Article(id=1246459850008449621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.534, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=1724601600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-26, acceptedDate=1720972800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-07-15, onlineDate=1775108786346, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108786346, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108786346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108786346, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7816, endPage=7826, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459852516643424, articleId=1246459850008449621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Effect of a novel cryoprotectant in tissues and cells, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

The cryopreservation technology enables tissues/cells to be stored for a long time in a low-temperature environment while maintaining the integrity of their activity and function, which is of great significance for the construction of cell therapy, tissue engineering and biological sample banks. Cryoprotective agents often contain dimethyl sulfoxide and serum. To avoid the toxic side effects of dimethyl sulfoxide, the complexity of serum components and immune responses, although some finished cryoprotective agents have been marketed, they are faced with many difficulties such as high cost and limited application. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a cryoprotective agent with clear components and the ability to solve the above problems.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effects of a novel cryoprotectant on cryopreservation efficiency of different tissue and cell sources.

METHODS:

By applying the novel cryoprotectant as an experimental group with the commercially available and widely used cryoprotectant (control group) to umbilical cord Wharton's jelly tissue, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, NK and CIK cells, comparative analyses were conducted in terms of cell morphology, number, viability, surface markers, differentiation potential, and cell-killing toxicity assay before cryopreservation and after resuscitation thawing. We confirmed the cryopreservation effect of the new cryoprotectant and its potential application value.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) The novel cryoprotectant facilitated the normal growth of cryopreserved Wharton's jelly tissue upon recovery, exhibiting mesenchymal stem cell morphology. No significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of cell recovery rate, surface markers, and differentiation potential. (2) There was no significant difference in the number and viability of cells between the experimental group and the control group after cryopreservation of cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the cryo-resuscitated cell numbers and viability of derived NK cells/CIK cells did not show significant difference between the experimental and control groups. (3) For NK cells derived and differentiated from cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there was no significant difference in the proportion of CD56+CD16+ cell subpopulations between the experimental group and the control group. For CIK cells derived and differentiated from cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there was no significant difference in the proportions of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD56+ cell subpopulations between the experimental group and the control group. (4) In terms of cytotoxicity testing, when the effective-target ratio of immune cells and melanoma cell line Mel624 was 20:1, whether it was NK cells/CIK cells derived from cord blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there was no significant difference in the tumoricidal activity of cells between the experimental group and the control group. These findings suggest that the novel cryoprotectant can replace existing commercially available and widely used cryoprotectants, and is applicable to Wharton's jelly tissue, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as NK and CIK cells, providing a solid technical foundation for the scaling, standardization, and commercialization of universal cryoprotectants.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
Liang Xiao, MS, Senior engineer, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang Qingfang and Zhang Fen contributed equally to this article.

, authorsList=Qingfang Wang, Fen Zhang, Guangping Chang, Zihan Li, Lan Xing, Hao Peng, Xiuping Zeng, Guiqiang Zhong, Hui Chen, Bo Liu, Zhenyu Liu, Xiao Liang), CN=ArticleExt(id=1246459857134572309, articleId=1246459850008449621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=CN, title=一种新型冷冻保护剂冻存组织和细胞的效果, columnId=1246459846380376578, journalTitle=中国组织工程研究, columnName=研究原著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
背景:

冷冻保存技术能够使组织/细胞于低温环境中长久贮存并维持活性与功能的完整性,这对细胞治疗、组织工程及生物样本库的构建有重大意义。冷冻保护剂常含二甲基亚砜和血清,为规避二甲基亚砜的毒副作用、血清成分的复杂性以及免疫反应等问题,部分成品冷冻保护剂虽已上市,但面临着成本高、应用受限等诸多难题,因此,迫切需要研发出一种成分明晰且能够解决上述问题的冷冻保护剂。

目的:

旨在评估一种新型冷冻保护剂对不同来源组织和细胞冻存效果的影响。

方法:

将新型冷冻保护剂作为实验组,市售及广泛使用的冷冻保护剂作为对照组,分别应用于脐带华通氏胶组织、脐带间充质干细胞、脐血/外周血单个核细胞、NK细胞及CIK细胞冻存,从冻存前和复苏后的细胞形态、数量、活率、表面标志物、分化潜能、细胞杀伤毒性等多方面进行对比分析,确认新型冷冻保护剂的冻存效果及潜在的应用价值。

结果与结论:

①采用新型冷冻保护剂能实现冻存脐带华通氏胶组织复苏后间充质干细胞形态正常,在细胞复苏回收率、表面标志物、分化潜能方面,实验组与对照组均无显著性差异;②实验组和对照组脐血/外周血单个核细胞冷冻复苏后的细胞数量和活率无显著性差异,且实验组和对照组NK细胞/CIK细胞冷冻复苏后的细胞数量和活率同样无显著性差异;③对于脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生分化的NK细胞,实验组和对照组CD56+CD16+细胞亚群比例无显著差异,对于脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生分化的CIK细胞,实验组和对照组CD3+CD8+和CD3+CD56+细胞亚群比例无显著差异;④在细胞杀伤毒性方面,当免疫细胞和黑色素瘤细胞系Mel624效靶比为20∶1时,无论是脐血还是外周血单个核细胞衍生分化的NK细胞/CIK细胞,实验组和对照组细胞杀瘤活性无显著差异。结果表明:新型冷冻保护剂能够替代现有的市售和广泛使用的冷冻保护剂,且对于脐带华通氏胶组织、脐带间充质干细胞、脐血/外周血单个核细胞、NK细胞及CIK细胞均适用,为通用冷冻保护剂的规模化、标准化、市场化提供了良好的技术基础。

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梁晓,硕士,高级工程师,深圳市北科生物科技有限公司,广东省深圳市 518061
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共同第一作者

作者贡献:

王清芳和张芬负责实验实施、论文撰写,昌广萍和李子晗负责实验数据分析处理,邢岚、钟桂强、陈辉、刘波、刘振宇负责细胞培养、指标检测,彭浩和曾秀萍负责数据和文章的校对,梁晓负责实验设计。

Wang Qingfang, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

王清芳,女,1989年生,河南省人,汉族,2011年河南科技大学毕业,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞培养研究工作。

张芬,女,1986年生,湖北省汉川市人,汉族,深圳大学在读硕士,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞生物学、细胞质量研究、细胞产业化应用、动植物外囊泡等方面的研究。

Zhang Fen, Master candidate, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

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Wang Qingfang, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

王清芳,女,1989年生,河南省人,汉族,2011年河南科技大学毕业,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞培养研究工作。

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Wang Qingfang, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

王清芳,女,1989年生,河南省人,汉族,2011年河南科技大学毕业,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞培养研究工作。

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张芬,女,1986年生,湖北省汉川市人,汉族,深圳大学在读硕士,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞生物学、细胞质量研究、细胞产业化应用、动植物外囊泡等方面的研究。

Zhang Fen, Master candidate, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

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张芬,女,1986年生,湖北省汉川市人,汉族,深圳大学在读硕士,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞生物学、细胞质量研究、细胞产业化应用、动植物外囊泡等方面的研究。

Zhang Fen, Master candidate, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

