Article(id=1239230399507910890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.091, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703001600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-20, revisedDate=1705852800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-22, acceptedDate=1711987200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-04-02, onlineDate=1773385151030, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385151030, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385151030, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385151030, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230400208359666, articleId=1239230399507910890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Measurement and Analysis of the Critical Snow Formation Height of an Internally Mixed Nucleonator, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, the critical snow formation height of a mixed single-aperture nucleator in an artificial snow machine was examined. The threshold values of critical snow formation height were experimentally measured at different air-water pressure ratios and ambient temperatures, and the effects of air-water pressure ratios and ambient temperatures on the threshold values of critical snow formation heights were analyzed. The results showed that the threshold value for the critical height of critical snow formation did not exist at temperatures of -5 ℃ and -10 ℃ under the working conditions with a gas-water pressure ratio of 0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa, but snow formation could be realized at -15 ℃, and the threshold value for the critical height of critical snow formation was 50-55 cm. When the gas-water pressure ratio is 0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa or 0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa, snow can be formed at ambient temperatures of -5 ℃, -10 ℃, and -15 ℃. The gas-water pressure ratio and ambient temperatures have a certain influence on the height of critical snow formation. Under the same ambient temperature, the greater the gas-water pressure ratio, the lower the critical snow height. Provided that the gas-water pressure ratio remains constant, the critical snow height decreases when the ambient temperature lowers from -5 ℃ to -15 ℃, and the trend of the change is more obvious in the temperature interval from -5 ℃ to -10 ℃.

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Zhao Wei, female, Ph. D., lecturer, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-21-55272320, E-mail: . Research fields: artificial snowmaking, auto-cascade refrigeration.
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为研究人工造雪机内混式单孔核子器的临界成雪高度,实验测量了在不同气水压力比及环境温度下的临界成雪高度阈值,分析了气水压力比及环境温度对临界成雪高度阈值的影响。结果表明:在气水压力比为0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa的工况下,当环境温度为-5 ℃和-10 ℃时,临界成雪高度阈值不存在,但环境温度为-15 ℃时,可以实现成雪,临界成雪高度阈值为50~55 cm。当气水压力比为0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa和0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa时,-5、-10、-15 ℃环境温度条件下均能成雪,且气水压力比及环境温度对临界成雪高度具有一定的影响。在相同环境温度下,气水压力比越大,临界成雪高度越小;在保持气水压力比不变的情况下,随着环境温度从-5 ℃降至-15 ℃,临界成雪高度则随之减小,且在-10~-5 ℃温度区间变化趋势较为显著。

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赵巍,女,博士,讲师,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,021-55272320,E-mail:。研究方向:人工造雪技术,自动复叠制冷技术。
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设备名称参数
空气压缩机型号:OL80,额定转速:750 r/min,排气量:0.45 Nm3/min
离心水泵流量:40 m3/h,扬程:24 m,转速:2 960 r/min,功率:4 kW
储气罐材料:Q235B,容积:0.6 m3
压力传感器型号:NS-P-I,流体温度范围:-45~125 ℃,测量精度0.1%
恒温水箱尺寸:242 mm×242 mm×383 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1239230411239379668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399507910890, language=CN, label=表1, caption=实验设备及测量精度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备名称参数
空气压缩机型号:OL80,额定转速:750 r/min,排气量:0.45 Nm3/min
离心水泵流量:40 m3/h,扬程:24 m,转速:2 960 r/min,功率:4 kW
储气罐材料:Q235B,容积:0.6 m3
压力传感器型号:NS-P-I,流体温度范围:-45~125 ℃,测量精度0.1%
恒温水箱尺寸:242 mm×242 mm×383 mm
), ArticleFig(id=1239230411327460056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399507910890, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Critical snow formation height thresholds for different operating conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pgpl/(MPa:MPa)Hc/cm
-5 ℃-10 ℃-15 ℃
0.40∶0.4050~55
0.50∶0.4550~5530~3525~30
0.50∶0.4035~4020~2515~20
), ArticleFig(id=1239230411411346142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230399507910890, language=CN, label=表2, caption=不同工况下临界成雪高度阈值, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
pgpl/(MPa:MPa)Hc/cm
-5 ℃-10 ℃-15 ℃
0.40∶0.4050~55
0.50∶0.4550~5530~3525~30
0.50∶0.4035~4020~2515~20
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内混式核子器临界成雪高度的测量分析
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赵巍 , 韩雅倩 , 张华 , 陈鹏举 , 傅俊元
制冷学报 | 2025,46(3): 91-97
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制冷学报 | 2025, 46(3): 91-97
内混式核子器临界成雪高度的测量分析
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赵巍 , 韩雅倩, 张华, 陈鹏举, 傅俊元
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093

