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A household photovoltaic intelligent power supply system was proposed to increase the on-site consumption capacity of household photovoltaics and fulfill the requirements for a comfortable and convenient living environment. The system can fulfill the requirements of household electricity, space heating, space cooling, and hot water supply throughout the year. Heating and cooling were realized using air source heat pumps (ASHP), underfloor heating, fan coil units, and energy storage water tanks, which store hot water in winter and cold water in summer. A TRNSYS simulation model of the system was created based on residential buildings in Shandong, China. Based on the simulation results and local electricity prices, the energy storage operation plan was optimized, and the economic efficiency of the system was analyzed. The results indicate that the system can meet the building's year-round electricity consumption, maintain indoor temperatures in winter and summer, and generate revenue from photovoltaic power, yielding the maximum return on investment throughout the entire life cycle. The optimal operating schedule for the ASHP is from 09:00 to 16:00 and 22:00 to 05:00 in winter and from 07:00 to 18:00 and 22:00 to 05:00 in summer. Controllable electrical appliances were used from 10:00 to 16:00. In contrast, appliances with energy storage were used from 11:00 to 14:00 to consume and store the photovoltaic electricity. The energy-storage water tank reduces standard coal consumption by 46% compared to the case without a water tank, demonstrating a substantial energy-saving effect.

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Liu Junhong, female, associate professor, School of Thermal Energy Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, 86-13791062800, E-mail: . Research fields: refrigeration and air conditioning, building energy-saving technology.
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为增加户用光伏就地消纳能力,满足人们对生活居住环境舒适便捷的需求,提出一种能够满足家庭用电、冬季供暖、夏季制冷、全年生活热水供应需求的户用光伏智能用电系统,其中供暖制冷采用空气源热泵+地暖+风机盘管+蓄能水箱(冬蓄热水、夏蓄冷水)的方式。以山东省某民宅为研究对象,建立了该系统的TRNSYS仿真模型,根据模拟结果和当地当时电价对蓄能运行方案进行优化,并分析了系统的经济性。结果表明:该系统在满足建筑全年用电和保证冬夏季室内温度的同时,还可获得光伏电上网收益,全生命周期内收益最高。空气源热泵最优运行方案为冬季09:00—16:00、22:00—05:00工作,夏季07:00—18:00、22:00—05:00工作;可控型电器在10:00—16:00使用,有储能性电器在11:00—14:00使用,可进一步消储光伏电。蓄能水箱比无水箱时减少46%耗标煤量,节能效果显著。

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刘俊红,女,副教授,山东建筑大学热能工程学院,13791062800,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调,建筑节能。
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Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2020.), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1239230419980317618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, awardId=52278115, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(52278115), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1239230420093563831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, awardId=52278115, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52278115), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1239230410509578741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1239230410513773048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, companyId=1239230410509578741, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=图2, caption=建筑的三维模型, figureFileSmall=KeyYasBJILst41wqvn2F9Q==, figureFileBig=CKN1TFVHN5mPS9RlxREPyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230415182033641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Variation of monthly power generation, figureFileSmall=dYz2NsgknKpoiPqqLS4ydQ==, figureFileBig=wGV7rcbr+Me2mIZVwGLALw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230415307862769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=图3, caption=逐月发电量变化, figureFileSmall=dYz2NsgknKpoiPqqLS4ydQ==, figureFileBig=wGV7rcbr+Me2mIZVwGLALw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230415400137463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Simulation model of ASHP energy storage system, 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articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同方案的系统收益, figureFileSmall=Htj4RKJ79819B+bzJY54qg==, figureFileBig=ky3TdOcbC4wkOUAD66JaLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1239230418554254186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Parameters of indoor and outdoor, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节室外气象参数室内设计参数
