Article(id=1246459855108723366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.754, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1733328000000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-05, acceptedDate=1731081600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-09, onlineDate=1775108787562, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108787562, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108787562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108787562, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7848, endPage=7855, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459856492843745, articleId=1246459855108723366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Epigenetic characteristics of hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional culture, columnId=1246459847353459153, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Hepatocyte-like cells induced by mesenchymal stem cells are promising seed cells for liver regeneration or liver tissue engineering. The efficiency of traditional two-dimensional culture for hepatocyte induction is low, and more and more research is focused on three-dimensional culture for inducing hepatocyte differentiation.

OBJECTIVE:

To summarize three-dimensional culture models for the hepatic induction of mesenchymal stem cells, focus on research progress on the epigenetic regulation mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell hepatogenic differentiation, providing a theoretical basis for improving the differentiation efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells.

METHODS:

Relevant articles in the PubMed and other databases such as CNKI were searched, using Chinese and English search terms “mesenchymal stem cell, 3D culture, hepatogenic differentiation, hepatocyte-like cells, epigenetics.” Additionally, the literature tracing method was employed to find some of the literature for a comprehensive review and analysis.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) Common three-dimensional culture models for the hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells currently include spheroids, biological scaffolds, bioprinting, and microfluidic chips. Each of these models has its own advantages and disadvantages in the process of inducing hepatogenic differentiation. (2) During the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells, epigenetic regulation plays a key role, primarily involving histone modification, DNA methylation, and the regulation of non-coding RNAs. (3) Under three-dimensional culture conditions, epigenetic modifications, especially histone acetylation, play an important role in promoting the hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Peng Weijie, PhD, Professor, Doctoral supervisor, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
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背景:

间充质干细胞诱导的成肝细胞样细胞是很有前途的肝再生或肝脏组织工程的种子细胞,传统的二维培养成肝诱导效率低下,越来越多的研究集中在三维培养诱导成肝分化上。

目的:

总结间充质干细胞成肝诱导的三维培养模型,重点讨论间充质干细胞成肝分化的表观遗传学调控机制研究进展,为提高间充质干细胞成肝分化的效率提供理论依据。

方法:

检索PubMed数据库及中国知网等数据库收录的相关文献,英文检索词为“mesenchymal stem cells,3D culture,hepatogenic differentiation,hepatocyte-like cells,epigenetics”,中文检索词为“间充质干细胞,三维培养,成肝分化,肝细胞样细胞,表观遗传学”,并结合文献溯源法查找部分文献进行综述分析。

结果与结论:

①目前常见的间充质干细胞成肝分化的三维培养模型包括细胞球、生物支架、生物打印、微流控芯片等,它们在诱导成肝分化过程中各有优势和不足;②间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中表观遗传学调控起到关键作用,主要涉及组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化、非编码RNA的调控等,不同的表观遗传修饰和机制相互作用,共同调节间充质干细胞成肝分化;③在三维培养条件下诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中,表观遗传学修饰尤其是组蛋白乙酰化发挥了重要作用。未来,需要结合表观遗传学优化三维培养策略,提高成肝诱导效率。

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彭维杰,博士,教授,博士生导师,赣南医科大学,江西省赣州市 341000
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作者贡献:

黄海纳负责综述构思设计和论文撰写,彭维杰负责文章写作校对和项目指导,余艳荣和毕戬参与文献收集、分析总结。

Huang Haina, Master candidate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China

黄海纳,女,1999年生,江西省吉安市人,汉族,赣南医科大学在读硕士,主要从事干细胞与组织工程的相关研究。

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Huang Haina, Master candidate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China

黄海纳,女,1999年生,江西省吉安市人,汉族,赣南医科大学在读硕士,主要从事干细胞与组织工程的相关研究。

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Huang Haina, Master candidate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China

黄海纳,女,1999年生,江西省吉安市人,汉族,赣南医科大学在读硕士,主要从事干细胞与组织工程的相关研究。

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特征2D诱导3D诱导
细胞形态细胞在单层平面上贴壁生长,缺乏体内环境模拟,呈现单一扁平状细胞立体生长,更接近体内环境,呈现不规则多边形或球形
细胞连接细胞大多单独生长或发生少量聚团含有大量的细胞-细胞、细胞-细胞外基质相互作用的3D网络
细胞分化效率成肝分化效率较低成肝分化效率更高
肝特异性蛋白和肝特异性基因低表达肝细胞特异性蛋白,下调肝特异性基因表达成熟肝细胞特异性蛋白,上调肝脏特异性基因
糖原储存和尿素合成糖原储存和尿素合成能力低糖原储存和尿素合成能力高,并具有细胞色素P450相关蛋白介导的药物代谢能力
), ArticleFig(id=1246459868966703372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855108723366, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2D诱导与3D诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化的比较