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Stem Cells. 2007; 25(1): 197-202., articleTitle=N-glycolylneuraminic acid xenoantigen contamination of human embryonic and mesenchymal stem cells is substantially reversible, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880182272623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=9, issue=33, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=JURKUNAS UV, YIN J, JOHNS LK, journalName=Sci Adv, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JURKUNAS UV, YIN J, JOHNS LK, et al. Cultivated autologous limbal epithelial cell (CALEC) transplantation: Development of manufacturing process and clinical evaluation of feasibility and safety. Sci Adv. 2023; 9(33): eadg6470., articleTitle=Cultivated autologous limbal epithelial cell (CALEC) transplantation: Development of manufacturing process and clinical evaluation of feasibility and safety, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880291324531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=9, issue=3, pageStart=1190, pageEnd=1204, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=HU Y, LIU X, LIU F, journalName=ACS Biomater Sci Eng, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HU Y, LIU X, LIU F, et al. Trehalose in Biomedical Cryopreservation-Properties, Mechanisms, Delivery Methods, Applications, Benefits, and Problems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng. 2023; 9(3): 1190-1204., articleTitle=Trehalose in Biomedical Cryopreservation-Properties, Mechanisms, Delivery Methods, Applications, Benefits, and Problems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880400376438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=11, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=刘宝林, 赵子威, journalName=上海理工大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘宝林, 赵子威. 红细胞低温保存中海藻糖的加载方法[J]. 上海理工大学学报, 2022, 44(1): 11-17., articleTitle=红细胞低温保存中海藻糖的加载方法, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880522011260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=30, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=WHALEY D, DAMYAR K, WITEK RP, journalName=Cell Transplant, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WHALEY D, DAMYAR K, WITEK RP, et al. 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Lancet. 1996; 347(9006): 921-925., articleTitle=A new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in the UK, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880706560643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=PEDEN AH, SULEIMAN S, BARRIA MA, journalName=Front Aging Neurosci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PEDEN AH, SULEIMAN S, BARRIA MA. Understanding Intra-Species and Inter-Species Prion Conversion and Zoonotic Potential Using Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021; 13:716452., articleTitle=Understanding Intra-Species and Inter-Species Prion Conversion and Zoonotic Potential Using Protein Misfolding Cyclic Amplification, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880803029639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=112, issue=10, pageStart=2615, pageEnd=2620, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=WENG L, journalName=J Pharm Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WENG L. Cell Therapy Drug Product Development: Technical Considerations and Challenges. J Pharm Sci. 2023; 112(10): 2615-2620., articleTitle=Cell Therapy Drug Product Development: Technical Considerations and Challenges, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880920470158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=86, issue=null, pageStart=25, pageEnd=32, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=LIANG X, HU X, HU Y, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIANG X, HU X, HU Y, et al. Recovery and functionality of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells using five different xeno-free cryoprotective solutions. Cryobiology. 2019; 86:25-32., articleTitle=Recovery and functionality of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells using five different xeno-free cryoprotective solutions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459882443002511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=13, issue=5, pageStart=93, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=MARESCHI K, ADAMINI A, CASTIGLIA S, journalName=Pharmaceuticals (Basel), refType=null, unstructuredReference=MARESCHI K, ADAMINI A, CASTIGLIA S, et al. Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Cells, In Vitro Expanded under Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) Conditions, Remain Stable over Time after Cryopreservation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2020; 13(5): 93., articleTitle=Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK) Cells, In Vitro Expanded under Good Manufacturing Process (GMP) Conditions, Remain Stable over Time after Cryopreservation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459882535277203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=114, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=XU R, SHI X, HUANG H, journalName=Cryobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XU R, SHI X, HUANG H, et al. Development of a Me2SO-free cryopreservation medium and its long-term cryoprotection on the CAR-NK cells. Cryobiology. 2024; 114:104835., articleTitle=Development of a Me2SO-free cryopreservation medium and its long-term cryoprotection on the CAR-NK cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459882635940502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=21, issue=6, pageStart=631, pageEnd=634, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=YAMATOYA K, NAGAI Y, TERAMOTO N, journalName=Biopreserv Biobank, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YAMATOYA K, NAGAI Y, TERAMOTO N, et al. Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Free Cryopreservation of Differentiated Human Neuronal Cells. Biopreserv Biobank. 2023; 21(6): 631-634., articleTitle=Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Free Cryopreservation of Differentiated Human Neuronal Cells, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246459857382036268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246459857390424878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, companyId=1246459857382036268, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246459857398813487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, companyId=1246459857382036268, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=深圳市北科生物科技有限公司,广东省深圳市 518061)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246459871130964253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Cell morphology of resuscitated umbilical cord Wharton's jelly tissue frozen with different cryoprotectants (×40), figureFileSmall=xytnjpU/WUns1fjrBsT5bQ==, figureFileBig=CEgSj2sPQrlBfuzoYgZZkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871240016163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存脐带华通氏胶组织复苏后的细胞形态学观察(×40)

图注:图A-C分别为CT、ST、GY冻存脐带华通氏胶组织复苏后的细胞生长形态。

, figureFileSmall=xytnjpU/WUns1fjrBsT5bQ==, figureFileBig=CEgSj2sPQrlBfuzoYgZZkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871521034548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Cell recovery and viability of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells after resuscitation thawing frozen with different cryoprotectants, figureFileSmall=QH7mAD1PhTG/K1JAa5P7Yw==, figureFileBig=3puFIayvdECNwGJ3ZWieiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871667835196, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存脐带间充质干细胞复苏后的细胞回收率和活率

图注:图A为细胞浓度为4×109 L-1时冻存复苏后的细胞回收率和活率,P > 0.05;B为细胞浓度为4×1010 L-1时冻存复苏后细胞回收率和活率,P > 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=QH7mAD1PhTG/K1JAa5P7Yw==, figureFileBig=3puFIayvdECNwGJ3ZWieiA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871747526974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Cell recovery and viability after resuscitation thawing of umbilical cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells frozen with different cryoprotectants, figureFileSmall=UF5rZWhdljnmfYivJJyPZA==, figureFileBig=TClRfbh5Zlx5Pgiink9SaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873349751113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存脐血/外周血单个核细胞复苏后的细胞回收率和活率

图注:图A为IM、SB和GY冷冻保护剂冷冻脐血单个核细胞复苏后的细胞回收率和活率,P > 0.05;B为IM、SB和GY冷冻保护剂冷冻外周血单个核细胞复苏后的细胞回收率和活率,P > 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=UF5rZWhdljnmfYivJJyPZA==, figureFileBig=TClRfbh5Zlx5Pgiink9SaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873462997326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Recovery and viability rates of CIK/NK cells frozen after resuscitation thawing with different cryopprotectants, figureFileSmall=a/GAs0GMoWidHkWWnDcQqg==, figureFileBig=uGWMFVo5qQkxxTdqQZrtkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873567854928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存CIK/NK细胞复苏后的细胞回收率和活率

图注:图A,B为脐血单个核细胞衍生的NK、CIK细胞使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存后复苏细胞的回收率和活率,P > 0.05;C,D为外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK、CIK细胞使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存后复苏细胞的回收率和活率,P > 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=a/GAs0GMoWidHkWWnDcQqg==, figureFileBig=uGWMFVo5qQkxxTdqQZrtkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873676906840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Expression of cell surface markers of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells frozen with different cryoprotectants after resuscitation thawing, figureFileSmall=HYuIKHX8YKDDiDs5HjY/Ig==, figureFileBig=8guM18erHnpUuCzHC6m8nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873777570138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存脐带间充质干细胞复苏后的细胞表面标志物表达

图注:图A,B为细胞浓度为4×109 L-1时冻存复苏后的细胞表面标志物表达,P > 0.05;C,D为细胞浓度为4×1010 L-1时冻存复苏后的细胞表面标志物表达,P > 0.05。

, figureFileSmall=HYuIKHX8YKDDiDs5HjY/Ig==, figureFileBig=8guM18erHnpUuCzHC6m8nw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873899204960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Expression of cell surface markers of CIK/NK frozen with different cryoprotectants after resuscitation thawing, figureFileSmall=IKy1orLy3bd1Ap94j7fgPA==, figureFileBig=2dHNKkDpmappi1+otbtjYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874012451174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存CIK/NK复苏后的细胞表面标志物表达

图注:图A为脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生的CIK细胞表面标志物表达;B为脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞细胞表面标志物表达。