大气压力/Pa干球温度/℃湿球温度/℃相对湿度/%温度/℃相对湿度/%
99 79034.726.8612655
101 910-5.3-7.7531850
), ArticleFig(id=1239230418654917487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表1, caption=室内外参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节室外气象参数室内设计参数
大气压力/Pa干球温度/℃湿球温度/℃相对湿度/%温度/℃相对湿度/%
99 79034.726.8612655
101 910-5.3-7.7531850
), ArticleFig(id=1239230418734609268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Parameters of the building envelope, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围护结构名称构成传热系数/[W/(m2·K)]
外墙20 mm水泥砂浆+40 mm聚苯浆料+20 mm水泥砂浆+200 mm钢筋混凝土0.738
内墙混凝土多孔板1.860
窗户普通单框双玻璃4.000
屋面钢筋砼板0.490
外门木框双层玻璃门2.500
内门金属框单层实木门6.500
), ArticleFig(id=1239230418818495352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表2, caption=建筑围护结构参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
围护结构名称构成传热系数/[W/(m2·K)]
外墙20 mm水泥砂浆+40 mm聚苯浆料+20 mm水泥砂浆+200 mm钢筋混凝土0.738
内墙混凝土多孔板1.860
窗户普通单框双玻璃4.000
屋面钢筋砼板0.490
外门木框双层玻璃门2.500
内门金属框单层实木门6.500
), ArticleFig(id=1239230418940130175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Parameters of the air-source heat pump, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参数项目参数
机组型号LPR-15ID/BP名义制热量/kW10
电源类型220V/50 Hz低温制热量/kW8.5
最大输入功率/kW4.80名义制冷量/kW8
最大输入电流/A22.5循环水流量/(m3/h)1.49
适用温度范围/℃-30~43制冷剂R410A
最高出水温度/℃60制冷剂充注量/kg3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419044987781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表3, caption=空气源热泵空调机组参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目参数项目参数
机组型号LPR-15ID/BP名义制热量/kW10
电源类型220V/50 Hz低温制热量/kW8.5
最大输入功率/kW4.80名义制冷量/kW8
最大输入电流/A22.5循环水流量/(m3/h)1.49
适用温度范围/℃-30~43制冷剂R410A
最高出水温度/℃60制冷剂充注量/kg3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419128873866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Electricity price of residential use, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用电分类正常电价峰段电价谷段电价峰段电价(供暖季)谷段电价(供暖季)
第1档0.546 90.576 90.376 90.576 90.376 9
第2档0.596 90.626 90.426 90.626 90.396 9
第3档0.846 90.876 90.676 90.876 90.646 9
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419250508688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表4, caption=居民用电电价, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
用电分类正常电价峰段电价谷段电价峰段电价(供暖季)谷段电价(供暖季)
第1档0.546 90.576 90.376 90.576 90.376 9
第2档0.596 90.626 90.426 90.626 90.396 9
第3档0.846 90.876 90.676 90.876 90.646 9
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419351171989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=Heating and cooling plans, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案冬季供暖方式夏季供冷方式有无光伏系统有无蓄能水箱
方案1散煤+散热器供暖空调供冷
方案2燃气+散热器供暖空调供冷
方案3空气源热泵+地板辐射供暖空气源热泵+风机盘管供冷
方案4空气源热泵+地板辐射供暖空气源热泵+风机盘管供冷
方案5空气源热泵+地板辐射供暖空气源热泵+风机盘管供冷
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419464418203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表5, caption=供暖供冷方案, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案冬季供暖方式夏季供冷方式有无光伏系统有无蓄能水箱
方案1散煤+散热器供暖空调供冷
方案2燃气+散热器供暖空调供冷
方案3空气源热泵+地板辐射供暖空气源热泵+风机盘管供冷
方案4空气源热泵+地板辐射供暖空气源热泵+风机盘管供冷
方案5空气源热泵+地板辐射供暖空气源热泵+风机盘管供冷
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419548304289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=Comparison of initial investment and operating cost, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供能方案方案1方案2方案3方案4方案5
初投资242.18521.93335.561 135.211 177.43
供暖季27.7852.4333.6622.4911.66
供冷季16.5816.5812.605.573.87
总运行费44.3669.0146.2628.0615.53
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419636384674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表6, caption=不同方案初投资和运行费用对比, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