通讯作者:

赵巍,女,博士,讲师,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,021-55272320,E-mail:。研究方向:人工造雪技术,自动复叠制冷技术。
Measurement and Analysis of the Critical Snow Formation Height of an Internally Mixed Nucleonator
Wei Zhao , Yaqian Han, Hua Zhang, Pengju Chen, Junyuan Fu
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.091
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为研究人工造雪机内混式单孔核子器的临界成雪高度,实验测量了在不同气水压力比及环境温度下的临界成雪高度阈值,分析了气水压力比及环境温度对临界成雪高度阈值的影响。结果表明:在气水压力比为0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa的工况下,当环境温度为-5 ℃和-10 ℃时,临界成雪高度阈值不存在,但环境温度为-15 ℃时,可以实现成雪,临界成雪高度阈值为50~55 cm。当气水压力比为0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa和0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa时,-5、-10、-15 ℃环境温度条件下均能成雪,且气水压力比及环境温度对临界成雪高度具有一定的影响。在相同环境温度下,气水压力比越大,临界成雪高度越小;在保持气水压力比不变的情况下,随着环境温度从-5 ℃降至-15 ℃,临界成雪高度则随之减小,且在-10~-5 ℃温度区间变化趋势较为显著。

人工造雪  /  制冷系统  /  临界成雪高度  /  运行工况

In this study, the critical snow formation height of a mixed single-aperture nucleator in an artificial snow machine was examined. The threshold values of critical snow formation height were experimentally measured at different air-water pressure ratios and ambient temperatures, and the effects of air-water pressure ratios and ambient temperatures on the threshold values of critical snow formation heights were analyzed. The results showed that the threshold value for the critical height of critical snow formation did not exist at temperatures of -5 ℃ and -10 ℃ under the working conditions with a gas-water pressure ratio of 0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa, but snow formation could be realized at -15 ℃, and the threshold value for the critical height of critical snow formation was 50-55 cm. When the gas-water pressure ratio is 0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa or 0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa, snow can be formed at ambient temperatures of -5 ℃, -10 ℃, and -15 ℃. The gas-water pressure ratio and ambient temperatures have a certain influence on the height of critical snow formation. Under the same ambient temperature, the greater the gas-water pressure ratio, the lower the critical snow height. Provided that the gas-water pressure ratio remains constant, the critical snow height decreases when the ambient temperature lowers from -5 ℃ to -15 ℃, and the trend of the change is more obvious in the temperature interval from -5 ℃ to -10 ℃.

