 W/cm2,远远达不到要求,因此寻找新的有效冷却方法十分必要。微通道传热的概念由Tuckerman和Pease在1981年首次提出。微通道散热器是在微尺度通道内进行高效的冷却,具有大的传热面积、紧凑化的尺寸,是一种被业内广泛认可的高效冷却技术,水在微通道中的单相冷却热流密度达到了790W/cm2[2],流动沸腾热流密度甚至可超过1 000W/cm2[3],可有效应对电子设备中的高热通量耗散问题。
多孔结构因其能够有效拓展传热面积而增强传热,还为气泡形核、生长提供了大量的微孔和理想的空间从而缓解了流动不稳定性,已被证明具有非常好的强化传热效果[4],目前已广泛应用于散热领域。
近年来,多孔结构逐渐被应用于微通道中来增强换热。应用于微通道的多孔结构主要由铜[5]或铝[6-7]等基质材料制备而成,这些多孔结构主要分为3类:微通道表面多孔结构、微通道内填充多孔材料和微通道骨架为多孔结构,包括多孔涂层[8]、微腔[9]、金属泡沫[10]、多孔肋[11]、特定流体[12]或相变材料[13]结合多孔材料等增强换热的多孔结构。多孔结构微通道的研究主要集中在:1)多孔材料的种类、孔隙率、孔径等对传热性能的影响;2)多孔介质填充比例、位置的影响;3)复合多孔的微通道流道结构创新,探究流动沸腾特性和传热系数。可见多孔结构微通道的研究十分广泛,且各种多孔结构增强换热的程度和机理不同、各有优缺点。因此本文对近年来微通道多孔结构研究进展进行了综述,对比了上述3种类型多孔结构的优缺点,简要介绍了多孔结构微通道面临的挑战和未来发展前景,为优化微通道热性能和压降的平衡设计提供指导,为高性能的微通道散热器的应用提供参考。
在微通道内部表面进行改性处理,如制备多孔涂层和增加人工空腔等能够显著增大换热表面积和增加气泡成核位点,有效抑制了沸腾传热不稳定性以及降低了散热器表面温度,可获得更优良的温度分布,显著增强了微通道换热性能。虽然此技术提高了传热系数(heat transfer coefficient,HTC),但通常导致更大的压降,压降损失相对于热性能的提升而言也是需要考虑的一个重要因素。
多孔涂层是一种公认的增强沸腾传热的技术,V. Y. S. Lee等[14]研究了引入多孔涂层对微通道流动沸腾传热性能的影响,研究了普通和多孔涂层微通道底壁的表面特征,结果表明带涂层的微通道壁面平均过热度相比无涂层壁面低2.8 K,散热器表面温度也低3 K。曾龙等[15]通过激光加工方法,对微通道底部进行表面改性处理生成了高效、稳定的多孔涂层壁面,实现了更高效的传热。B. Majumder等[16]对比了不同涂层厚度对沸腾传热性能影响,在普通Al表面上制备了不同厚度的多孔涂层,发现随着涂层厚度的增加,涂覆Al的加热面的HTC也随之增加。观察到Al多孔涂层加热表面的最大HTC比普通Al加热表面高51.62%。M. Aravinthan等[17]对比了常规和内部具有疏水铜涂层微通道的流沸腾传热和压降特性,结果表明,与常规的无涂层相比,涂层微通道两相传热增强,两相压降增加,但两相传热增强优于压降比例增量,整体性能更好。He Bolin等[18]研究了多孔涂层对微通道压降与流动不稳定性的影响,提出了一种由铜基质形成的空腔和由铜线形成的缝隙的双孔微通道散热器(bi-porous minichannel,BPM)。发现BPM的压降随着热通量的增加而增加,并且由于气泡尺寸和气泡分布更均匀,流动稳定性更好。
多孔涂层结合微通道截面变化也是研究热点之一,M. A. H. Mudhafar等[19]证明了多孔涂层和发散通道截面对流动沸腾传热的强化和流动不稳定性的改善(图1)。由于微孔层表面的毛细作用,液体可以再润湿表面,这增强了流动沸腾的HTC,并且提高了临界热流密度(critical heat flux,CHF),这种复合结构使系统整体的热力性能和CHF分别提高20%和61%,热阻降低35%。
