Article(id=1246459855976948367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.549, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1721059200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-16, revisedDate=1729785600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-25, acceptedDate=1726243200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-09-14, onlineDate=1775108787769, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108787769, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108787769, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108787769, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7797, endPage=7803, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459857356874480, articleId=1246459855976948367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Gadd45b alleviates white matter damage in chronic ischemic rats by modulating astrocyte phenotype, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Previous studies have found that growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45β (Gadd45b) is beneficial to the repair of acute cerebral ischemia, but the action mechanism is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effect and mechanism of Gadd45b on white matter demyelinating lesions in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia.

METHODS:

SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group, model group, empty vector group, and Gadd45b overexpression group, with 15 rats in each group. Gadd45b-overexpressing lentivirus and no-load lentivirus were injected into the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral ventricles of rats. One week after lentivirus transfection, the rat model of chronic hypoperfusion cerebral ischemia was established by bilateral common carotid artery ligation. Three weeks after the bilateral common carotid artery ligation, the learning and cognitive functions of rats were evaluated by novel object recognition test. Luxol fast blue staining was used to observe the changes of myelin structure in the corpus callosum of rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the damage of the rat corpus callosum. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of myelin basic protein and neurofilament protein 200 in the corpus callosum of rats. Immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the expression of astrocyte markers GFAP/C3d and GFAP/S100A10 in rat brain tissue. ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the supernatant of brain tissue.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) Gadd45b overexpression could significantly improve the learning and cognitive function of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia, and improve demyelination and pathological damage in the rat corpus callosum. (2) The results of immunofluorescence showed that Gadd45b overexpression significantly increased the expression levels of myelin basic protein and neurofilament protein 200 in the brain tissue of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. (3) Gadd45b overexpression reduced GFAP/C3d double positive cells and increased GFAP/S100A10 double positive cells in the brain tissue of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. (4) Gadd45b overexpression reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the brain tissue of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. It is concluded that Gadd45b overexpression improves cognitive dysfunction by promoting the A2 phenotype transformation of astrocytes, alleviating white matter myelin structure damage and neuroinflammation in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Liu Bin, MD, Professor, Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
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背景:

前期研究发现生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱生蛋白45β(Gadd45b)有益于急性脑缺血损伤修复,但其对于慢性脑缺血的作用机制仍不明确。

目的:

探讨Gadd45b对慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质脱髓鞘病变的影响及机制。

方法:

将SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组、模型组、空载体组、Gadd45b过表达组,每组15只。在大鼠脑双侧海马和双侧脑室注射空载慢病毒、Gadd45b过表达慢病毒,慢病毒转染1周后采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备慢性低灌注脑缺血大鼠模型。双侧颈总动脉结扎3周后进行新物体识别实验评估大鼠学习认知功能,固蓝髓鞘染色观察大鼠胼胝体部位髓鞘结构变化,苏木精-伊红染色、尼氏染色观察大鼠脑组织胼胝体区损伤情况,免疫荧光染色检测大鼠脑胼胝体区髓鞘碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白200的表达,免疫荧光双标染色检测大鼠脑组织中星形胶质细胞标记物GFAP/C3d,GFAP/S100A10的表达,ELISA检测脑组织上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6水平。

结果与结论:

①Gadd45b过表达显著改善慢性脑缺血大鼠的学习认知功能,以及改善大鼠胼胝体区脱髓鞘病变以及病理损伤;②免疫荧光结果发现Gadd45b过表达显著增加慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织髓鞘碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白200的表达水平;③Gadd45b过表达使慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织中GFAP/C3d双阳性细胞减少,GFAP/S100A10双阳性细胞增加;④Gadd45b过表达降低了慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织中肿瘤坏死因子α,白细胞介素6水平。结果表明:Gadd45b过表达通过促进星形胶质细胞A2表型转化,减轻慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质髓鞘结构损伤,减缓神经炎症,从而改善认知功能障碍。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘彬,博士,教授,山东第一医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,山东省千佛山医院,山东省济南市 250014
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作者贡献:

第一作者负责实验的设计、实施及论文撰写工作,通讯作者负责对实验方案的评估与指导,其余作者参与了实验操作、文章校对等工作。

Yu Hui, Master candidate, Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China

于辉,女,1996年生,山东省济南市人,汉族,山东第二医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脑血管疾病研究。

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Yu Hui, Master candidate, Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China

于辉,女,1996年生,山东省济南市人,汉族,山东第二医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脑血管疾病研究。

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Yu Hui, Master candidate, Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China

于辉,女,1996年生,山东省济南市人,汉族,山东第二医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脑血管疾病研究。

