Article(id=1239230395825311910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.039, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729699200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-24, revisedDate=1731427200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-13, acceptedDate=1733673600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-12-09, onlineDate=1773385150152, onlineDateStr=2026-03-13, pubDate=1750003200000, pubDateStr=2025-06-16, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773385150152, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773385150152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385150152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1239230393547804821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, year='2025', volume='46', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='166', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773385149609, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773385254705, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1239230834402717934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, issueId=1239230393547804821, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1239230396169244842, articleId=1239230395825311910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, language=EN, title=Heat Storage and Discharge Characteristics of Flat Filling Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Tank, columnId=1239230395695288481, journalTitle=Journal of Refrigeration, columnName=Energy Storage Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this study, a phase-change heat-storage water tank with a flat-plate storage plate was designed with phase-change materials. A heat-storage water tank model was constructed using the same staggered arrangement. Experiments and simulations were used to investigate the heat storage and discharge performances of a flat-plate-filled phase-change heat-storage water tank and the influence of the discharge flow rate on the heat release performance of the change materials. The role of different discharge flow rates in improving the heat release performance of phase change materials is discussed. The results show that filling a 98 L water tank with 12.15 L of phase change materials in a flat plate manner increased the heat storage capacity of the water tank by 17.91% while improving the stability of the system operation. By analyzing the flow rates under different heat release modes, it was