供能方案方案1方案2方案3方案4方案5
初投资242.18521.93335.561 135.211 177.43
供暖季27.7852.4333.6622.4911.66
供冷季16.5816.5812.605.573.87
总运行费44.3669.0146.2628.0615.53
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419762213800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=Equivalent consumption of standard coal for different plans, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节方案1方案2方案3方案4方案5
供暖季16.01916.327.895.593.81
供冷季5.15.13.181.611.12
总和21.11921.4211.077.24.93
), ArticleFig(id=1239230419875460013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230401714122876, language=CN, label=表7, caption=不同方案折合耗标煤量, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
季节方案1方案2方案3方案4方案5
供暖季16.01916.327.895.593.81
供冷季5.15.13.181.611.12
总和21.11921.4211.077.24.93
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基于蓄能的户用光伏智能用电系统研究
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刘俊红 1 , 孙楠 2 , 陈斯 3 , 吴建恒 1 , 崔萍 1
制冷学报 | 面向零碳能源消纳的储冷储热技术 2025,46(3): 48-56
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制冷学报 | 面向零碳能源消纳的储冷储热技术 2025, 46(3): 48-56
基于蓄能的户用光伏智能用电系统研究
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刘俊红1 , 孙楠2, 陈斯3, 吴建恒1, 崔萍1
作者信息
  • 1山东建筑大学热能工程学院 济南 250101
  • 2济南热力集团有限公司 济南 250014
  • 3山东省建筑设计研究院有限公司 济南 250001

通讯作者:

刘俊红,女,副教授,山东建筑大学热能工程学院,13791062800,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调,建筑节能。
Household Photovoltaic Intelligent Power System Based on Energy Storage
Junhong Liu1 , Nan Sun2, Si Chen3, Jianheng Wu1, Ping Cui1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Thermal Energy Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, China
  • 2.Jinan Heating Group Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250014, China
  • 3.Shandong Provincial Architectural Design and Research Institute Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250001, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.048
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为增加户用光伏就地消纳能力,满足人们对生活居住环境舒适便捷的需求,提出一种能够满足家庭用电、冬季供暖、夏季制冷、全年生活热水供应需求的户用光伏智能用电系统,其中供暖制冷采用空气源热泵+地暖+风机盘管+蓄能水箱(冬蓄热水、夏蓄冷水)的方式。以山东省某民宅为研究对象,建立了该系统的TRNSYS仿真模型,根据模拟结果和当地当时电价对蓄能运行方案进行优化,并分析了系统的经济性。结果表明:该系统在满足建筑全年用电和保证冬夏季室内温度的同时,还可获得光伏电上网收益,全生命周期内收益最高。空气源热泵最优运行方案为冬季09:00—16:00、22:00—05:00工作,夏季07:00—18:00、22:00—05:00工作;可控型电器在10:00—16:00使用,有储能性电器在11:00—14:00使用,可进一步消储光伏电。蓄能水箱比无水箱时减少46%耗标煤量,节能效果显著。

光伏  /  空气源热泵  /  消纳  /  蓄能

A household photovoltaic intelligent power supply system was proposed to increase the on-site consumption capacity of household photovoltaics and fulfill the requirements for a comfortable and convenient living environment. The system can fulfill the requirements of household electricity, space heating, space cooling, and hot water supply throughout the year. Heating and cooling were realized using air source heat pumps (ASHP), underfloor heating, fan coil units, and energy storage water tanks, which store hot water in winter and cold water in summer. A TRNSYS simulation model of the system was created based on residential buildings in Shandong, China. Based on the simulation results and local electricity prices, the energy storage operation plan was optimized, and the economic efficiency of the system was analyzed. The results indicate that the system can meet the building's year-round electricity consumption, maintain indoor temperatures in winter and summer, and generate revenue from photovoltaic power, yielding the maximum return on investment throughout the entire life cycle. The optimal operating schedule for the ASHP is from 09:00 to 16:00 and 22:00 to 05:00 in winter and from 07:00 to 18:00 and 22:00 to 05:00 in summer. Controllable electrical appliances were used from 10:00 to 16:00. In contrast, appliances with energy storage were used from 11:00 to 14:00 to consume and store the photovoltaic electricity. The energy-storage water tank reduces standard coal consumption by 46% compared to the case without a water tank, demonstrating a substantial energy-saving effect.