B. P. Behnam等[20]研究了人工空腔对微通道中流动沸腾的影响,研究了12种不同结构表面的传热性能和CHF,证明含有人工腔的样品沸腾传热性能显著提高,且样品上空腔数量增加,活性成核点的数量也随之增加,改善了不同热通量下微通道的表面性能。Zhang Dongwei等[21]进一步对加强空腔微通道内的扰动进行了研究,研究了三角组合腔、90°扇形和三角组合空腔不同延伸面(圆柱翅片、矩形翅片、水滴)的流体流动和传热性能。发现在低雷诺数下,三角组合腔的微通道传热性能最好。高雷诺数下,三角组合腔筒翅片微通道综合传热性能最好,节能效果极佳。Lin Yuhao等[22]从数值模拟方面研究微通道中微腔对流动沸腾的影响,发现与光滑微通道相比,微腔的微通道表面压降提高4.36%,传热系数提高17.16%,热阻降低13.55%。Li Y. F.等[9]研究了组合型空腔的传热增强效果,将三角形空腔和矩形翅片进行结合(图2),研究该复合结构发现,与普通矩形微通道相比,复合结构微通道表现出显著的传热增强、启始沸腾的发生和CHF的延迟。
表1总结了近几年微通道表面多孔结构的具体结构特征和传热增强效果。
在微通道内填充多孔结构,如金属泡沫的多孔结构显著增加了传热面积、提高形核密度从而达到改善传热;同时多孔肋等多孔结构的存在使冷却液会流入这些多孔结构中,导致流体与固体界面处呈现非零速度(滑移效应),中断了边界层并重新发展边界层,增加了流动混合,这对传热十分有利。
多孔泡沫具有高的比表面积和孔隙率,显著提高了传热面积和形核密度。在微通道中为了改善传热,不同孔隙率、厚度、填充率、孔径的多孔泡沫已经被应用,并且这些多孔金属泡沫还可以结合其他方式来补偿压降过大的损失。
K. K. Kumar等[6]对填充率分别为25%、50%、75%和100%,厚度分别为10、20和30 mm的金属铝泡沫内的流动特性进行了研究(图3)。证明了填充率为75%的通道不可逆性最小、厚度最佳为30 mm。微针肋具有优良的导热性能,Li Yongtong等[23]提出一种金属泡沫与针肋结合的复合式散热器,得出在传统针肋(pin fin,PF)以及金属泡沫(metal foam,MF)共同作用下,热传导和对流传热得到了强化和改善,较单独采用PF和MF分别提高266.6%和36.3%。
在微通道中两相流沸腾的一个重大挑战是防止薄液膜被通道中的快速气泡伸长和混沌的汽液界面中断,并且及时补液。Hong Sihui等[24]设计并制造了一种采用泡沫铜的三维圆盘形进液分配器,额外的液体由此分配器进入,使沸腾表面的连续液体润湿,从而达到提高传热性能的效果。M. R. Hajmohammadi等[25]提出一种利用多孔介质填充的可变横截面微通道,发现利用充满和不填充多孔介质的可变横截面微通道,可将传统的平直微通道散热器性能分别提高90%和40%。J. Seo等[26]提出一种基于植物叶片启发的集成膜过滤器和金属泡沫形成的双孔结构新型蒸发散热器,由集成膜过滤器产生足够大的毛细管压力,而金属泡沫将热量和水传递至膜过滤器。
在微通道内增加肋片可以提高微通道的热性能,但会导致额外的泵功率,因而增大的压降限制了其应用。但多孔与肋片组合可以使冷却液流入多孔肋片中,会导致流体与固体界面处呈现非零速度(滑移效应),结果表明多孔设计明显减少了传热损失的不可逆性,且多孔肋本质上都是多孔类型的流动中断结构,通过中断热和流动边界层的正常发展、减小热边界层的厚度以及防止气泡在两相沸腾流动中阻塞来增强热传递。
在多孔和实心肋片研究方面,Chen Chaowei等[27]对多孔肋片安装位置与比例(25%、75%)进行了研究(图4),得出与实心肋片相比,多孔肋片可显著降低压力损失,最高达19%。多孔肋片以75%的比例布置在出口歧管侧时,多孔肋片歧管的综合性能最佳。
Wang Jinyuan等[28]提出一种多孔/固体肋片和碳纳米管-Fe3O4混合纳米流体散热器,发现金属泡沫的热阻比多孔肋片的热阻小2%,水热性能因子(performance evaluation criterion,PEC)也更有效,这表明相比于多孔肋片,金属泡沫的散热性能更好。
Li Fei等[29]研究了多孔肋相比于实心肋提升热性能的影响机理。研究发现,由于实心肋后面存在旋涡和回流,而多孔区域内流体混合增强,热边界层被破坏并重新发展,多孔肋微通道的速度场和温度梯度场的协同作用更好,且对称交错多孔肋的微通道表现出最佳的综合热力和水力性能。
