Article(id=1246459849320587770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.550, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720368000000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-08, revisedDate=1729094400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-17, acceptedDate=1725033600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-31, onlineDate=1775108786181, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108786181, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108786181, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108786181, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7728, endPage=7734, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459852684419596, articleId=1246459849320587770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Effect and mechanism of metformin-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on regulating chondrocytes, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint condition identified by ongoing deterioration of the cartilage matrix, and there is currently no effective drug treatment plan. Metformin-modified exosomes isolated from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can become a new method for treating osteoarthritis due to their avoidance of oral drug adverse reactions and immunogenicity.

OBJECTIVE:

To study the controlling impact of exosomes from metformin-altered bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on chondrocytes.

METHODS:

Rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes were cultured in vitro. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes and metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes were collected using a high-speed centrifuge. Chondrocytes were cultured with exosome-containing culture medium for 24 hours and then treated with 100 µmol/L H2O2 for 24 hours. The capability changes of two extracellular vesicles on chondrocyte proliferation and migration were detected using CCK8 assay and scratch healing experiment, respectively. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were employed to examine the alterations in the expression of type II collagen, P16 protein, and their mRNA in chondrocytes.

Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the changes in the expression of MKK7/JNK pathway proteins. ELISA kits were utilized to measure the activity of cell superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde in chondrocytes.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) In an oxidative stress environment, the proliferation and migration abilities of chondrocytes were weakened. The two types of exosomes could restore the proliferation and migration abilities of chondrocytes to a certain extent. Metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes had a significantly better improvement effect (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with normal bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes could more effectively increase type II collagen expression and superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05), and were also more effective in reducing P16 expression and malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). (3) The two types of exosomes could inhibit the expression of MKK7 and p-JNK proteins to a certain extent, and the inhibitory effect of metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes was more significant (P < 0.05). The results show that in an oxidative stress environment, metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes resist chondrocyte aging and promote chondrocyte proliferation by inhibiting the MKK7/JNK pathway.

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Liu Danping, MD, Professor, Chief physician, Doctoral supervisor, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China
Qi Hui, PhD, Associate researcher, Beijing Trauma Orthopedics Institute, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
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背景:

骨关节炎是一种以软骨基质持续性破坏为特征的退行性关节病,目前仍无有效的药物治疗方案,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体因避免了口服药物不良反应及免疫原性等特点,可能成为治疗骨关节炎的新方法。

目的:

探讨二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对软骨细胞的调节作用。

方法:

体外培养乳兔骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞。使用超速离心法收集正常骨髓间充质干细胞源性外泌体和经过二甲双胍预处理的骨髓间充质干细胞源性外泌体,分别用含外泌体的培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,再用100 μmol/L H2O2干预24 h。采用CCK-8法和划痕愈合实验检测软骨细胞增殖和迁移能力变化;采用Western blot和RT-qPCR检测软骨细胞中Ⅱ型胶原、P16蛋白及mRNA的表达变化,以及采用Western blot检测MKK7/JNK通路蛋白的表达变化;使用ELISA试剂盒检测软骨细胞中超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛水平。

结果与结论:

①在氧化应激环境下,软骨细胞的增殖和迁移能力减弱,两种外泌体能够一定程度恢复软骨细胞的增殖和迁移能力,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的改善效果更显著(P < 0.05);②与正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体相比,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体更能有效提高Ⅱ型胶原表达和超氧化物歧化酶活性(P < 0.05),同时也更能有效降低P16表达和丙二醛水平(P < 0.05);③两种外泌体能够一定程度抑制MKK7和p-JNK蛋白表达,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的抑制效果更显著(P < 0.05)。结果表明,在氧化应激环境下,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体通过抑制MKK7/JNK通路对抗软骨细胞衰老并促进软骨细胞增殖。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘丹平,博士,教授,主任医师,博士生导师,锦州医科大学附属第一医院,辽宁省锦州市 121000
綦惠,博士,副研究员,北京市创伤骨科研究所,北京积水潭医院,北京市 100035
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作者贡献:

所有研究人员都参与了实验流程,主要作者起草了初稿,通讯作者进行了校对。

Sima Xinli, Master candidate, Attending physician, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China

司马鑫利,男,1984年生,锦州医科大学在读硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨科、手足显微外科研究。

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Sima Xinli, Master candidate, Attending physician, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China

司马鑫利,男,1984年生,锦州医科大学在读硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨科、手足显微外科研究。

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Sima Xinli, Master candidate, Attending physician, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China