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特征2D诱导3D诱导
细胞形态细胞在单层平面上贴壁生长,缺乏体内环境模拟,呈现单一扁平状细胞立体生长,更接近体内环境,呈现不规则多边形或球形
细胞连接细胞大多单独生长或发生少量聚团含有大量的细胞-细胞、细胞-细胞外基质相互作用的3D网络
细胞分化效率成肝分化效率较低成肝分化效率更高
肝特异性蛋白和肝特异性基因低表达肝细胞特异性蛋白,下调肝特异性基因表达成熟肝细胞特异性蛋白,上调肝脏特异性基因
糖原储存和尿素合成糖原储存和尿素合成能力低糖原储存和尿素合成能力高,并具有细胞色素P450相关蛋白介导的药物代谢能力
), ArticleFig(id=1246459870921249042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855108723366, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者发表年份调控类型处理方法表达量调控结果
CHEN[45]2009组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调促进间充质干细胞成肝分化
DONG[46]2013组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调
AN[48]2014组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调
RAUT[47]2016组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调
PANTA[49]2019组蛋白乙酰化丁酸钠乙酰化水平上调
SEELIGER[52]2013DNA去甲基化5氮杂胞苷甲基化水平下调
TARIQUE[55]2022DNA去甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸、5-氮杂胞苷乙酰化水平上调、甲基化水平下调
CIPRIANO[51]2017DNA去甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化曲古抑素A、5-氮杂胞苷甲基化水平下调、乙酰化水平上调
DAVOODIAN[58]2014microRNAmiR-122过表达
DAVOODIAN[59]2014microRNALet-7f miRNA沉默
ZHOU[56]2017microRNAmiR-122、miR-148a、miR-424、miR-542-5p、miR-1246过表达
KHOSRAVI[60]2018microRNAmiR-106a、miR-574-3p、miR-451过表达
WEI[61]2023microRNAmiR-122过表达
YU[65]2020长链非编码RNACUDR过表达
王丹丹[66]2022长链非编码RNANEAT1干扰
LI[64]2019长链非编码RNAHULC过表达
), ArticleFig(id=1246459871021912346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855108723366, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

表观遗传学与间充质干细胞成肝分化的相关研究

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第一作者发表年份调控类型处理方法表达量调控结果
CHEN[45]2009组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调促进间充质干细胞成肝分化
DONG[46]2013组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调
AN[48]2014组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调
RAUT[47]2016组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸乙酰化水平上调
PANTA[49]2019组蛋白乙酰化丁酸钠乙酰化水平上调
SEELIGER[52]2013DNA去甲基化5氮杂胞苷甲基化水平下调
TARIQUE[55]2022DNA去甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化丙戊酸、5-氮杂胞苷乙酰化水平上调、甲基化水平下调
CIPRIANO[51]2017DNA去甲基化、组蛋白乙酰化曲古抑素A、5-氮杂胞苷甲基化水平下调、乙酰化水平上调
DAVOODIAN[58]2014microRNAmiR-122过表达
DAVOODIAN[59]2014microRNALet-7f miRNA沉默
ZHOU[56]2017microRNAmiR-122、miR-148a、miR-424、miR-542-5p、miR-1246过表达
KHOSRAVI[60]2018microRNAmiR-106a、miR-574-3p、miR-451过表达
WEI[61]2023microRNAmiR-122过表达
YU[65]2020长链非编码RNACUDR过表达
王丹丹[66]2022长链非编码RNANEAT1干扰
LI[64]2019长链非编码RNAHULC过表达
), ArticleFig(id=1246459871118381340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855108723366, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者发表年份3D诱导方法处理方法调控结果
RASHID[67]20223D支架丁酸钠3D培养条件下组蛋白乙酰化可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成肝分化
RASHID[68]20213D支架丙戊酸在3D环境中,组蛋白乙酰化上调可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成肝分化
YU[69]2024细胞球P300激活剂CTB、P300抑制剂A-4853D球体培养通过p300介导的H3K56乙酰化促进脂肪间充质干细胞成肝分化
LI[70]2023Y形DNA纳米结构miR-122促进了间充质干细胞的成肝分化和成熟,基于液滴微流控技术增强了肝细胞样细胞的功能
WEI[61]2023四面体DNA纳米结构miR-122TDN-miR-122显著上调成熟肝细胞标志物和肝细胞特异性标记基因
), ArticleFig(id=1246459871198073121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459855108723366, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

表观遗传学与3D诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化的相关研究

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
第一作者发表年份3D诱导方法处理方法调控结果
RASHID[67]20223D支架丁酸钠3D培养条件下组蛋白乙酰化可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成肝分化
RASHID[68]20213D支架丙戊酸在3D环境中,组蛋白乙酰化上调可促进骨髓间充质干细胞成肝分化
YU[69]2024细胞球P300激活剂CTB、P300抑制剂A-4853D球体培养通过p300介导的H3K56乙酰化促进脂肪间充质干细胞成肝分化
LI[70]2023Y形DNA纳米结构miR-122促进了间充质干细胞的成肝分化和成熟,基于液滴微流控技术增强了肝细胞样细胞的功能
WEI[61]2023四面体DNA纳米结构miR-122TDN-miR-122显著上调成熟肝细胞标志物和肝细胞特异性标记基因
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三维培养间充质干细胞成肝分化的表观遗传学特征
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黄海纳 , 余艳荣 , 毕戬 , 黄淼 , 彭维杰
中国组织工程研究 | 综述 2025,29(36): 7848-7855
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中国组织工程研究 | 综述 2025, 29(36): 7848-7855
三维培养间充质干细胞成肝分化的表观遗传学特征
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黄海纳, 余艳荣, 毕戬, 黄淼, 彭维杰
作者信息
  • 赣南医科大学,江西省赣州市 341000
  • Huang Haina, Master candidate, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China

    黄海纳,女,1999年生,江西省吉安市人,汉族,赣南医科大学在读硕士,主要从事干细胞与组织工程的相关研究。

通讯作者:

彭维杰,博士,教授,博士生导师,赣南医科大学,江西省赣州市 341000
Epigenetic characteristics of hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional culture
Haina Huang, Yanrong Yu, Jian Bi, Miao Huang, Weijie Peng
Affiliations
  • Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.754
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背景:

间充质干细胞诱导的成肝细胞样细胞是很有前途的肝再生或肝脏组织工程的种子细胞,传统的二维培养成肝诱导效率低下,越来越多的研究集中在三维培养诱导成肝分化上。

目的:

总结间充质干细胞成肝诱导的三维培养模型,重点讨论间充质干细胞成肝分化的表观遗传学调控机制研究进展,为提高间充质干细胞成肝分化的效率提供理论依据。

方法:

检索PubMed数据库及中国知网等数据库收录的相关文献,英文检索词为“mesenchymal stem cells,3D culture,hepatogenic differentiation,hepatocyte-like cells,epigenetics”,中文检索词为“间充质干细胞,三维培养,成肝分化,肝细胞样细胞,表观遗传学”,并结合文献溯源法查找部分文献进行综述分析。

结果与结论:

①目前常见的间充质干细胞成肝分化的三维培养模型包括细胞球、生物支架、生物打印、微流控芯片等,它们在诱导成肝分化过程中各有优势和不足;②间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中表观遗传学调控起到关键作用,主要涉及组蛋白修饰、DNA甲基化、非编码RNA的调控等,不同的表观遗传修饰和机制相互作用,共同调节间充质干细胞成肝分化;③在三维培养条件下诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中,表观遗传学修饰尤其是组蛋白乙酰化发挥了重要作用。未来,需要结合表观遗传学优化三维培养策略,提高成肝诱导效率。

间充质干细胞  /  三维培养  /  成肝诱导  /  肝细胞样细胞  /  表观遗传学  /  组蛋白乙酰化  /  综述
BACKGROUND:

Hepatocyte-like cells induced by mesenchymal stem cells are promising seed cells for liver regeneration or liver tissue engineering. The efficiency of traditional two-dimensional culture for hepatocyte induction is low, and more and more research is focused on three-dimensional culture for inducing hepatocyte differentiation.

OBJECTIVE:

To summarize three-dimensional culture models for the hepatic induction of mesenchymal stem cells, focus on research progress on the epigenetic regulation mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cell hepatogenic differentiation, providing a theoretical basis for improving the differentiation efficiency of mesenchymal stem cells.

METHODS:

Relevant articles in the PubMed and other databases such as CNKI were searched, using Chinese and English search terms “mesenchymal stem cell, 3D culture, hepatogenic differentiation, hepatocyte-like cells, epigenetics.” Additionally, the literature tracing method was employed to find some of the literature for a comprehensive review and analysis.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) Common three-dimensional culture models for the hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells currently include spheroids, biological scaffolds, bioprinting, and microfluidic chips. Each of these models has its own advantages and disadvantages in the process of inducing hepatogenic differentiation. (2) During the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells, epigenetic regulation plays a key role, primarily involving histone modification, DNA methylation, and the regulation of non-coding RNAs. (3) Under three-dimensional culture conditions, epigenetic modifications, especially histone acetylation, play an important role in promoting the hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells.