found that at a discharge flow rate of 100-175 L/h, the heat release ratio of the phase change materials was maintained above 88%. The hot water supply volume reached 135 L. However, the heat transfer between the fluid and the phase change materials was no longer timely when the flow rate increased. The heat release ratio of the phase change materials gradually decreased to 81.5%, and the hot-water supply volume decreased to 125 L. To improve the heat discharge performance of phase change materials in a heat-storage water tank, it is necessary to ensure sufficient external heat transfer conditions and fundamentally improve the heat exchange capacity of the phase change materials.

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Zhang Liang, male, associate professor, School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, 86-13816670326, E-mail: . Research fields: air conditioning, heat transfer performance of refrigeration system equipment, cryogenic refrigeration, performance testing of refrigeration devices, industrial heat pumps, and waste heat utilization technology.
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设计一种平板式储料板填充相变材料的相变蓄热水箱,并建立了相同交错排列方式的蓄热水箱模型。通过实验和模拟,研究了平板填充式相变蓄热水箱的蓄放热性能,以及放水流量对相变材料放热性能的影响,分析了不同放水流量对增强相变材料放热性能的作用。结果表明:在98 L的水箱内以平板方式填充12.15 L的相变材料,使水箱蓄热量增加17.91%,同时改善系统运行的稳定性。通过分析不同放热模式下的流量,发现放水流量处于100~175 L/h时能够保持相变材料放热率达到88%以上,供热水量达到135 L,但随着流量继续增大,流体和相变材料换热不及时,相变材料放热率逐渐降至81.5%,供热水量减至125 L。提升相变材料在蓄热水箱内的放热性能既需确保充足的外部换热条件,也要从根本上提高相变材料的自身换热能力。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
张良,男,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,13816670326,E-mail:。研究方向:空气调节,制冷系统设备换热性能,低温制冷,制冷装置性能测试,工业热泵及余热利用技术。
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文献相变材料相变温度/℃潜热/(J/kg)热水器类型
[10]石蜡+10%石墨48~50158.5电热
[11]PCM58-8065~70268~300电热
[12]癸酸+月桂酸20热泵
[13]石蜡80热泵
[14]石蜡58189热泵
[15]三水醋酸钠55247.6热泵
[16]伊拉克石蜡45190太阳能
[17]卅三烷72256太阳能
赤藓糖醇118339.8
), ArticleFig(id=1239241803858236270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=CN, label=表1, caption=相变储热材料在热水器中的应用, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
文献相变材料相变温度/℃潜热/(J/kg)热水器类型
[10]石蜡+10%石墨48~50158.5电热
[11]PCM58-8065~70268~300电热
[12]癸酸+月桂酸20热泵
[13]石蜡80热泵
[14]石蜡58189热泵
[15]三水醋酸钠55247.6热泵
[16]伊拉克石蜡45190太阳能
[17]卅三烷72256太阳能
赤藓糖醇118339.8
), ArticleFig(id=1239241803921150831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Parameters of temperature sensors, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
布置位置测温范围/℃测量精度/℃
