Article(id=1246459853875597984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.753, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718553600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-17, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=1723824000000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-17, onlineDate=1775108787268, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108787268, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108787268, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108787268, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7804, endPage=7815, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459855528153776, articleId=1246459853875597984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell exosomes repair radiation-induced submandibular gland damage in rats, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Radiotherapy for head and neck tumors can easily cause xerostomia, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. In recent years, engineered stem cells and their paracrine factors have shown therapeutic potential in the repair of salivary gland injury. However, there is currently no experimental study on the application of amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome in radiation-induced salivary gland injury.

OBJECTIVE:

To preliminarily explore the repair effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells on radiation-induced submandibular gland injury.

METHODS:

Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell exosomes were extracted and identified by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a radiation injury group, and a radiation injury+exosome group. An in vitro model of radiation-induced submandibular gland injury was constructed using the submandibular gland tissue of SD rats irradiated with 18 Gy of radiation. One day after radiation modeling, exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells was injected into the submandibular gland in situ. Samples are taken at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days to detect the resting salivary flow rate. The structure of the submandibular gland tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of glycogen particles in the submandibular gland tissue was observed by Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. Fibrosis in the submandibular gland tissue was observed by Masson staining. The secretion of salivary amylase was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of aquaporin and tight junction proteins in submandibular gland tissue was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of aquaporins and salivary amylase mRNA in submandibular gland tissue. TUNEL assay was used to detect the apoptosis rate of submandibular gland tissues in each group.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

After radiomodeling, compared with the radiation injury group, (1) hematoxylin-eosin staining observed that the submandibular gland tissue structure in the radiation injury+exosome group was restored, the nucleoli increased, the number of acinus increased, and the acinar atrophy improved. (2) Glycogen staining observed that the number and density of positive zymogen granules in the acinar cytoplasm of the radiation injury+exosome group gradually increased. (3) Masson staining results observed that the number and density of positive collagen fibers in the interstitium and around the ducts in the radiation injury+exosome group gradually decreased, the degree of fibrosis decreased, and the collagen deposition decreased. (4) The salivary flow rate in the radiation injury+exosome group increased (P < 0.05). The fluorescence intensity of aquaporin-5 was enhanced (P < 0.05) and the gene expression was significantly enhanced (P < 0.01). The fluorescence distribution of tight junction protein 4 was weakened and the fluorescence intensity decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The content of salivary amylase increased (P < 0.05) and gene expression were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The number of positive apoptotic cells decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). It is indicated that local injection of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells could improve the pathological morphology of submandibular gland tissue, promote saliva flow rate and amylase expression, and may play a functional repair role in radioactive submandibular gland injury by inhibiting acinar apoptosis.

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Zhang Nini, MS, Chief physician, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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背景:

头颈部肿瘤放射治疗极易引起口干症,严重影响患者的生活质量,近年来工程化干细胞及其旁分泌因子在唾液腺损伤修复中表现出治疗潜力,但目前尚无人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体应用于放射性唾液腺损伤的相关实验研究。

目的:

初步探讨人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体对放射性颌下腺损伤的修复作用。

方法:

超滤法+超速离心法提取人羊膜间充质干细胞外泌体并鉴定。将SD大鼠随机分为对照组、放射损伤组、放射损伤+外泌体组,通过18 Gy辐射大鼠颌下腺组织构建放射性颌下腺损伤大鼠模型,放射建模后1 d通过颌下腺原位注射人羊膜间充质来源外泌体,于1,3,7,14 d取样,检测各组大鼠静息唾液流速;苏木精-伊红染色观察颌下腺组织结构;糖原染色观察颌下腺组织中糖原颗粒表达;Masson染色观察颌下腺组织纤维化;酶联免疫吸附法检测分泌唾液淀粉酶含量;免疫荧光染色观察颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白、紧密连接蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR检测颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白、唾液淀粉酶基因的相对表达量;原位末端标记法检测各组颌下腺组织中的细胞凋亡率。

结果与结论:

放射造模后,与放射损伤组相比:①苏木精-伊红染色结果显示放射损伤+外泌体组颌下腺组织结构恢复,核仁增多,腺泡数目增多、腺泡萎缩改善;②糖原染色结果显示,放射损伤+外泌体组腺泡胞浆中阳性酶原颗粒数量、密度逐渐增多;③Masson染色结果显示,放射损伤+外泌体组间质及导管周围阳性胶原纤维数量、密度逐渐减少,纤维化程度缩小,胶原沉积减弱;④放射损伤+外泌体组唾液流速升高(P < 0.05);水通道蛋白5荧光强度增强(P < 0.05)且基因表达量显著增强(P < 0.01);紧密连接蛋白荧光4分布减弱,且荧光强度下降(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),唾液淀粉酶含量升高(P < 0.05)且基因表达量显著升高(P < 0.01),阳性凋亡细胞减少(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。结果表明人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体局部注射后短时期内可改善颌下腺组织病理形态、促进唾液流速及淀粉酶表达,并可能通过抑制腺泡凋亡对大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤起到功能修复的作用。

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张霓霓,硕士,主任医师,遵义医科大学附属口腔医院颌面外科,贵州省遵义市 563003
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作者贡献:

张霓霓负责实验设计,黄桂林负责实验指导,张敏负责实验实施及论文撰写,李壮壮、王雪、王辉科负责相关指标测定以及参考文献收集。

Zhang Min, MS, Physician, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China

张敏,男,1994年生,甘肃省兰州市人,汉族,2024年遵义医科大学毕业,硕士,医师,主要从事放射性唾液腺损伤修复方面的研究。

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Zhang Min, MS, Physician, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China

张敏,男,1994年生,甘肃省兰州市人,汉族,2024年遵义医科大学毕业,硕士,医师,主要从事放射性唾液腺损伤修复方面的研究。

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Zhang Min, MS, Physician, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China

张敏,男,1994年生,甘肃省兰州市人,汉族,2024年遵义医科大学毕业,硕士,医师,主要从事放射性唾液腺损伤修复方面的研究。

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图注:图A,B为倒置显微镜下观察P2、P3代hAMSCs的形态(×50);图C,D为油红O染色(×200)和茜素红染色(×100)后观察hAMSCs成脂和成骨分化能力。

, figureFileSmall=jUvunxr4ONfkgyIZwtIfhg==, figureFileBig=YJ5m0QgvUYlUD6ry8uNuug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871655252282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Surface stem cell marker identification of human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs), figureFileSmall=D2Irdcb+v385Klv4ExkxQQ==, figureFileBig=lfe++SPLnKBkSd/MRH2ZtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871747526976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图2, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞(hAMSCs)表面干细胞标记鉴定

图注:流式细胞术检测hAMSCs表面抗原,阳性表达CD44,CD73,CD90(A-C);阴性表达CD19,CD34(D,E)。

, figureFileSmall=D2Irdcb+v385Klv4ExkxQQ==, figureFileBig=lfe++SPLnKBkSd/MRH2ZtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871843995973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Identification of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=zMCJwOfQwMRzxP+9PakRaA==, figureFileBig=B3F9OxzhFtbYiyDoALrEoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873442025803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图3, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)鉴定

图注:图A为透射电镜观察hAMSCs-Exo的形态学特征,可见“茶杯状”的囊泡状结构;B为纳米颗粒跟踪分析hAMSCs-Exo的粒径大小和分布;C为纳米流式细胞术检测hAMSCs-Exo表面特异性蛋白的表达。