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J Neurosci. 2015; 35(41): 14002-14008., articleTitle=Astrocytes Promote Oligodendrogenesis after White Matter Damage via Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459878970122644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=68, issue=9, pageStart=1910, pageEnd=1924, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=MIYAMOTO N, MAGAMI S, INABA T, journalName=Glia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MIYAMOTO N, MAGAMI S, INABA T, et al. The effects of A1/A2 astrocytes on oligodendrocyte linage cells against white matter injury under prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion. 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Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013; 54(2): 1061-1069., articleTitle=TGFβ signaling induces expression of Gadd45b in retinal ganglion cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879209197985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=520, issue=1, pageStart=110, pageEnd=114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LIU B, LI J, LI L, journalName=Neurosci Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU B, LI J, LI L, et al. Electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus promotes the expression of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene β and motor function recovery in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats. Neurosci Lett. 2012; 520(1): 110-114., articleTitle=Electrical stimulation of cerebellar fastigial nucleus promotes the expression of growth arrest and DNA damage inducible gene β and motor function recovery in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879309861288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=52, issue=3, pageStart=1245, pageEnd=1256, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=LIU B, LI LL, TAN XD, journalName=Mol Neurobiol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU B, LI LL, TAN XD, et al. Gadd45b Mediates Axonal Plasticity and Subsequent Functional Recovery After Experimental Stroke in Rats. Mol Neurobiol. 2015; 52(3): 1245-1256., articleTitle=Gadd45b Mediates Axonal Plasticity and Subsequent Functional Recovery After Experimental Stroke in Rats, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879402135981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=11, issue=3, pageStart=353, pageEnd=360, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=LIU B, ZHANG YH, JIANG Y, journalName=Int J Biol Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU B, ZHANG YH, JIANG Y, et al. Gadd45b is a novel mediator of neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke. Int J Biol Sci. 2015; 11(3): 353-360., articleTitle=Gadd45b is a novel mediator of neuronal apoptosis in ischemic stroke, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879544742322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=19, issue=1, pageStart=128, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=ZHENG L, JIA J, CHEN Y, journalName=J Neuroinflammation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHENG L, JIA J, CHEN Y, et al. Pentoxifylline alleviates ischemic white matter injury through up-regulating Mertk-mediated myelin clearance. 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Brain Res. 2019; 1711:193-201., articleTitle=White matter lesions, cerebral inflammation and cognitive function in a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879725097403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=87, issue=15, pageStart=3492, pageEnd=3501, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=EISENBACH M, KARTVELISHVILY E, ESHED-EISENBACH Y, journalName=J Neurosci Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=EISENBACH M, KARTVELISHVILY E, ESHED-EISENBACH Y, et al. Differential clustering of Caspr by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. J Neurosci Res. 2009; 87(15): 3492-3501., articleTitle=Differential clustering of Caspr by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879804789181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=10, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=KISTER A, KISTER I, journalName=Front Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KISTER A, KISTER I. Overview of myelin, major myelin lipids, and myelin-associated proteins. 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图注:图A为新物体识别实验分辨指数统计图;B为胼胝体固蓝髓鞘染色特征性图片(比例尺=50 μm);C为固蓝髓鞘染色评分统计图。与假手术组相比,aP < 0.05;与Gadd45b过表达组相比,bP < 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=4T60sqy/54etYTf01F3X0A==, figureFileBig=3YYdd9fPAvoubTiIJkVy5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871411986590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Pathological damage of brain tissue in rats of each group after chronic cerebral ischemia, figureFileSmall=W2C7rKeQQR7CMZH2rpQzzg==, figureFileBig=pqQLg3RYVz4Tw57wH3YaFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871516844198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=CN, label=图2, caption=慢性脑缺血后各组大鼠脑组织病理损伤情况

图注:图A为各组大鼠苏木精-伊红染色特征性图片(比例尺= 50 μm);B为各组大鼠尼氏染色特征性图片(比例尺=50 μm);C为苏木精-伊红染色阳性细胞占比统计图;D为尼氏染色阳性细胞占比统计图。与假手术组相比,aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,与Gadd45b过表达组相比,cP < 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=W2C7rKeQQR7CMZH2rpQzzg==, figureFileBig=pqQLg3RYVz4Tw57wH3YaFQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871676227758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Immunofluorescence staining of myelin basic protein (MBP) and axon neurofilament protein 200 (NF200) in brain tissue of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=QKiqcXqU+VG+YUP3h+w80w==, figureFileBig=zUbv4dZEcHI7M1K4gX4Ijg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871760113845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各组大鼠脑组织髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)和轴突神经丝蛋白200(NF200)免疫荧光染色