相变蓄热水箱距离底端1/3及2/3处、溢流口、冷水进口-50~100±(0.15+0.002|t|)
上端、中间、下端相变材料储料板-50~200±0.6 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1239241803984065392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=CN, label=表2, caption=温度传感器参数, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
布置位置测温范围/℃测量精度/℃
相变蓄热水箱距离底端1/3及2/3处、溢流口、冷水进口-50~100±(0.15+0.002|t|)
上端、中间、下端相变材料储料板-50~200±0.6 ℃
), ArticleFig(id=1239241804063757169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=Initial conditio, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目项目
相变温度Ts→l/℃57.6起始温度T0/℃70
转变间隔dT/℃7进水温度Tin/℃10
相变潜热Ls→l/(kJ/kg)261.6冷水流量Mc/(kg/h)100~350
), ArticleFig(id=1239241804118283122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=CN, label=表3, caption=初始条件, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目项目
相变温度Ts→l/℃57.6起始温度T0/℃70
转变间隔dT/℃7进水温度Tin/℃10
相变潜热Ls→l/(kJ/kg)261.6冷水流量Mc/(kg/h)100~350
), ArticleFig(id=1239241804177003379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Temperature of phase change material at different locations, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流量/(L/h)下部/℃中部/℃上部/℃
10010.0712.4838.12
12510.0812.2238.83
15010.0911.6638.64
17510.1011.4438.89
25010.1214.0250.70
35010.2015.6452.61
), ArticleFig(id=1239241804239917940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1238823019242635269, articleId=1239230395825311910, language=CN, label=表4, caption=不同位置的相变材料温度, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
流量/(L/h)下部/℃中部/℃上部/℃
10010.0712.4838.12
12510.0812.2238.83
15010.0911.6638.64
17510.1011.4438.89
25010.1214.0250.70
35010.2015.6452.61
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平板填充式相变蓄热水箱蓄放热特性研究
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刘晗意 , 张良 , 杨洋 , 曹家源
制冷学报 | 面向零碳能源消纳的储冷储热技术 2025,46(3): 39-47
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制冷学报 | 面向零碳能源消纳的储冷储热技术 2025, 46(3): 39-47
平板填充式相变蓄热水箱蓄放热特性研究
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刘晗意, 张良 , 杨洋, 曹家源
作者信息
  • 上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093

通讯作者:

张良,男,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,13816670326,E-mail:。研究方向:空气调节,制冷系统设备换热性能,低温制冷,制冷装置性能测试,工业热泵及余热利用技术。
Heat Storage and Discharge Characteristics of Flat Filling Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Tank
Hanyi Liu, Liang Zhang , Yang Yang, Jiayuan Cao
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Power Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
出版时间: 2025-06-16 doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.039