, figureFileSmall=IKy1orLy3bd1Ap94j7fgPA==, figureFileBig=2dHNKkDpmappi1+otbtjYw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874117308779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Differentiation potential of three lines after resuscitation thawing of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells frozen with different cryoprotectants, figureFileSmall=uK1C5pmExjCYahKlJ5tDDQ==, figureFileBig=Viz+Ae2eioQE5wG1Qcr4Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874217972084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同冷冻保护剂冻存脐带间充质干细胞复苏后的细胞分化潜能, figureFileSmall=uK1C5pmExjCYahKlJ5tDDQ==, figureFileBig=Viz+Ae2eioQE5wG1Qcr4Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459874301858168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Compendium of cryoprotectant

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻保护剂配制方法使用方法成本(元/L)适用范围
CT含胎牛血清培养基∶二甲基亚砜=19∶1程序降温3 019.36干细胞
ST含血小板裂解物培养基∶二甲基亚砜=19∶1程序降温4 425.95干细胞
IMRPMI 1640培养基∶二甲基亚砜∶人血白蛋白=94∶5∶1程序降温1 553.79免疫细胞
SBStem-Cellbanker DMSO Free直接冷冻36 500.00免疫细胞
GY复方电解质∶人血白蛋白∶右旋糖酐40氯化钠注射=50∶10∶40;每1 000 mL溶液添加50 g海藻糖直接冷冻1 480.23通用型
), ArticleFig(id=1246459874381549952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷冻保护剂的信息汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
冷冻保护剂配制方法使用方法成本(元/L)适用范围
CT含胎牛血清培养基∶二甲基亚砜=19∶1程序降温3 019.36干细胞
ST含血小板裂解物培养基∶二甲基亚砜=19∶1程序降温4 425.95干细胞
IMRPMI 1640培养基∶二甲基亚砜∶人血白蛋白=94∶5∶1程序降温1 553.79免疫细胞
SBStem-Cellbanker DMSO Free直接冷冻36 500.00免疫细胞
GY复方电解质∶人血白蛋白∶右旋糖酐40氯化钠注射=50∶10∶40;每1 000 mL溶液添加50 g海藻糖直接冷冻1 480.23通用型
), ArticleFig(id=1246459874473824646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Cell number and viability of resuscitated umbilical cord tissue frozen with different cryoprotectants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别细胞数量(×106细胞活率(%)
ST组14.33±2.2095.25±0.77
CT组14.65±3.8194.09±0.94
GY组15.82±3.5795.65±0.96
F0.173 12.470 0
P0.845 10.165 0
), ArticleFig(id=1246459874574487949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同冷冻保护剂冻存脐带组织复苏后的细胞数量和活率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别细胞数量(×106细胞活率(%)
ST组14.33±2.2095.25±0.77
CT组14.65±3.8194.09±0.94
GY组15.82±3.5795.65±0.96
F0.173 12.470 0
P0.845 10.165 0
), ArticleFig(id=1246459874670956948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Tumor killing activity of NK cells/CIK cells frozen by different cryoprotectants after resuscitation thawing

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别脐血单个核细胞外周血单个核细胞
NK细胞CIK细胞NK细胞CIK细胞
SB组60.91±6.1261.94±3.1759.35±3.3658.62±2.26
IM组64.86±5.8564.19±1.6162.22±5.2261.18±4.38
GY组66.48±4.5162.08±5.1263.63±3.5561.22±4.76
F1.5791.2645.5901.266
P0.332 40.378 00.118 60.377 4
), ArticleFig(id=1246459874784203164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459850008449621, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同冷冻保护剂冻存NK细胞/CIK细胞复苏后的细胞杀瘤活性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别脐血单个核细胞外周血单个核细胞
NK细胞CIK细胞NK细胞CIK细胞
SB组60.91±6.1261.94±3.1759.35±3.3658.62±2.26
IM组64.86±5.8564.19±1.6162.22±5.2261.18±4.38
GY组66.48±4.5162.08±5.1263.63±3.5561.22±4.76
F1.5791.2645.5901.266
P0.332 40.378 00.118 60.377 4
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一种新型冷冻保护剂冻存组织和细胞的效果
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王清芳 , 张芬 , 昌广萍 , 李子晗 , 邢岚 , 彭浩 , 曾秀萍 , 钟桂强 , 陈辉 , 刘波 , 刘振宇 , 梁晓
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7816-7826
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7816-7826
一种新型冷冻保护剂冻存组织和细胞的效果
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王清芳, 张芬, 昌广萍, 李子晗, 邢岚, 彭浩, 曾秀萍, 钟桂强, 陈辉, 刘波, 刘振宇, 梁晓
作者信息
  • 深圳市北科生物科技有限公司,广东省深圳市 518061
  • Wang Qingfang, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

    王清芳,女,1989年生,河南省人,汉族,2011年河南科技大学毕业,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞培养研究工作。

    张芬,女,1986年生,湖北省汉川市人,汉族,深圳大学在读硕士,细胞制备工程师,主要从事细胞生物学、细胞质量研究、细胞产业化应用、动植物外囊泡等方面的研究。

    Zhang Fen, Master candidate, Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China

通讯作者:

梁晓,硕士,高级工程师,深圳市北科生物科技有限公司,广东省深圳市 518061
Effect of a novel cryoprotectant in tissues and cells
Qingfang Wang, Fen Zhang, Guangping Chang, Zihan Li, Lan Xing, Hao Peng, Xiuping Zeng, Guiqiang Zhong, Hui Chen, Bo Liu, Zhenyu Liu, Xiao Liang
Affiliations
  • Shenzhen Beike Biotechnology Co, Ltd, Shenzhen 5180601, Guangdong Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.534
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背景:

冷冻保存技术能够使组织/细胞于低温环境中长久贮存并维持活性与功能的完整性,这对细胞治疗、组织工程及生物样本库的构建有重大意义。冷冻保护剂常含二甲基亚砜和血清,为规避二甲基亚砜的毒副作用、血清成分的复杂性以及免疫反应等问题,部分成品冷冻保护剂虽已上市,但面临着成本高、应用受限等诸多难题,因此,迫切需要研发出一种成分明晰且能够解决上述问题的冷冻保护剂。

目的:

旨在评估一种新型冷冻保护剂对不同来源组织和细胞冻存效果的影响。

方法:

将新型冷冻保护剂作为实验组,市售及广泛使用的冷冻保护剂作为对照组,分别应用于脐带华通氏胶组织、脐带间充质干细胞、脐血/外周血单个核细胞、NK细胞及CIK细胞冻存,从冻存前和复苏后的细胞形态、数量、活率、表面标志物、分化潜能、细胞杀伤毒性等多方面进行对比分析,确认新型冷冻保护剂的冻存效果及潜在的应用价值。

结果与结论:

①采用新型冷冻保护剂能实现冻存脐带华通氏胶组织复苏后间充质干细胞形态正常,在细胞复苏回收率、表面标志物、分化潜能方面,实验组与对照组均无显著性差异;②实验组和对照组脐血/外周血单个核细胞冷冻复苏后的细胞数量和活率无显著性差异,且实验组和对照组NK细胞/CIK细胞冷冻复苏后的细胞数量和活率同样无显著性差异;③对于脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生分化的NK细胞,实验组和对照组CD56+CD16+细胞亚群比例无显著差异,对于脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生分化的CIK细胞,实验组和对照组CD3+CD8+和CD3+CD56+细胞亚群比例无显著差异;④在细胞杀伤毒性方面,当免疫细胞和黑色素瘤细胞系Mel624效靶比为20∶1时,无论是脐血还是外周血单个核细胞衍生分化的NK细胞/CIK细胞,实验组和对照组细胞杀瘤活性无显著差异。结果表明:新型冷冻保护剂能够替代现有的市售和广泛使用的冷冻保护剂,且对于脐带华通氏胶组织、脐带间充质干细胞、脐血/外周血单个核细胞、NK细胞及CIK细胞均适用,为通用冷冻保护剂的规模化、标准化、市场化提供了良好的技术基础。

冷冻保护剂  /  脐带华通氏胶组织  /  脐带间充质干细胞  /  脐血单个核细胞  /  外周血单个核细胞  /  NK细胞  /  CIK细胞
BACKGROUND:

The cryopreservation technology enables tissues/cells to be stored for a long time in a low-temperature environment while maintaining the integrity of their activity and function, which is of great significance for the construction of cell therapy, tissue engineering and biological sample banks. Cryoprotective agents often contain dimethyl sulfoxide and serum. To avoid the toxic side effects of dimethyl sulfoxide, the complexity of serum components and immune responses, although some finished cryoprotective agents have been marketed, they are faced with many difficulties such as high cost and limited application. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a cryoprotective agent with clear components and the ability to solve the above problems.