mesenchymal stem cell  /  three-dimensional culture  /  hepatogenic induction  /  hepatocyte-like cell  /  epigenetics  /  histone acetylation  /  review
黄海纳, 余艳荣, 毕戬, 黄淼, 彭维杰. 三维培养间充质干细胞成肝分化的表观遗传学特征. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7848 -7855 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.754
Haina Huang, Yanrong Yu, Jian Bi, Miao Huang, Weijie Peng. Epigenetic characteristics of hepatogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells in three-dimensional culture[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7848 -7855 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.754
各种原因导致的肝脏疾病严重威胁着患者的生命健康[1]。肝脏移植是治疗终末期肝病的有效方法,但供肝严重短缺、费用昂贵、终身免疫抑制等问题仍然存在[2]。肝细胞移植被认为是治疗肝病的替代方法,人原代肝细胞是体外肝细胞移植的理想细胞,但由于存在来源匮乏、体外增殖难和肝功能易丧失等问题,限制了它的广泛使用[3-4]。所以,寻找一种功能性人源肝细胞样细胞用于肝病的替代治疗十分重要。
间充质干细胞是具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的成体干细胞,极易在体外扩增和培养[5]。间充质干细胞来源于中胚层,在诱导分化过程中加入细胞生长因子等,可激活相关信号通路,从而实现跨胚层分化。21 d诱导法是目前最常用的诱导方法,在起始阶段,通过使用表皮生长因子、碱性成纤维细胞生长因子等激活Wnt/β-catenin通路启动间充质干细胞向内胚层谱系分化[6];在分化阶段,加入成纤维细胞生长因子、肝细胞生长因子、烟酰胺等,内胚层细胞向肝祖细胞分化[7],通过激活转化生长因子β和肝细胞生长因子/c-Met信号通路促进向肝细胞分化;最后是肝细胞的成熟阶段,加入抑瘤素M、胰岛素转铁蛋白硒和地塞米松等因子,激活PI3K/Akt、JAK/STAT3等信号通路促进肝细胞成熟[8-9]。从间充质干细胞分化而来的肝细胞样细胞(hepatocyte-like cells,HLCs)是很有前途的肝再生或组织工程的种子细胞,正在成为疾病治疗、药物筛选和毒性测试等领域的重要工具[10]。然而,传统的二维(two dimensional,2D)培养诱导产生的肝细胞样细胞仍处于未成熟状态,其分化程度低下和功能不成熟限制了它们在基础研究和临床研究中的使用。为了克服2D诱导的局限性,越来越多的研究集中在三维(three dimensional,3D)培养间充质干细胞诱导分化为功能性肝细胞的开发和优化上。相比于2D诱导,3D诱导很好地模拟了体内微环境,提高了肝细胞样细胞的成熟度和功能性,满足药物筛选、疾病模型及细胞移植的需求。
表观遗传学是研究基因表达调控的重要领域,其核心观点是不改变DNA序列,涉及基因表达的可遗传变化[11],这种调控机制包括组蛋白的修饰、DNA甲基化以及非编码RNA的作用等[12]。在间充质干细胞成肝分化的过程中,这些表观遗传学机制共同作用,调控基因表达,使得干细胞逐渐向肝细胞分化,并获得肝细胞的特征。培养环境能够引发包括DNA甲基化水平的变化、组蛋白修饰的动态调整及非编码RNA表达改变等一系列复杂的表观遗传学响应。通过深入了解这些调控机制,可以优化3D培养策略来促进间充质干细胞的成肝分化,为肝脏疾病提供新的治疗思路。该文章讨论了间充质干细胞诱导成肝细胞样细胞的3D培养方法,总结了成肝分化的表观遗传学研究进展,将重点放在3D培养如何通过表观遗传学调控来促进间充质干细胞成肝分化,为肝脏组织工程和干细胞再生医学的发展提供参考依据。
第一作者在2024年8月进行检索。
2000年8月至2024年8月。
检索PubMed、中国知网和万方数据库等。
英文检索词为“mesenchymal stem cells,3D culture,hepatogenic differentiation,hepatocyte-like cells,epigenetics”,中文检索词为“间充质干细胞,三维培养,成肝分化,肝细胞样细胞,表观遗传学”。
研究原著和综述类文章。
阅读相关文献,手工检索文献中的经典参考文献。
运用布尔逻辑运算符“OR”和“AND”分别将检索词连接并进行检索。以PubMed和中国知网数据库检索策略为例,见图1
最终检索获得文献530篇,包括英文文献435篇、中文文献95篇。
①入选文献内容与间充质干细胞成肝分化、表观遗传学具有高度相关性;②研究内容主要描述3D培养在诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化中的作用;③权威杂志发表的期刊论文和学位论文。
①Meta分析;②重复性研究和低质量文献。
通过阅读文献的标题和摘要排除不符合纳入标准的文献,并结合文献追溯法查找遗漏文献,通读全文后确定保留的文献以进行深入研究,最终确定70篇文献进行总结归纳分析。文献筛选流程图,见图2
图3
诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化的3D培养系统是将细胞培养在3D空间内,从而更好地模拟肝脏微环境,这有助于提高分化效率和肝细胞样功能的表型。相对于2D培养,3D培养系统在模拟体内环境、促进细胞相互作用、提高肝功能等方面具有明显优势,见表1,为肝脏组织工程、药物筛选和肝脏疾病的治疗提供了新的策略和方法。目前开发了各种3D培养系统用于间充质干细胞的成肝分化,常见的成肝诱导3D培养模型包括细胞球、生物支架、生物打印、微流控芯片等,见图4
