Article(id=1239230398710993126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.158, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708963200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-27, revisedDate=1711209600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-24, acceptedDate=1712678400000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-10, onlineDate=1773385150839, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385150839, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385150839, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385150839, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=166, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230401055609101, articleId=1239230398710993126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on a Novel Solution for Cryopreservation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) in cell banking exhibits significant side effects on both the cells and the human body. Therefore, an approach that mitigates the side effects of Me2SO with comparable efficacy is urgently needed. The human umbilical cord mesenchymal was used as the research material. First, the thermal physical properties of trehalose, glucose, and L-proline and their regulation of ice crystal growth were measured using a differential scanning calorimeter and a cryomicroscope. Cryopreservation experiments were performed to determine the optimal concentration of each component in the cryopreservation solution, and the viability and functionality of the cells after cryopreservation were validated. The results show that there is no significant difference in cell viability (92.42%±0.28%) and recovery rate (87.80%±4.22%) between the use of the novel stem cell cryopreservation solution (1.25 mol/L ethylene glycol+10 g/L whey protein+0.1 mol/L trehalose+Normosol-R) and the conventional cryopreservation solution (a volume fraction of 10% Me2SO). Moreover, after 3 days of culture, the cell number was (12.42±0.60) × 106 (proliferation fold of 4.97), and the cell phenotype was not significantly different from that of fresh cells. The proposed novel solution for stem cell cryopreservation solves the problem of "Me2SO-free" cryopreservation of cells and offers promising potential for clinical applications.

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Liu Baolin, male, professor, Institute of Biothermal Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-13636524955, E-mail: . Research fields: cryo-biomedical engineering.
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细胞库普遍使用的二甲基亚砜(Me2SO)对细胞和人体均有较强的副作用,因此亟需一种方案来替代Me2SO并具有与Me2SO产品相当的效果。实验以人脐带间充质干细胞为研究材料,首先通过差示扫描量热仪和低温显微系统测定了海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸的热物性及其对冰晶生长的调控,在此基础上通过冻存实验确定了冻存液中各组分的浓度,并验证了冻存后细胞的活性和功能。结果显示,使用新型干细胞冻存液(1.25 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.1 mol/L海藻糖+Normosol-R注射液)冻存后的细胞存活率(92.42%±0.28%)和回收率(87.80%±4.22%)与传统冻存液(体积分数为10%Me2SO)无显著性差异。冻存细胞培养3 d后细胞数量为(12.42±0.60)× 106个(增殖倍数为4.97),且细胞表型与新鲜细胞无显著性差异。新型干细胞冻存液解决了细胞低温保存中的“Me2SO-free”问题,具有潜在的应用前景。

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刘宝林,男,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,13636524955,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学工程。
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实验号乙二醇/(mol/L)乳清蛋白/(g/L)海藻糖/(mol/L)
11.00100.10
21.00150.15
31.00200.20
41.25100.15
51.25150.20
61.25200.10
71.50100.20
81.50150.10
91.50200.15
), ArticleFig(id=1239230410459239078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=CN, label=表1, caption=低温保护剂浓度优化实验的分组, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验号乙二醇/(mol/L)乳清蛋白/(g/L)海藻糖/(mol/L)
11.00100.10
21.00150.15
31.00200.20
41.25100.15
51.25150.20
61.25200.10
71.50100.20
81.50150.10
91.50200.15
), ArticleFig(id=1239230410568290989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Group of the carrier solution optimization experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组细胞冻存液组成
低温保护剂成分载体溶液
实验组11.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖生理盐水注射液
实验组21.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖碳酸氢钠注射液
实验组31.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖勃脉力A注射液
实验组41.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖Normosol-R注射液
对照组10%Me2SO+10%FBS基础培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1239230410656371379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=CN, label=表2, caption=载体溶液优化实验的分组, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组细胞冻存液组成
低温保护剂成分载体溶液
实验组11.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖生理盐水注射液
实验组21.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖碳酸氢钠注射液
实验组31.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖勃脉力A注射液
实验组41.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖Normosol-R注射液
对照组10%Me2SO+10%FBS基础培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1239230410773811897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Group of the cell morphology and proliferation ability detection experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组细胞冻存液组成