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effects of a novel cryoprotectant on cryopreservation efficiency of different tissue and cell sources.

METHODS:

By applying the novel cryoprotectant as an experimental group with the commercially available and widely used cryoprotectant (control group) to umbilical cord Wharton's jelly tissue, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, NK and CIK cells, comparative analyses were conducted in terms of cell morphology, number, viability, surface markers, differentiation potential, and cell-killing toxicity assay before cryopreservation and after resuscitation thawing. We confirmed the cryopreservation effect of the new cryoprotectant and its potential application value.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) The novel cryoprotectant facilitated the normal growth of cryopreserved Wharton's jelly tissue upon recovery, exhibiting mesenchymal stem cell morphology. No significant differences were observed between the experimental and control groups in terms of cell recovery rate, surface markers, and differentiation potential. (2) There was no significant difference in the number and viability of cells between the experimental group and the control group after cryopreservation of cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and the cryo-resuscitated cell numbers and viability of derived NK cells/CIK cells did not show significant difference between the experimental and control groups. (3) For NK cells derived and differentiated from cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there was no significant difference in the proportion of CD56+CD16+ cell subpopulations between the experimental group and the control group. For CIK cells derived and differentiated from cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there was no significant difference in the proportions of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD56+ cell subpopulations between the experimental group and the control group. (4) In terms of cytotoxicity testing, when the effective-target ratio of immune cells and melanoma cell line Mel624 was 20:1, whether it was NK cells/CIK cells derived from cord blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells, there was no significant difference in the tumoricidal activity of cells between the experimental group and the control group. These findings suggest that the novel cryoprotectant can replace existing commercially available and widely used cryoprotectants, and is applicable to Wharton's jelly tissue, umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical cord blood/peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as NK and CIK cells, providing a solid technical foundation for the scaling, standardization, and commercialization of universal cryoprotectants.