图注:图A为各组大鼠胼胝体区MBP荧光染色(比例尺=50 μm);B为胼胝体区NF200荧光染色(比例尺=50 μm);C为大鼠脑冠状位解剖图,方框内为胼胝体检测区;D为MBP荧光强度统计图;E为NF200荧光强度统计图。与假手术组相比,aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01;与Gadd45b过表达组相比,cP < 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=QKiqcXqU+VG+YUP3h+w80w==, figureFileBig=zUbv4dZEcHI7M1K4gX4Ijg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873353949369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Fluorescence double-label staining of GFAP/C3d and GFAP/S100A10 in brain tissue of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=zQh/wJeUaR2qXWKOty0uKQ==, figureFileBig=fPb6i7x7Mi9LtOUhQzhWqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873471389886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组大鼠脑组织GFAP/C3d和GFAP/S100A10荧光双标染色

图注:图A为大鼠脑组织GFAP/C3d荧光双标染色(比例尺=50 μm);B为大鼠脑组织GFAP/S100A10荧光双标染色(比例尺=50 μm);C为GFAP/C3d双阳性细胞占GFAP细胞比例统计图;D为GFAP/S100A10双阳性细胞占GFAP细胞比例统计图。与假手术组相比,aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01;与Gadd45b过表达组相比,cP < 0.05。GFAP:胶质纤维酸性蛋白。

, figureFileSmall=zQh/wJeUaR2qXWKOty0uKQ==, figureFileBig=fPb6i7x7Mi9LtOUhQzhWqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873588830405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Levels of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6 in the brain supernatant of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=/2yvH+9srDPr/K8cUg4WVw==, figureFileBig=NsUfGwqY+nf0Qq03eqtBcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873693688010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855976948367, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组大鼠脑组织上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6水平

图注:与假手术组相比,aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01;与Gadd45b过表达组相比,cP < 0.05。

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Gadd45b调控星形胶质细胞表型减轻慢性缺血性大鼠脑白质损伤
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于辉 1 , 杨阳 2 , 韦婷 2 , 李文丽 2 , 罗文倩 2 , 刘彬 2
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7797-7803
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7797-7803
Gadd45b调控星形胶质细胞表型减轻慢性缺血性大鼠脑白质损伤
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于辉1, 杨阳2, 韦婷2, 李文丽2, 罗文倩2, 刘彬2
作者信息
  • 1山东第二医科大学临床医学院,山东省潍坊市 261000
  • 2山东第一医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,山东省千佛山医院,山东省济南市 250014
  • Yu Hui, Master candidate, Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China

    于辉,女,1996年生,山东省济南市人,汉族,山东第二医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脑血管疾病研究。

通讯作者:

刘彬,博士,教授,山东第一医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,山东省千佛山医院,山东省济南市 250014
Gadd45b alleviates white matter damage in chronic ischemic rats by modulating astrocyte phenotype
Hui Yu1, Yang Yang2, Ting Wei2, Wenli Li2, Wenqian Luo2, Bin Liu2
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang 261000, Shandong Province, China
  • 2Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan 250014, Shandong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.549
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背景:

前期研究发现生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱生蛋白45β(Gadd45b)有益于急性脑缺血损伤修复,但其对于慢性脑缺血的作用机制仍不明确。

目的:

探讨Gadd45b对慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质脱髓鞘病变的影响及机制。

方法:

将SD大鼠随机分为4组:假手术组、模型组、空载体组、Gadd45b过表达组,每组15只。在大鼠脑双侧海马和双侧脑室注射空载慢病毒、Gadd45b过表达慢病毒,慢病毒转染1周后采用双侧颈总动脉结扎法制备慢性低灌注脑缺血大鼠模型。双侧颈总动脉结扎3周后进行新物体识别实验评估大鼠学习认知功能,固蓝髓鞘染色观察大鼠胼胝体部位髓鞘结构变化,苏木精-伊红染色、尼氏染色观察大鼠脑组织胼胝体区损伤情况,免疫荧光染色检测大鼠脑胼胝体区髓鞘碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白200的表达,免疫荧光双标染色检测大鼠脑组织中星形胶质细胞标记物GFAP/C3d,GFAP/S100A10的表达,ELISA检测脑组织上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6水平。

结果与结论:

①Gadd45b过表达显著改善慢性脑缺血大鼠的学习认知功能,以及改善大鼠胼胝体区脱髓鞘病变以及病理损伤;②免疫荧光结果发现Gadd45b过表达显著增加慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织髓鞘碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白200的表达水平;③Gadd45b过表达使慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织中GFAP/C3d双阳性细胞减少,GFAP/S100A10双阳性细胞增加;④Gadd45b过表达降低了慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织中肿瘤坏死因子α,白细胞介素6水平。结果表明:Gadd45b过表达通过促进星形胶质细胞A2表型转化,减轻慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质髓鞘结构损伤,减缓神经炎症,从而改善认知功能障碍。

慢性脑缺血  /  生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱生蛋白45β  /  脑白质  /  脱髓鞘  /  星形胶质细胞  /  神经炎症  /  工程化细胞
BACKGROUND:

Previous studies have found that growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible protein 45β (Gadd45b) is beneficial to the repair of acute cerebral ischemia, but the action mechanism is still unclear.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effect and mechanism of Gadd45b on white matter demyelinating lesions in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia.