主要通过限制外部环境或者利用物理力如重力聚集等方式将细胞局限在有限空间内,增加细胞之间的相互接触,使细胞依靠它们之间的黏附分子自发聚集成球,这些细胞聚集体被认为可以很好地模拟天然组织微环境结构和功能特征[13]。常见的细胞成球方式有悬滴法、旋转培养法或搅拌法以及低吸附自聚集等[14-15]。细胞球具有特殊的立体3D结构,从细胞球表面至细胞球中心,一定程度上模拟肝小叶从汇管区至中央静脉存在的氧气、营养物质浓度梯度,是一种良好的肝细胞3D培养模式[6,16-17]。OKURA等[18]在细胞球培养系统中,将脂肪来源间充质干细胞诱导成肝细胞球,这些细胞球展现出典型的成熟肝细胞功能特征,包括白蛋白的表达与分泌、尿素的合成、细胞色素P450酶活性,以及对低密度脂蛋白的摄取和糖原的储存能力。进一步将这些具备肝细胞特征的细胞球移植到肝损伤小鼠体内,可显著提升血清中白蛋白含量及总胆红素水平,显示出良好的治疗潜力。相对于2D单层诱导,细胞球培养具有更为成熟的肝功能和更高的肝特异性基因的表达[19-20]。总之,细胞球可以显著增强成肝效应且操作简单,成本较低且不需要考虑组织相容性。但是,这种微球模型也存在一定的局限性,如球尺寸的大小、存在缺氧坏死核心、缺乏营养物质和代谢物交换系统等。
在类似脚手架结构的支架上进行细胞培养,这些支架具有的孔隙结构、表面活性、机械强度及生物相容性有利于干细胞的黏附、增殖与分化[21-22]。通过控制3D支架的材料特性,如机械性能、孔隙率、化学功能化及几何形态,可模拟肝脏组织的微环境[23-24]。目前,研究者已开发出多种基于不同支架材料的3D培养系统,以提供一个重现肝脏生理微环境的平台,有效促进了间充质干细胞的肝向分化。常用的支架材料包括水凝胶、胶原和纳米纤维等。①水凝胶支架:ASADI等[25]将脱细胞外基质水凝胶用于脂肪间充质干细胞的成肝分化,结果显示出高水平的白蛋白和尿素生成,且生成的肝细胞片可维持肝细胞功能。WANG等[26]利用功能化细胞外基质微孔水凝胶进行成肝诱导,其白蛋白分泌远远高于传统的2D培养。XU等[27]将间充质干细胞接种到丝素蛋白基质支架上生成类肝细胞,移植到急性肝衰竭小鼠体内展示出明显的治疗效果。②胶原支架:ALEAHMAD等[28]研究发现,在3D支架中分化的肝细胞具有更接近成熟肝细胞的功能。相较于2D培养系统,3D支架增强了成肝诱导的效果。例如,采用胶原蛋白涂层的聚乳酸-乙醇酸3D支架进行间充质干细胞成肝诱导,与2D单层诱导相比,表现出更高的肝细胞特异性标记物的mRNA和蛋白水平表达[29]。③纳米纤维支架:在3D纳米纤维支架上产生的间充质干细胞来源肝细胞样细胞高表达白蛋白和尿素,支架结构不仅提供了物理支撑,使细胞能够保持其天然形态并维持细胞间连接,而且其独特的结构有助于模拟Disse空间,为成肝分化提供了一个理想的微环境[30]。以上这些结果揭示了生物支架促进成肝分化效应的巨大潜能。然而,尽管各种各样的支架材料在成肝细胞培养中显示出了良好的结果,但其生物相容性要求高,细胞毒性等因素使得支架材料需要进一步改良,才能更好地应用于肝脏组织工程。
生物打印是组织工程领域的一种增材制造技术,这项技术将负载细胞的生物材料作为生物墨水,在计算机辅助下按特定空间排列逐层沉积[31-32]。3D生物打印技术可以再现复杂的3D结构与微环境,较传统的2D培养模型可更好地维持细胞存活与功能[33]。LEE等[34]采用胶原蛋白/细胞外基质、藻酸盐作为生物墨水,负载人脂肪间充质干细胞通过3D生物打印技术构建功能性人源肝细胞,结果表明诱导产生的肝细胞样细胞可以发挥白蛋白分泌、尿素合成等成熟肝细胞功能。ZHANG等[35]通过模拟肝小叶结构,负载脂肪间充质干细胞制造了一个3D打印的血管化微型肝脏,植入急性肝损伤小鼠体内时展示出良好的治疗效果。通过3D生物打印技术构建的具有血管网络和细胞外基质的肝组织,能够更接近真实肝脏的功能,有助于模拟肝脏的生理和病理状态。然而,生物打印技术目前仍面临着许多技术挑战,如打印速度、分辨率、生物材料选择和细胞活力的保持等。用于3D生物打印的生物墨水需要具有良好的生物相容性和生物降解性,以确保打印出的组织能够与宿主组织整合。目前,开发理想的生物墨水仍然是一个难题。总之,3D生物打印在肝损伤修复中具有巨大的应用潜力,有望未来实现临床转化,这将为肝脏组织工程的发展带来了新希望。
微流控技术是以微流控芯片为载体,在连续灌注的微米级通道中培养细胞,进而模拟体内组织器官的生理代谢[36]。微流控系统使新鲜培养基连续流动,有助于不断清除代谢废物,从而提供一个稳定的微环境,在较长的培养时间内维持细胞活力和功能[37]。微流控芯片可以精确控制细胞培养的环境,提供稳定的营养和氧气供应[38]。芯片中的微通道可以模拟肝脏的微血管网络,促进向肝分化。微流控芯片中的流体剪切应力类似于血压效应,在肝组织发育中很重要[39]。YEN等[39]构建了一个5层微流控装置,可以保持恒定的流速和均匀的介质流动,有效应用于间充质干细胞的成肝分化。总之,微流控系统可以有效控制单个细胞的周围环境,使其更接近体内微环境,提高了成肝分化效应,然而也存在成本高、操作复杂等问题。微流控芯片的尺寸有限,可能限制了大规模的细胞培养且实验仍然受限于细胞本身的特性和分化潜能。