Wang Man等[30]对具有不同多孔肋形状(圆形肋、方形肋、规则肋和分级蜂窝肋)微通道的传热和水力特性进行了数值研究(图5)。发现当只使用实心肋时,圆形实心肋具有最低压降但散热能力最低;使用多孔肋时,圆形与其他形状压降相差较小且散热效果低很多,分层蜂窝多孔肋具有较低压降与最优散热效果,综合性能最好。M. S. Lori等[31]评估了在微通道壁面上采用不同几何形状(包括矩形、椭圆形、等腰三角形、倒三角形和正三角形)肋片的效果(图6)。证明了多孔肋板的压降远小于实心肋板,三角形多孔肋压降小、换热最强,综合性能最优。Wang Chunsheng等[32]探讨了三角波流脉动对多孔肋条微通道散热器(microchannel heat sink,MCHS)传热增强的影响。发现在多孔肋骨和流动脉动结合下,MCHS内部的平均温度更均匀,且在某些阶段消除了肋骨再循环区,增强了局部或整体传热。与以往的带肋、挡板和多孔MCHS相比,采用多孔肋条和脉动流入口,在一定范围内Nu增加了13.4%。
表2总结了近几年微通道内填充多孔材料的具体结构特征和传热增强效果。
微通道材料骨架为多孔结构是指通道是由多孔材料构成,在多孔材料中制备出微型通道,主要包括多孔基质和多孔翅片两种形式的微通道。由于微通道上的多孔表面结构是微小尺度,在微通道壁面或底部制备多孔结构、在已制备的微通道中填充多孔材料这两者要求的工艺水平较高。所以微通道材料骨架为多孔结构越发受到重视。与微通道表面多孔结构、微通道内填充多孔结构不同,微通道骨架为多孔结构微通道可以进一步强化气泡形核和流动沸腾传热。
金属颗粒或粉末可以直接烧结成多孔基质,再在多孔基质内部制备微型通道即形成了微通道骨架为多孔结构的微通道。Pi Guang等[33]考虑到内凹型结构优异的沸腾传热性能,制备了一种凹形微通道结构(reentrant microchannels structures,RMS)(图7),结果表明内凹型微通道促进了沸腾的开始,壁面过热度要小得多,以及通过毛细管辅助吸入内凹微通道致使表面再润湿,沸腾传热系数比平壁面上增强了10%~330%。
互连微通道网络(interconnected microchannel network,IMN)具有相互连接的微通道和多孔结构,在两相传热和缓解流动不稳定方面表现出卓越的性能。Chen Gong等[34]通过使用微细加工方法开发了具有折入腔的互连微通道,研究了结构参数对传热的影响。实验结果表明,与光滑铜板相比,折入腔互连微通道在池沸腾传热方面表现出实质性的改善,相互连接的孔隙和折入腔显著影响了传热增强。Chen Jieling等[35]对比了多孔互连微通道网络(porous interconnected microchannel network,PIMN)与凹型微通道的两相传热性能,结果表明,由于多孔微通道的互连,PIMN在增强传热方面优于RMS,两相不稳定性方面也更好,具有更高的HTC和更低的壁面过热度。Zhang Shiwei等[36]通过铜粉烧结和线切割加工制备了3种不同微通道宽度(0.25、0.40、0.55 mm)的PIMN。发现热通量和质量通量对PIMN的两相传热性能均有显著影响。中等通道宽度为0.4 mm的PIMN具有最高的HTC,并且具有缓解严重两相流不稳定性的最佳能力以及良好的压降损失。
与在微通道中填充多孔翅片不同,在微通道骨架为多孔结构中,多孔翅片构成了微通道的壁面,由于壁面直接为多孔结构使得壁面之间具有连通效应。并且微通道中多孔翅片的存在导致冷却剂在通道壁上“滑移”,相比于壁面为多孔基质的微通道压降更低。
在矩形散热器优化设计中,Chuan Leng等[37]为了降低散热器的压降,提出一种以多孔散热片取代实心散热片的微通道散热器,发现散热器的压降降低了43.0%~47.9%,而热阻仅增加约5%。还有学者将微通道设计成波浪形,Lu Gui等[38]提出一种可以同时降低压降和热阻的多孔翅片波纹微通道热沉。证明了由于渗透效应和冷却剂流体的滑移效应,整体压降显著降低,而涡流增强的冷却剂混合增强了换热。Zong L. X.等[39]在多孔壁面区域不再采用实心壁面而是刻蚀微针翅结构,研究了不同多孔壁面对抑制流动不稳定性和控制沸腾流动的作用。发现多孔壁面的连通效应可以促使沸腾起始,触发核态沸腾,抑制沸腾的不稳定性。