cryoprotectant  /  Wharton's jelly tissue  /  umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell  /  umbilical cord blood mononuclear cell  /  peripheral blood mononuclear cell  /  NK cell  /  CIK cell
王清芳, 张芬, 昌广萍, 李子晗, 邢岚, 彭浩, 曾秀萍, 钟桂强, 陈辉, 刘波, 刘振宇, 梁晓. 一种新型冷冻保护剂冻存组织和细胞的效果. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7816 -7826 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.534
Qingfang Wang, Fen Zhang, Guangping Chang, Zihan Li, Lan Xing, Hao Peng, Xiuping Zeng, Guiqiang Zhong, Hui Chen, Bo Liu, Zhenyu Liu, Xiao Liang. Effect of a novel cryoprotectant in tissues and cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7816 -7826 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.534
近年来,细胞研究成为生物医学领域的焦点,特别是在干细胞和免疫细胞领域,具有重要的社会效益和巨大的市场潜力。继2017年FDA批准诺华和凯特的两款CAR-T细胞治疗产品上市以来,细胞类创新药品的注册申报和临床研究项目明显增加,同时细胞种类的范围也不断扩大。为了最大限度地发挥细胞产品的疗效,并考虑从实验室到患者的时间和距离,对于现货型细胞产品而言,细胞冻存技术面临着新的挑战。良好的细胞冷冻保存技术可以确保细胞在长期冷冻过程中的存活率和功能完整性,也是保障细胞治疗产品临床应用质量的关键。因此,细胞冻存技术的进步对于推动细胞治疗产品的临床应用具有重要意义。
细胞冷冻过程中,若在未添加任何保护剂的条件下直接冷冻,细胞内外环境形成的冰晶会导致细胞机械损伤、电解质升高、渗透压改变、脱水、pH值变化、蛋白质变性等,进而引起细胞死亡。因此,适当添加冷冻保护剂有助于细胞抵御低温环境带来的损伤,保持细胞完整性和生理功能[1]。早在1947年,英国科学家POLGE发现10%甘油对人类精子的低温冷冻有保护作用。1959年,LOVELOCK提出二甲基亚砜作为有效冷冻保护剂,至今广泛应用[2]
常用的冷冻保护剂包括血清和二甲基亚砜,通常以5%-10%的浓度添加到基础培养基中[3]。然而,研究表明二甲基亚砜在某些情况下可能对细胞产生毒性或不良反应[4-6]。为了减轻二甲基亚砜的不利影响,有研究表明可通过添加糖类或高分子聚合物等来部分或完全替代二甲基亚砜,同样实现冷冻过程中的保护效果并减少潜在伤害[7-10]。海藻糖被认为是在糖类替代中最有效的选择之一[11-12],高分子聚合物也被广泛应用,常见方法是将基础培养基与含有血清的冷冻保护剂按比例混合,因血清中含白蛋白,对细胞有保护作用。然而,血清成分复杂且不确定,不同批次存在差异。根据FDA对干细胞疗法的监管规定[13],异种来源血清被禁止使用,推动了无血清培养基和无血清冷冻保护剂方案的发展[14-15]
为降低或消除二甲基亚砜和血清的影响,市场上已推出多种冷冻保护剂[16-21],例如CryoSO free DMSO-free(Sigma)、CryoStor CS10(STEMCELL)、STEM-CELLBANKER系列(ZENOAQ),这些冷冻保护剂不含血清,适用于干细胞类和免疫细胞应用。其中,CryoStor CS10是目前CAR-T产品中使用的冷冻保护剂,但含有10%二甲基亚砜。部分STEM-CELLBANKER系列产品也含二甲基亚砜,具体添加浓度未披露。研究显示,STEM-CELLBANKER系列中的Stem-Cellbanker DMSO Free相较于CryoStor CS10,细胞存活率和细胞活性更高[16]。然而,这些产品需进口,成本较高,限制了市场普及度。这些产品建议的细胞冻存浓度范围为5×108 L-1-5×109 L-1。细胞冻存浓度越高,所需冷冻保护剂越少,使临床应用清洗过程更简单,成本更低。近年来,国产冷冻保护剂研究取得进展,如赛存生物的干细胞冻存液、外周血单个核细胞冻存液、细胞冻存液,部分产品细胞浓度可达到1×1011 L-1,但应用范围受限;治疗用冷冻保护剂亘诺(三生生物)在相关专利中表现一般,难以满足免疫细胞高活性和高活率的要求(专利申请号CN202211699150.7)。鉴于上述情况,为了降低二甲基亚砜毒性,实现不同类型细胞的通用性,且在成本方面具有市场竞争力,作者所在团队开发了一种适用于脐带华通氏胶组织、间充质干细胞和免疫细胞的新型冷冻保护剂。该保护剂的成分明确,无血清、无动物源成分,包括复方电解质注射液、人血白蛋白、右旋糖酐40氯化钠注射液和海藻糖[22-24],其中复方电解质注射液和右旋糖酐40氯化钠注射液主要提供稳定的渗透压。该冷冻保护剂适用于非程序性降温,按比例配制后可在2-8 ℃条件下存放。使用时,与组织或细胞混匀后,可直接将样本放入-80 ℃条件下冷冻12 h,然后转移至液氮罐中长期保存。
为了验证新开发的冷冻保护剂的有效性,该研究使用了5种不同配方的冷冻保护剂,分别为ST、CT、IM、Stem-Cell banker DMSO Free(以下简称SB)和GY。其中,GY是作者所在团队新开发的通用型冷冻保护剂,适用于脐带华通氏胶组织、间充质干细胞以及免疫细胞的冻存。为了研究GY冷冻保护剂的效果,将5种不同冷冻保护剂用于对应的脐带华通氏胶组织、间充质干细胞和免疫细胞的冷冻操作中,其中ST、CT冻存脐带华通氏胶组织和间充质干细胞[25];IM、SB冻存脐血/外周血来源单个核细胞以及衍生的CIK细胞和NK细胞,GY冻存上述所有样本类型。在液氮罐中储存2周后,取出组织和细胞进行复苏培养,通过观察细胞形态、细胞数量及活率、细胞表面标志物、分化能力以及细胞杀伤毒性等多维度评价指标[26],评估GY冷冻保护剂的冻存效果是否达到或优于现有冷冻保护剂。这项研究为选择一种安全、有效的冷冻保护剂,并实现标准化、规模化冷冻保存组织和细胞技术提供更优的解决方案。
体外细胞实验。
实验于2022年12月至2023年12月在深圳市北科生物科技有限公司中心实验室完成。
实验样本均来自于经过健康供者知情同意后采集的脐带、脐血和外周血。供者的年龄范围在20-35岁,其中脐带和脐血采集自足月分娩的供者,并已通过深圳市北科生物科技有限公司伦理委员会批准(BK-SL-20220115-01)。
共测试了5种冷冻保护剂(表1):①CT由基础培养基(UltraCULTURE无血清培养基,LONZA,美国)、体积分数5%胎牛血清(LONZA,美国)和5%二甲基亚砜(WAK,德国)配制而成。②ST是由基础培养基(UltraCULTURE无血清培养基,LONZA,美国)、5%血小板裂解物(BI,美国)和5%二甲基亚砜(WAK,德国)配制而成。③IM是由94% RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco,美国)、5%二甲基亚砜(WAK,德国)和1%人血白蛋白(华兰生物,中国)配制而成,需配合使用程序性降温方式,将细胞放置于程序降温盒(Nalgene,美国)中,在-80 ℃超低温冰箱中按照1 ℃/min的速率程序性降温,冷冻超过4 h后,将细胞转移至液氮罐中可长期保存。④SB是从ZENOAQ(日本)购得的符合GMP标准的现货型冷冻保护剂。⑤GY是作者所在团队新开发的冷冻保护剂,其成分包括50%复方电解质注射液(四川科伦,中国)、10%人血白蛋白(华兰生物,中国)、40%右旋糖酐40氯化钠注射液(四川科伦,中国)和0.05 g/mL海藻糖(艾维拓,中国)。配制完成后,在2-8 ℃保存1年后应用。
将脐带样本先用PBS(TBD,中国)清洗2遍,去除2条动脉、1条静脉以及羊膜成分。剩余的华通氏胶组织剪成1-4 mm2小块,再使用PBS清洗2次。处理好的组织块平均分成2部分:一部分接种到T75培养瓶(NUNC,美国)内,每瓶接种1 g组织块,并添加10 mL无血清培养基(LONZA,美国),然后放置于37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱中培养,每隔3 d换液,当细胞融合度达到85%时,进行传代(传代细胞密度为5 000-6 000/cm2)。传代至第2代,收集细胞进行表面标志物鉴定(阳性指标CD90、CD73、CD105、CD29;阴性指标CD45、CD34、CD19、CD14、CD79a、HLA-DR),剩余细胞分别使用ST、CT、CY 3种冷冻保护剂按照冻存浓度分为4×109 L-1和4×1010 L-1两个梯度进行冷冻,具体使用方法见表1。另一部分组织块按照0.5 g/管的冻存密度,分别使用ST、CT、CY 3种冷冻保护剂冷冻备用。脐带华通氏胶组织块冷冻2周后,在37 ℃水浴中快速复温复苏,按照前述组织块的培养方法进行培养,直至收获第2代细胞进行细胞数量和活率的检测。