低温保护剂成分载体溶液
实验组11.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖勃脉力A注射液
实验组21.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖Normosol-R注射液
对照组10%Me2SO+10%FBS基础培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1239230410866086589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=CN, label=表3, caption=细胞形态和增殖能力检测实验的分组, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组细胞冻存液组成
低温保护剂成分载体溶液
实验组11.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖勃脉力A注射液
实验组21.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖Normosol-R注射液
对照组10%Me2SO+10%FBS基础培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1239230410937389763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Group of the cell flow phenotyping experiment, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组细胞冻存液组成
低温保护剂成分载体溶液
实验组11.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖勃脉力A注射液
对照组10%Me2SO+10%FBS基础培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1239230411050635980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=CN, label=表4, caption=细胞流式表型检测实验的分组, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分组细胞冻存液组成
低温保护剂成分载体溶液
实验组11.00 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖勃脉力A注射液
对照组10%Me2SO+10%FBS基础培养基
), ArticleFig(id=1239230411142910671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Cell surface marker expression, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细胞表面抗原阳性率/%
10%Me2SO组新型干细胞冻存液组新鲜组
CD4499.60±0.4299.87±0.0999.90±0
CD7399.93±0.0599.93±0.0599.97±0.05
CD9099.33±0.4799.73±0.1999.97±0.05
CD10599.77±0.0999.70±099.77±0.05
CD34、CD11b、CD19、CD45、HLA-DR0.57±0.800.03±0.800.10±0
), ArticleFig(id=1239230411239379669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230398710993126, language=CN, label=表5, caption=细胞表面标志物表达情况, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
细胞表面抗原阳性率/%
10%Me2SO组新型干细胞冻存液组新鲜组
CD4499.60±0.4299.87±0.0999.90±0
CD7399.93±0.0599.93±0.0599.97±0.05
CD9099.33±0.4799.73±0.1999.97±0.05
CD10599.77±0.0999.70±099.77±0.05
CD34、CD11b、CD19、CD45、HLA-DR0.57±0.800.03±0.800.10±0
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人脐带间充质干细胞新型冻存液实验研究
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张鹏 , 刘宝林
制冷学报 | 2025,46(3): 158-166
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(3): 158-166
人脐带间充质干细胞新型冻存液实验研究
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张鹏, 刘宝林
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093

通讯作者:

刘宝林,男,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,13636524955,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学工程。
Experimental Study on a Novel Solution for Cryopreservation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Peng Zhang, Baolin Liu
Affiliations
  • Institute of Biothermal and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.158
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细胞库普遍使用的二甲基亚砜(Me2SO)对细胞和人体均有较强的副作用,因此亟需一种方案来替代Me2SO并具有与Me2SO产品相当的效果。实验以人脐带间充质干细胞为研究材料,首先通过差示扫描量热仪和低温显微系统测定了海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸的热物性及其对冰晶生长的调控,在此基础上通过冻存实验确定了冻存液中各组分的浓度,并验证了冻存后细胞的活性和功能。结果显示,使用新型干细胞冻存液(1.25 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.1 mol/L海藻糖+Normosol-R注射液)冻存后的细胞存活率(92.42%±0.28%)和回收率(87.80%±4.22%)与传统冻存液(体积分数为10%Me2SO)无显著性差异。冻存细胞培养3 d后细胞数量为(12.42±0.60)× 106个(增殖倍数为4.97),且细胞表型与新鲜细胞无显著性差异。新型干细胞冻存液解决了细胞低温保存中的“Me2SO-free”问题,具有潜在的应用前景。

低温保存  /  细胞治疗  /  干细胞  /  无Me2SO  /  细胞冻存液

Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) in cell banking exhibits significant side effects on both the cells and the human body. Therefore, an approach that mitigates the side effects of Me2SO with comparable efficacy is urgently needed. The human umbilical cord mesenchymal was used as the research material. First, the thermal physical properties of trehalose, glucose, and L-proline and their regulation of ice crystal growth were measured using a differential scanning calorimeter and a cryomicroscope. Cryopreservation experiments were performed to determine the optimal concentration of each component in the cryopreservation solution, and the viability and functionality of the cells after cryopreservation were validated. The results show that there is no significant difference in cell viability (92.42%±0.28%) and recovery rate (87.80%±4.22%) between the use of the novel stem cell cryopreservation solution (1.25 mol/L ethylene glycol+10 g/L whey protein+0.1 mol/L trehalose+Normosol-R) and the conventional cryopreservation solution (a volume fraction of 10% Me2SO). Moreover, after 3 days of culture, the cell number was (12.42±0.60) × 106 (proliferation fold of 4.97), and the cell phenotype was not significantly different from that of fresh cells. The proposed novel solution for stem cell cryopreservation solves the problem of "Me2SO-free" cryopreservation of cells and offers promising potential for clinical applications.