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设计一种平板式储料板填充相变材料的相变蓄热水箱,并建立了相同交错排列方式的蓄热水箱模型。通过实验和模拟,研究了平板填充式相变蓄热水箱的蓄放热性能,以及放水流量对相变材料放热性能的影响,分析了不同放水流量对增强相变材料放热性能的作用。结果表明:在98 L的水箱内以平板方式填充12.15 L的相变材料,使水箱蓄热量增加17.91%,同时改善系统运行的稳定性。通过分析不同放热模式下的流量,发现放水流量处于100~175 L/h时能够保持相变材料放热率达到88%以上,供热水量达到135 L,但随着流量继续增大,流体和相变材料换热不及时,相变材料放热率逐渐降至81.5%,供热水量减至125 L。提升相变材料在蓄热水箱内的放热性能既需确保充足的外部换热条件,也要从根本上提高相变材料的自身换热能力。

相变储热装置  /  数值模拟  /  强化换热  /  复合相变材料

In this study, a phase-change heat-storage water tank with a flat-plate storage plate was designed with phase-change materials. A heat-storage water tank model was constructed using the same staggered arrangement. Experiments and simulations were used to investigate the heat storage and discharge performances of a flat-plate-filled phase-change heat-storage water tank and the influence of the discharge flow rate on the heat release performance of the change materials. The role of different discharge flow rates in improving the heat release performance of phase change materials is discussed. The results show that filling a 98 L water tank with 12.15 L of phase change materials in a flat plate manner increased the heat storage capacity of the water tank by 17.91% while improving the stability of the system operation. By analyzing the flow rates under different heat release modes, it was found that at a discharge flow rate of 100-175 L/h, the heat release ratio of the phase change materials was maintained above 88%. The hot water supply volume reached 135 L. However, the heat transfer between the fluid and the phase change materials was no longer timely when the flow rate increased. The heat release ratio of the phase change materials gradually decreased to 81.5%, and the hot-water supply volume decreased to 125 L. To improve the heat discharge performance of phase change materials in a heat-storage water tank, it is necessary to ensure sufficient external heat transfer conditions and fundamentally improve the heat exchange capacity of the phase change materials.

phase change thermal energy storage system  /  numerical simulation  /  heat transfer enhancement  /  composite phase change materials
刘晗意, 张良, 杨洋, 曹家源. 平板填充式相变蓄热水箱蓄放热特性研究. 制冷学报, 2025 , 46 (3) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.039
Hanyi Liu, Liang Zhang, Yang Yang, Jiayuan Cao. Heat Storage and Discharge Characteristics of Flat Filling Phase Change Thermal Energy Storage Tank[J]. Journal of Refrigeration, 2025 , 46 (3) : 39 -47 . DOI: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.039