household photovoltaic  /  air-source heat pump  /  on-site consumption  /  energy storage
刘俊红, 孙楠, 陈斯, 吴建恒, 崔萍. 基于蓄能的户用光伏智能用电系统研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.048
Junhong Liu, Nan Sun, Si Chen, Jianheng Wu, Ping Cui. Household Photovoltaic Intelligent Power System Based on Energy Storage[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 48 -56 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.048
可持续发展理念下,太阳能、空气能等可再生清洁能源的转化利用有助于“双碳”目标早日实现。2021年国家能源局批准通过676个整县(市、区)屋顶分布式光伏开发试点[1],同年《加快农村能源转型发展助力乡村振兴的实施意见》[2]指出,推动构建清洁低碳、多能融合的现代农村能源体系,推动千村万户电力自发自用。《2023年能源工作指导意见》[3]提出实施光伏“千家万户沐光行动”。国家发展改革委等六部门在2024年10月底发布的《关于大力实施可再生能源替代行动的指导意见》[4]提出全面支持农业农村用能清洁化现代化,积极发展分布式光伏发电。我国分布式光伏已成为光伏发电的重要发展方向,发展势头猛后劲足[5]
户用光伏利用农房屋顶建设分布式光伏发电系统,即民居光伏发电。现代农村能源体系中提出户用光伏配置一定比例储能,自发自用,就地消纳,余电上网。然而目前国内户用光伏基本采用“租赁屋顶、全额上网”的模式[6],提供屋顶的农户对光伏电没有就地消纳能力,反而因电网配电侧可接入容量有限导致部分地区电网承载能力达到饱和[7]。同时各地的电网峰谷平时段发生了较大变化,光伏电集中于谷时段,降低了户用光伏的经济性。需提高光伏系统的自发自用率,并与蓄能结合才能增加家庭收益。
根据在山东农村的既有建筑节能改造调研可知[8],随着家庭年收入的增加,更多农户愿意为居住环境更加舒适增加支出。最希望节能改造的项目是供暖方式,且选择地暖方式最多,其次是墙体保温和降温方式。相比使用电风扇或扇扇子的降温方式,更多农户选择采用空调制冷[9]。随着分布式光伏的推广,更多农户希望对屋顶进行光伏发电改造[9-10]。因此在调研过程中提出了一种能够满足家庭用电、夏季制冷、冬季供暖、全年生活用热水供应等需求的农村户用屋顶分布式太阳能光伏智能用电系统(简称:户用光伏智能用电系统)。该系统有助于光伏电能就地消纳最大化,削峰填谷,提高清洁能源使用率,改善农村人居环境,增加家庭收益。
可同时满足夏季制冷、冬季供暖的空气源热泵与光伏结合存在巨大潜力。目前研究集中在户用光伏与空气源热泵联合供热[11-12],在夏季制冷、全年生活热水以及全年家庭用电联合的方面还存在空缺。户用光伏配置蓄能显著提高了电力自平衡能力[13]。光伏+空气源热泵系统的蓄能装置有蓄电池[14]、蓄热水箱[15]、蓄电池+蓄热水箱[16]、蓄电池+相变蓄能[17]、冰蓄冷[18]等。相比蓄电方式,采用蓄热水箱所需的蓄能设备容量较小,太阳能保证率较高[19],且蓄热设备投资远低于蓄电设备。相变蓄能和冰蓄冷方式对于农户而言价格昂贵,而价格低廉的蓄热水箱方式既可以在冬天作为承压式缓冲水箱,在夏天还可以蓄存冷水,作为蓄能水箱,全年使用。
综上所述,户用光伏智能用电系统的供热供冷方式为空气源热泵+地暖(冬)+风机盘管(夏)+蓄能水箱(冬蓄热水、夏蓄冷水)。本文将对该系统展开研究,以山东省已安装光伏系统的某农宅为研究对象进行系统模拟,探讨蓄能运行方案和系统的经济性。