artificial snowmaking  /  refrigeration system  /  critical snow height  /  operating conditions
赵巍, 韩雅倩, 张华, 陈鹏举, 傅俊元. 内混式核子器临界成雪高度的测量分析. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 91 -97 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.091
Wei Zhao, Yaqian Han, Hua Zhang, Pengju Chen, Junyuan Fu. Measurement and Analysis of the Critical Snow Formation Height of an Internally Mixed Nucleonator[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 91 -97 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.091
造雪机是人工造雪的主要设备,根据造雪原理的不同可以分为3类:压缩空气混合式、风扇式和碎冰式[1-2]。压缩空气混合式造雪机的主要部件为内混式核子器,因具有高喷射速度和高造雪效率被广泛应用[3]。人造雪的形成如图1所示,包括雾化和结晶2个主要过程,雾化是在人工造雪机内高压水通过造雪机的喷嘴雾化成小水滴,细小液滴与内混式核子器提供的雪晶晶核发生碰撞,释放热量后冻结的过程[4-5]。临界成雪高度(Hc/cm)是指核子器喷出的液滴在空中冷却、凝结并形成雪晶的最小垂直距离。Hc能够确保雪晶在所需高度上形成,使晶核与过冷液滴在理想的位置发生碰撞[6]。当Hc限制在核子器晶核幕和喷嘴的喷雾幕交汇处之内时,可以提高液滴冻结效率,缩短造雪时间。Hc决定了人工造雪机上核子器与喷嘴的相对位置,从而影响喷嘴和核子器之间的相互协作。因此,Hc对造雪机的性能和造雪效率有重要影响。人工造雪无法像自然成雪一样有足够长的距离和较多的时间使冰晶降温生长,需要在较短距离内下落成雪[7]。在该过程中,需要考虑喷嘴喷出的液滴与环境之间的热交换和液滴蒸发引起的热损失,还需要考虑气水压力比的影响。在环境温度方面,Liu Bin等[8]分析了环境温度和相对湿度对雾化液滴蒸发冷却和冻结的影响,发现雾化液滴完全冻结成雪晶所需的时间与环境温度和相对湿度呈正相关。I. Satoh等[9]研究了真空室中水滴蒸发的冷却/冻结过程,结果表明水滴可以通过蒸发得到有效冷却,冷却速率主要受液滴内部的传热影响。气水压力比也是影响雾化质量的关键参数,通过调节气水压力比可以有效促使液膜破碎,从而提升雾化效果[10]。蒋仲安等[11]针对内混式空气雾化器的实验研究发现,空气压力、水压、气体流量和水流量对空气雾化器雾化效果的影响显著。胡恒祥等[12]对气液混合式人工造雪喷雾场的粒径分布及喷雾全貌图像进行研究,当气水混合比为0.15时,呈现最佳粒径分布,不同喷嘴间距会影响液滴的碰撞概率。赵巍等[13]分析了气水压力比对雪晶粒径分布的影响,发现气水压力比大,成雪效果好,雪晶粒径较大且分布更均匀。
上述研究表明,在核子器类型确定的情况下,雾化效果受气水压力比和环境温度影响较大,临界成雪高度作为雾化性能的重要指标之一,同样受到气水压力比和环境温度等因素的影响。因此,本文以造雪机用内混式核子器为研究对象,采用工业显微镜观察雪晶微观结构,研究不同气水压力比和不同环境温度条件下的临界成雪高度阈值,得到气水压力比和环境温度对临界成雪高度的影响趋势,为造雪机核子器与喷嘴之间的优化布置设计提供依据。
在人工造雪过程中,核子器的雾化是指液体流经雾化喷嘴后由于内部作用力和外部作用力而破碎成细小液滴的过程[14]。雾化过程分为一次雾化和二次雾化,一次雾化是由于外界气流的作用力对液流的横向扰动超过了液流自身内部的作用力,液膜或液柱表面会出现不稳定波,且波长不断增大,当不稳定波长达到临界值时,液滴就会发生破碎。根据破碎过程中所受到的气体扰动力方向不同,可分为纵向和横向,纵向气动力随着射流速度的增加,迎风阻力也随之增大,破碎雾化更加充分。本研究中气体扰动力为纵向扰动力。
大颗粒的雾化液滴经过一次破碎后,自身表面张力较小,而外界气体扰动力逐渐增加,克服液体内部黏性力以及表面张力的作用,进一步发生二次雾化破碎成更为细小的液体颗粒[15]。大颗粒液滴发生椭球形变形后继续发生破碎的过程如图2所示,液流发生初次破碎成为大颗粒液滴后,在外界气体扰动力的作用下发生变形,初期在空气压力的作用下由球形被挤压变成椭球形,然后在各处气流速度差的作用下转变成杯型,进而逐渐转为半水泡形[16]。当外界作用力可以克服其内部作用力时半水泡形液滴由顶部发生破碎,中心为细小液滴,四周为液体圆环,在外界气体扰动力的进一步作用下继续发生破碎变成大量细小的液滴。
晶核是雪晶形成的必要条件,雪晶成核过程根据是否有外界物质影响,分为均相成核和异相成核2种形式[17]。均相成核无需成核剂及其他外界物质参与,水蒸气由于能量的随机起伏可以自发地进行结晶过程[18]。均相成核过程中系统的自由能会发生变化,一方面,气相向固相转变是由高能量态向低能量态的转变,使系统的自由能减小,自由能减小量与晶核体积相关;另一方面,在两相转变的过程中产生了新相,新相的界面生成需要能量,导致自由能的增加,增加的自由能的大小与晶核的表面积也有关。