将获取的外周血和脐血经过初步消毒处理后,转移至50 mL离心管中,以900×g的离心力离心15 min,去除上层血浆之后,用PBS以1∶1的比例稀释离心管中的下层血细胞沉淀,缓慢将其铺加至人淋巴细胞分离液(TBD,中国)的表面,保持分离液与稀释血细胞悬液的界面清晰,然后以600×g的离心力离心15 min,离心结束后,吸取中间白膜层至新的50 mL离心管中,添加PBS后再以600×g的离心力离心10 min,离心结束后,弃去上清液,用PBS定容至50 mL,混合均匀后取0.5 mL用于细胞数量和细胞活率检测,再以400×g的离心力离心10 min,离心结束后,弃去上清液,分别使用GY、SB和IM冷冻保护剂,按照冻存浓度为4×1010 L-1进行细胞冷冻。
首先将冻存的脐血/外周血来源单个核细胞进行复苏培养,按照2×109 L-1细胞浓度接种到预先使用anti-CD3(Peprotech,美国)和anti-CD16(Peprotech,美国)初步激活的培养瓶中,然后添加含有2 000 U/mL白细胞介素2(Peprotech,美国)、50 ng/mL白细胞介素15(Peprotech,美国)、10 ng/mL白细胞介素21(Peprotech,美国)和5% CTS ™ Immune Cell SR(Gibco,美国)的无血清培养基(依科赛,中国),从第4天开始,每隔1 d补充添加含1 000 U/mL白细胞介素2和50 ng/mL白细胞介素15的无血清培养基,以保持总细胞浓度在2×109 L-1。当细胞数量呈对数增长时,将所有细胞悬液转移到培养袋(NIPRO,日本)中,直至培养期结束。整个培养过程在37 ℃、体积分数为5%CO2的加湿培养箱中进行。培养至第14天收集细胞,分别取对应的IM、SB、GY 3种冷冻保护剂,按照冻存浓度为4×1011 L-1进行细胞冻存。同时取样进行流式细胞术分析和细胞杀伤毒性检测。
首先对冻存的脐血/外周血来源单个核细胞进行复苏培养,按照2.5×109 L-1细胞浓度接种到使用anti-CD3初步激活的培养瓶中,并在RPMI 1640培养基(Gibco,美国)中重悬,添加5%血浆替代物(达科为,中国),第2天加入1 000 U/mL干扰素γ(同立海源,中国),第3天加入10 ng/mL白细胞介素1α(Peprotech,美国)、250 U/mL白细胞介素2和5%血浆替代物。从第4天开始,每隔1 d补充添加含150 U/mL白细胞介素2、500 U/mL干扰素γ和5%血浆替代物的培养基,以保持总细胞浓度在1×109 L-1。当细胞数量呈对数增长时,将所有细胞悬液转移到培养袋(NIPRO,日本)中,直至培养期结束。整个培养过程在37 ℃、体积分数为5%CO2的加湿培养箱中进行。培养至第14天收集细胞,分别取对应的IM、SB、GY 3种冷冻保护剂按照细胞浓度为4×1011 L-1进行冻存。同时取样进行流式细胞术分析和细胞杀伤毒性检测。
采用电脉冲三维扫描分析技术方法检测干细胞的细胞数量和细胞活率,首先将100 μL细胞悬液添加到10 mL Casyton(罗氏,德国)溶液中,然后使用快速细胞分析仪CASY-TT(罗氏,德国)检测。另外,采用双荧光染色法分别在细胞低温保存前和细胞解冻后评估免疫细胞的数量和活力,具体方法是将细胞悬液与吖啶橙/碘化丙啶(Nexcelom,美国)染料以1∶1的比例混合,然后使用荧光活力细胞计数仪器AUTO 2000(Nexcelom,美国)检测。通过冷冻后活细胞数量除以冷冻前活细胞数量计算细胞回收率。
为了分析细胞表面标志物,选取CD105、CD90、CD73、CD29作为间充质干细胞阳性指标,CD34、CD45、HLA-DR、CD14、CD79a作间充质干细胞阴性指标;免疫细胞则分析CD3、CD8、CD16、CD56细胞亚群。将待测200 μL细胞悬液与免疫荧光标记抗体及相应的同型对照抗体混合,如CD3-FITC、CD3-PerCP、CD8-PE、CD16-APC、CD45-FITC、CD56-PE等(BD,美国)。细胞与单克隆抗体在4 ℃下孵育30 min,然后用PBS洗涤2次,将细胞重悬后上机分析。采用BD FACSCalibur收集数据,使用CellQuest Pro软件进行分析。
(1)成骨分化:取复苏后的细胞样品,以2.0×103/cm2-3.0×103/cm2的密度接种于明胶包被后的12孔板中,在37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱中培养。当细胞融合度达到70%-100%时,使用成骨诱导完全培养基(赛业,中国)进行诱导分化,每三四天更换半量培养基,培养至第28天进行茜素红染色。
(2)成脂分化:取复苏后的细胞样品,以2.0×103/cm2-3.0×103/cm2的密度接种于明胶包被后的12孔板中,在37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱中培养。当细胞融合度达到70%-100%时,使用成脂诱导完全培养基(赛业,中国)进行诱导分化,每三四天更换1次培养基,培养至第28天进行油红O染色。
(3)成软骨分化:取复苏后细胞样品,以(3.0-5.0)×105个细胞接种于15 mL离心管中,使用成软骨诱导完全培养基(赛业,中国)进行诱导分化,离心后,在37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱中培养两三天(根据实际细胞生长情况)。当离心管底的细胞皱缩成团,呈现圆球状时,轻轻振动离心管底部使软骨球脱离管底并悬浮在液体中。每两三天更换1次培养基,诱导21-28 d后进行固定、脱水、包埋、切片处理,使用阿利新蓝染色液进行染色。
由于NK细胞和CIK细胞对靶细胞的识别是非特异性的,因此选用实验室已保存的黑色素瘤细胞系Mel624(ATCC,美国)作为杀伤实验的靶细胞。将脐血/外周血单个核细胞来源的CIK细胞和NK细胞复苏洗涤后加入含体积分数10%胎牛血清的RPMI1640培养基,然后按照1×104/孔的量加入到96孔板中,每孔细胞悬液体积为100 μL,根据免疫细胞和肿瘤细胞的效靶比(E∶T)设为20∶1共同培养。培养24 h后使用酶标仪(Thermo,美国)在490 nm波长下检测各孔吸光度值。
细胞杀瘤活性(%)=[1-(共培养细胞吸光度值-效应细胞吸光度值)/靶细胞吸光度值]×100%
①脐带华通氏胶组织冻存复苏后细胞形态、细胞数量和活率;②脐带间充质干细胞冷冻前后的细胞数量和活率,以及复苏后细胞分化潜能、细胞表面标志物表达;③脐血和外周血单个核细胞冷冻前后细胞数量和活率;④脐血和外周血单个核细胞衍生的CIK/NK细胞冷冻前后细胞数量和活率,以及复苏后的细胞表面标志物和细胞杀瘤活性。
数据统计分析采用GraphPad Prism 8.0软件(GraphPad软件,美国)。组间比较采用单因素方差分析(One-Way ANOVA),计数资料以百分率(%)表示。显著性水平设定为P < 0.05,表示差异有显著性意义。文章统计学方法经过深圳市北科生物科技有限公司生物统计学专家审核。
从3个脐带样本中培养扩增脐带间充质干细胞至第2代,细胞浓度分别为4×109 L-1和4×1010 L-1,采用ST、CT、GY 3种冷冻保护剂进行细胞冻存,每支规格为1 mL,细胞活率分别为97.43%,97.41%,95.86%。细胞冻存前进行了细胞表面标志物检测,其中阳性指标CD90、CD73、CD105、CD29均不低于98%,阴性指标CD45、CD34、CD19、CD14、CD79a、HLA-DR均不超过2%。
对采集不超过12 h的脐血和外周血进行分离培养后,将脐血单个核细胞按照细胞浓度4×109 L-1采用GY、SB、IM 3种冷冻保护剂进行细胞冻存,每支规格为1 mL,3个样本的细胞活率分别为94.53%,95.45%,93.19%;将外周血单个核细胞按照细胞浓度4×109 L-1采用GY、SB、IM 3种冷冻保护剂进行细胞冻存,每支规格为1 mL,3个样本的细胞活率分别为99.84%,99.62%,99.80%。
由脐血/外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞和CIK细胞,按照细胞浓度4×1011 L-1采用GY、SB、IM 3种冷冻保护剂进行细胞冻存,每支规格为1 mL,其中外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞活率分别为94.51%,93.94%,95.50%(平均为94.65%),CIK细胞活率分别为90.03%,89.70%,90.96%(平均为90.23%)。脐血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞活率分别为94.28%,94.43%,97%.00(平均为94.90%),CIK细胞活率分别为95.8%,94.69%,96.12%(平均为95.54%)。