cryopreservation  /  cell therapy  /  mesenchymal stem cells  /  Me2SO-free  /  cryopreservation
张鹏, 刘宝林. 人脐带间充质干细胞新型冻存液实验研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 158 -166 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.158
Peng Zhang, Baolin Liu. Experimental Study on a Novel Solution for Cryopreservation of Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 158 -166 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.158
心血管疾病、癌症、慢性呼吸系统疾病等非传染性疾病对当今人类健康造成了严重危害[1],预防和控制这些疾病是21世纪的一项重大任务[2]。细胞治疗,尤其干细胞治疗,正逐渐代替分子药物治疗,成为人类应对重大疑难疾病的首选治疗方法[3-4]。干细胞治疗是再生医学的一个重要分支,旨在利用干细胞的自我复制、多向分化和免疫调节能力来促进组织修复和再生[5],因此细胞的高质量保存技术对细胞治疗产业的发展至关重要[6]
细胞冻存液是一种特殊的溶液,包括低温保护剂(包括渗透性低温保护剂、非渗透性低温保护剂、蛋白等)和缓冲液,用于将细胞冻结保存在极低温条件下,以延长其存活时间并保持其功能。细胞低温保存通常使用含有体积分数约为5%~10%二甲基亚砜(Me2SO)的冻存液[7],该项技术建立于20世纪50年代,现在普遍用于细胞库存储[8]。研究表明,使用Me2SO保存的干细胞移植相关的副作用包括心血管疾病、神经疾病、呼吸、肾、肝功能障碍等[9]。即使清洗后再将干细胞输入患者体内,微量Me2SO仍会引起患者的不良反应。此外,Me2SO会导致干细胞基因表达和分化异常[10]。例如,Me2SO能够使小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为心肌细胞[11];含Me2SO的细胞冻存液会导致人类胚胎干细胞分化标志物Oct-4的表达水平降低,细胞分化能力下降[12];Me2SO还会导致小鼠胚胎体中Dnmt3a表达水平上调和DNA甲基化,导致其表观遗传学剖面改变并引起表型变化[13]。因此,很多学者致力于寻求一种可以替代Me2SO的冻存液。
乙二醇[14]常用作静脉、口服和外用药物制剂的溶剂,与Me2SO相比是安全性更高的低温保护剂。海藻糖[15-16]、葡萄糖[17]、L-脯氨酸[18]是低温生物学中普遍使用的非渗透性低温保护剂,具有很好的生物相容性,常被用于降低细胞冻存液中Me2SO含量。蛋白是细胞冻存液中的重要成分,乳清蛋白常用在精子冻存液中,能够维持复苏后精子的活力并减轻精子在低温保存过程中的氧化应激[19]。此外,细胞体积和离子稳态是维持细胞活力重要因素[20],合适的电解质缓冲液可以为细胞提供适宜的生存环境,因此研究载体溶液对细胞冻存至关重要。
本研究以人脐带间充质干细胞的低温保存为目标,实验研究了一种无Me2SO的干细胞冻存液。为达到长期维持细胞活性和功能目的,研究了无Me2SO干细胞冻存液冻存后细胞的存活率、细胞形态、增殖能力以及表面标志物表达水平。通过差示扫描量热仪(DSC)和低温显微系统,测定了非渗透性低温保护剂对冰晶生长的调控能力,通过冻存实验确定了细胞冻存液中各组分的浓度,并通过细胞形态、增殖能力和表面标志物表达水平等指标评估其效果,为干细胞低温保存提供了一种无Me2SO解决方案。
人脐带间充质干细胞来源于上海原天生物科技有限公司细胞库;基础培养基购自达科为生物技术股份有限公司;双抗、TrypLE、T25培养瓶、T75培养瓶、T175培养瓶、50 mL离心管、15 mL离心管、程序降温盒和冻存管均购自赛默飞世尔科技有限公司;血小板裂解物购自Girfols(美国);PBS缓冲液购自上海源培生物科技股份有限公司;AO/PI购自Nexcelcom Bioscience(美国);hMsc细胞表型染料和Staining Buffer均购自BD(美国);乙二醇购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸均购自西格玛奥德里奇(上海)贸易有限公司;生理盐水和碳酸氢钠注射液购自江苏恒瑞医药股份有限公司;勃脉力A注射液和Normosol-R注射液购自南京亿迅生物科技有限公司。