在多孔翅片研究方面,M. Fathi等[40]通过改变微通道翅片高度、宽度比对微通道整体传热的影响。发现在小通道高度时多孔翅片微通道优于实心翅片微通道。在高通道高度时,多孔翅片的有效导热系数低,垂直热扩散较弱。在翅片与流体宽度比高于0.25时,多孔翅片微通道表现出更好的热性能。F. Bagherighajari等[41]提出一种收敛-发散微通道的多孔翅片散热器,相比于多孔和实心翅片的传统平行微通道,由于收敛-发散设计使得相邻通道之间的局部压差而诱导横向流动,多孔翅片的收敛-发散微通道具有更高的性能因子值,整体散热显著加强。
除对多孔翅片本身研究外,多孔翅片还可以结合其他增强散热结构。如Dai Hao等[42]将多孔翅片与微胶囊相变材料(microencapsulated phase-change material,MPCM)悬浮液结合起来,利用多孔铜基体的高导热比表面积和MPCM相变时加热壁面与工质之间较大的温差来强化传热。
还有学者考虑了双层概念的优越性和多孔翅片的优势,将多孔翅片与双层微通道结构结合。如Li Xianyang等[43]设计了一种上层使用多孔翅片,而在下层使用实心翅片的双层微通道散热器(图8)。最后证明了由于实心翅片的良好导热性和多孔翅片的较低压降,双层多孔散热器壁面热阻最小,温度均匀性最好,实现了高热性能和低压降。李文龙等[44]也设计了双层多孔侧翅片散热器,双层均使用多孔翅片。发现纵横比较大时,存在最优的孔隙率为0.4时使最大热阻最小。Wang Shuolin等[45]在前人的基础上进行优化,提出一种同时实现压降降低、传热增强和冷却均匀性改善的平行对称波浪形多孔翅片的双层微通道散热器。发现相比于实心翅片,对称波浪形多孔翅片设计可最大程度地降低压降。使用多孔翅片设计,两种波浪形配置具有几乎相同的压降损失水平,而平行配置提供更高的热性能。
表3总结了近几年微通道骨架为多孔结构的具体结构特征和传热增强效果。
表4所示为上述3种多孔结构的对比,由于微通道表面多孔结构研究较为成熟,目前微通道结合多孔结构研究与应用主要集中在后两者,其中微通道骨架为多孔结构,相比于微通道内填充多孔材料具有更好的传热效果,它进一步强化了气泡形核和流动沸腾传热,加强了壁面边界层破坏,并且微通道内相邻的流道会诱导流体横向流动从而换热效果更强。但由于其多采用烧结、3D打印技术,在微米量级的规模结构的制造方面仍具有挑战性,并且加工零件的几何精度和表面光洁度较差,会增加压降和泵功率,但相比于微通道内填充多孔材料压降更小。所以综合三者而言,微通道骨架为多孔结构具有最优的散热效果。并且将微通道骨架为多孔结构设计为双层,搭配阵列多孔翅片整体性能最佳。
本文综述了3种多孔结构微通道的传热和流阻性能研究进展,对3种多孔结构进行了综合对比分析,得到如下结论:
1)在微通道内制备多孔涂层、微腔等可促进气泡成核并增强微通道散热器中的流动沸腾传热。但在微通道底壁制备涂层工艺要求高,而微通道骨架为多孔结构可有效避免该情况;现有文献大多侧重于研究一定形状的空腔,然而,不同腔体形状的水力和传热特性具有不同的性能结果。
2)在微通道中插入翅片或肋片,能够有效破坏流动边界层、增加扰动,但会带来额外的压降。多孔与翅片、肋片结构组合的“滑移”效应能够缓解增大的压降,且多孔翅片、肋整体性能优于实心翅片、肋。同时与优化侧壁上的翅片和肋片相比,底壁上的翅片和肋片由于成核密度显著增加并抑制了流动沸腾的不稳定性,在两相流中具有更大的潜在应用。
3)集成多种强化形式的复合微通道散热器能够进一步强化微通道流动沸腾从而增强换热。目前的研究重点是双层和波浪流通道与多孔结构的组合,缺乏对其他流道(如仿生分形、收敛-发散)与多孔翅片、金属泡沫结构组合分析。如设计和制备双层复合微通道连同收敛-发散翅片、集成膜-金属泡沫微通道连同针肋以用于增强。