, figureFileSmall=zMCJwOfQwMRzxP+9PakRaA==, figureFileBig=B3F9OxzhFtbYiyDoALrEoQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873576243538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on body weight of rats, figureFileSmall=5j1a2WwCebgQWn28NqksIw==, figureFileBig=T+T4pyZMpXh4dmXPjVXhCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873681101143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图4, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对大鼠体质量的影响, figureFileSmall=5j1a2WwCebgQWn28NqksIw==, figureFileBig=T+T4pyZMpXh4dmXPjVXhCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873785958751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on the pathological morphology of submandibular gland tissue in rats with radiation injury, figureFileSmall=6QvwR0jbcmw8ZU0yq7r+2w==, figureFileBig=4Dcy1Yaxr6jfGcBH7tExwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873890816352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图5, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对大鼠放射性损伤颌下腺组织病理形态的影响

图注:图A为各组大鼠颌下腺组织苏木精-伊红染色(×200);B为各组大鼠颌下腺组织PAS染色×(400);C为各大鼠颌下腺组织Masson染色(×200)。

, figureFileSmall=6QvwR0jbcmw8ZU0yq7r+2w==, figureFileBig=4Dcy1Yaxr6jfGcBH7tExwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874004062565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on salivary flow rate in submandibular glands of rats with radiation-induced injury, figureFileSmall=LwAPwFjgDuJkeE28X69lrA==, figureFileBig=hLnpeJfmJ3WgN7xVnzYyvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874121503085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图6, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对大鼠放射性损伤颌下腺唾液流速的影响

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=LwAPwFjgDuJkeE28X69lrA==, figureFileBig=hLnpeJfmJ3WgN7xVnzYyvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874217972083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on aquaporin 5 expression in submandibular gland tissue of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=OWcPtm9uA3rEiXdTS/f0iQ==, figureFileBig=rvMXA2IqYPeYs1g2nE7djw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874293469558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图7, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对各组大鼠颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白5表达的影响

图注:图A为各组大鼠颌下腺组织水通道蛋白5荧光染色(×800);B为各组大鼠水通道蛋白5荧光染色定量分析;C为各组大鼠颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白5 mRNA相对表达量。aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,cP < 0.001,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=OWcPtm9uA3rEiXdTS/f0iQ==, figureFileBig=rvMXA2IqYPeYs1g2nE7djw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874385744256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on tight junction protein 4 expression in submandibular gland tissue of rats in each group, figureFileSmall=gmW6JIJ+hsRWujHPA6eDFw==, figureFileBig=pNW3JJcP5xGL5c1UxnhqQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874457047430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图8, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对各组大鼠颌下腺组织中紧密连接蛋白4表达的影响

图注:图A为各组颌下腺组织紧密连接蛋白4荧光染色(×800);B为各组紧密连接蛋白4荧光染色定量分析。aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=gmW6JIJ+hsRWujHPA6eDFw==, figureFileBig=pNW3JJcP5xGL5c1UxnhqQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874578682252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on the secretion of amylase in the submandibular gland of rats with radiation-induced injury, figureFileSmall=cXnuIsxlqNCusLtBu1KRTA==, figureFileBig=HuMDe9cG3127VQ4z251+ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874666762643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图9, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对大鼠放射性损伤颌下腺分泌淀粉酶的影响

图注:图A为各组唾液中淀粉酶含量;B为各组颌下腺组织中唾液淀粉酶mRNA相对表达量。aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=cXnuIsxlqNCusLtBu1KRTA==, figureFileBig=HuMDe9cG3127VQ4z251+ZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874775814554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs-Exo) on cell apoptosis in submandibular gland tissue, figureFileSmall=AmirJWCSjipa8lXAARAuLQ==, figureFileBig=uSIv99eLPfvhjG6pHQ80MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874884866464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=图10, caption=人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)对颌下腺组织中细胞凋亡的影响

图注:图A为各组颌下腺组织TUNEL染色(×400);B为各组TUNEL染色定量分析。aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,n=3。

, figureFileSmall=AmirJWCSjipa8lXAARAuLQ==, figureFileBig=uSIv99eLPfvhjG6pHQ80MA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459875006501289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人羊膜间充质干细胞的培养及鉴定
细胞来源人羊膜组织
原代培养方法采用胰酶消化法培养
基础培养基DMEF/12(90 mL)培养基
添加材料胎牛血清(10 mL)+碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(100 ng)+双抗(1 mL)
原代培养时间原代细胞培养5-7 d换液,之后两三天换液1次,培养7 d开始传代
细胞传代细胞融合至80%-90%用胰酶消化传至下一代,按1∶3传代,约7 d传1代,共传3代
细胞鉴定采用流式细胞术、成骨诱导分化、成脂诱导分化进行鉴定
伦理学批准该实验方案经过遵义医科大学伦理学委员会批准
), ArticleFig(id=1246459875094581678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=null, caption=

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
人羊膜间充质干细胞的培养及鉴定
细胞来源人羊膜组织
原代培养方法采用胰酶消化法培养
基础培养基DMEF/12(90 mL)培养基
添加材料胎牛血清(10 mL)+碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(100 ng)+双抗(1 mL)
原代培养时间原代细胞培养5-7 d换液,之后两三天换液1次,培养7 d开始传代
细胞传代细胞融合至80%-90%用胰酶消化传至下一代,按1∶3传代,约7 d传1代,共传3代
细胞鉴定采用流式细胞术、成骨诱导分化、成脂诱导分化进行鉴定
伦理学批准该实验方案经过遵义医科大学伦理学委员会批准
), ArticleFig(id=1246459875174273459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gene primer sequences for RT-qPCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列
水通道蛋白5+F5'-TGG GTC TTC TGG GTA GGG-3'
水通道蛋白5+R5'-GTC CTC CTC CGG CTC AT-3'
唾液淀粉酶+F5'-TTT ATG TGG ATG CGG TCA-3'
唾液淀粉酶+R5'-TCG AAA CCA GAA TAC GGA A-3'
β-actin+F5'-GCC AAC ACA GTG CTG TCT-3'
β-actin+R5'-AGG AGC AAT GAT CTT GAT CTT-3'
), ArticleFig(id=1246459875287519674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459853875597984, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名称引物序列
水通道蛋白5+F5'-TGG GTC TTC TGG GTA GGG-3'
水通道蛋白5+R5'-GTC CTC CTC CGG CTC AT-3'
唾液淀粉酶+F5'-TTT ATG TGG ATG CGG TCA-3'
唾液淀粉酶+R5'-TCG AAA CCA GAA TAC GGA A-3'
β-actin+F5'-GCC AAC ACA GTG CTG TCT-3'
β-actin+R5'-AGG AGC AAT GAT CTT GAT CTT-3'
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人羊膜间充质干细胞外泌体修复大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤
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张敏 1 , 张霓霓 1 , 黄桂林 2 , 李壮壮 1 , 王雪 1 , 王辉科 1
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7804-7815
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7804-7815
人羊膜间充质干细胞外泌体修复大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤
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张敏1, 张霓霓1, 黄桂林2, 李壮壮1, 王雪1, 王辉科1
作者信息
  • 1遵义医科大学附属口腔医院颌面外科,贵州省遵义市 563003
  • 2遵义医科大学第五附属(珠海)医院,广东省珠海市 519180
  • Zhang Min, MS, Physician, Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China