实验仪器和设备:细胞计数仪(Nexcelcom Bioscience,Cellometer Auto 2000),差式扫描量热仪(PerkinElmer,DSC8500),低温显微系统(Linkam,FDCS196),细胞培养箱(Esco,CCL170-B-8),离心机(Thermo Fisher Scientific,75004240),流式细胞仪(BD,FACSCantoll)。
实验所用干细胞为人脐带来源的间充质干细胞(MSC,mesenchymal stem cells),由人脐带组织消化后体外扩增培养所得。健康捐赠者的脐带组织按照标准操作规程处理后保存于原天生物科技有限公司的细胞库中。用手术剪刀将新鲜的脐带组织切成1 mm3大小的组织粒,然后置入T75培养瓶中,加入10 mL MSC完全培养基(体积分数为94%基础培养基,5%人血小板裂解物,1%双抗)。将装有脐带组织粒的培养瓶放入37 ℃恒温细胞培养箱中培养。培养7~8 d后进行换液(吸去组织培养上清液,加入10 mL MSC完全培养基)。培养9~10 d后,去除脐带组织粒和组织培养液,并加入10 mL MSC完全培养基继续培养。当培养瓶中细胞大部分达到80%~90%汇合度后,加入4 mL TrypLE进行细胞消化。轻轻混匀消化液后将细胞培养瓶置于37 ℃恒温细胞培养箱中消化3 min,随后加入2倍体积的MSC完全培养基终止消化,以400 g转速离心5 min得到P0代MSCs细胞。
收集的P0代MSC按8 000个/cm2的密度接种至含有30 mL MSC完全培养基的T175培养瓶中进行进一步培养,使用P1-P5代且细胞消化后存活率在90%以上的MSC进行后续实验。
实验前,首先对DSC设备进行仪器校正(基线校正、样品温度校正、炉温校正和热流校正)。校正标样选择了两点校正法,其中常温段温度校正采用纯水,低温段温度校正采用环戊烷。温度校正与热流校正分别采用“Onset”温度和“S”形基线。校正的温度范围为-120~40 ℃,温度校正的扫描速率为10 ℃/min。每次实验前,均经过基线验证。实验时,首先吸取10 μL非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液于样品皿中,用标准液体压样器轻轻将样品皿压样密封。然后将样品皿转入样品炉,并在对照炉中加入空皿,上机实验。
实验前,先将冷台温度降至溶液结晶,再复温至视野内只存在单独的小尺寸冰晶,将其作为冰晶生长的起点,并观察不同非渗透性低温保护剂对冰晶生长的调控。实验具体操作方法如下:配制物质的量浓度为1 mol/L不同非渗透性低温保护剂(海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸)的生理盐水溶液。取3 μL非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液加载到低温显微镜冷台上的坩埚中,盖上盖玻片。首先,以10 ℃/min的降温速率降至样本全部冻结,随后以5 ℃/min的复温速率复温至样品的相变平衡温度。将冷台温度设定样品的相变平衡温度,直至找到单独的小尺寸冰晶并将其固定在视野中心。随后以1 ℃/min的降温速率降至-20 ℃,最后以20 ℃/min复温至20 ℃。单冰晶生长面积的测量和计算过程如下:1)使用低温显微系统的摄像机(Pointgery,Flea3,Richmond,加拿大)以5帧/s的频率采集单冰晶生长过程的图像(物镜放大倍数为50倍,图像放大倍数为500倍);2)找到冰晶生长的起始图片,并每隔5 s选出冰晶生长的图片;3)使用ImageJ测量冰晶在不同生长时间下的面积,每组样品重复3次。
以渗透性低温保护剂(乙二醇)、非渗透性低温保护剂(海藻糖)和蛋白(乳清蛋白)作为正交试验3个因素,分别设置3个浓度水平,根据单因素正交试验进行细胞冻存实验并优选保护剂配方,实验方案如表1所示。基于单因素正交试验确定细胞冻存液最优配方,继续优化细胞冻存液的载体溶液,实验方案如表2所示。
冻存实验具体步骤如下:将消化收集的新鲜间充质干细胞用MSC完全培养基重悬,取样23 μL与等体积的AO/PI混合均匀,使用细胞计数仪计数。按照实验所设的分组进行细胞冻存。每组取2支15 mL离心管,每支取3.3×106个细胞,以400 g离心5 min后倒去上清,加入1.1 mL复配的冻存液重悬后,取其中1 mL进行细胞冻存实验。冻存前先将冻存管放入4 ℃冰箱平衡10 min,平衡后再将冻存管放入程序降温盒并放入-80 ℃冰箱冻存。在-80 ℃冰箱保存过夜后取出,迅速转入37 ℃恒温水浴锅中复温2.5 min。复温结束后,使用9倍体积的PBS(phosphate buffer saline,磷酸缓冲盐溶液)洗脱,随后将细胞悬液放入4 ℃冰箱静置10 min。静置后转入离心机,以400 g离心5 min后倒去上清,使用1 mL完全培养基重悬,取50 μL细胞悬液计数。取其中23 μL细胞悬液与23 μL AO/PI吹打均匀后,将染色后的细胞加到细胞计数板中,使用细胞计数仪进行细胞存活率和回收率检测。