在经过GY、ST和CT冻存2周后,将脐带华通氏胶组织块复苏培养至第11天,通过倒置显微镜(OLYMPUS-IX73,日本)观察3组细胞样本均呈现出长梭形或纺锤形态(图1),且细胞融合度均达到85%。将细胞按照5×106 L-1的细胞浓度培养到第2代进行细胞数量和活率检测(表2),ST组细胞平均收获量为14.33×106,平均活率为95.25%;CT组细胞平均收获量为14.65×106,平均活率为94.09%;GY组细胞平均收获量为15.82×106,平均活率为95.65%。综合细胞数量和活率结果来看,新开发的GY冷冻保护剂略优于其他2种,但3种冷冻保护剂对冻存效果的影响并无显著差异。
为了评估新开发的GY冻存保护剂在低冻存浓度(4×109 L-1)和高冻存浓度(4×1010 L-1)下的效果,复苏了分别使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存的第2代脐带间充质干细胞,检测细胞数量和活率,并计算回收率,通过对比回收率来评估冻存效果。低浓度冻存细胞复苏结果显示(图2A),ST组平均获得3.80×106个细胞,平均回收率为95.08%,细胞平均活率为96.82%;CT组平均获得3.68×106个细胞,平均回收率为92.00%,细胞平均活率为95.96%;GY组平均获得3.85×106个细胞,平均回收率为96.25%,细胞平均活率为97.60%。细胞活率与冻存前平均活率96.90%基本一致。3组在细胞回收率和细胞活率上并无显著性差异。高浓度冻存细胞复苏结果显示(图2B),ST组平均获得3.73×107个细胞,回收率为93.25%,细胞平均活率为96.74%;CT组平均获得3.65×107个细胞,平均回收率为91.25%,细胞平均活率为96.54%;GY组平均获得3.80×107个细胞,平均回收率为95%,细胞平均活率为97.47%。细胞活率与冻存前平均活率96.90%基本一致。3组在细胞回收率和细胞活率上也无显著性差异。根据低密度冻存和高密度冻存后的细胞回收率和细胞活率结果,显示新开发的GY冷冻保护剂的冻存效果与其他两组冷冻保护剂无显著性差异。因此,GY冷冻保护剂可应用于脐带华通氏胶组织块和间充质干细胞冻存,为组织和干细胞类细胞冷冻工艺提供了良好的技术参考。
通过检测脐血/外周血来源单个核细胞复苏后的细胞数量和活率,计算出细胞回收率,通过对比细胞回收率评估GY冷冻保护剂的效果。对于脐血单个核细胞,IM组复苏后平均获得3.51×107个细胞,平均活率为93.60%,平均回收率为87.67%;SB组复苏后平均获得3.57×107个细胞,平均活率为94.48%,平均回收率为89.25%;GY组复苏后平均获得3.55×107个细胞,平均活率为94.56%,平均回收率为88.75%。3组之间无论是细胞活率还是细胞回收率均无显著性差异(图3A)。对于外周血单个核细胞,IM组复苏后平均获得3.55×107个细胞,平均活率为93.60%,平均回收率为88.83%;SB组复苏后平均获得3.40×107个细胞,平均活率为94.48%,平均回收率为85.08%;GY组复苏后平均获得3.60×107个细胞,平均活率为94.77%,平均回收率为89.92%。3组之间无论是细胞活率还是细胞回收率均无显著性差异(图3B)。综合细胞数量和活率结果来看,新开发的GY冷冻保护剂对脐血/外周血单个核细胞冻存复苏后的细胞回收率与IM、SB冷冻保护剂无显著性差异,即GY冷冻保护剂适用于脐血和外周血单个核细胞的冻存工艺。
对冻存后的NK和CIK细胞复苏后进行细胞数量和活率检测,对于脐血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞:IM组复苏后平均获得3.39×108个细胞,平均活率为94.51%,平均回收率为84.70%;SB组复苏后平均获得3.43×108个细胞,平均活率为95.33%,平均回收率为85.68%;GY组复苏后平均获得3.48×108个细胞,平均活率为97.18%,平均回收率为86.88%。使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存脐血单个核细胞衍生NK细胞的细胞回收率无显著性差异(图4A)。对于脐血单个核细胞衍生的CIK细胞:IM组复苏后平均获得3.32×108个细胞,平均活率为92.72%,平均回收率为83.05%;SB组复苏后平均获得3.38×108个细胞,平均活率为92.03%,平均回收率为84.53 %;GY组复苏后平均获得3.39×108个细胞,平均活率为93.04%,平均回收率为84.64%;使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存脐血单个核细胞衍生CIK细胞的细胞回收率无显著性差异(图4B)。对于外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞:IM组复苏后平均获得3.31×108个细胞,平均活率为91.92%,平均回收率为82.87%;SB组复苏后平均获得3.32×108个细胞,平均活率为94.29%,平均回收率为82.89%;GY组复苏后平均获得3.36×108个细胞,平均活率为94.80%,平均回收率为83.99%;使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存外周血单个核细胞衍生NK细胞的细胞回收率无显著性差异(图4C)。对于外周血单个核细胞衍生的CIK细胞:IM组复苏后平均获得3.44×108个细胞,平均活率为95.02%,平均回收率为85.94%;SB组复苏后平均获得3.50×108个细胞,平均活率为95.38%,平均回收率为87.55%;GY组复苏后平均获得3.51×106个细胞,平均活率为96.89%,平均回收率为87.73%。使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存外周血单个核细胞衍生NK细胞的细胞回收率无显著性差异(图4D)。根据细胞数量和活率检测结果显示,无论是脐血单个核细胞还是外周血单个核细胞衍生的CIK细胞和NK细胞,在细胞回收率和活率方面,使用3种冷冻保护剂无显著性差异,这表明新开发的GY冷冻保护剂适用于脐血/外周血来源单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞/CIK细胞的冷冻过程。针对免疫细胞,无论是单个核细胞还是衍生的NK细胞/CIK细胞,均可以采用GY冷冻保护剂,为标准化及规模化推广应用提供了技术基础。
使用3种冷冻保护剂冻存的第2代脐带间充质干细胞复苏后进行表面标志物检测,结果显示,与细胞冷冻前检测结果一致,阳性标志物的平均阳性率达到95%以上,而阴性指标均低于2%,3组细胞表面标志物均无显著性差异(图5)。
脐血单个核细胞衍生的CIK细胞:GY组平均由57.79%的CD3+CD8+细胞和23.80%的CD3+CD56+细胞组成;SB组平均由53.36%的CD3+CD8+细胞和29.25%的CD3+CD56+细胞组成;IM组平均由51.28%的CD3+CD8+细胞和平均27.09%的CD3+CD56+细胞组成(图6A)。外周血单个核细胞衍生的CIK细胞:GY组平均由58.26%的CD3+CD8+细胞和15.23%的CD3+CD56+细胞组成;SB组平均由54.11%的CD3+CD8+细胞和16.67%的CD3+CD56+细胞组成;IM组平均由53.82%的CD3+CD8+细胞和11.26%的CD3+CD56+细胞组成(图6A)。
脐血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞:GY组平均由79.05%的CD56+CD16+细胞组成;SB组平均由75.86%的CD56+CD16+细胞组成;IM组平均由71.91%的CD56+CD16+细胞组成(图6B)。外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞:GY组平均由68.40%的CD56+CD16+细胞组成;SB组平均由65.02%的CD56+CD16+细胞组成;IM组平均由61.95%的CD56+CD16+细胞组成(图6B)。
无论是脐血单个核细胞还是外周血单个核细胞衍生的CIK和NK细胞,在同类细胞使用3组冷冻保护剂冷冻复苏后细胞的表面标志物表达无显著性差异,表明所开发的GY冷冻保护剂在冻存效果上与IM、SB一致。
使用GY、ST、CT冷冻保护剂冻存间充质干细胞复苏后进行三系分化检测,结果显示,3组细胞都具有良好的成骨、成脂和成软骨分化能力(图7),再次验证了新开发的GY冷冻保护剂在冻存效果上与ST和CT一致。
为验证新开发的GY冷冻保护剂对最终细胞制剂有效性方面的影响,复苏了经3种冷冻保护剂保存的脐血/外周血单个核细胞来源的NK细胞和CIK细胞,并进行了体外细胞杀伤毒性检测。在NK细胞/CIK细胞与黑色素瘤细胞系Mel624的效靶比(E∶T)为20∶1共培养后,确认了细胞的杀瘤活性(表3)。结果显示,脐血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞在杀瘤活性上3组间无显著性差异(P=0.332 4),其中GY组对Mel624的平均致死率为66.48%,略高于SB组的60.91%和IM组的64.86%;外周血单个核细胞衍生的NK细胞在杀瘤活性上3组之间无显著性差异(P=0.118 6),SB组、IM组与GY组对Mel624的致死率分别为59.35%,62.22%和63.63%。SB组、IM组和GY组脐血单个核细胞来源的CIK细胞对Mel624的平均致死率分别为61.94%,64.19%和62.08%(P=0.378 0),SB组、IM组和GY组外周血单个核细胞来源的CIK细胞对Mel624的平均致死率分别为58.62%,61.18%和61.22%(P=0.377 4)。不同冷冻保护剂之间的杀瘤活性基本在50%-70%范围,SB组呈现的结果较GY组略低,可能和细胞冻存的密度相关。SB的细胞浓度范围上限的建议是在1×109 L-1,而实际细胞浓度达到了1×1011 L-1。但是3组的整体结果没有显著性差异,结果说明GY冷冻保护剂与IM、SB在CIK细胞和NK细胞的杀瘤活性方面相似。