    张敏,男,1994年生,甘肃省兰州市人,汉族,2024年遵义医科大学毕业,硕士,医师,主要从事放射性唾液腺损伤修复方面的研究。

通讯作者:

张霓霓,硕士,主任医师,遵义医科大学附属口腔医院颌面外科,贵州省遵义市 563003
Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell exosomes repair radiation-induced submandibular gland damage in rats
Min Zhang1, Nini Zhang1, Guilin Huang2, Zhuangzhuang Li1, Xue Wang1, Huike Wang1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatological Hospital Affiliated to Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
  • 2Fifth Affiliated (Zhuhai) Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai 519180, Guangdong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.753
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背景:

头颈部肿瘤放射治疗极易引起口干症,严重影响患者的生活质量,近年来工程化干细胞及其旁分泌因子在唾液腺损伤修复中表现出治疗潜力,但目前尚无人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体应用于放射性唾液腺损伤的相关实验研究。

目的:

初步探讨人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体对放射性颌下腺损伤的修复作用。

方法:

超滤法+超速离心法提取人羊膜间充质干细胞外泌体并鉴定。将SD大鼠随机分为对照组、放射损伤组、放射损伤+外泌体组,通过18 Gy辐射大鼠颌下腺组织构建放射性颌下腺损伤大鼠模型,放射建模后1 d通过颌下腺原位注射人羊膜间充质来源外泌体,于1,3,7,14 d取样,检测各组大鼠静息唾液流速;苏木精-伊红染色观察颌下腺组织结构;糖原染色观察颌下腺组织中糖原颗粒表达;Masson染色观察颌下腺组织纤维化;酶联免疫吸附法检测分泌唾液淀粉酶含量;免疫荧光染色观察颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白、紧密连接蛋白表达;实时荧光定量PCR检测颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白、唾液淀粉酶基因的相对表达量;原位末端标记法检测各组颌下腺组织中的细胞凋亡率。

结果与结论:

放射造模后,与放射损伤组相比:①苏木精-伊红染色结果显示放射损伤+外泌体组颌下腺组织结构恢复,核仁增多,腺泡数目增多、腺泡萎缩改善;②糖原染色结果显示,放射损伤+外泌体组腺泡胞浆中阳性酶原颗粒数量、密度逐渐增多;③Masson染色结果显示,放射损伤+外泌体组间质及导管周围阳性胶原纤维数量、密度逐渐减少,纤维化程度缩小,胶原沉积减弱;④放射损伤+外泌体组唾液流速升高(P < 0.05);水通道蛋白5荧光强度增强(P < 0.05)且基因表达量显著增强(P < 0.01);紧密连接蛋白荧光4分布减弱,且荧光强度下降(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),唾液淀粉酶含量升高(P < 0.05)且基因表达量显著升高(P < 0.01),阳性凋亡细胞减少(P < 0.05,P < 0.01)。结果表明人羊膜间充质干细胞来源外泌体局部注射后短时期内可改善颌下腺组织病理形态、促进唾液流速及淀粉酶表达,并可能通过抑制腺泡凋亡对大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤起到功能修复的作用。

人羊膜间充质干细胞外泌体  /  大鼠  /  颌下腺  /  放射损伤修复  /  口干症  /  工程化干细胞
BACKGROUND:

Radiotherapy for head and neck tumors can easily cause xerostomia, seriously affecting the quality of life of patients. In recent years, engineered stem cells and their paracrine factors have shown therapeutic potential in the repair of salivary gland injury. However, there is currently no experimental study on the application of amniotic mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome in radiation-induced salivary gland injury.

OBJECTIVE:

To preliminarily explore the repair effect of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells on radiation-induced submandibular gland injury.

METHODS:

Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell exosomes were extracted and identified by ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. SD rats were randomly divided into a control group, a radiation injury group, and a radiation injury+exosome group. An in vitro model of radiation-induced submandibular gland injury was constructed using the submandibular gland tissue of SD rats irradiated with 18 Gy of radiation. One day after radiation modeling, exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells was injected into the submandibular gland in situ. Samples are taken at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days to detect the resting salivary flow rate. The structure of the submandibular gland tissue was observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The expression of glycogen particles in the submandibular gland tissue was observed by Periodic Acid-Schiff staining. Fibrosis in the submandibular gland tissue was observed by Masson staining. The secretion of salivary amylase was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of aquaporin and tight junction proteins in submandibular gland tissue was observed by immunofluorescence staining. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of aquaporins and salivary amylase mRNA in submandibular gland tissue. TUNEL assay was used to detect the apoptosis rate of submandibular gland tissues in each group.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

After radiomodeling, compared with the radiation injury group, (1) hematoxylin-eosin staining observed that the submandibular gland tissue structure in the radiation injury+exosome group was restored, the nucleoli increased, the number of acinus increased, and the acinar atrophy improved. (2) Glycogen staining observed that the number and density of positive zymogen granules in the acinar cytoplasm of the radiation injury+exosome group gradually increased. (3) Masson staining results observed that the number and density of positive collagen fibers in the interstitium and around the ducts in the radiation injury+exosome group gradually decreased, the degree of fibrosis decreased, and the collagen deposition decreased. (4) The salivary flow rate in the radiation injury+exosome group increased (P < 0.05). The fluorescence intensity of aquaporin-5 was enhanced (P < 0.05) and the gene expression was significantly enhanced (P < 0.01). The fluorescence distribution of tight junction protein 4 was weakened and the fluorescence intensity decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). The content of salivary amylase increased (P < 0.05) and gene expression were significantly increased (P < 0.01). The number of positive apoptotic cells decreased (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). It is indicated that local injection of exosome derived from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells could improve the pathological morphology of submandibular gland tissue, promote saliva flow rate and amylase expression, and may play a functional repair role in radioactive submandibular gland injury by inhibiting acinar apoptosis.