热水器是日常生活中不可或缺的产品,随着科技发展,热水器产品也在不断推陈出新,从最早的电热热水器、燃气热水器,发展到如今的空气源热泵热水器、太阳能热水器[1-2]。因传统热水器在使用及能源消耗方面均具有一定劣势,所以热水器的开发重心已逐渐转移至新型热水器。文献[3-5]表明,在低能耗、低污染前提下,热水器中增加储能模块,不仅能提高能源利用效率,还能一定程度上改善电力消耗在时间上的偏差。
相变材料(phase change material,PCM)达到相变温度时,能吸收/释放大量的相变潜热。因此,与水(比热容较大)等常见物质的显热蓄热相比,在储存与相变材料相同的热量时,需要水的质量更大。而相比于热化学储能,相变材料的蓄放热无需特定的条件和催化剂驱动,因此相变材料的蓄放热过程更加简单。同时,相变材料因具有稳定的工作温度以及高储能密度,被广泛应用于建筑结构以及建筑设备领域,而热水器是建筑设备领域中重要的组成部分[6]
表1所示为相变储热材料在热水器中的应用。由表1可知,国内外学者的研究对象不仅包含传统热水器中的电热水器,还有新型热水器中的热泵热水器和太阳能热水器。对于带有储热功能的热水器,目前的研究主要为3类:1)无蓄水箱的集热式热水器,热水器通过冷水流经充满高温相变材料的蓄热箱后升温,华维三等[7]通过在相变集热管内添加三水醋酸钠,在获得更多高品位热水的同时,降低集热管热损失;2)填充相变材料至水箱四周,起保温作用,洪泽等[8]将相变材料填充至水箱外层一圈作为保温层,相变材料的加入延缓了内胆中水的降温过程,降温速率减少28.9%;3)水箱内填充相变储热模块,I. Al-Hinti等[9]采用38个圆柱形镀锌钢储存相变材料,通过太阳能热板吸收热量将水蒸发,再将热量传递至储热罐体当中,后续为冷水供热,该方法在相变材料完全蓄热的情况下,静置24h后箱体内的水温仍高于环境温度30 ℃。
综上所述,影响储热水箱性能的因素较多,不同的储能物质、水箱结构以及储能模块的排列方式均会对性能产生影响。本文提出一种新型的平板式相变材料填充方法,将相变材料以薄片形式填充后,左右交错分布在水箱内部,采用实验和COMSOL模拟方法,研究该填充方式下蓄热水箱的蓄放热性能,并利用所建立模型对不同放水流量对相变材料放热性能的影响进行分析。
系统中在98 L的冷凝水箱中填充12.15 L的相变材料,相变材料的加入代替了原先部分水的体积,由于相变材料高能量密度的特点,同体积水箱增加蓄热量4 423.6 kJ,相比相同体积水箱蓄热量提升17.91%。相变蓄热热泵热水器系统如图1所示,系统由相变蓄热冷凝水箱、压缩机、蒸发器、电子膨胀阀、干燥过滤器、储液罐及一系列阀门组成。该系统还包括一套自动化控制系统,控制逻辑如图2所示,主要以测得的水温作为判断依据来实现控制。水温测量共布置上下2个测点,分别位于距离水箱底部1/3和2/3处,用于监测系统蓄放热模式下冷凝水箱内的水温变化,以两者平均值作为蓄热模式结束以及保温模式开启的判断依据,当系统处于保温,且水温平均值低于设定值(默认55 ℃)时,启动压缩机低频运行直至水温达到蓄热模式设定温度,同时上下各布置1个测点便于监测系统放热时垂直方向上水箱内的温度偏差;相变材料温度测量共布置上中下3个测点,分别位于水箱内顶部、中部、底部的3块储料板内。
蓄热过程:空气源热泵系统开启,制冷剂在冷凝蓄热水箱中为水和相变材料供热,直至相变材料被加热完全熔化,相变材料完全融化标准为3个储料板温度测点平均温度均高于相变材料相变温度5 ℃或水温达到设定温度(默认为70 ℃),保持5 min后,蓄热阶段结束。
放热过程:空气源热泵系统关闭,冷水从蓄热箱体下端进入,不断排出水箱中原有热水的同时流经相变材料储料板吸收相变材料热量,直至出水温度低于40 ℃时结束放热。放热总时长为出水温度降低至40 ℃所消耗的时间。
储料板在冷凝水箱中采取左右交错摆放的方式如图3(a)所示。与图3(b)、(c)所示为波纹形和球形两种填充方式,与平板形填充相比,这2种方式的相变材料在相同填充体积下,具有更大的表面积,因此与外界流体具有更强的换热效果,但两者采用的顺序排列方式可能在某些流动方式下造成流体不能完全流经所有的储料板从而产生换热死区,导致内部相变材料不能很好地蓄(放)热。因此采用交错排列布置的方式使水流自下而上沿流道流动,增加水流的扰动,一定程度上起到增强水流与相变材料储料板换热的效果。同时,平板式储料板在实际使用中的固定方式相比于球形和波纹形更加简单和方便。
放热实验过程中相变材料和水的初始温度为70 ℃,进口冷水流量为125 L/h,进口水温保持在10 ℃,所有数据均由安捷伦34970A采集仪获取,使用的温度传感器型号及精度如表2所示。
针对该相变蓄热型空气源热泵系统,需对蓄热冷凝水箱建立数值模型,研究系统的动态运行特性,为简化计算进行如下假设:1)材料的各向同性;2)管壁导热系数大且厚度薄(0.8 mm),管壁热阻可忽略;3)储料板间的相变材料厚度为10.4 mm,忽略储料板内部相变材料的自然对流;4)忽略相变材料的过冷过程,即达到相变温度后立即发生液-固或固-液相变过程;5)相变材料在相变过程当中,无体积变化,即相变材料比热率γ=1;6)相变材料在反复循环过程中固液态导热系数保持均匀且不变;7)不考虑相变材料在相变过程中的固液界面处的接触热阻。
水箱放热过程中需考虑冷水进入箱体内的自然对流过程以及通过不锈钢储料板壁面与相变材料的传热过程,控制方程主要如下:
1)层流。
动量守恒方程:
质量守恒方程:
2)固体和流体传热。
传热微分方程:
其中相变材料模型采用Heaviside函数。
相变方程:
将上述层流的流体流动方程以及固体和流体传热的传热方程通过非等温流动的多物理场进行耦合。
耦合方程:
相变材料的蓄热量、放热量、蓄放热效率计算:
数值模拟的初始条件设置如表3所示。
为验证模型的准确性,将COMSOL中的模型计算结果与实验数据进行对比,对比结果如图4所示。
图4(a)可知,在放热初期,实验与模拟数据的偏差较小;经过中间相变放热阶段后,温度偏差逐渐增大。运行60 min后,偏差分别为2.71、4.02、9.46 ℃,但整个蓄热过程中的温度变化趋势一致,平均温差绝对值为1.53 ℃。由图4(a)中虚线可知,放热结束的时间(即出水温度降至40 ℃)均为60~65 min。实际放热实验中,水温达到40 ℃所需时间为62 min,而模拟放热实验中水温由43 ℃降至35.7 ℃发生在冷水进入箱体后的60~65 min,模拟结果与实际实验结果的差异较小。
图4(b)所示为实际实验与模拟实验中储料板温度变化的对比。经过偏差计算可知,3条曲线的平均温差绝对值分别为1.89、4.2、3.4 ℃,整体误差较小,仅在部分数据点上存在较大偏差。在放热中期,中部相变材料的温度偏差较大,最高达12.5 ℃,上部温度偏差最大出现在放热末期,达到12 ℃。由图4(b)还可知,开始产生温度偏差皆发生在相变温度附近,在模拟实验过程中,温度记录为整块储料板内区域的平均温度,而实际实验过程中的温度记录仅为储料板内某一点的温度记录,在经历相同放热时间后,实验测得的温度会由于实际实验中测点布置区域优先或滞后发生相变造成温度偏差,因此与模拟实验得到的数据产生较大的温度偏差。同时实际实验过程中冷凝水箱顶部保温性能较差,随着水温升高,与环境温差增大后导致上中部的漏热增加,产生一定偏差,但总体平均温度偏差仍控制在3.5 ℃以内。
综上所述,上、中、下3部分相变材料储料板内PCM的温度呈现相同变化趋势,模型的计算结果能够反映实际系统的运行情况,可用于进一步分析。
图5所示为压缩机转速为4 500 r/min条件下,系统蓄热量和蓄热阶段系统性能系数(coefficient of performance,COP)随时间的变化。由图5可知,系统COP随着蓄热过程的进行逐渐下降。原因如下:蒸发温度受环境温度影响,在整个蓄热过程中恒定为25 ℃,蒸发压力在5×105 Pa上下波动,冷凝压力随着蓄热冷凝水箱内水温的逐步升高而升高,导致冷凝压力由初始的106 Pa逐渐增至2.1×106 Pa,压缩机压缩比增大,做功增加,系统制热量也增加;但随着压缩比的上升,系统COP逐渐下降,从开始阶段低压比时的6.69降至高压比时的2.22,整个过程中系统蓄热阶段的平均COP为3.24。与无蓄热模块的水箱相比,带有相变材料蓄热模块的水箱,在冷凝温度升至相变材料的相变温度时,系统产生的热量主要被用于相变材料的潜热吸收。此时冷凝水箱的温度上升趋于平缓,冷凝压力的波动幅度减少。综上所述,在相变蓄热阶段,压缩机的压缩比变化幅度相对较小,避免了系统长时间运行在高压比和高噪声的状态,保证了系统运行的稳定性和安全性。
图5还可知,系统蓄热量呈非线性增长,蓄热速率呈先快后慢趋势。前100 min时,温度变化以水和相变材料的潜热变化为主。100~200 min时,蓄热量增长速度减缓,在此期间水温和相变材料温度的变化相对缓慢,系统产生的热量主要用于相变材料吸收潜热,即融化过程所需的热量。该时间段内,温度变化无法衡量相变材料的融化程度,因此无法反映系统的总蓄热量。255 min时,相变材料温度超过相变温度,升温速率提升,说明相变吸热完全,系统重新进入(液态)潜热蓄热阶段。此时,相变材料的潜热储存量重新计入总蓄热量中,因此出现图5虚线框内的蓄热量剧增。285 min时,系统完成蓄热,总蓄热量达到15 834 kJ。
图6所示为放热模式下的温度变化,由图6(a)可知,放热过程的前20 min出水温度维持在70 ℃。20~50 min时,在出水温度未达到相变温度之前,受到相变材料潜热放热的影响,温度开始缓慢下降,当温度降至低于相变温度(57.6 ℃)附近时,相变材料潜热放热完毕,温降开始剧烈,在放热55 min后,随着相变材料逐渐完全凝固,出口水温急剧下降,在65 min时水温低于40 ℃,放热模式结束。
图6(b)可知,冷水从下部进入冷凝水箱,下部相变材料温度最先下降,在放热开始阶段发生骤降,中部和上部相变材料温度分别在25 min和55 min开始迅速下降,根据相变材料放热结束时的温度可计算出相变材料总放热量、放热效率。当冷水进口流速为125L/h时,相变材料结束时的最终温度分别为10.08、12.22、38.83 ℃,从温度数据以及相变材料的相变状态变化(图7)可确定相变材料潜热放热完全,完全凝固,仍留有部分显热未能释放完全,相变材料总的放热量为相变材料总蓄热量的88.10%,有较好的放热效率。图8所示为125 L/h流量下不同放热时间段的水箱内部温度分布,结合图6~图8可知,水温由下至上的偏差较大,导致相变材料的相变状态在垂直方向上有较大的不同,因此不同位置的相变材料放热效率存在差异。为改善该现象,可使用不同相变温度的复合相变材料。通过添加不同比例的无机盐(如KNO3、KCL)改变复合相变材料的相变温度,由上至下按相变温度由高至低依次排放,保证箱体内不同位置的相变材料与储料板外水温存在足够温差,因此相变材料能够将储存的潜热释放更加完全,在提高垂直方向相变材料放热均匀性的同时,提高相变材料的放热效率[20-23]
平板式相变储能热水器在低流速(125 L/h)条件下,相变材料的放热效率可达88.10%。但在实际生活用水场景中,125 L/h的流量仅能满足部分需求。为适应大多数生活用水场景,本文将研究不同流速下系统放热性能的差异,并分析在降低流速情况下,能否通过延长冷水与相变材料的接触时间来增强相变材料的放热能力,或增加冷水进口流量情况下,通过增加水流在冷凝水箱中的扰动提高水流与不锈钢储料板之间的换热效率,进而提升相变材料的放热量。结合实际生活用水需求,本文不对极低的进(出)水流量进行分析,因此设定的流量为100、125、150、175、250、350L/h。