METHODS:

SD rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation group, model group, empty vector group, and Gadd45b overexpression group, with 15 rats in each group. Gadd45b-overexpressing lentivirus and no-load lentivirus were injected into the bilateral hippocampus and bilateral ventricles of rats. One week after lentivirus transfection, the rat model of chronic hypoperfusion cerebral ischemia was established by bilateral common carotid artery ligation. Three weeks after the bilateral common carotid artery ligation, the learning and cognitive functions of rats were evaluated by novel object recognition test. Luxol fast blue staining was used to observe the changes of myelin structure in the corpus callosum of rats. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the damage of the rat corpus callosum. Immunofluorescence staining was used to detect the expression of myelin basic protein and neurofilament protein 200 in the corpus callosum of rats. Immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the expression of astrocyte markers GFAP/C3d and GFAP/S100A10 in rat brain tissue. ELISA was used to detect the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the supernatant of brain tissue.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) Gadd45b overexpression could significantly improve the learning and cognitive function of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia, and improve demyelination and pathological damage in the rat corpus callosum. (2) The results of immunofluorescence showed that Gadd45b overexpression significantly increased the expression levels of myelin basic protein and neurofilament protein 200 in the brain tissue of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. (3) Gadd45b overexpression reduced GFAP/C3d double positive cells and increased GFAP/S100A10 double positive cells in the brain tissue of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. (4) Gadd45b overexpression reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 in the brain tissue of rats with chronic cerebral ischemia. It is concluded that Gadd45b overexpression improves cognitive dysfunction by promoting the A2 phenotype transformation of astrocytes, alleviating white matter myelin structure damage and neuroinflammation in rats with chronic cerebral ischemia.