生物体的低温冷冻一直是生物医学领域的研究热点[27]。传统的缓慢降温低温保存方法容易导致细胞外水分形成冰晶。而细胞外冰晶的形成会导致胞外溶质浓度升高[28],为了平衡渗透压,渗透浓度梯度会驱动细胞内液体穿过半透膜。在降温速率缓慢的情况下,细胞体积会收缩,胞内发生脱水,产生溶质性损伤;在降温速率较快的情况下,容易造成细胞内冰晶的形成。复温过程中,胞外冰晶融化导致水分渗入细胞内,可能引发细胞内再结晶,最终损伤细胞导致细胞死亡[29-31]。为了实现理想的冷冻效果,应选择合适的冷冻保护剂,并严格控制整个冷冻和复温过程中的温度变化,以尽量减少细胞内外冰晶的形成,从而有效避免冷冻损伤,最大限度地保留细胞活性。
冷冻保护剂分为两种:一种是渗透性的,一般属于小分子,例如二甲基亚砜、异丙醇、甘油等,他们可以渗透到细胞内,作用于细胞内维持渗透压的平衡来规避细胞损伤;另一种是非渗透性的,基本为大分子,例如右旋糖酐、动物血清、蔗糖、海藻糖等,由于分子质量大,很难通过细胞膜渗透到细胞内,主要作为细胞外保护剂减少冷冻过程中的细胞损伤。目前二甲基亚砜已经成为细胞冻存保护剂的经典组成成分,然而其安全性问题仍然存在一定争议。毒理学数据表明,二甲基亚砜是一种微毒类的化学试剂,存在急性和慢性毒性。临床试验显示,患者应用二甲基亚砜后可能出现不同程度的临床毒性[4-6]。二甲基亚砜在临床环境中的细胞毒性与一些不良反应相关,如恶心、呕吐、腹泻、溶血、皮疹、肾功能衰竭、高血压、心动过缓和肺水肿,其毒性程度的高低有待于进一步研究[32]。为了避免或减少二甲基亚砜可能存在的毒性作用,有研究单位正在探索新的化合物和技术,并力求开发出无二甲基亚砜的更为安全有效的替代品[33-34]
多项研究结果表明,因海藻糖独特的结构能够协助生物体在低温环境下实现稳定[35]。海藻糖是一种无毒的生物相容性保护剂,在细菌、真菌和动植物体内均有发现,属于一种天然的非还原性双糖[36]。目前,海藻糖已被有效用于各种细胞的低温保存,包括小鼠精子、造血干细胞、红细胞、人脂肪组织来源间充质干细胞、人源性肝细胞、人类胰岛细胞和皮肤来源细胞等[37];在其他方面,海藻糖协同其他递质实现了细胞外囊泡的低温保存。综上,在细胞回收率和活率方面海藻糖具有很好的冻存效果,这和此研究的结果是一致的。此外,海藻糖冷冻保存的细胞可以不被清洗而使用,这对于“现货型”细胞的治疗应用更为高效便捷且范围更广泛,但海藻糖的低温保护作用机制极其复杂,目前尚未明确,而且在不同的文章中存在相互矛盾的结论[35]。此研究中海藻糖和其他保护剂协同的低温保持效果与含有二甲基亚砜冷冻保护剂无显著差异,进一步说明了海藻糖具有替代二甲基亚砜冷冻保护的功能。
此外还有在冷冻保护剂中添加动物来源血清,虽然血清在细胞培养中发挥重要作用,可以促进细胞附着、增殖,结合和中和有毒分子,降低剪切应力,并提供抗氧化防御,但是由于血清批次间的差异波动、来源不稳定等各种因素,使用前需要进行大量的验证工作,因此会导致生产和科研工作变得非常复杂。此外,动物来源血清中细菌和朊病毒等可能会传染并诱导引起免疫反应[38-40]。因此,FDA发布了严格禁止使用异种产品的指导方针[13],后续衍生出使用无血清培养基添加5%二甲基亚砜组合,如果已经采用无血清体系来培养细胞,却使用了含有血清的冻存液,再次引入了血清,依旧在细胞药品申报和临床研究中存在各种问题。
在实际研究和生产中,目前的企业和研究机构根据细胞多样性、冷冻工艺的复杂性和成本等多维度评估,针对不同类型的细胞选用不同的冷冻保护剂,包括市售成品类和自行配制冷冻保护剂,涵盖了针对干细胞和免疫细胞的不同类型产品,以及需要程序性降温或非程序降温的产品。即使是同一种类型的细胞在冷冻过程中所使用的冷冻保护剂有效成分浓度也存在多样性,多样性的冷冻保护剂难以推进细胞大规模冻存的工业化;自配产品通常采用“现配现用”的模式,同时这些自配冷冻保护剂的安全性常常受到质检限制,因为无法在短时间内准确检测其无菌状态,这在规模化细胞制品生产中是潜在的安全隐患[41]。近年来,超低温保存技术也在应用中不断革新,包括冷冻保护剂组合和新冷冻保护剂的通用应用技术。目前市场上出现了一些通用型冷冻保护剂,尽管大多数不含血清,但仍含有一定比例的二甲基亚砜,或者仅适用于科研阶段的使用,并对细胞浓度有所限制。由于大部分产品需要进口,因此其成本远高于自配冷冻保护剂。在规模化应用场景下,这些产品的成本将进一步增加,从而限制了它们在市场上的推广。同时,由于供应链受国际贸易影响较大,这些产品的供应稳定性难以保障。对于已经上市的国产化成分限定的冷冻保护剂,其冻存效果仍需进一步提高。
为了解决以上存在的问题,该研究基于供应链稳定性因素筛选国产试剂,并进行联合配比的研究开发,将新开发的GY冷冻保护剂与市售产品以及几种新鲜配制的冷冻保护剂进行了比较。结果表明,脐带华通氏胶组织在冻存2周后能够正常复苏培养,并且在细胞形态和数量方面与其他组无显著性差异;细胞回收率和活性在冷冻后仍然保持较高水平,细胞表面标志物表达和细胞分化情况均未见明显差异,表明GY冷冻保护剂在脐带华通氏胶组织和间充质干细胞冷冻中表现出良好效果。在免疫细胞方面,使用GY冷冻保护剂的脐血/外周血单个核细胞回收率与使用IM和SB冻存保护剂无显著差异。进一步比较脐血/外周血单个核细胞复苏扩增衍生的NK细胞和CIK细胞数量发现,CIK细胞的增殖效果优于NK细胞,这与LIANG等[42]的研究结果一致,但不同组别间的细胞收获量无显著性差异。此外,脐血/外周血单个核细胞复苏扩增衍生的NK细胞或CIK细胞使用3种冻存保护剂冻存后的杀瘤活性无显著性差异,可能因细胞冻存密度不同而导致GY组的结果略优于SB组。综上所述,GY冷冻保护剂在多种组织或多种细胞类型中都表现出良好的适用性。
根据以上分析,GY冷冻保护剂在规模化生产应用方面具有广阔前景。首先,该产品不含血清和二甲基亚砜,有效规避了血清可能带来的异质性和免疫反应风险,同时避免了二甲基亚砜可能引发的细胞毒性;其次,成分清晰明了,可提前进行大批量配制并进行批检测放行,从而解决新鲜配制可能带来的安全性(尤其是微生物污染方面)风险;第三,该产品在成本方面具备一定优势,相较于进口冷冻保护剂,在规模化应用中更具竞争力;第四,国产试剂供应充足,避免了进口产品供应不稳定的影响;第五,细胞浓度范围广(4×109 L-1 -4×1011 L-1),使用少量冷冻保护剂即可达到相同冷冻效果,减少了临床应用的清洗流程。综上所述,在生物体冷冻技术领域,首次研究了一种安全无毒性且可规模化配制的国产化冷冻保护剂,可适用于干细胞和免疫细胞冷冻并长期保存,为多种细胞类型冻存提供了新的方案,在市场化、规模化和标准化应用上奠定了坚实的技术基础,对指导实际生产具备较大的参考意义。
该研究评估了GY冷冻保护剂在1年期冷冻保存过程中的效果,并将其与市售的成品冻存液进行了比较,结果显示,GY冷冻保护剂在冷冻保存效果上与市售产品无显著差异。然而,长期稳定性实验还需进一步深入探索研究。目前,细胞治疗行业涉及多种不同类型的细胞,例如间充质干细胞、成纤维细胞、造血干细胞、淋巴细胞、诱导多能干细胞等。由于细胞特性的复杂性和多样性,该研究选择了代表性的几个细胞类型进行了研究测试,但并未涵盖所有细胞类型,因此后续需要扩大研究范围以覆盖更多细胞类型。目前,相关研究单位也在进行类似的研究[22,43-45],实现理想的冻存技术仍需进一步的探索实验和技术攻关。通过优化实验步骤,提升冻存效果,并持续推动细胞在临床实践、生物医学等领域的应用,有助于解决细胞大规模冻存的工业化问题,促进细胞治疗行业的良好发展。
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.534
  • 接收时间:2024-05-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-20
  • 修回日期:2024-08-26
  • 录用日期:2024-07-15
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    深圳市北科生物科技有限公司,广东省深圳市 518061

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梁晓,硕士,高级工程师,深圳市北科生物科技有限公司,广东省深圳市 518061
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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