间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的过程中,表观遗传学调控起到关键作用。表观遗传学是指基因的核苷酸序列不发生改变而基因表达发生了可遗传变化,这种变化是在染色质水平上的基因表达,取决于染色质的变化形式[12,40]。表观遗传学被认为是基因型和表型之间的桥梁,并为调节细胞分化、发育和组织再生等关键生物学特征提供了框架[41]。表观遗传学涉及许多复杂的调控机制,包括DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA等,这些机制相互作用共同参与调控干细胞分化的命运[42-43]。例如,组蛋白修饰酶会影响微小RNA的表达。组蛋白修饰引起的染色质结构的动态变化同时影响DNA甲基化,两者相互作用,共同决定特定基因的转录活性。组蛋白修饰会影响细胞内信号通路,这些通路中某些分子可能参与长链非编码RNA的转录调控。过去的几年中,大多数研究调查了表观遗传学对于间充质干细胞诱导成肝分化的影响。
组蛋白修饰是间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中的一个关键表观遗传学机制,可通过影响组蛋白与DNA双链的亲和性来影响染色质的构象和稳定性,进一步改变染色质对参与转录蛋白质的可及性,这种调控作用在调节基因表达和细胞功能方面发挥着至关重要的作用[44]。组蛋白的修饰位点较多,其中研究最早最透彻的是组蛋白乙酰化修饰。组蛋白乙酰化是在乙酰转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶共同动态调控下,使得DNA链变得松弛,从而改变染色质的构象,调控基因的激活与转录[45]。当前研究主要聚焦于探讨组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂如丙戊酸、丁酸钠以及曲古抑素A在干细胞向肝细胞诱导分化过程中的作用机制。CHEN等[45]研究发现丙戊酸处理组肝脏特异性标志物的表达在mRNA和蛋白水平显著上调,增强了分化细胞的肝功能,包括糖原储存、细胞色素P450活性、分泌白蛋白以及产生尿素,这表明使用组蛋白去乙酰化酶可以显著促进人骨髓间充质干细胞的成肝分化。DONG等[46]研究发现丙戊酸在促进骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的过程中,主要通过增强组蛋白H3和H4的乙酰化修饰,提高DNA对核酸酶的敏感性,以及促进染色质结构解聚等表观遗传学变化,使得相关肝脏特异性基因更易被转录因子所识别,从而增加了转录活性。进一步研究发现,丙戊酸在H3K14、H4K8乙酰化上调,促进了参与脐带间充质干细胞成肝分化基因的早期转录[47],同时也增强了部分miRNA的表达,这些miRNA通常在胎儿肝脏发育过程中上调,例如miR-23b簇(miR-27b-3p、miR-24-1-5p和miR-23b-3p)、miR-30a-5p、miR-26a-5p、miR-148a-3p、miR-192-5p和miR-122-5p,提高了成肝分化效率[47],这表明不同表观遗传机制之间存在相互作用,它们共同影响基因表达。AN等[48]研究发现通过提升CXCR4基因启动子区域组蛋白乙酰化水平,可以激活AKT与ERK信号传导途径,从而促进了内胚层相关基因包括CXCR4、Sox17、FOXA1、Foxa2、GSC、c-met、EOMES及HNF-β的表达,有效推动了位于中胚层脐带间充质干细胞向内胚层肝细胞方向的分化。PANTA等[49]诱导脐带间充质干细胞成肝分化前用丁酸钠预处理显著提升了成熟肝细胞功能,包括白蛋白分泌、角蛋白18表达、糖原储备及尿素合成能力。有研究认为丁酸钠是通过增强H4K5乙酰化水平,提高SOX17和HNF3β等内胚层特异性基因,促进脐带间充质干细胞向内胚层分化。
综上所述,通过抑制组蛋白去乙酰化作用,可以增强染色质的乙酰化状态,进而改变染色质结构并调控成肝分化相关基因表达,有效促进间充质干细胞向肝细胞转化。然而,目前关于组蛋白修饰主要集中在组蛋白乙酰化方面,对于其他类型的组蛋白修饰及其特定修饰位点在间充质干细胞成肝分化中的作用了解仍然有限。因此,后续研究应着重探讨组蛋白乙酰化在间充质干细胞肝向分化过程中所涉及的信号传导途径、关键修饰位点,组蛋白乙酰化与成肝分化阶段诱导因子之间的相互作用以及不同组蛋白修饰间的相互关系,深入解析表观遗传学在调控间充质干细胞成肝分化中的机制。
在间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中,DNA甲基化发挥着重要作用。DNA甲基化是指在甲基转移酶家族的作用下将甲基转移至胞嘧啶C5位上形成5-甲基胞嘧啶[50]。一方面,甲基化状态的改变影响基因的直接表达;另一方面,它还可能通过改变染色质的开放程度间接影响基因表达。去甲基化可能激活肝细胞特异性基因的表达,而甲基化可能抑制与间充质干细胞分化特性相关的基因。DNA甲基转移酶在染色质重塑和基因表达调控起着至关重要的作用。研究表明DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂显著提高了细胞代谢Ⅰ/Ⅱ期酶活性以及肝脏富集转录因子在不同细胞系(如HeLa细胞、人肝癌细胞系或小鼠肝细胞)中的表达[51]。肝细胞样细胞的表观遗传变化是通过抑制DNA甲基转移酶并导致DNA序列去甲基化,从而使成肝分化过程中基因转录更为容易,促进间充质干细胞成肝分化。例如,SEELIGER等[52]通过使用5-氮杂胞苷(DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂)降低细胞全局甲基化状态来启动脂肪间充质干细胞成肝分化,显著提高了生成的肝样细胞色素酶活性,并具有与人原代肝细胞类似的尿素代谢能力。DNA甲基化受到表观遗传修饰网络调控,主要是在染色质水平通过影响转录因子与DNA的接触对基因转录活性进行调节。抑制基因表达通常与DNA甲基化和致密的染色质结构有关,而主动转录与未甲基化的DNA和高乙酰化染色质有关[53-54]。因此,DNA甲基化和组蛋白乙酰化之间存在紧密的相关性,DNA甲基转移酶和组蛋白去乙酰化酶在调节细胞稳态方面具有协同作用。最新的研究表明,表观遗传修饰剂(丙戊酸和5-氮杂胞苷)与小分子(丹酚酸B、地塞米松和胰岛素)联合使用,无需使用生长因子即可有效启动人脐带间充质干细胞的肝脏分化,进一步提高成肝分化效率[55]