chronic cerebral ischemia  /  growth arrest and DNA damage inducible protein 45β  /  white matter  /  demyelination  /  astrocyte  /  nerve inflammation  /  engineered cell
于辉, 杨阳, 韦婷, 李文丽, 罗文倩, 刘彬. Gadd45b调控星形胶质细胞表型减轻慢性缺血性大鼠脑白质损伤. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7797 -7803 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.549
Hui Yu, Yang Yang, Ting Wei, Wenli Li, Wenqian Luo, Bin Liu. Gadd45b alleviates white matter damage in chronic ischemic rats by modulating astrocyte phenotype[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7797 -7803 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.549
脑血流出现缓慢而持续减少时被称为慢性脑灌注不足,其是一个复杂的多因素病理生理过程,常见于各种临床事件,如脑小血管疾病、颈动脉狭窄/闭塞、脑动静脉畸形等[1-2]。慢性脑灌注不足会破坏血脑屏障,激活分子和细胞毒性级联反应,诱导神经变性并导致白质损伤[3]。此外,慢性脑灌注不足所引起的继发性神经炎症也会导致脑损伤[4],病理改变包括胶质细胞激活、脱髓鞘改变等[5]。慢性脑灌注不足引起的脑白质损伤可导致认知障碍、抑郁与运动障碍等[6],给患者、家庭以及社会带来了巨大的压力和负担[7]
脑白质是由神经元体细胞和髓鞘延伸的轴突组成,对缺氧缺血性损伤高度敏感[8],脑白质损伤的主要特征是少突胶质细胞丢失和髓鞘损伤[9]。在慢性脑灌注不足中,神经炎症被认为是白质损伤的关键病理机制[10]。小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞是中枢神经系统先天免疫系统的重要组成部分,其中星形胶质细胞是大脑中数量最多、分布最广的细胞,作为神经系统重要的参与者受到越来越多的关注研究[11]。研究表明,慢性脑缺血后星形胶质细胞会激活,活化的星形胶质细胞有2种亚型,在不同的环境中发挥各自的功能,其中神经毒性A1型会加重炎症损伤,神经保护性A2型会有利于保护脑白质[12]
生长阻滞和DNA损伤诱生蛋白45β(growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein 45 beta,Gadd45b)是与细胞生长控制、细胞凋亡和DNA损伤修复相关的基因家族成员[13]。前期课题组研究证明了Gadd45b有益于急性脑缺血后损伤修复,以及减少促炎因子表达[14]。然而,Gadd45b在慢性脑灌注不足中的作用目前尚不明确。此研究通过构建大鼠双侧颈总动脉闭塞模型(2-vessel occlusion,2VO),以探究Gadd45b过表达对于慢性脑缺血所导致的脑白质脱髓鞘的影响,为Gadd45b在神经系统发挥作用提供实验基础。
随机对照动物实验,进行重复测量,计量资料多组间比较采用单因素方差分析。
实验于2022年9月至2024年2月在山东第一医科大学第一附属医院山东省千佛山医院医学研究中心完成。
慢病毒介导的Gadd45b过表达载体由和元生物技术(上海)股份有限公司提供。一抗:胶质纤维酸性蛋白(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司,GB12096),C3d(R&D SYSTEMS,AF2655),S100A10(美国Thermo Fisher公司,PA5-95505),髓鞘碱性蛋白(Cell Signaling Technology,78896T),神经丝蛋白200(武汉三鹰生物科技有限公司,18934-1-AP);二抗:驴抗兔IgG H&L(Alexa Fluor® 488)(Abcam,ab150073),驴抗小鼠IgG H&L(Alexa Fluor®488)(Abcam,ab150105),驴抗山羊IgG H&L(Alexa Fluor®594)(Abcam,ab150132),CoraLite594-conjugated Donkey Anti-Rabbit(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司,SA00013-8);ELISA试剂盒(达科为生物技术股份有限公司);髓鞘染液(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司,货号:G1030-100ML);BX51光学显微镜(日本奥林巴斯);ECLIPSE Ti2激光共聚焦显微镜(日本尼康)。
成年雄性SD大鼠60只,体质量250-280 g,购自济南朋悦实验动物繁育有限公司,许可证号:SCXK(鲁)2022-006,实验大鼠可自由取食和饮水,保持昼夜节律,室温维持在21-22 ℃,湿度保持在50%-60%,大鼠适应环境后进行实验。实验方案由山东省千佛山医院实验动物福利伦理审查委员会批准,批准号:QFSYYPZ2022060201,并严格按照《动物与人研究指导原则》执行。