human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell exosome  /  rat  /  submandibular gland  /  radiation injury repair  /  xerostomia  /  engineered stem cells
张敏, 张霓霓, 黄桂林, 李壮壮, 王雪, 王辉科. 人羊膜间充质干细胞外泌体修复大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7804 -7815 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.753
Min Zhang, Nini Zhang, Guilin Huang, Zhuangzhuang Li, Xue Wang, Huike Wang. Human amniotic mesenchymal stem cell exosomes repair radiation-induced submandibular gland damage in rats[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7804 -7815 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.753
头颈部鳞状细胞癌占全球癌症发病率第6位,2020年癌症统计数据表明全球超120万新发病例,且呈逐年上升趋势[1]。一直以来,放射治疗在头颈部鳞状细胞癌的序列治疗中发挥着至关重要的作用。然而,超70%的头颈部鳞状细胞癌患者在接受头颈部放射治疗过程中发生唾液腺损伤,充分的证据表明放疗除了具有抑制或杀死癌细胞的作用外,还不可避免地对周围颌骨、黏膜、牙齿、牙周、唾液腺等正常组织造成严重的口腔并发症[2]。目前,辐射微环境导致唾液腺分泌功能障碍的具体机制仍不清楚,其中文献报道腺体组织稳态破坏,如结构紊乱、间质纤维化改变、干细胞/祖细胞池受损、腺泡丢失及胞质中酶原颗粒损坏可能是放射后唾液流量和淀粉酶降低的重要原因[3]。另外,研究发现唾液腺组织中水通道蛋白5、紧密连接蛋白4也可能在放射后唾液流速改变中起关键调控作用[4]
迄今为止,针对预防性治疗药物[5]、生长因子注射[6]、干细胞局部移植[7]、3D类器官等多种生物治疗技术在人工涎腺组织工程领域取得相当进展[8],但其技术本身的并发症,如致癌性、免疫排斥性、细胞突变、表观遗传缺陷等不良反应,限制了临床的潜在应用[9]。因此,临床上寻找一种安全、有效的治疗策略对改善唾液功能障碍的防治具有深远意义。
外泌体不仅包裹着遗传信息和多种生物活性物质,如DNA、微小RNA、核糖体RNA、长链非编码RNA、转运RNA等参与信息交流和编码受体细胞的各种生理及病理活动,而且介导多种生物学效应来调节靶细胞发育微环境,包括促进血管生成、神经生成、免疫代谢、抑制细胞凋亡、抗纤维化以及各种抗炎过程来修复损伤组织[10]。越来越多的学者们发现干细胞源性外泌体在放射性肺损伤、皮肤损伤、肠损伤、骨损伤、睾丸损伤和造血系统损伤修复方面取得了较好的疗效[11]。近年来相比于干细胞工程治疗,外泌体及微囊泡在放射损伤唾液腺功能修复中有极大的临床应用潜力,它们广泛分布于血液、唾液、乳液、脑脊液等体液中,具有便于提取、储存和运输、免疫原性较低、生物相容性较好的特点,被视为一种特异靶向性、渗透滞留效率、负载效率很强的可修饰化的载体或生物纳米工具[12],例如,CHANSAENROJ等[13]在体外培养的磁性唾液腺类器官模型中验证了人牙髓干细胞来源的外泌体通过促进放射损伤的涎腺上皮祖细胞分化速度和神经元细胞生长效应介导自身损伤修复。XIAO等[14]将低氧人尿源性干细胞来源的外泌体通过尾静脉注射至放射损伤小鼠模型,发现人尿源性干细胞来源外泌体通过激活腺体内WNT通路诱导腺体中c-kit+干细胞/祖细胞扩增,以此修复腺体功能。
研究表明人羊膜间充质干细胞(human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells,hAMSCs)作为一种成体干细胞,扩增、更新能力旺盛,具有可塑性强和多向分化潜能特点,而且可发挥机体促血管生成、神经生成、促细胞增殖、抗炎症、抗纤维化、免疫调节等生物作用[15]。另外,hAMSCs不仅来源丰富、易于分离储存、伦理问题小、无致瘤性、低免疫原性,而且具有强大的旁分泌效应,能够分泌多种细胞因子及生长因子,比其他干细胞治疗具有显著优势[16]。因此,hAMSCs有望成为一种理想的种子细胞在唾液腺组织工程领域中得到广阔应用前景。此次实验以hAMSCs外泌体(hAMSCs-Exo)为出发点,通过研究放射造模后颌下腺功能表型及组织病理形态、分泌唾液的具体改变,初步探究颌下腺放射损伤后功能修复效果,旨在为唾液腺损伤功能修复提供新的方向与参考依据。
随机对照动物实验,多组样本比较采用单因素方差分析。
实验于2022年11月至2024年1月在遵义医科大学医学实验室完成。
6-8周龄SPF级雄性SD大鼠60只,体质量270-280 g,购自遵义医科大学实验动物中心,许可证号:SCXK(湘)2019-0004。设定温度(25±2)℃,相对湿度(45±10)%,12 h/12 h光暗交替周期的饲养条件。实验方案得到遵义医科大学伦理委员会批准(批准号:YJSKTLS-2019-2021-020A),并符合操作规程要求。
孕妇来源的胎盘组织由遵义医科大学附属医院妇产科手术室提供,实验方案得到遵义医科大学伦理学委员会批准(批准号:YJSKTLS-2019-2021-020H),并符合操作规程要求;DMEM/F12、胎牛血清、0.25%胰蛋白酶、蛋白酶抑制剂(Gibco公司);胶原酶Ⅱ型、青霉素链霉素混合液、细胞冻存液、1%茜素红染液、油红O染液、唾液淀粉酶酶联免疫剂盒、RIPA高效裂解液、SDS-PAGE凝胶快速制备试剂盒、毛果芸香碱、40 g/L多聚甲醛溶液(索莱宝公司);CD9、CD63、CD81抗体(MCE公司);RNA提取液、氯仿替代物、RNA溶解液、反转录体系(武汉赛维尔生物科技有限公司);分化液、Weigert的苏木精液、EDTA(pH 8.0)抗原修复液、Schiff Reagent液体、Polymer-HRP抗鼠/兔通用型二抗试剂盒(艾方生物)、DAPI染色剂;CD44、CD90、CD73、CD34、CD19流式抗体(Biolegend);戊巴比妥钠(Sigma);外泌体提取纯化试剂盒(上海宇玫博生物科技有限公司);一抗水通道蛋白5、紧密连接蛋白4(Servicebio公司);内参(β-actin抗体)、大鼠唾液淀粉酶抗体(索莱宝公司);ECL化学发光检测试剂盒(碧云天);EP管、巴氏吸管、离心管、培养皿、细胞冻存管、T25、T75细胞培养瓶(Nest);正置荧光显微镜、倒置荧光显微镜(Carl Zeiss);纳米流式细胞仪(Millipore);纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪(Particle Metrix公司);透射电镜(Hitachi公司);细胞培养箱、离心机(Thermos Fisher);包埋机、石蜡切片机、烤片机(遵义医科大学)。