4)本文论述的3种多孔结构的微通道均能提高HTC和CHF,促进流动沸腾强化。但从工艺水平角度而言,微通道表面多孔结构、微通道填充多孔材料均是在微小尺度通道内再制备微小多孔结构,微通道骨架为多孔结构可以从整体上烧结或打印而成,难度更小,并且微通道内相邻的流道会诱导流体横向流动从而换热效果更强。
综合以上对多孔结构微通道的综述,提出了强化微通道传热未来的研究方向:
1)目前大多数研究均集中于单一形式多孔结构对微通道传热性能的影响,而缺少多种多孔结构形式组合对传热性能的综合影响研究。如多孔肋片和多孔涂层、金属泡沫与多孔翅片、金属泡沫和多孔肋片等组合结构对微通道内气泡的行为特征、流型转变规律的影响。通过研究不同组合多孔结构的协同关系能有效促进微通道散热器强化传热领域的发展。
2)不显著增加甚至降低压降损失的同时强化流动沸腾是十分有吸引力的。大多强化复合方法都在增强传热的同时导致过大的压降,所以必须平衡传热和压降之间的关系。如将表面润湿性调控为超疏水性、开发底壁微腔、侧壁翅片的微通道,利用高导热纳米流体和纳米相变微胶囊结合多孔结构的微通道,这些都可能是突破上述难题的研究方向。
3)基于多孔结构的微通道制造成本及工艺难度对其应用实践具有十分重要的作用。如刻蚀适合在多孔基质中制备微通道,但也要考虑刻蚀时间长、化学溶液有毒等问题;微机械切割、激光加工在加工各种材料和形状的微观结构方面具有优势,但成本较高;3D打印能够生产具有复杂内部几何特征或复杂外部轮廓的微通道,但存在几何精度低,表面光洁度差、打印成本高以及材料受限等缺点。因为3D打印、粉末烧结、激光刻蚀、数控制造、气相沉积、激光加工等制造方法的优缺点以及适用场景不同,所以要根据不同需求进行合理选择。
4)需要进一步研究优化多孔材料的物质参数,如多孔材料的孔隙率、毛细性能、渗透率等;研究优化流道内部多孔翅片或肋片结构形状(三角形、矩形、圆形、方形等)以及多孔结构几何参数(填充率、厚度、位置),选择最优的搭配组合使得微通道传热性能、压降、流动不稳定性等综合性能达到最佳。
5)微通道内流动不稳定性不仅关系到微通道换热器的传热系数与传热极限,还是换热器安全设计的关键因素之一。改变微通道流道形状或截面形状、在微通道内制备多孔结构以及开放型微通道等均可有效抑制流动的不稳定性。将双层、发散型截面微通道与多孔涂层、金属泡沫、多孔基质等多孔结构复合,同时利用开放型结构,这些都可能是有效缓解流动不稳定性的研究方向。
6)应用大数据方法、机器学习训练模拟等新兴技术开展微通道散热器的优化设计具有十分重要的意义。利用文献数据建立微通道数据库,训练优化微通道散热器模型,从而建立对微通道结构设计、流体选择、热性能评估、制造方法选择及经济性评估一体化流程开发方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51776074)
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.02.017
  • 接收时间:2023-11-17
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-17
  • 修回日期:2024-01-29
  • 录用日期:2024-02-19
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51776074)
国家自然科学基金(51776074)
作者信息
    华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院 上海 200237

通讯作者:

张莉,女,教授,博士生导师,华东理工大学机械与动力工程学院,021-64252847,E-mail:。研究方向:强化传热技术与装备。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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