将SD大鼠按简单随机法分为4组:假手术组、模型组、空载体组、Gadd45b过表达组,每组15只。
在大鼠脑双侧海马和双侧脑室部位注射空载慢病毒、Gadd45b过表达慢病毒。根据YANG等[15]的研究方案采用以下方法进行注射,调节脑定位仪上横纵坐标旋钮使微孔钻位于前囟点上方并轻触该点,以前囟点作为三维坐标系的参考点(零点),其中双侧海马区位置为前囟左右旁开1.5 mm,前囟向后2.0 mm,硬脑膜平面向下2 mm;双侧脑室位置为前囟左右旁开0.8 mm,前囟向后1.1 mm,硬脑膜平面向下4.2 mm,每孔注射4 μL慢病毒溶液。Gadd45b过表达组脑立体定位注射携带Gadd45b过表达载体的慢病毒,空载体组注射空载慢病毒,所使用Gadd45b过表达载体慢病毒滴度为4.08×108 TU/mL,空载体慢病毒滴度为3.19×108 TU/mL。
慢病毒注射1周后,开始构建双侧颈总动脉结扎模型。采用异氟烷麻醉大鼠,然后将大鼠固定于操作板上,颈部进行备皮、消毒。沿颈部正中开口,暴露一侧颈总动脉,轻柔分离迷走神经,用5-0丝线结扎颈总动脉,结扎后缝合,消毒。待大鼠苏醒后,放回笼子,正常喂养。术后1周,同样操作结扎另一侧颈总动脉。双侧结扎3周后,通过固蓝髓鞘染色可见胼胝体部位髓鞘着色程度显著减低,髓鞘结构紊乱,判断造模成功。假手术组除未进行双侧颈总动脉结扎,其他操作一致。
通过新物体识别实验来评价4组大鼠的认知分辨功能,第二侧颈总动脉结扎3周后进行实验。参照MA等[16]的实验方案。实验装置:均匀光照的正方形木箱,尺寸为100 cm×100 cm×100 cm(长×宽×高)。具体操作:第1天自行适应性活动10 min;第2天在正方形木箱中放入2个相同的塑料瓶(直径为5 cm,高为5 cm),塑料瓶放置于正方形木箱斜对角线的1/3处(固定牢固,使它们不被大鼠移动),将大鼠放于反应箱中自行活动10 min,记录在10 min内对每个塑料瓶的探索时间(以大鼠的嘴凑近塑料瓶< 0.5 cm,方向必须对着该塑料瓶才计入探索时间,站在塑料瓶上等不计入时间);第3天放入新的1个塑料圆柱体(高5 cm,直径为5 cm)替换其中的一个塑料瓶,分别记录大鼠在10 min内探索圆柱体的时间。计算各组大鼠第3天的分辨指数,数值越大,反映实验动物空间记忆能力越好。计算公式为:分辨指数=(新物体时间-旧物体时间)/(新物体时间+旧物体时间)。
(1)石蜡组织切片制备:根据文献[15],大鼠新物体识别实验结束后,各组取6只大鼠,用异氟烷麻醉,先后用磷酸缓冲盐溶液、多聚甲醛固定液通过心尖灌注固定大脑,取出大脑后,多聚甲醛固定、脱水、石蜡包埋,连续矢状面切片,厚度为5 μm。
(2)固蓝髓鞘染色:石蜡切片脱蜡至水,按照试剂盒提供的实验步骤进行操作,在光学显微镜下观察各组大鼠脑组织胼胝体区髓鞘变化,评分标准:0分为正常,1分为神经纤维结构紊乱,2分为明显空泡形成,3分为有髓神经纤维消失。
(3)苏木精-伊红染色:石蜡切片脱蜡至水、苏木精染色3-5 min、水洗1 min、盐酸乙醇分解3-5 s,水洗20 s、返蓝液处理1 min、水洗20 s、伊红染色15-30 s、透明、封固处理后,光学显微镜下观察各组大鼠脑组织病理损伤变化。
(4)尼氏染色:石蜡切片脱蜡至水、尼氏染液2-5 min、脱水65 ℃烤箱烘干、封固处理后,光学显微镜下观察各组神经元损伤情况。
(5)免疫荧光染色:石蜡切片脱蜡至水、抗原修复、0.3%曲拉通X-100室温通透20 min、体积分数10%驴血清封闭2 h、一抗孵育过夜(髓鞘碱性蛋白1∶100,神经丝蛋白1∶100,胶质纤维酸性蛋白1∶800,C3d 1∶50,S100A10 1∶50),第2天清洗后使用各抗体属性相匹配的荧光二抗(稀释比例为1∶100)孵育2 h,充分清洗后,滴加含DAPI的防荧光淬灭封片剂,置于激光共聚焦显微镜下观察。
各组取6只大鼠,异氟烷麻醉后脱颈处死,取出脑组织,用预冷的磷酸缓冲盐溶液冲洗,去除残留血液,取右脑缺血半暗带区组织,加入对应体积已配制好的磷酸缓冲盐溶液(加入蛋白酶抑制剂)低温研磨(1 g脑组织加入9 mL磷酸缓冲盐溶液),匀浆液使用4 ℃离心机离心10 min,取上清液,按照ELISA试剂盒说明书检测白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平。
①各组大鼠新物体识别实验分辨指数;②各组大鼠固蓝染色髓鞘评分;③各组大鼠脑组织苏木精-伊红染色、尼氏染色结果;④各组大鼠髓鞘碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白200免疫荧光染色结果;⑤各组大鼠胶质纤维酸性蛋白分别与C3d、S100A10免疫荧光双标染色结果;⑥ELISA试剂盒检测各组大鼠脑组织上清液中白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平。
使用SPSS 16.0和GraphPad Prism 9.0软件进行统计分析。各实验均独立重复3次,所有计量资料采用均数±标准误的形式表示。多组数据间比较应用单因素方差分析,两两比较应用Bonferroni检验。P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。文章统计学方法已经通过山东第一医科大学第一附属医院生物统计学专家审核。
计划参与实验的SD大鼠60只,假手术组、模型组、空载组、Gadd45b过表达组每组15只。由于创伤或术后感染共死亡7只。大鼠死亡后不计入数据统计,重新造模补充相应的大鼠。