综上所述,DNA甲基转移酶抑制剂促进DNA去甲基化,从而增强基因表达。组蛋白修饰和DNA甲基化可共同调控间充质干细胞成肝分化过程,在此过程中多能干性基因逐渐被沉默,肝脏谱系特异性基因逐渐被激活。然而,目前关于DNA甲基化在间充质干细胞成肝分化中的作用相对较少,未来的研究需要更深入地探究甲基化变化与成肝分化之间的具体联系。此外,探索调节这些甲基化变化的潜在干预策略,可能为肝脏替代治疗提供新的途径。
除了组蛋白修饰和DNA甲基化,非编码RNA也可以调控间充质干细胞的成肝分化。非编码RNA是一种功能性非蛋白编码的RNA分子,通过促进mRNA降解或减弱蛋白质翻译来调节基因表达。miRNA在肝脏的多个生理和病理过程中起关键作用。在转录后水平,miRNA是干细胞分化过程中控制细胞命运的关键参与者,可以直接将间充质干细胞转化为肝细胞样细胞。例如,ZHOU等[56]发现在不添加细胞因子的情况下脐带间充质干细胞中5种miRNA的组合可以在7 d内诱导成功能性肝细胞。miR-122作为肝脏特异性miRNA,在成人肝脏中的表达最高,约占所有miRNA的70%[57]。miR-122通过靶向肝脏特异性基因转录因子,在肝功能和病理发展的调节中起着重要作用。研究表明,miR-122可以刺激肝细胞特异性基因和大多数肝细胞富集转录因子的表达,形成正反馈回路并在体外诱导肝细胞分化[58],同时在间充质干细胞的肝向诱导分化过程中miR-122的含量是逐渐增加的,二者呈现相辅相成的作用。敲低Let-7f miRNA可上调HNF4α促进间充质干细胞成肝分化[59]。miR-122-5p可下调干性基因SOX11和VIM的表达,促进内胚层分化[59]。与传统细胞因子诱导的细胞相比,在细胞中过表达miR-106a、miR-574-3p和miR-451可表达更高水平的白蛋白、角蛋白18和HNF4α[60]。转染miR-122的间充质干细胞在四面体DNA纳米平台上可被诱导成功能性肝细胞,体内移植可挽救急性肝衰竭小鼠生命[61]。长链非编码RNA是一类长度大于200个核苷酸且不能编码蛋白质的RNA,与细胞增殖、分化和凋亡等生物过程密切相关[62],通过干预某些长链非编码RNA的表达可以促进干细胞分化。长链非编码RNA参与Wnt/β-catenin信号转导,可以影响成肝分化的进程[63-64]。YU等[65]发现间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中长链非编码RNA UCA1呈高表达,过表达UCA1后显著促进成肝分化。王丹丹等[66]研究发现长链非编码RNA NEAT1抑制了脐带间充质干细胞肝向分化。
综上所述,miRNA和长链非编码RNA均可以介导间充质干细胞成肝分化。一种或几种特异性miRNA可用于将间充质干细胞诱导分化为功能性肝细胞。然而,miRNA在此诱导过程的分子机制未见报道,深入探索其分子机制有利于优化肝细胞诱导方案。长链非编码RNA在成肝分化过程中发挥重要作用,特定的长链非编码RNA可以调控肝细胞特异性基因的表达,进而影响成肝分化进程,深入研究长链非编码RNA在成肝分化中的具体作用机制,可有助于开发新策略促进成肝分化,也为肝脏疾病的治疗提供了新的视角和潜在的靶点。
表观遗传学与间充质干细胞成肝分化的相关研究,见表2
3D诱导能有效提升间充质干细胞向肝细胞方向的分化效率,使得诱导后的肝样细胞展现出更为成熟的肝功能特征及更高水平的肝脏特异性基因表达。当前,大量研究聚焦于深入探讨3D诱导环境下间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的潜在机制,其中表观遗传学尤其是组蛋白乙酰化在分化过程中的调控作用受到关注。
在3D培养条件下诱导肝细胞分化的过程中,表观遗传学修饰发挥了重要作用,其中组蛋白乙酰化有助于转录因子与染色质的结合,从而促进肝细胞分化。RASHID等[67]利用3D水凝胶支架对人类骨髓间充质干细胞进行成肝分化诱导,结果表明在3D支架中分化的肝细胞展现出更成熟的特征;此外,只有在3D条件下观察到了成熟肝细胞特异性标志物——酪氨酸氨基转移酶(TAT)的表达上调,进一步证明了3D诱导在肝细胞分化成熟度方面的优势。在2D与3D诱导过程中加入组蛋白去乙酰化酶抑制剂,研究结果显示,相较于2D诱导,3D诱导通过组蛋白乙酰化更有效地提升了肝脏特异性基因的表达水平,并且在无需添加特定肝细胞生长因子的条件下,3D培养环境显著提高了肝细胞分化的效率[68],这表明培养环境能影响表观遗传学修饰,进而影响肝脏基因的表达。与2D培养相比,3D培养更接近体内的微环境,能激活类似于体内的细胞信号传导路径,使得表观遗传学修饰作用更为显著。细胞球培养诱导的肝样细胞表现出更为成熟的肝细胞功能,同时进行乙酰化修饰蛋白质组学检测发现,与2D相比,3D细胞球诱导的肝样细胞中H3K56乙酰化水平显著升高,且乙酰转移酶p300乙酰化水平也升高。3D细胞球诱导可通过p300这一染色质调控组蛋白的H3K56乙酰化修饰,促进了白蛋白基因的转录活性,进而有效提升了间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的诱导效率[69]。总之,以上研究结果表明不同培养维度可影响间充质干细胞的成肝分化,这一过程与组蛋白乙酰化修饰密切相关。
研究表明,miRNA参与调控间充质干细胞成肝分化,然而高效的miRNA递送仍然面临着不稳定、细胞摄取效率低、易生物降解、传递效率差等挑战,最近有研究表明将miRNA与3D培养相结合,可以提高递送效率,增强成肝诱导效果。例如,LI等[70]设计了Y形DNA纳米结构结合miRNA-122(Y-miR-122)促进了间充质干细胞的成肝分化和成熟,是一种很有前途的miR-122递送平台,基于微流控技术的微凝胶封装细胞进行细胞移植避免了炎症微环境和细胞免疫排斥的影响,而微凝胶的通透性允许营养和代谢物与外部环境交换,同时3D微环境促进了细胞内细胞-细胞和细胞-基质相互作用。微凝胶支架也为维持细胞活力和血管化提供了最佳的3D条件,在细胞治疗中提供更好的治疗效果。WEI等[61]研究发现,与miR-122相比,在四面体DNA纳米平台上结合miR-122(TDN-miR-122)显著上调成熟肝细胞标志物和肝特异性基因的表达,表现出成熟肝细胞形态和表型;四面体DNA纳米结构模拟了体内3D微环境,提高了miR-122的细胞摄取效率。总之,在3D培养条件下更有利于表观遗传学调控,miRNA和3D培养环境之间的相互作用是一个复杂的过程,它们相互影响,共同调控细胞的行为和基因表达。通过深入研究这些相互作用,可以更好地理解细胞在3D环境中的生物学行为,并为组织工程和疾病治疗提供新的策略。