图9所示为不同流量下的出口水温变化,由图9可知,随着放热过程的进行,出口水温的趋势均呈现平稳-低温降趋势-高温降趋势的形式,随着冷水进入蓄热箱体内,箱体内原有的热水先排出水箱,当水箱中原有的水排出后,此时进入低温降低阶段,进入箱体内的冷水经过与储料板之间的换热逐渐升温,同时不断带走储料板中的热量,当储料板中相变材料的潜热被吸收完全后,进入高温降阶段,此时冷水由于得不到足够多的热量导致出口水温急剧降低,当出口温度降至40 ℃时,放水模式停止。
图10所示为不同流量下的放水时间及放水总量,结合图9图10可知,随着放水流量的增大,放热模式持续的时间不断减小,以出口水温低于40 ℃作为放热模式结束的标准,不同流量对应的放热模式持续时长分别为82、65、54、46、30、21 min。放水总量在低流速时变化较小,由100 L/h的136.7 L至175 L/h的134.2 L,但随着流速继续增大,流速增至250、350 L/h时,放水总量分别减至125、122.5 L,相比于低流速下的供水量减少约10~15 L。
为研究不同流量下相变材料的放热效率,各流量下放热结束时相变材料温度如表4所示,通过图10表4的数据并根据式(11)~式(16)计算出相变材料放热效率和系统放热效率,结果如图11所示。
图11可知,随着放水模式流速的不断增大,系统放热效率和相变材料放热效率均呈现先平稳后下降趋势,当流速为100~175L/h时,相变材料的放热效率保持在88%附近小幅度波动,当流量增至250、350L/h时,冷水流经储料板的时间缩短,由于储料板内部相变材料本身导热系数较小为3.313~3.373 W/(m2·K),在短时间内无法将热量及时传递给外部水流,导致流经储料板的冷水升温慢,出口水温温度降低更快,出口水温达到40 ℃所需时间越短,表明放热模式更早结束,因此相变材料的放热效率降低,由88%分别降至83.1%和81.5%。从放热时间来看,随着流量的增大,放热模式的放热时间不断缩短,减少了水箱本体的漏热时间,箱体外的保温层只能降低部分热量的散失,但随着放热时间缩短,相变材料储料板的放热时间降低,而相变材料少释放的热量远大于保温层保留的漏热量,因此系统总放热量呈下降趋势,系统放热效率随之减小,因此系统放热量也随着放热模式下的流量增加而降低。综上所述,为了能够在日常使用中得到较好的相变材料放热效果,可以将流速尽量调低,保证在使用过程中新进入水箱内的冷水与相变材料充分接触,充分吸收相变材料内部的热量,既提高了相变材料的放热效率,同时延长了放热模式的时间。
本文设计了一种平板式储料板填充相变材料的相变蓄热水箱,并对其蓄、放热性能进行了评估与优化。通过数值模拟的方法建立了蓄热器的数值模型,并研究了不同放热模式的流量对蓄热水箱以及相变材料放热性能的影响。得到如下结论:
1)在容积为98L的水箱中填充12.15L的相变材料,增加蓄热量4423.6kJ,相比相同体积水箱蓄热量提升17.91%。相变蓄热阶段使蓄热冷凝压力变化变缓,保证了系统运行的稳定性。
2)采取左右摆放储料板的放置方式使水流自下而上沿着设计流道流动,增加冷水的扰动,加强了冷水和相变材料储料板的换热强度,保证蓄热量能够尽可能多地释放。
3)对该填充方式下不同的出口流量进行模拟研究,以70 ℃作为起始温度,40 ℃作为放热模式的结束温度时,在低放水流速(100~175 L/h)下,相变材料和系统的放热效率基本保持在88%~90%,供水流量保持约135 L,但随着流速继续增大,减少了相变材料的放热时间,相变材料的放热量随之减小;当流速增至250、350 L/h时,相变材料的放热效率分别降至83.1%、81.5%,放水总量分别减至125、122.5 L。选择相对较低的流速能够维持相变材料的放热效率,提供近88%的相变材料放热效率、90%的系统放热效率以及135 L的热水供给量。后续为提升系统放热效率,可进一步改善相变材料自身导热系数,通过添加高导热材料形成新型复合相变材料,或在储热模块内部增加强化换热部件,可以让储热水箱适用于更多高流量使用环境。
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doi: 10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.039
  • 接收时间:2024-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-13
  • 出版时间:2025-06-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-24
  • 修回日期:2024-11-13
  • 录用日期:2024-12-09
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    上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院 上海 200093

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张良,男,副教授,上海理工大学能源与动力工程学院,13816670326,E-mail:。研究方向:空气调节,制冷系统设备换热性能,低温制冷,制冷装置性能测试,工业热泵及余热利用技术。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zlxb/CN/10.12465/j.issn.0253-4339.2025.03.039
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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