图1A所示,与假手术组相比,模型组分辨指数下降;与模型组和空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达组分辨指数显著升高。表明Gadd45b可以改善大鼠慢性脑缺血后的认知障碍。
图1BC所示,大鼠胼胝体固蓝髓鞘染色结果显示,与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠胼胝体部位着色程度显著减轻,髓鞘结构紊乱明显。与模型组和空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达组胼胝体区着色部分加深,髓鞘紊乱得到改善。表明Gadd45b可以逆转慢性脑缺血后脱髓鞘损伤。
苏木精-伊红染色结果显示(图2AC),假手术组大鼠胼胝体区神经元排列整齐致密、形态规则,细胞核饱满圆润,核仁清晰;模型组大鼠胼胝体区神经元排列稀少杂乱,细胞间隙大,胞核深染,核膜不清晰,可见大量凋亡坏死细胞;与空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达组大鼠胼胝体区神经元结构则明显改善,细胞排列紧密,组织完整,凋亡坏死细胞减少。
尼氏染色显示(图2BD),假手术组大鼠神经元结构正常,神经元中等大小,排列紧密;模型组大鼠脑组织损伤,表现为松散排列的神经元、神经元结构恶化和神经元收缩;与空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达逆转了形态学变化,增加了神经元的存活率。表明Gadd45b可以改善慢性脑缺血大鼠脑组织病理损伤。
髓鞘碱性蛋白和轴突神经丝蛋白200免疫荧光结果显示(图3),与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠胼胝体区髓鞘碱性蛋白和轴突神经丝蛋白200表达明显减少;与空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达组大鼠胼胝体区两者表达均有所升高。表明Gadd45b可以改善慢性脑缺血大鼠脑白质脱髓鞘,促进髓鞘再生。
大鼠脑胼胝体区星形胶质细胞胶质纤维酸性蛋白分别与C3d、S100A10双标免疫荧光结果显示(图4),与假手术组相比,模型组A1型星形胶质细胞(胶质纤维酸性蛋白+C3d双阳性细胞)以及A2型星形胶质细胞(胶质纤维酸性蛋白+S100A0双阳性细胞)比例均升高。然而,与空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达组则出现了明显变化,其中A1型细胞数量明显减少,而A2型细胞则显著增加。表明Gadd45b可能会促进慢性脑缺血大鼠星形胶质细胞向A2型转化,从而发挥脑保护作用。
ELISA结果显示(图5),与假手术组相比,模型组大鼠脑组织中神经炎症因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6水平显著升高;与空载体组相比,Gadd45b过表达后神经炎症因子的表达水平明显下降。表明Gadd45b会减轻慢性脑缺血大鼠神经炎症。
慢性脑灌注不足是脑小血管病导致认知障碍甚至痴呆的重要原因[16]。慢性脑灌注不足导致的脑白质损伤是导致认知障碍的重要致病机制[17]。脑白质脱髓鞘是慢性缺血性脑白质损伤的主要组织病理学表现[18-19]。目前,脑白质脱髓鞘的病理生理机制尚不清楚,缺乏有效的治疗策略来减轻脑小血管病患者脑白质损伤和认知能力下降。
深入了解脑白质损伤的发病机制为预防和治疗脑小血管病提供思路。建立有效的动物模型是研究缺血性脑白质损伤的重要基础。脑长期供血不足引起的慢性脑低灌注与脑白质损伤程度相关。目前模拟慢性脑血流低灌注所致病理生理改变的脑缺血模型主要有大鼠或小鼠双侧颈总动脉狭窄模型。其中,小鼠双侧颈总动脉狭窄模型可通过双侧颈总动脉植入钢制线圈造成脑血流低灌注[20]。大鼠双侧颈总动脉闭塞模型是近年来最为常用的脑白质损伤造模方法[21]
星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞在脑小血管病的脱髓鞘和再髓鞘形成过程中发挥重要作用。慢性脑缺血后,活化的小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞数量增加[22]。控制星形胶质细胞和小胶质细胞介导的慢性神经炎症是治疗白质损伤的有效策略[23]。在大鼠慢性脑缺血模型中,茱萸环烯醚萜苷通过Nod样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白3通路减轻小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应,减少髓磷脂损失,认知能力改善[24]。慢性脑缺血后在脑白质损伤区可检测到髓磷脂碎片[25]。吞噬细胞对细胞和髓鞘碎片的快速清除可减轻脑白质损伤[26]。有研究结果证实了促进髓鞘生成是缺血性脑卒中的有效治疗方法[27]。小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞都具有清除髓磷脂碎片和促进白质修复的能力。在小鼠慢性脑缺血模型中,星形胶质细胞衍生的CXCL5通过抑制小胶质细胞吞噬髓磷脂碎片而加剧白质损伤和认知能力下降[28]。目前的研究结果也显示增生性星形胶质细胞在皮质缺血后可以吞噬髓磷脂,并通过LCN2/LRP1通路促进脱髓鞘[29]。星形胶质细胞还可通过释放碱性成纤维细胞生长因子促进少突胶质细胞成熟进而促进髓鞘形成,减轻脑白质损伤[30]。脑缺血后活化的星形胶质细胞可分为A1型(毒性)和A2型(神经保护型),其中A1型星形胶质细胞数量增多,A2型星形胶质细胞数量减少[31]。A1星形胶质细胞通过星形细胞C3-小胶质C3aR轴抑制小胶质细胞吞噬髓磷脂碎片,加重脑出血后白质损伤[32]。因此,调节慢性脑缺血后星形胶质细胞表型转换,增加A2型星形胶质细胞数量有助于减轻脑白质损伤。