户用光伏智能用电系统主要由户用光伏发电系统、家用电器、空气源热泵系统、太阳能生活热水系统和控制系统等组成,如图1所示。
户用光伏发电系统由光伏电池板、逆变器、充放电控制系统、双向电表等组成,采用“自发自用,余电上网”模式。家用电器包括灯具、电视机、电冰箱、洗衣机、电饭煲、抽油烟机、手机、电动自行车、电动汽车等所有耗电设备。空气源热泵系统由空气源热泵、风机盘管(夏季供冷)、集水器、分水器、地暖(冬季供暖)、蓄能水箱(含电加热)、水泵和管道等组成。蓄能水箱取代空气源热泵供热系统中的缓冲水箱,容量根据家庭的用热量用冷量综合考虑后确定。太阳能生活热水系统由太阳能集热器、生活用水箱、用水器具等组成。控制系统由温度传感器、控制器、阀门等组成。
白天产生的光伏电除了给家用电器供电,还驱动空气源热泵加热(冬季)或冷却(夏季)蓄能水箱中的水,从而以热能(冷能)方式蓄存,剩余电量接入电网获取收益。当光伏电不足以满足自用时,从电网取电补充所需电量。
全年运行工况主要为3种:冬季制热、夏季制冷和过渡季供能。
1)空气源热泵+蓄能水箱:冬季天气晴朗且室外温度高于空气源热泵设定低温时,开启空气源热泵为室内地暖供热;当室内温度达到供暖范围上限时,转换阀门停止地暖供热而加热蓄热水箱中的水。当室内温度达到供暖范围下限时,转换阀门为地暖供热而停止蓄热;
2)蓄热水箱单独运行模式:空气源热泵停止运行,地暖所需热量全部来自蓄热水箱;
3)蓄能水箱+电加热运行模式:在阴雨雪天室外气温低于空气源热泵设定低温时,空气源热泵停止运行,采用电加热为蓄能水箱加热,满足用户供暖需求;太阳能集热器无法满足生活热水需求时也开启电加热来满足日常热水需求。
1)空气源热泵+蓄能水箱运行模式:开启空气源热泵为室内供冷,当室内供冷温度达到供冷范围下限时,转换阀门冷却蓄能水箱中的水;当室内供冷温度达到供冷范围上限时,转换阀门冷却室内风机盘管。
2)蓄冷水箱单独运行模式:空气源热泵停止运行,风机盘管所需冷量来自蓄能水箱。
因无需供暖和制冷,空气源热泵系统不运行,仅家用电器耗电。
选取山东省枣庄市幸福楼村一户屋顶已安装光伏系统的农宅作为建筑模型[20]。该建筑面积为109.6 m2,高为3 m。建筑内包含3个卧室、1个客厅、1个厨房、1个储藏间,模型如图2所示。室外气象参数和室内设计参数如表1所示,建筑围护结构参数如表2所示。
该建筑实际安装单晶单面440 Wp(GCL-M8/72H)组件63块,光伏组件采用固定式支架南向10°倾角布置,安装容量为27.2 kWp。根据PVsyst软件模拟计算得到年均发电量为31 591.4 kW·h,国网查询到的2022年实际发电量为38 912 kW·h。模拟与实际逐月发电量变化如图3所示。
图3可知,模拟发电量与实际发电量变化趋势相近,均为先增后降,5月份达到最高值。除1月份因出现2次雨雪天气导致实际发电量少于模拟发电量外,2—12月光伏实际发电量均高于模拟发电量,误差区间为0.11%~29.07%。表明除极端天气外实际项目运行效率更高,运行可靠。为便于实时模拟,采用软件模拟光伏发电量。
根据建筑模型(图2),用DeST-h软件模拟该建筑物全年逐时冷热负荷。由模拟结果可知,热负荷最大值出现在1月18日(取为典型日,将1月作为典型月);冷负荷最大值出现在7月29日(取为典型日,将7月作为典型月)。假设2个小卧室均为1人,大卧室为2人,客厅为4人,照明为20 W/m2,利用天正暖通进行计算,得到热负荷为7 676.62 W,冷负荷为7 390.64 W。