有研究显示,晶核生长的条件是系统自由能的总变化量小于0,因此只有在水蒸气处于饱和状态时冰核才可能持续生长,此时存在临界半径,当晶核半径大于临界半径时,晶核持续生长会导致系统自由能减小[19]。异相成核是指冷水雾滴在不溶性微粒或容器表面等异相表面凝结成核的过程。与均相成核相比,异相成核所需的温度更高、相对湿度更低。高压气流的绝热膨胀冷却效果有助于促进过冷液滴的成核,本文研究的压缩空气式造雪机内混式核子器采用了均相成核这一原理。
实验系统包括环境模拟室和人工降雪实验系统。人工降雪实验系统主要分为3部分:气动系统、水动系统及核子器,气动系统中压缩气体和水动系统中的恒温水经过两侧管路进入核子器内部混合,再通过核子器出口喷出雾化为小液滴。人工降雪实验系统如图3所示,系统部件主要包括空气压缩机、空气过滤器、恒温水箱、离心水泵、电磁阀、储气罐、压力传感器、止回阀,表1所示为实验设备及测量精度。为模拟各地滑雪场的室外温度条件,环境模拟室采用双级压缩式制冷系统,温度范围为-25~10 ℃。环境模拟室内景如图4所示,该环境模拟室以PLC控制器和PID调节器为核心,可精确控制模拟环境室内的温度在±0.2 ℃范围内,相对湿度精度为±2%,以满足不同地域的造雪环境需求。
内混合式单孔核子器实物和内部结构如图5所示。核子器由2个进气通道、进水通道及混合室组成,水从核子器的中间通道流入,而高压空气则从两侧的空气通道进入,二者在混合室内充分混合后通过核子器出口喷出。核子器的进气通道对称分布于左右两侧,入口通道的中轴线与液体通道的中轴线夹角为30°,混合室的长度为13 mm,核子器出口的直径为1 mm。
为测量临界成雪高度,选取黑色亚克力板(尺寸为10 cm×10 cm×0.3 cm)作为接雪板。在控制室电脑上设置好目标工况后,依次打开环境室系统和降雪系统。在采样开始之前,对接雪板和拍摄设备进行了预冷处理,以避免观测时出现误差。将预冷处理过的黑色接雪板置于距离核子器下方15 cm的位置,利用可调节高度的移动置物架,每隔5 cm放置一个接雪板。采样完毕后,将不同高度的接雪板放置在工业显微镜(放大倍率为0.5×4)下,观察雪晶的微观形貌,并利用拍摄设备进行记录(相机像素为200万)。根据接雪板上的成雪状态来判断是否发生成雪,从而确定成雪高度的阈值。同时,采用相同的实验方法,测量不同工况下雪晶成核的宏观和微观图像。实验系统可提供的供气、供水压力分别为0.10~0.60 MPa、0.25~0.45 MPa,根据人工造雪系统气水压力雾化实验特性测试,设定雾化效果较好的气水压力比,分别为0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa、0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa、0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa,同时将冷水温度保持在4 ℃,核子器气路的空气温度为常温,模拟室温度分别设定为-5、-10、-15 ℃这3个实验工况。
在人工造雪过程中,通过雪晶微观图来判断是否成雪,进而确定临界成雪高度阈值。工业显微镜下已成雪晶与未成雪晶的微观图如图6所示,在图6(a)中,微观图呈现为液体的流动状态,雪晶尚未形成。而在图6(b)中,可以清晰地看到雪晶的形态,表明晶核已初步形成。
环境温度为-15 ℃,气水压力比为0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa工况时,不同落雪高度下雪晶的宏观图和微观图如图7所示。通过工业显微镜观察发现,在落雪高度为15 cm处,接雪板上中心区域有明显的水迹;而在落雪高度为20 cm处,接雪板上已呈现出微小的雪晶颗粒且水迹消失,表明此时已形成雪晶晶核,雪晶结构为板状。因此,在该工况下确定临界成雪高度阈值为15~20 cm。采用相同的实验方法测量了其他实验工况的临界成雪高度。
表2所示为不同工况下测量的临界成雪高度阈值,在气水压力比(pgpl)为0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa的情况下,当环境温度为-5 ℃和-10 ℃时,核子器可以雾化,但无法形成雪晶,临界成雪高度(Hc)阈值不存在,因此在气水压力比较低时,对于较高的环境温度(-5 ℃和-10 ℃),雾化液滴在飞行过程中与环境换热较少导致在空气中未能成核。而在环境温度为-15 ℃时,温度进一步下降,雾化液滴与环境换热能力增强,冷凝核更容易形成冰核,但由于气水压力比较小,临界成雪高度出现最大阈值为50~55 cm。当进一步增加气水压力比(0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa、0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa),获得的临界成雪高度阈值如表2所示。
气水压力比(pgpl)是核子器内气水混合状态的最直接反映[20],对临界成雪高度(Hc)会产生一定的影响。图8所示为核子器临界成雪高度随气水压力比的变化情况。由图8可知,在相同环境温度下,临界成雪高度随气水压力比的增加而减小。图8(a)呈现了2段不同的减小趋势,且第1段下降趋势较大,气水压力比对临界成雪高度的影响更显著。气水压力比增大会使压缩空气对单位质量冷水提供克服表面张力和内部黏性阻力的能量更大,相对速度也有所提高,使得从核子器喷嘴喷出的压缩空气产生的绝热膨胀可以为雾化液滴提供更大的过冷度。同时气体的作用力和液滴表面张力共同作用在液滴上,使液滴难以维持较大的形态尺寸,发生二次破碎。液体破碎成粒径更小的雾化液滴,进一步促进雾化液滴的凝结成核过程。因此,在相同环境温度下,气水压力比较高时,雾化液滴的成核时间较短,Hc随之减小。该结论与雾化理论的预期趋势一致,进一步验证了雾化理论对Hc随气水压力比变化趋势的影响。