将剪碎的人羊膜组织加入原体积一两倍0.05%的胰蛋白酶,300目网格的金属细胞筛过滤后继续离心获得消化的羊膜,将消化后的剩余羊膜组织收集于离心管中,加入一两倍体积配制的Ⅱ型胶原酶、DNaseⅠ酶(10∶1稀释),继续消化,过滤,将滤液收集到离心管中,加入血清培养基终止消化,1 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清液后,观察到管子底部的沉淀物即为hAMSCs。每两三天换液,待细胞融合达80%,用0.25%胰蛋白酶消化1 min,然后用完全培养基终止消化,1 000 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,加入培养基吹打沉淀混匀,按1∶3的比例接种于T75细胞培养瓶内,即为P1、P2、P3代hAMSCs。
使用P3代hAMSCs进行流式鉴定,消化后1 200 r/min离心5 min,弃上清,用含体积分数3%胎牛血清的PBS重悬计数,调整细胞浓度至1×109 L-1。取200 µL细胞悬液加入EP管,分别加入荧光标记抗体CD44、CD73、CD90、CD34、CD19,4 ℃避光孵育30 min,300×g离心后用250 µL PBS清洗重悬,上流式细胞仪检测。
hAMSCs经诱导分化3周后,红油O染液染色倒置显微镜下观察hAMSCs向脂肪细胞分化及脂滴形成的情况;成骨培养诱导3周后,用茜素红染液对hAMSCs进行染色,倒置显微镜下观察hAMSCs形态改变及产生钙结节数量。
(1)hAMSCs-Exo的分离:50 mL离心管收集P3代无外泌体血清培养上清液于37 ℃速融,1 000×g离心15 min,超速离心机2 000×g离心30 min。小心的将上清液移至新的离心管中,4 ℃下10 000×g离心45 min再次去除上清液中死细胞和细胞碎片;结合超滤法将过滤后的上清液引入Amicon Ultra-15超滤装置,4 000×g离心25 min以浓缩上室中上清液。将上室浓缩液经0.22 µm无菌过滤器分离去除较大囊泡及杂质,收集滤液转移至新的EP管中,以超速离心法100 000×g离心70 min,缓慢吸取并弃上清液,将外泌体沉淀物用200 μL预冷的1×PBS重悬,取10 μL用于电镜观察,10 μL检测粒径,20 μL提取膜蛋白,剩余外泌体于-80 ℃保存备用。
(2)透射电镜鉴定hAMSCs-Exo形态:吸取标准外泌体样品。10 µL滴加于铜网上沉淀数分钟,用滤纸将铜网边缘多余浮液吸去,将磷钨酸染色液10 µL缓慢滴加于载体铜网上1 min,滤纸再次吸去浮液,常温下干燥10 min。透射电子显微镜80-120 kV成像。
(3)纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪鉴定hAMSCs-Exo粒径和浓度:将外泌体标准样品10 μL适当稀释到30 μL,仪器以聚苯乙烯微球(100 nm)进行校准,观察纳米颗粒跟踪分析仪测量值并进行记录。
(4)纳米流式细胞术鉴定hAMSCs-Exo表面标志物:使用200 nm二氧化硅纳米球混合物来校准分离血清外泌体,取20 μL外泌体稀释至90 μL后,分别加入CD9、CD63、CD81荧光标记的抗体20 μL,混匀,避光37 ℃孵育30 min后,用50 μL预冷的1×PBS重悬,纳米流式细胞仪检测蛋白指标结果(将hAMSCs蛋白裂解液作为对照)。
(1)分组与造模:课题组前期已熟练掌握SD大鼠放射颌下腺损伤造模方法[17],因此,按照此方法进行正式实验。选择60只SPF级6-8周龄雄性SD大鼠,按照编码数字随机分为3组,即对照组、放射损伤组、放射损伤+外泌体组,每组分为4个时期,n=5。于遵义医科大学附属第二医院放射科行SD大鼠放射性双侧颌下腺损伤造模,放射前12 h大鼠均禁水禁食,以50 mg/kg剂量腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉,待大鼠处于麻醉状态后,以仰卧位依次排列,电子直线加速器设定相关参数(一次性18 Gy总剂量进行放射,具体参数:6 MeV电子线、中心皮距100 cm、射线剂量率3 Gy/min),照射面积约为4.0 cm×3.0 cm,颌下区皮下1.0-1.5 cm深度,铅板保护大鼠其他部位。对照组大鼠只麻醉不放射,其余大鼠放射后期间正常饮食及饮水;于1,3,7,14 d这4个时间点收集各组大鼠唾液量并解剖取样。
(2)注射时间及方式:放射造模后1 d,通过原位注射方法行大鼠双侧颌下腺内注射:1%戊巴比妥钠(50 mg/kg)镇静处理后,对照组、放射损伤组放射处理后注射100 μL无菌PBS;放射损伤+外泌体组经放射处理后注射hAMSCs-Exo干预(100 µL PBS重悬外泌体沉淀200 μg)。
(3)取样:先将大鼠麻醉后称质量,在唾液收集完毕后处死大鼠,于注射后1,3,7,14 d,动物实验操作台上取样,沿大鼠颈部皮肤切开皮下组织,完整取出大鼠双侧颌下腺,除去腺体周围脂肪、纤维组织及包膜等,将其置于40 g/L的多聚甲醛组织固定液中室温保存,样本进行后续实验。
分别在完成hAMSCs-Exo注射后1,3,7,14 d收集各组大鼠唾液。当日上午9-12时,给予50 mg/kg剂量腹腔注射1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠,待麻醉完全后,40 µL毛果芸香碱(质量浓度2 mg/mL)经皮下注射后,1 min后可观察到唾液分泌,先使用干棉球拭净大鼠口腔内残余唾液,然后大鼠口腔内置入若干体积大小相同的干燥小棉球并放在舌下的口腔侧面,并在20 min内稳定保持,计算唾液收集前后微量离心管中的小棉球质量差,尽可能收集到所有唾液量。唾液分泌量=收集后无酶EP管质量-收集前无酶EP管质量,以X g/mL为单位换算方法,唾液流速的表示方法是X μL/20 min,取平均值。将收集唾液室温下3 000 r/min下离心10 min除去黏蛋白及残渣,置于-20 ℃冰箱中冻存备用。
取唾液标本室温复溶,离心15 min(200 r/min),收集上清。分别按照ELISA试剂盒说明书检测各组唾液淀粉酶的含量,操作严格按试剂盒说明书步骤执行。从不同时间点收集的各组每个原样品先进行5倍稀释,置于96孔板中,室温孵育60 min,各组样本均设置3个副孔,大体观察见蓝色转黄色时立即在酶标仪450 nm波长处读吸光度(A)值。带入各组样品的A值到直线方程,可求得各组样品的相应浓度X值,用于统计分析。
(1)颌下腺组织苏木精-伊红染色:颌下腺组织切片脱蜡至水,依次将切片放入二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ脱蜡,无水乙醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ脱水;入苏木精染液染3-5 min,分化液分化,洗洗返蓝液返蓝;伊红染色后,梯度乙醇分化,入伊红染液染色;脱水封固,中性树胶封固,观察腺体组织中结构变化。
(2)颌下腺组织过碘酸雪夫氏(Periodic Acid Schiff,PAS)染色:颌下腺切片置于固定液10-15 min,用蒸馏水进行充分浸洗2次,过碘酸溶液,氧化5 min后,加入Schiff Reagent液体覆盖组织,浸染15-20 min。用亚硫酸钠溶液进行滴洗2次,充分滴洗达2 min后,将其中加入Mayer苏木精染色液,进行核染2 min,水洗干燥,观察腺体中PAS反应阳性物质(胞浆糖原蛋白)表达情况,腺泡胞质阳性酶原颗粒变现为中性颗粒为粉红色或紫褐色。