项目所在地最冷月平均温度为-0.3 ℃,由于低温环境下热泵机组制热量存在衰减现象,因此根据冷热负荷选择变频低温热泵冷暖机LPR-15ID/BP,外形尺寸为1 226 mm×500 mm×841 mm(长×宽×高),总质量为105 kg。其它参数如表3所示,制冷量和低温制热量均满足要求。制热和制冷时的进/出水温分别为40 ℃/45 ℃,12 ℃/7 ℃。
地埋管选用DN20×2.0 mm PE-XC,管间距为20 cm。风机盘管选择卧式暗装式,布置在房间上部。太阳能集热器选用24管的220 L真空管,尺寸为长2 m、宽1 m,布置于屋顶南向,设计倾角为30°。按照热负荷最大日计算蓄热水箱容积为4.6 m3,而按照冷负荷最大日作为蓄能水箱典型日计算的蓄冷水箱容积为7.6 m3。根据设定建筑物所处地的天气状况,以及空气源热泵夏天夜间工作效率更高,选择冬季的水箱体积4.6 m3作为蓄能水箱的容积。
山东省供暖时间为11月15日至次年3月15日,夏季按照《民用建筑供暖通风与空气调节设计规范》[21]的5日滑动平均法,以26 ℃为夏季空调供冷的室外临界温度,确定供冷日为5月18日至8月20日。在TRNSYS软件中搭建模型,根据控制逻辑对模型进行调试,仿真模型如图4所示。
初设空气源热泵的运行时间为05:00—17:00,蓄能水箱在17:00—05:00供热。为满足室内供暖最低温度的标准[22],设定用户供水温度为30 ℃,以时间步长为1 h模拟整个供暖季,模拟结果如图5所示。由图5可知,供暖季前期和后期供回水温差相对较小,中期供回水温差随室外气象参数变化存在2次较为显著的波动。供暖后期室外温度高,部分时段不存在供暖需求,无需开启热泵。
有95.3%的时间用户供水温度超过30 ℃,4.7%的时间供水温度低于30 ℃,供水温度低多发生于02:00—07:00。该时段人员多处于休息睡眠状态,对室内温度变化不敏感。综上,所设定的空气源热泵和蓄能水箱的运行时间基本满足供暖季室内人员舒适度需求。
为便于运行方案的优化,根据PVsyst模拟光伏系统发电量、TRNSYS模拟热泵耗电量结果,对典型月平均逐时耗电和典型日逐时耗电进行分析,如图6图7所示。由图6图7可知,月平均逐时电量和典型日的逐时电量的变化趋势相似。典型月和典型日的光伏发电总量均大于空气源热泵耗电量,但光伏系统出力时间与设定的空气源热泵工作时间不匹配,需改变热泵工作时间。
同样取空气源热泵的运行时间为05:00—17:00,蓄能水箱在17:00—05:00供冷。将用户侧供水温度为16 ℃作为评价系统供冷达到的最低标准[23],以时间步长为1 h模拟整个供冷季,模拟结果如图8所示。
图8可知,供冷季供回水温差随室外温度变化显著,供冷初期室外温度低,供水温度高,但供回水温差大;供冷后期部分时刻无需供冷即可满足室温要求。用户侧供水温度低于16 ℃共1 657 h,占整个供冷季的72.7%,有623 h(27.3%)的供冷时间供水温度高于16 ℃,不满足供冷需求,需要延长空气源热泵工作时间。
典型月平均逐时电量和典型日逐时电量分别如图9图10所示。由图9图10可知,典型月和典型日的光伏平均逐时发电量均大于空气源热泵平均逐时耗电量。
根据冬夏季的模拟结果,以及当地当时的居民阶梯电价,对热泵工作时间进行优化处理。控制空气源热泵在当地光伏高效出力时段和低谷电价时段工作,配合蓄能水箱的运行,减少用户侧供水温度不满足设定值的小时数,并增加对光伏电的消纳。
当居民用电电价如表4所示时,调整空气源热泵的工作时间分别进行冬夏季的多工况模拟。最终得到不满足小时数为0且系统经济性高的空气源热泵最优运行方案:冬季09:00—16:00、22:00—05:00;夏季07:00—18:00、22:00—05:00。
除了蓄能水箱可实现电能转移,调整部分家用电器中的用电习惯也可实现电能转移,增加光伏电消纳和蓄能。户用光伏发电量受季节、光照、温度影响,计算全年不同季节白天的平均光伏发电量、热泵耗电量、光伏可使用电量,结果如图11所示。