细胞冻存的实验操作参考1.6节,实验分组如表3所示。将不同冻存液冻存的人脐带间充质干细胞复苏,使用MSC完全培养基重悬,取其中23 μL细胞悬液与23 μL AO/PI混匀后计数。每组取2支15 mL离心管,每支取2×105个细胞,加入5 mL MSC完全培养基吹打混匀后,将细胞悬液转入T25培养瓶中,随后转入细胞培养箱中进行培养。细胞培养后持续观察记录细胞形态及生长情况,并分别在培养后第1天、第2天和第3天消化收集细胞,使用细胞计数仪测定细胞数量。
细胞冻存的实验操作参考1.6节,实验分组如表4所示,另设新鲜组作为参照。将不同冻存液冻存的人脐带间充质干细胞复苏,并取新鲜细胞作为参照,使用完全培养基重悬,取其中23 μL细胞悬液与23 μL AO/PI混匀后计数。每组取1×106个细胞,以400 g离心5 min后弃去上清,加入1 mL PBS洗涤细胞。用500 μL磷酸盐缓冲液重悬细胞,并在5个流式管中分装100 μL。加入2.5 μL抗体(CD34+CD11b+CD19+CD45+HLA-DR混合抗体、CD44、CD73、CD105、CD90),并用磷酸盐缓冲液定容为200 μL。将染色后的细胞在室温下避光染色孵育15 min,并且每隔5 min用轻弹流式管,防止细胞沉底。孵育结束后,加入1 mL PBS清洗细胞,400 g离心5 min去上清,重复清洗2次后,加入200 μL PBS重悬并立即上机检测。
实验结果以平均数±标准差的形式表示,统计学分析采用GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行处理,采用单因素方差分析,显著性水平P<0.05表示有统计学意义。标有不同小写字母者表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),而标有相同小写字母者表示组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。
生理盐水及非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液降温/复温过程的热流曲线及DCS测得的热物理参数如图1所示,图中*、**、***分别表示组与组之间的显著性差异P≤0.05、P≤0.01、P≤0.001,实验组数n=3。图1(a)图1(b)分别为生理盐水及1 mol/L不同非渗透性低温保护剂(海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸)生理盐水溶液在降温以及升温过程的热流曲线,在加入非渗透性低温保护剂后均未出现共晶相变的信号峰,仅观察到水的结晶峰及冰晶的融化峰,且非渗透性低温保护剂的加入可以显著降低结晶峰面积。图1(c)图1(d)图1(e)分别为生理盐水及1 mol/L不同非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液的结晶温度Tf、熔融焓ΔH以及未冻水含量。海藻糖组、葡萄糖组和L-脯氨酸组的结晶温度相近,分别为(-27.45±2.27)℃、(-31.12±2.44)℃和(-26.93±2.53)℃,相比生理盐水组(-12.19±2.16)℃结晶温度均显著下降(P<0.05)。海藻糖组的熔融焓为(182.04±1.91)J/g,显著低于葡萄糖组(212.24 J/g±3.47 J/g,P<0.05)和L-脯氨酸组(234.12 J/g±2.23 J/g,P<0.05),而加入非渗透性低温保护剂的3组熔融焓均显著低于生理盐水组(308.35 J/g±4.38 J/g,P<0.05)。海藻糖组的未冻水含量为7.23%±0.50%,高于葡萄糖组(6.43%±0.32%)和L-脯氨酸组(5.70%±0.92%),但均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。生理盐水组的未冻水含量为0.12%±0.02%,显著低于其他3组(P<0.05)。