(3)颌下腺组织Masson染色:颌下腺切片脱蜡至水,于37 ℃的温箱内干燥2 h。水洗后经Weigert的苏木精铁工作溶液染核5 min,水洗后用体积分数1%的盐酸乙醇溶液分化15 s后,充分冲洗10 min。丽春红品染液染色10 min后,2%冰醋酸水溶液浸洗1 min;水洗分化后1%磷钼酸溶液处理10 min,将切片放入苯胺蓝水溶液染色2 min后,2%冰醋酸水溶液洗片刻;脱水、透明、中性树胶封固。每组显微镜下观察腺体间质及导管部位染色后的蓝色区域(胶原纤维),以此来评估纤维化病理变化。
颌下腺组织切片脱蜡至水,微波修复抗原15 min,室温30 min,PBS洗涤2次后,滴加封闭液覆盖组织,去除封闭液后,滴加水通道蛋白5、紧密连接蛋白4一抗(1∶50稀释)4 ℃孵育过夜。滴加标记的羊抗兔IgG(1∶100)二抗溶液(1∶100),PBS洗涤2次。滴加染料工作液,室温条件下孵育,加热AR buffer微波煮沸3 min,加热15 min取出,自然冷却;蒸馏水冲洗后,载玻片滴加DAPI孵育5 min,核染,湿盒内孵育、封固,于荧光显微镜下观察水通道蛋白5、紧密连接蛋白4蛋白分布位置。Image J软件检测水通道蛋白5及紧密连接蛋白4蛋白荧光分布表达,各组切片随机选取4个视野进行量化分析,取均值。
将颌下腺组织称取(20±5)mg后放置于无酶的离心管内,将组织剪碎随后加入500 μL Buffer RL1试剂及适量的研磨珠,随后用组织研磨仪对其进行组织匀浆研磨操作。运用传统Trizol试剂盒提取各组颌下腺组织中总RNA,提取2 μL RNA溶液以验证其浓度及纯度。根据反转录试剂盒整合为20 μL反转录反应体系,设置37 ℃15 min、85 ℃ 5 s条件反转录为cDNA,随后各组cDNA进行PCR扩增反应,反应体系为20 µL,反应条件为95 ℃5 min;95 ℃ 10 s,60 ℃ 30 s,共40个循环均依据试剂盒说明书进行。以β-actin基因为内参,引物序列见表1。使用2-ΔΔCt法计算各组目的基因水通道蛋白5、唾液淀粉酶mRNA相对表达量。
取颌下腺组织切片脱蜡至水,依次将切片放入二甲苯脱蜡(10 min)、无水乙醇脱水分化(15 min),然后切片稍甩干后滴加蛋白酶K工作液(20 µg/mL)覆盖组织,37 ℃孵育20 min,于PBS中浸泡洗涤5 min×3次,切片继续稍甩干后加入破膜工作液覆盖组织,孵育20 min,随后加入TUNEL反应液(TdT和dUTP按1∶9配置),将切片放置于37 ℃下孵育2 h,DAPI染料进行细胞核复染,避光孵育10 min;切片用PBS浸泡15 min后,加入抗荧光淬灭封固处理,用荧光显微镜观察并采集图像,每张切片随机选择4个视野,Image J软件进行统计分析,细胞凋亡率=(凋亡细胞总数/细胞总数)×100%。
①检测各组大鼠静息唾液流速;②苏木精-伊红染色观察颌下腺组织结构;③糖原染色观察颌下腺组织中糖原颗粒表达;Masson染色观察颌下腺组织纤维化;④ ELISA检测分泌唾液淀粉酶含量;⑤免疫荧光染色观察颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白、紧密连接蛋白表达;⑥RT-qPCR检测颌下腺组织中水通道蛋白、唾液淀粉酶基因的相对表达量;⑦TUNEL检测各组颌下腺组织中的细胞凋亡率。
采用GraphPad Prism 9.5统计软件对实验数据进行统计学分析,所有数据以形式表示,多组样本比较采用单因素方差分析,P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。文章统计学方法已经通过遵义医科大学附属口腔医院生物统计学专家审核。
此次实验采用酶消化法获得hAMSCs,P2、P3代hAMSCs细胞排列紧密,相互黏附,形态均一,呈漩涡状贴壁生长(图1AB)。hAMSCs在成脂分化诱导培养基、成骨分化诱导培养基试剂诱导条件下,观察到被染成橘红色的脂滴颗粒形成;经成骨诱导3周后,茜素红染色后镜下观察可见诱导细胞内出现散落分布的橘红球形小团块,证明钙结节已经形成(图1CD)。流式细胞分析仪检测发现hAMSCs阳性表达CD44、CD73、CD90;阴性表达CD19、CD34(图2)。电镜观察到hAMSCs-Exo为类圆形的双层膜结构,中间凹陷,呈“茶杯状”的囊泡状结构(图3A)。纳米跟踪分析技术进行粒径分析结果表明颗粒粒径在30-150 nm之间,平均粒径为80.8 nm(图3B)。利用纳米流式细胞术检测与对照组(hAMSCs蛋白裂解液)相比,hAMSCs-Exo膜上参与CD9、CD63、CD81跨膜蛋白运输(图3C)。
实验过程中各组大鼠无脱失,连续14 d监测体质量结果显示,相比于对照组,经放射处理过的大鼠在6 d内体质量均呈减轻趋势;7-14 d,相比于放射损伤组,放射损伤+外泌体组大鼠体质量增加,于第14天时恢复至与对照组体质量接近的程度。见图4
苏木精-伊红染色结果如图5A所示,第7,14天,放射损伤组腺泡萎缩,核仁减少,结构疏松、紊乱,部分胞浆内出现空泡化改变,导管萎缩变形;而与放射损伤组比较,14 d时,放射损伤+外泌体组的组织结构及形态恢复,主要表现为核仁增多,胞浆内空泡化减少,萎缩的腺泡细胞形态较饱满,间质疏松结构得到明显改善。
PAS染色结果如图5B所示,第3天时,放射损伤组PAS阳性酶原颗粒含量相对减少;第7天时,放射损伤组腺泡胞质内可见酶原颗粒分布不均、数量、密度变少;而第14天时,放射损伤组腺泡开始出现萎缩,结构混乱,部分呈空泡样变性,阳性酶原颗粒明显减少、甚至部分颗粒已消失;第3,7,14天时,与放射损伤组比较,放射损伤+外泌体组阳性酶原颗粒数量、密度分布逐渐增多。Masson染色如图5C所示,第7,14天时,放射损伤组间质及导管阳性胶原纤维数量、密度增多,纤维化组织面积明显增多;而与放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组间质及导管阳性胶原纤维数量、密度减少,纤维化组织面积降低。
图6可知,在放射后第1天各组唾液流速未见明显差异;而放射后第3,7,14天,放射损伤组大鼠随时间推移唾液流速持续减低(P < 0.05,P < 0.01);第7,14天时,与放射损伤相比,放射损伤+外泌体组唾液流速升高(P < 0.05)。
各组颌下腺组织腺泡顶侧膜的水通道蛋白5荧光分布变化见图7A,各组水通道蛋白5蛋白荧光定量分析见图7B。第3,14天,放射损伤组水通道蛋白5分布、荧光定量强度呈现依赖性减弱(P < 0.05);而第14天时,与放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组荧光定量强度显著增强(P < 0.05)。
各组水通道蛋白5 mRNA表达分布变化见图7C,其中3,7,14 d,放射损伤组水通道蛋白5 mRNA表达量逐渐降低(P < 0.01,P < 0.001);第14天时,与放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组水通道蛋白5 mRNA表达量显著升高(P < 0.01)。