图11中0~24 h表示供冷季,24~48 h表示过渡季,48~72 h表示供暖季。光伏可使用电量表示光伏发电量在满足空气源热泵消耗后剩余的电量。由图11可知,供冷季平均每小时光伏可使用电量大于过渡季和供暖季,供冷季光伏发电量完全可满足空气源热泵所需,而供暖季的光伏发电量不满足。光伏可使用电量大于0的时间段为:供冷季05:00—16:00,过渡季06:00—16:00,供暖季10:00—16:00。
综上所述,晴天时将可控型电器(如洗衣机、扫地机等)集中在10:00—16:00使用;具有储能性能的电器(如电动自行车、手机充电宝、电动汽车等)控制在光伏可使用电量更高的11:00—14:00使用。
选取济南农村地区建筑面积为105.6 m2的典型民宅安装该系统[24]。当家用电器为电冰箱、电视、电饭煲、抽油烟机、洗衣机、电脑、充电器和照明灯时,在设定的每日开启时间条件下全天耗电量为5.79 kW·h,全年耗电共计1 836.9 kW·h。
经模拟计算可知,该系统光伏发电量8 148 kW·h,家庭总耗电量为5 464 kW·h。其中供暖季总耗电量为2 664.9 kW·h,制冷季总耗电量为1 743.5 kW·h,过渡季耗电量1 055.7 kW·h。全年需消耗2 221 kW·h电网波谷电,但有4 905 kW·h光伏电量进入国家电网。
采用该系统全年可盈利3 201.8元,全年可减少1.512 t耗煤,减少CO2排放量9.52 t。
为了解该系统在全生命周期内的性能效果,将该系统与其他采暖制冷方案进行对比,如表5所示。根据市场调研的设备和能源价格,计算得到不同方案的初投资和运行费用,如表6所示。
表6可知,方案1的初投资最低,方案2的运行费用最高,方案4和方案5的初投资因光伏系统的支出,相比方案3大幅提高。方案5因增设蓄能水箱,初投资最高,但运行费用最低。
方案1虽然初投资最低,但燃煤供暖不仅碳排放高,污染严重,还存在安全隐患。随着国家“煤改气”“煤改电”环保政策的推广,农村采用燃煤供暖的比例已大幅下降[9],部分城市已实现农村“无煤化”供暖。此外供暖运行费随散煤价格波动,有上涨的不确定风险。方案4和方案5因配备光伏系统有额外的余电并网收益,长期经济效益显著。以空气源热泵使用年限15 a为生命周期,计算不同方案的系统收益,如图12所示。
图12中各方案均采用如下一次函数表示:
式中:k为各方案年运行费用,元;b为方案中涉及的设备投资费用,元。
方案1和方案5在第8年额外增加燃煤锅炉和蓄能水箱更换费用。当y=0时表示售电收益已与初始投资持平。由图12可知,未安装光伏系统的方案初投资和运行费均为家庭的净支出,均随着使用年限的增加而增加。其中方案3利用空气源热泵解决全年供能问题,在其全生命周期内具有显著优势。而安装光伏系统后,因为有额外的余电并网收益,折合到运行费用k中,曲线斜率为正。随着光伏组件输出功率的衰减,系统年发电量呈递减趋势。按照PVsyst模拟的光伏年均发电量,计算得到方案4和方案5在系统运行9~10 a开始盈利。
图12还可知,6 a后方案4和方案5的费用开始高于初投资最低的方案1,即短期(6 a内)看,燃煤采暖方式总成本更低,但全生命周期内采用光伏系统的方案总成本更低,可通过售电回本乃至盈利。方案5在15 a内收益最高,为52 740元,平均年收益3 516元。虽然与方案4相比添置蓄能水箱增加了初投资,但按照表4第1档电价计算供暖季电费比方案4减少974.37元,供冷季电费减少153.87元。表明蓄能水箱实现部分光伏电转移,增加家庭对光伏电的消纳从而减少对国家电网电的消耗,降低家庭支出。在系统运行的第6.92年,方案5的系统收益开始高于方案4。但在第8年因更换蓄能水箱系统收益又低于方案4,第10.73年重新升至最高。