图1可知,3种非渗透性低温保护剂(海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸)均可抑制生理盐水中的冰晶生成和生长。在海藻糖组升温阶段的热流曲线中(图1(b)),发现在约-35 ℃出现了玻璃化转变信号,说明海藻糖的加入有助于溶液部分玻璃化的形成。促进玻璃化的形成是海藻糖低温下保护细胞的重要途径,玻璃态的溶液可以为细胞提供更安全的生存空间,避免由冰晶生长对细胞造成的机械损伤[21]。对比不同非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液的热物性参数发现,海藻糖组的熔融焓最低,未冻水含量最高,即选择海藻糖作为非渗透性低温保护剂时,可以最大限度地减小冰晶对细胞造成的机械损伤。
通过低温显微系统观察非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液中单冰晶的生长情况,计算单位时间内单冰晶的生长面积,从而对比不同低温保护剂对冰晶生长的调控能力。图2(a)和(b)分别为生理盐水及1.00 mol/L不同非渗透性低温保护剂(海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸)生理盐水溶液中单冰晶的生长图像及其面积。非渗透性低温保护剂的加入均可减小单位时间内单冰晶生长面积,并使冰晶形状趋于圆形或规则的六边形生长。
实验结果显示,在3种非渗透性低温保护剂中,海藻糖生理盐水溶液中的冰晶生长速度最慢,相同时间内冰晶生长面积最小,该实验结果与DSC所得结果相印证。结合非渗透性低温保护剂生理盐水溶液的相变行为和热物理参数的测定结果,海藻糖是非渗透性低温保护剂中的最优选择。
1)细胞冻存液中各组分浓度的优化。
图3(a)和(b)分别为细胞冻存液优化实验中细胞存活率和回收率。实验分组参考表1,图中,标有不同小写字母者表示组间差异显著(P<0.05),标有相同小写字母者表示组间差异不显著(P>0.05),实验组数n=3。实验结果显示,实验组1、4、6的细胞存活率和回收率均较高,说明通过乙二醇、海藻糖和乳清蛋白的复配可以在不使用Me2SO的条件下较好地保护细胞免受低温损伤。进一步分析各因素对细胞存活率的单独影响(图3(c)),可以发现,乙二醇的最优物质的量浓度为1.25 mol/L,乳清蛋白的最优质量浓度为10 g/L,海藻糖的最优物质的量浓度为0.10 mol/L,因此冻存液中各组分浓度最终确定为:1.25 mol/L乙二醇+10 g/L乳清蛋白+0.10 mol/L海藻糖。
2)细胞冻存液中载体溶液的优化。
基于单因素正交试验所确定的细胞冻存液最优配方,选择了常用的、安全性高的电解质注射液(生理盐水注射液、碳酸氢钠注射液、勃脉力A注射液、Normosol-R注射液)作为细胞冻存液的载体溶液。图4(a)和(b)分别为细胞冻存液载体溶液优化实验中细胞存活率和回收率。实验组1、2、3、4分别为生理盐水组、碳酸氢钠注射液组、勃脉力A注射液组和Normosol-R注射液组,对照组为10%Me2SO+ 10%FBS冻存液。图中*、**、***分别表示组与组之间的显著性差异P≤0.05、P≤0.01、P≤0.001,ns表示无显著性差异,实验组数n=3。由图4(a)可知,实验组4的细胞存活率为92.42%±0.28%,与对照组(92.65%±0.97%,P>0.05)无显著性差异。而实验组1、2、3的细胞存活率分别为89.63%±0.60%、89.33%±0.35%和87.83%±2.12%,均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。由图4(b)可知,实验组3和4的细胞回收率分别为84.40%±2.70%和87.80%±4.22%,均与对照组(87.70%±4.24%,P>0.05)无显著性差异。而实验组1和2的细胞回收率分别为73.08%±2.36%和76.47%±1.97%,均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
实验结果表明,优化冻存液中的载体溶液可以显著提高细胞存活率和回收率。细胞冻存过程中冰晶的形成、生长和融化均会导致溶液环境发生改变,因此合适的电解质溶液可以为细胞提供适合细胞生存的胞外环境(渗透压、酸碱度、电解质浓度等)。其中,勃脉力A注射液和Normosol-R注射液可以很好地减轻细胞在冻存过程中所受的低温损伤,从而得到更高的细胞存活率和回收率。