环境温度(t/℃)对核子器喷出液滴的传热效率和成核时间也会产生一定的影响[21],从而改变临界成雪高度的阈值。图9所示为核子器临界成雪高度随环境温度的变化,可看出在相同气水压力比下,临界成雪高度随环境温度的升高而增大。当气水压比为0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa时,Hc随温度变化趋势较大,温度对Hc产生了显著影响。当气水压比升至0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa时,Hc受温度的影响相对较小。这是因为在相同的气水压力比下,核子器雾化产生的液滴粒度、流速均保持稳定,但液滴成核需要的能量不变。外界环境温度升高时,液滴的蒸发和对流传热受到限制,导致液滴成核所需的时间增加,最终导致Hc升高。
实验研究了内混式单孔核子器不同工况下的临界成雪高度阈值,分析了气水压力比和环境温度对临界成雪高度的影响,得到如下结论:
1)气水压力比为0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa时,在-5 ℃和-10 ℃环境温度下无法成功造雪,而在环境温度为-15 ℃条件下,可以实现人工造雪,该工况下测得最大临界成雪高度阈值为50~55 cm;当提高气水压比为0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa、0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa时,在-5、-10、-15 ℃环境温度下均可测得临界成雪高度阈值。
2)当环境温度不变时,气水压力比增大,可以缩短雪晶成核距离,临界成雪高度呈现逐渐减小的趋势。当环境温度为-5 ℃,气水压力比从0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa增至0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa,临界成雪高度阈值由50~55 cm减小至35~40 cm;当环境温度为-10 ℃,气水压力比由0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa增至0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa,临界成雪高度阈值由30~35 cm减小至20~25 cm;当环境温度为-15 ℃,气水压力比由0.40 MPa∶0.40 MPa增至0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa,临界成雪高度阈值由50~55 cm减小至15~20 cm。
3)在相同的气水压力比条件下,随着环境温度的逐步降低,雪晶所需的成核及生长时间减少,临界成雪高度逐渐减少。在气水压力比为0.50 MPa∶0.45 MPa条件下,环境温度由-5 ℃降至-15 ℃,临界成雪高度阈值由50~55 cm减小至25~30 cm;在气水压力比为0.50 MPa∶0.40 MPa条件下,环境温度由-5 ℃降至-15 ℃,临界成雪高度阈值由35~40 cm减小至15~20 cm;并且从-5 ℃降至-10 ℃时,温度对临界成雪高度的影响较显著。
4)综合上述实验工况所得的临界成雪阈值可知,最大临界成雪高度阈值为50~55 cm,因此建议造雪机核子器晶核幕和喷嘴的喷雾幕的交汇距离设定为55 cm,可为造雪机核子器与喷嘴之间的优化布置设计提供理论依据。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFF0303901)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.091
  • 接收时间:2023-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-20
  • 修回日期:2024-01-22
  • 录用日期:2024-04-02
基金
National Key R&D Program of China(2020YFF0303901)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFF0303901)
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    上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093

通讯作者:

赵巍,女,博士,讲师,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,021-55272320,E-mail:。研究方向:人工造雪技术,自动复叠制冷技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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