各组颌下腺组织中紧密连接蛋白4荧光分布见图8A,各组蛋白荧光定量分析见图8B。其中第1,3,7,14天,各组放射损伤组中紧密连接蛋白4分布、荧光定量强度均呈现明显增强(P < 0.05);而第3,7,14天,较放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组荧光分布、定量强度出现依赖性减弱(P < 0.05);且第14天时,紧密连接蛋白4荧光分布、定量强度显著降低(P < 0.01)。
ELISA结果见图9A,第1,3天,各组唾液淀粉酶水平未见明显变化;第7天时,放射损伤组唾液淀粉酶水平开始降低(P < 0.05);14 d时,放射损伤组唾液淀粉酶水平随时间推移持续降低(P < 0.01);7,14 d,与放射损伤组比较,放射损伤+外泌体组唾液淀粉酶水平升高(P < 0.05)。
各组颌下腺组织唾液淀粉酶mRNA表达变化见图9B,放射后第3天时,放射损伤组唾液淀粉酶mRNA表达量开始降低(P < 0.05);7,14 d,放射损伤组唾液淀粉酶mRNA表达量持续降低(P < 0.01),而第7天时较放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组唾液淀粉酶mRNA表达量显著升高(P < 0.01);第14天时,唾液淀粉酶mRNA表达量升高(P < 0.05)。
通过TUNEL染色观察各组颌下腺组织中的细胞凋亡情况,其中凋亡阳性细胞镜下呈现为绿色点状物,见图10A,定量分析见图10B,第1,3,7天时,放射损伤组阳性凋亡细胞数量逐渐升高(P < 0.05);而第14天时,放射损伤组阳性凋亡细胞数量显著升高(P < 0.01);第7,14天时,与放射损伤组比,放射损伤+外泌体组阳性凋亡细胞显著减少(P < 0.01,P < 0.05)。
唾液腺作为口腔颌面部组织的重要外分泌腺,正常生理状态下,24 h人体分泌唾液的总量为1 000-1 500 mL,其中颌下腺静息状态产生总体唾液分泌量的60%-65%[18]。目前,头颈部恶性肿瘤靶向治疗已取得阶段性进展,但术后放射治疗仍将不可避免地破坏颌下腺组织中的腺泡细胞(acinar cell)、导管细胞(ductal cell)、血管和淋巴管,甚至丧失副交感神经的支配功能,导致唾液腺功能减退,继而引发患者口腔微环境失衡、吞咽困难甚至影响语言功能[19-20]
此次实验发现第7,14天,放射损伤组颌下腺组织结构疏松、紊乱,腺泡萎缩,核仁减少,导管萎缩变形;与放射损伤组比较,放射损伤+外泌体组中颌下腺组织结构恢复,核仁增多,腺泡细胞数量增多,腺泡萎缩改善。结果表明hAMSCs-Exo可能改善放射导致的颌下腺组结构形态恢复,这与崔田宇等[17]的研究结果一致。
生理状态下,腺泡胞质内可见大量折光性强的分泌颗粒,称酶原颗粒(zymogen granule),以活跃的糖原形式集中储存在腺泡细胞顶端区域,主要表达淀粉酶。卢浩等[21]对腺泡细胞残留的酶原颗粒分析,发现导管结扎后5 d萎缩的腺泡细胞内可见酶原颗粒积聚,分布不均、数量变少;14 d见腺泡内PAS阳性酶原颗粒明显减少、密度降低,且导管内颗粒卷曲小管基本消失,表明腺泡损伤与分泌颗粒减少关系密切。此次实验发现3,7,14 d,放射损伤组阳性酶原颗粒明显减少、甚至部分颗粒已消失,推测其可能作用机制是射线导致腺泡细胞的分泌颗粒膜损伤,诱导脂质过氧化,胞浆释放蛋白水解酶、氧化应激因子,并造成腺泡细胞的快速溶解[22];放射损伤+外泌体组观察到阳性酶原颗粒数量、密度分布逐渐增多,表明hAMSCs-Exo可能修复放射诱导的酶原颗粒作用;此次实验也符合HYE等[23]干细胞旁分泌因子促进酶原颗粒数量、密度增多的研究成果。
放射早期即可发现唾液腺组织纤维化,这是唾液腺功能损伤的重要标志[24]。课题组前期通过hAMSCs原位移植到C57小鼠颌下腺放射性损伤模型中,通过苏木精-伊红染色发现hAMSCs组中腺泡细胞增多,炎性及凋亡坏死细胞减少,间质及导管周围纤维化得到明显改善,表明hAMSCs原位移植可能改善放射导致的腺体纤维化进程[25]。在此基础上,此次实验进一步发现放射损伤+外泌体组与放射损伤组比较,放射损伤+外泌体组间质及导管周围Masson阳性胶原纤维数量减少,结果表明hAMSCs-Exo可能具有抑制组织纤维化病理过程。因此,以上结果表明hAMSCs-Exo可能具有抑制纤维化进展的作用,且此次实验与低氧预处理端粒细胞衍生外泌体作用的研究结果相符[26]
唾液流速变化能够直观反映放射后颌下腺功能损伤的程度[27],此次实验发现第3,7,14天,放射损伤组大鼠随时间推移,唾液流速持续减低(P < 0.05,P < 0.01),表明放射性口干症模型建立成功,这可能与放射诱导腺泡细胞空泡化、萎缩、核固缩等病理形态改变,代偿性腺泡细胞群耗竭,导致腺体分泌功能受损,静息分泌量下降有关[28];第7,14天时,发现放射损伤+外泌体组唾液流速高于放射损伤组(P < 0.05),表明hAMSCs-Exo可改善腺泡病理形态,恢复腺泡体积、数目,以此促进放射损伤的大鼠口干症缓解,这与XU等[29]研究中Sox9基因过表达的干细胞恢复唾液流速的研究结果相符。
(1)hAMSCs-Exo可能通过水通道蛋白5介导跨细胞途径促进唾液流速:生理状态下水通道蛋白5主要分布在浆液性腺泡细胞、分泌小管和插入导管细胞的胞浆顶端区域,其对唾液分泌的调节机制可能是以协助扩散的方式参与水分子的扩膜运输,通过加快水分子转运速率,改善腺泡细胞膜内外水液渗透压差[30]。LAI等[31]发现骨形态发生蛋白6对水通道蛋白5具有负向调控作用,当骨形态发生蛋白6上调时,水通道蛋白5表达下调,引起唾液分泌减少;而当骨形态发生蛋白6下调,水通道蛋白5表达上调,从而使唾液分泌量增加。另外,水通道蛋白5的环磷酸腺苷依赖性磷酸化也参与细胞内运输的调节。研究表明与对照组相比,模型组小鼠颌下腺水通道蛋白5表达水平的降低可能是通过环磷酸腺苷(cyclic adenosine monophosphate,cAMP)/蛋白激酶A(protein kinase A,PKA)-环磷腺苷效应元件结合蛋白(cAMP-response element binding protein,CREB)信号通路调节而实现唾液代谢过程[32]。HYE等[33]发现低氧培养hADMSC旁分泌巨噬细胞集落刺激因子、血管内皮生长因子、白细胞介素6和胰岛素样生长因1促进放射损伤小鼠模型的唾液腺组织中水通道蛋白5表达,促进唾液流速增加。此次研究将继续探讨hAMSCs-Exo调控水通道蛋白5作用下唾液流速的影响。此次研究采用免疫荧光结果显示第3,14天,放射损伤组水通道蛋白5分布、荧光定量强度呈现依赖性减弱(P < 0.05),且3,7,14 d,放射损伤组水通道蛋白5 mRNA表达量逐渐降低(P < 0.01,P < 0.001);推测其原因可能是放射会导致副交感神经支配障碍,使水通道蛋白5表达降低[34-35]。另外,辐射可能诱导的DNA甲基化,引起大鼠腺体中水通道蛋白5从胞浆向膜外的转位,抑制水通道蛋白5易位表达,而使水通道蛋白5在腺泡膜外表达增多[36-37]。第14天时,与放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组荧光定量强度显著增强(P < 0.05);另外,放射损伤+外泌体组水通道蛋白5 mRNA表达量显著升高(P < 0.01),表明hAMSCs-Exo可能通过调控水通道蛋白5介导跨细胞途径恢复唾液流速,但其作用机制尚未明确,需进一步探究。