图5(a)和(b)分别为冻存细胞培养后的细胞数量和细胞生长形态图片。实验组1和2分别为勃脉力A注射液组和Normosol-R注射液组,对照组为10%Me2SO冻存液。图中*、**、***分别表示组与组之间的显著性差异P≤0.05、P≤0.01、P≤0.001,ns表示无显著性差异,实验组数n=3。由5(a)可知,使用勃脉力A注射液作为细胞冻存液的载体溶液时,干细胞冻存再培养1、2、3 d的细胞数量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而使用Normosol-R注射液作为冻存液的载体溶液时,细胞冻存再培养1 d的细胞数量显著低于对照组(P<0.05),培养2 d的细胞数量与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。培养3 d后Normosol-R注射液组的细胞数量为(12.42±0.60)×106个,显著高于对照组[(11.41±0.27)×106个,P<0.05],细胞增殖倍数为4.97。由图5(b)可知,载体溶液为勃脉力A注射液或Normosol-R注射液时,细胞贴壁、细胞增殖、细胞形态均正常,对照组中虽然细胞可以正常贴壁生长和增殖,但发现较为严重的细胞老化和形态异常现象。
在单因素正交试验所得细胞冻存液最优配方的基础上,以Normosol-R注射液作为冻存液的载体溶液复配所得的干细胞冻存液(简称:新型干细胞冻存液)可以很好地维持干细胞的活性和功能,复苏后的细胞增殖能力和细胞形态均优于传统体积分数为10%Me2SO干冻存液。
表5所示为传统冻存液(体积分数为10%Me2SO)冻存后的细胞、新型干细胞冻存液冻存后的细胞以及新鲜组细胞表面标志物表达情况,实验组数n=3。使用新型干细胞冻存液和传统冻存液冻存后的干细胞表面CD74、CD73、CD90和CD105均呈阳性表达,而CD34、CD11b、CD19、CD45和HLA-DR均呈阴性表达。
结果表明,新型干细胞冻存液不仅可以很好地维持细胞冻存后的活性和功能,还能保持干细胞的表型在冻存后不发生改变。同时发现,传统冻存液组细胞CD34、CD11b、CD19、CD45、HLA-DR阳性率明显高于新鲜组细胞和新型干细胞冻存液组细胞,虽然结果并无无显著性差异,但这可以说明Me2SO会导致干细胞的异常分化。
Me2SO因对干细胞的异常影响和对人体的副作用,正制约着细胞治疗行业的发展。为解决细胞低温保存中“Me2SO-free”的问题,实验研究了低温保护剂的热物性及其对冰晶生长的调控,在此基础上进行了细胞冻存液的复配,并验证了冻存后细胞的活性和功能,得到如下结论:
1)海藻糖、葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸均可抑制生理盐水溶液中共晶相的形成,而相比于葡萄糖和L-脯氨酸,海藻糖可以更好地抑制溶液中冰晶的生长。同时,海藻糖可以促使溶液形成部分玻璃化,使部分细胞处在玻璃态溶液中,从而使细胞免受冰晶的机械损伤。
2)合适的电解质溶液可以维持适合细胞外溶液渗透压、酸碱度和电解质浓度的稳定,为细胞冻存过程中提供适合细胞生存的胞外环境,从而最大程度地减少冰晶形成和融化对细胞的不利影响。此外,相比生理盐水,使用Normosol-R注射液作为细胞冻存液的载体溶液可以显著提高细胞冻存后存活率和回收率,且与传统冻存液(体积分数为10%Me2SO)无显著性差异。
3)优化了冻存液中各组分浓度和载体溶液后,干细胞存活率、回收率、细胞形态、贴壁能力、增殖能力和表面标志物表达水平均在冻存过程中得到了很好的维持。同时,相比于常规冻存液,无Me2SO的新型干细胞冻存液能够更好地保持干细胞的增殖能力和细胞表型,避免了Me2SO可能引起的异常分化问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51776130)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.158
  • 接收时间:2024-02-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-27
  • 修回日期:2024-03-24
  • 录用日期:2024-04-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51776130)
国家自然科学基金(51776130)
作者信息
    上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所 上海 200093

通讯作者:

刘宝林,男,教授,上海理工大学生物系统热科学研究所,13636524955,E-mail:。研究方向:低温生物医学工程。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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