Gadd45b的研究主要集中在非神经元细胞上。越来越多的证据表明,Gadd45b在神经系统中广泛表达,在DNA去甲基化、神经可塑性和神经保护中起关键作用[33-34]。在大鼠急性脑缺血中,敲低Gadd45b基因通过碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及其下游cAMP/PKA/CREB通路抑制脑缺血后轴突再生,阻碍了运动功能恢复[35]。敲低Gadd45b基因在脑梗死急性期还增加脑梗死体积和神经凋亡[36]。目前的研究都是探究Gadd45b在急性脑缺血中发挥的作用,关于其在慢性脑缺血中是否具有神经保护和神经修复作用尚不明确。
为了研究Gadd45b在慢性缺血性脑白质损伤中的作用和机制,首先建立大鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎的慢性脑缺血模型,通过固蓝髓鞘染色发现模型组胼胝体区髓鞘染色程度较轻,结构紊乱,这表明慢性脑缺血大鼠髓鞘明显被破坏,然后通过脑立体定位注射慢病毒增加Gadd45b的表达,固蓝髓鞘染色发现Gadd45b过表达组明显逆转了脱髓鞘的改变,髓鞘染色程度加深,通过苏木精-伊红染色、尼氏染色发现模型组出现了脑组织结构疏松[37],胼胝体区神经元排列稀少杂乱,细胞间隙大,胼胝体区域明显缩小,Gadd45b过表达则明显逆转了这一现象,神经元结构明显改善,细胞排列紧密,组织完整。目前认为慢性脑缺血所引起的脑白质传导纤维多处受损,破坏了参与记忆、学习、行为等认知的传导纤维,造成认知障碍[38-39]。新物体识别实验结果显示,模型组分辨指数明显降低,而Gadd45b过表达可以提高慢性脑缺血大鼠的分辨指数,这提示Gadd45b可能减轻慢性脑缺血导致的脑白质损伤,改善认知障碍。
髓鞘碱性蛋白是中枢神经系统神经髓鞘的主要蛋白质,约占总量的1/3,位于髓鞘浆膜面,与髓鞘脂质紧密结合[40],而神经丝蛋白200在有髓神经轴突中含量最高,大量的髓鞘碱性蛋白、神经丝蛋白200与其他髓鞘蛋白围绕在轴突外部,形成髓鞘保护神经纤维[41]。与既往研究一致,与假手术组相比,模型组髓鞘碱性蛋白和神经丝蛋白200荧光表达明显减少,验证了慢性脑缺血大鼠出现了明显脱髓鞘改变。相反,Gadd45b过表达干预治疗明显促进了2种髓鞘蛋白表达,说明Gadd45b改善了慢性脑缺血大鼠的脱髓鞘病变,脑白质损伤得到修复。
与既往研究一致,该研究发现模型组大鼠胼胝体区星形胶质细胞激活,其中A1型星形胶质细胞数量增加(C3d+GFAP+),而A2型星形胶质细胞数量减少(S100A10+ GFAP+)。Gadd45b过表达则明显减少了促炎表型星形胶质细胞的数量,增加了抗炎表型星形胶质细胞的数量,表明在慢性脑缺血大鼠中过表达Gadd45b可能通过促进星形胶质细胞向抗炎性转化,改善脑白质损伤。此次研究还发现Gadd45b逆转了慢性脑缺血模型组神经炎症因子白细胞介素6、肿瘤坏死因子α水平,减轻了慢性脑缺血导致的神经炎症,逆转其认知障碍。
研究的局限性:①星形胶质细胞分型仅进行了免疫荧光检测,缺少Western blot实验进一步验证;②未在体外细胞模型中进一步探究Gadd45b对星形胶质细胞的调控作用和分子机制;③未做下调Gadd45b表达的相关实验进行验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金(8160101018)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MH043)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.549
  • 接收时间:2024-07-16
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-16
  • 修回日期:2024-10-25
  • 录用日期:2024-09-14
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(8160101018)
国家自然科学基金(8160101018)
Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2021MH043)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021MH043)
作者信息
    1山东第二医科大学临床医学院,山东省潍坊市 261000
    2山东第一医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,山东省千佛山医院,山东省济南市 250014

通讯作者:

刘彬,博士,教授,山东第一医科大学第一附属医院神经内科,山东省千佛山医院,山东省济南市 250014
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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