3D培养条件下,细胞内部表观遗传学调控网络发生改变,这些变化进一步影响细胞分化的路径。通过深入剖析3D诱导间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化过程中的表观遗传学机制,可以进一步挖掘间充质干细胞分化的机制,并为优化干细胞向肝样细胞转化的效率和开发基于间充质干细胞的新型3D诱导策略提供全新的科研视角。
表观遗传学与3D诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化的相关研究,见表3
既往研究表明间充质干细胞有向内胚层分化的潜能,能被诱导成肝细胞样细胞;表观遗传学在间充质干细胞分化中起关键作用。传统的2D诱导功能性存在诸多局限性,限制了它的临床应用;3D诱导为间充质干细胞提供了一个更有利于向肝细胞分化的环境,提高了间充质干细胞成肝分化效率和肝细胞的成熟度。然而,3D诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化的具体机制、表观遗传学如何调控间充质干细胞成肝分化等问题仍需进一步深入研究。3D诱导成肝分化过程中,需要血管化以维持营养供应和代谢废物的清除。目前,在3D培养环境中构建功能性血管网络仍然是一个挑战。3D诱导成肝分化尚未实现标准化和规模化,这也限制了其在临床应用中的推广。
目前已有文章对间充质干细胞的3D培养进行综述,但未见3D培养条件下诱导间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的系统性综述。此文章深入探讨了2D与3D培养模式在诱导间充质干细胞肝向分化过程中的优劣,并梳理了常见的间充质干细胞3D诱导肝分化系统。相较于其他综述,此文章创新性地将间充质干细胞肝向分化与表观遗传学机制相融合,详细论述了表观遗传学在间充质干细胞成肝分化过程中的调控作用,综合归纳了3D诱导下间充质干细胞成肝向分化的表观遗传学改变。这一综述为深入理解间充质干细胞成肝向分化与表观遗传学之间的相互作用提供了新的视角。
①文章更多的是讨论间充质干细胞成肝分化的相关研究,较少讨论胚胎干细胞等其他细胞在成肝分化方面的研究;②目前研究间充质干细胞成肝分化的机制多样,此文章仅仅集中在表观遗传学;③对于3D诱导间充质干细胞的临床应用,如何实现临床转化还有待详细描述。
间充质干细胞来源的诱导性功能肝细胞具备蛋白合成、解毒和代谢活性能力,对急慢性肝衰竭等各类肝病患者具有重要的意义。文章主要综述了间充质干细胞诱导成肝细胞样细胞的3D培养方法,总结了间充质干细胞成肝分化的表观遗传学研究进展,将重点放在3D培养如何通过发挥表观遗传学调控来促进间充质干细胞成肝分化,有助于研究者更好地理解成肝分化过程中表观遗传机制如何发挥调控作用,基于表观遗传学更好地设计和开发新型3D诱导方案,为肝脏组织工程和干细胞再生医学的发展提供参考依据。
间充质干细胞具有强大的增殖能力和诱导分化成肝细胞样细胞的潜能,在肝脏组织工程和再生医学中潜力无穷。通过在体外诱导过程中使用各种培养方法可以促进间充质干细胞向肝前体细胞或肝细胞的转化并取得了较好的效果,其中3D培养模式也被广泛应用于间充质干细胞成肝分化的研究中,展示出了广阔的前景。对于哪一种来源的间充质肝细胞诱导效果更好,哪一种3D诱导方式效率更高也有待进一步研究。此外,目前仍缺乏稳定高效诱导间充质干细胞分化成功能性肝细胞的方案,尽管近年来间充质干细胞来源的肝细胞移植疗法已被证明对动物模型的肝脏疾病有良好的治疗效果,移植过程中如注射细胞的有效剂量、注射方式和作用时间等问题仍然存在。未来研究可以集中在3D诱导间充质干细胞成肝分化,以获得体外可扩增、具备成熟肝细胞功能并能实现受者肝脏内移植的诱导性成熟肝细胞。表观遗传机制如何调控间充质干细胞成肝分化过程也需要更多的研究去探索。了解间充质干细胞分化的分子调控机制,可为临床救治肝衰竭等终末期肝病患者提供福音。未来需要结合表观遗传学开发更安全、更有效的培养系统,为疾病建模、药物筛选和细胞治疗开辟新的途径。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(32460236)
  • 江西省研究生创新专项课题(YC2023-S935)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.754
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2024-12-05
  • 录用日期:2024-11-09
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460236)
国家自然科学基金项目(32460236)
Jiangxi Province Graduate Innovation Special Project(YC2023-S935)
江西省研究生创新专项课题(YC2023-S935)
作者信息
    赣南医科大学,江西省赣州市 341000

通讯作者:

彭维杰,博士,教授,博士生导师,赣南医科大学,江西省赣州市 341000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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