根据折合单位面积供能所需标煤量对比这5种方案的耗能量。已知电力的能源标准参考系数为0.122 9 kgce/(kW·h)[25],假设电在输送过程中的损失为5%,天然气折算标煤系数为1.214 3 kgce/m3,换算成标煤的单位面积耗煤量为16.32 kgce/m2。计算整理得到不同方案的折合耗标煤量如表7所示。
表7可知,方案2的耗标煤量最高,其次是方案1,方案5的耗标煤量最低,且远小于其他方案。方案5耗标煤量为4.93 kgce/m2,与方案4相差2.27 kgce/m2的耗标煤量证明了蓄能水箱的节能效果(减少46%耗标煤量)。因此,采用光伏+空气源热泵+蓄能水箱供冷供暖时能源消耗量最少,能源利用效率最高,可以大幅减少生命周期内建筑碳排放和能源成本。
本文以山东省某农村民宅为研究对象,针对所提出的满足家庭用电、冬季供暖、夏季制冷、全年生活用热水供应需求的户用光伏智能用电系统,对其光伏+空气源热泵+地暖+风机盘管+蓄能水箱的方案进行TRNSYS仿真模拟。结合当地当时的电价优化系统蓄能运行方案,并对系统进行全生命经济性分析和对比,得到结论如下:
1)供暖季时,系统光伏发电总量大于空气源热泵耗电量,但光伏系统出力时间与热泵工作时间不匹配。供冷季时,系统光伏平均逐时发电量大于热泵平均逐时耗电量。该户用光伏智能用电系统在保证冬夏季室内温度的同时,每年还可获得超过3 000元的光伏电上网盈利。
2)空气源热泵在05:00—17:00运行时,供暖季基本能满足室内供暖需求,而供冷季有27.3%的供冷时间不满足供冷需求。完全满足供暖供冷需求的最优运行方案为:空气源热泵在冬季09:00—16:00、22:00—05:00工作,夏季07:00—18:00、22:00—05:00工作。可控型电器在10:00—16:00使用,有储能性电器在11:00—14:00使用,可进一步消储光伏电。
3)采用光伏+空气源热泵+地暖+风机盘管+蓄能水箱的方式,在全生命周期内收益最高,耗标煤量为4.93 kgce/m2,与无蓄能水箱的方案相比减少46%耗标煤量,蓄能水箱的节能效果显著。
在本文模拟中,家庭冬季供暖和夏季制冷设备均设置为24 h工作,但实际生活中可能夏天夜间开窗通风即可满足室内温度要求,无需制冷。此情况可进一步降低系统能耗,提高家庭收益。随着目前新一轮峰谷分时电价政策大调整,该系统的蓄能运行需要结合当地当时的电价进行相应调整,以达到最大化消纳光伏电和使家庭经济效益最高。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52278115)
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2025年第46卷第3期
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.048
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
  • 修回日期:2025-01-31
  • 录用日期:2025-02-10
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52278115)
国家自然科学基金(52278115)
作者信息
    1山东建筑大学热能工程学院 济南 250101
    2济南热力集团有限公司 济南 250014
    3山东省建筑设计研究院有限公司 济南 250001

通讯作者:

刘俊红,女,副教授,山东建筑大学热能工程学院,13791062800,E-mail:。研究方向:制冷空调,建筑节能。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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