(2)hAMSCs-Exo可能通过紧密连接蛋白4介导的旁细胞分泌途径促进唾液流速:唾液腺的水分子转运涉及Claudin蛋白介导的旁分泌作用途径,紧密连接蛋白4作为紧密连接蛋白家族成员,其主要在导管上皮细胞中分布、表达,在腺泡细胞中弱性表达,通过行使上皮“栅栏和屏障”功能,并参与上皮电阻而影响旁细胞分泌途径的调节[38]。研究表明,放射性损伤将诱导腺体内ERK1/2信号通路激活,导致紧密连接蛋白4发生磷酸化,并通过β-arrestin2/clathrin信号轴发生泛素化降解,使紧密连接蛋白4从细胞质重新分布到质膜,发生表达和分布,造成腺泡跨上皮电阻增大,降低腺泡细胞表面通透性,促进唾液分泌[39-41]。此次研究采用免疫荧光染色分析辐照后紧密连接蛋白4表达水平随时间依赖性变化,发现第1,3,7,14天,各组放射损伤组中紧密连接蛋白4分布、荧光定量强度均呈现明显增强(P < 0.05),作者认为紧密连接蛋白4可能从细胞质重新分布到细胞膜,导致紧密连接蛋白4在上皮中表达、分布增多,造成跨上皮电阻增大,降低颌下腺细胞通透性,抑制唾液分泌;而第3,7,14天,较放射损伤组相比,放射损伤+外泌体组荧光分布、定量强度出现依赖性减弱(P < 0.05),且第14天时,紧密连接蛋白4荧光分布、定量强度显著降低(P < 0.01),因此推测hAMSCs-Exo可能通过下调紧密连接蛋白4在腺泡上皮组织中表达,降低上皮电阻值,从而提升腺泡通透性,但其修复作用机制尚未明确,需进一步探究。
淀粉酶作为唾液分泌功能最具有代表性的蛋白质,单位体积的唾液中可能含有0.04-0.4 mg/mL淀粉酶,其在口腔中的碳水化合物消化方面具有重要作用[42]。另外,放射后唾液淀粉酶水平变化也是颌下腺功能减退的客观指标,如研究发现在辐射损伤后高达12-36 h的急性炎症期,唾液淀粉酶分泌迅速受到影响,其代表浆液性腺泡细胞的早期病理变化,腺泡细胞失去产生淀粉酶的能力[43]。SHIN等[44]发现体外培养的SGSCs3D微球中脑源性神经营养因子、胶质细胞源性神经营养因子、表皮生长因子、肝细胞生长因子和胰岛素样生长因1等旁分泌因子可促进辐射诱导的腺泡细胞分泌淀粉酶功能。此次实验结果显示放射后第7天时,放射损伤组淀粉酶水平开始降低(P < 0.05);14 d时,淀粉酶水平随时间推移持续降低(P < 0.01);另外,第3天时同样发现放射损伤组唾液淀粉酶mRNA表达量开始降低(P < 0.05);7,14 d,淀粉酶mRNA表达量持续降低(P < 0.01),这可能与辐射会持续诱导颌下腺细胞损伤有关,使酶原颗粒减少,分泌淀粉酶能力减弱,导致淀粉酶浓度下降有关[45];而7,14 d与放射损伤组比较,放射损伤+外泌体组淀粉酶水平升高(P < 0.05);此结果表明hAMSCs-Exo对颌下腺腺泡胞质中酶原颗粒的损伤具有修复作用,并以此促进淀粉酶分泌。另外,第7天时放射损伤+外泌体组淀粉酶mRNA表达量显著升高(P < 0.01);第14天时,放射损伤+外泌体组淀粉酶mRNA表达量升高(P < 0.05),以上实验结果从侧面印证hAMSCs-Exo可能促进淀粉酶分泌功能。
唾液流速的急剧下降可能也与照射后腺泡DNA损伤反应相关,包括细胞凋亡和有丝分裂细胞衰亡。因此,腺泡细胞抗凋亡途径在唾液腺功能修复中具有重要作用[46]。HU等[47]发现牙髓干细胞来源的牙髓干细胞外泌体通过G蛋白偶联雌激素受体介导cAMP/PKA信号途径抑制下游γ-干扰素炎症信号诱导的唾液腺上皮细胞凋亡,以此促进功能恢复。LOMBAERT等[48]研究总结间充质干细胞旁分泌血管内皮生长因子、表皮生长因子、成纤维细胞生长因子、巨噬细胞集落刺激因子等细胞因子进一步抑制辐射诱导的活性氧蓄积和脂质过氧化造成的腺泡凋亡。此次实验发现1,3,7 d时,放射损伤组阳性凋亡细胞数量逐渐升高(P < 0.05),且第14天时,阳性凋亡细胞数量显著升高(P < 0.01);而hAMSCs-Exo干预下,第7天时与放射损伤组比,放射损伤+外泌体阳性凋亡细胞显著减少(P < 0.01);第14天时,阳性凋亡细胞同样减少(P < 0.05),提示hAMSCs-Exo在颌下腺组织中具有抗细胞凋亡作用,此实验结果也与KANG等[49]脂肪干细胞旁分泌因子促进腺泡修复的实验结果相符,但其抑制凋亡的机制仍需进一步探究。
第一,此次实验造模不能完全模拟体内放射性颌下腺损伤的真实情况,因此实验结果可能存在一定局限性,可在此基础上进一步验证体外实验的结果;第二,此次研究初步表明hAMSCs-Exo能够修复大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤的分泌功能,虽已查阅相关文献,但并未证明hAMSCs-Exo转录组学中富集基因及相关通路对颌下腺损伤的相关作用机制,仍需阐释其准确调控机制;第三,由于外泌体剂量及降解的局限性,仅阐明了hAMSCs-Exo的近期疗效,其放射性颌下腺损伤的远期疗效需要进一步通过外泌体缓释生物水凝胶基础上加以揭示。
hAMSCs-Exo局部注射后短期时间内可改善颌下腺组织病理形态、促进唾液流速及淀粉酶表达,并可能通过抑制腺泡凋亡作用对大鼠放射性颌下腺损伤起到功能修复作用,为基于外泌体“无细胞”治疗提供参考。
  • 贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合基础-ZK字[2024]339号)
  • 遵义医科大学“未来临床名医”项目(20211017)
  • 贵州省临床重点建设项目(黔卫计办涵[2017]24号)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.753
  • 接收时间:2024-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-17
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
  • 录用日期:2024-08-17
基金
Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project(黔科合基础-ZK字[2024]339号)
贵州省科技计划项目(黔科合基础-ZK字[2024]339号)
"Future Clinical Famous Doctor" Project of Zunyi Medical University(20211017)
遵义医科大学“未来临床名医”项目(20211017)
Guizhou Provincial Clinical Key Construction Project(黔卫计办涵[2017]24号)
贵州省临床重点建设项目(黔卫计办涵[2017]24号)
作者信息
    1遵义医科大学附属口腔医院颌面外科,贵州省遵义市 563003
    2遵义医科大学第五附属(珠海)医院,广东省珠海市 519180

通讯作者:

张霓霓,硕士,主任医师,遵义医科大学附属口腔医院颌面外科,贵州省遵义市 563003
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgzzgcyj/CN/10.12307/2025.753
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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