司马鑫利,男,1984年生,锦州医科大学在读硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨科、手足显微外科研究。

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Chem Biol Interact. 2018; 296:76-82., articleTitle=GADD45β-I attenuates oxidative stress and apoptosis via Sirt3-mediated inhibition of ER stress in osteoarthritis chondrocytes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459880501043675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=27, issue=2, pageStart=131, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=71, authorNames=YOON HJ, CHO SY, KIM HG, journalName=J Pharmacopuncture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YOON HJ, CHO SY, KIM HG, et al. Protective Effects of Changbudodam-tang on Cell Death Signals on the Bone Marrow-Derived Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells via Regulation of MKK7/JNK/c-Jun Signaling Pathway. 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图注:图A为骨髓间充干细胞多向分化能力:茜素红、油红O、阿利新蓝染色阳性(标尺:200 μm);B为透射电镜观察外泌体的超微结构(标尺:200 nm);C为Western blot检测外泌体表面蛋白标志物。MET-Exos:二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体;NC-Exos:正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=Ne3B7gdO8vZLc7ke7PhKVg==, figureFileBig=7Ja+M7U6Cr8tddBM9Ug/VQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459861572150225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Proliferation activity of chondrocytes in each group, figureFileSmall=aWw4wIqaZ/0qzyfuAjivJg==, figureFileBig=/FVPA6PyJXLynOlz4YiIVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459861672813529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各组软骨细胞的增殖活力

图注:图A为二甲双胍作用下,软骨细胞增殖活力,与0 d比较,aP < 0.05;B为不同条件下,软骨细胞的增殖活力。与对照组相比,aP < 0.05;与模型组相比,bP < 0.05;与NC-Exos组相比,cP < 0.05。MET-Exos:二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体;NC-Exos:正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=aWw4wIqaZ/0qzyfuAjivJg==, figureFileBig=/FVPA6PyJXLynOlz4YiIVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459861765088226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Confocal microscopy observation of chondrocyte uptake of exosomes (scale bars: 50 μm), figureFileSmall=u5QZsz5CCelfFBWtv8uCEg==, figureFileBig=GGPhAJfGiUGzdD8ryvZxwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459861832197099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=图3, caption=共聚焦显微镜观察软骨细胞对外泌体的摄取情况(标尺:50 μm)

图注:图A为软骨细胞对NC-Exos的摄取;B为软骨细胞对MET-Exos的摄取。MET-Exos:二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体;NC-Exos:正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=u5QZsz5CCelfFBWtv8uCEg==, figureFileBig=GGPhAJfGiUGzdD8ryvZxwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459861920277492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Chondrocyte migration ability among different groups (×100), figureFileSmall=J5RqAkJ7OX1ShqPLFeQc9g==, figureFileBig=W+VWGjh1Wl/xIi8MOM6hbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459862041912312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组软骨细胞迁移能力(×100)

图注:与对照组相比,aP < 0.05;与模型组相比,bP < 0.05;与NC-Exos组相比,cP < 0.05。MET-Exos:二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体;NC-Exos:正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=J5RqAkJ7OX1ShqPLFeQc9g==, figureFileBig=W+VWGjh1Wl/xIi8MOM6hbA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865464464385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Western blot detection of the expression of type II collagen, P16 and MKK7/JNK pathway-related proteins in chondrocytes of each group, figureFileSmall=H/rUZdwdtWmgS2i7A0jGKw==, figureFileBig=VuzFw7cspGKmtRfn8TDN8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865577709578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Western blot检测各组软骨细胞Ⅱ型胶原、P16和MKK7/JNK通路相关蛋白表达

图注:图A为Ⅱ型胶原、P16蛋白表达;B为MKK7/JNK通路相关蛋白表达。与对照组相比,aP < 0.05;与模型组相比,bP < 0.05;与NC-Exos组相比,cP < 0.05。MET-Exos:二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体;NC-Exos:正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。MKK7:丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶7;JNK:c-Jun氨基末端激酶;p-JNK:磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶。

, figureFileSmall=H/rUZdwdtWmgS2i7A0jGKw==, figureFileBig=VuzFw7cspGKmtRfn8TDN8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865665789966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=RT-qPCR detection of mRNA expression of type II collagen and P16 in chondrocytes of each group, figureFileSmall=rNY9lQgyGm5fzNkBPx7QaA==, figureFileBig=JkoiTxDlasBlkqlQcyPKZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865753870356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=图6, caption=RT-qPCR检测各组软骨细胞中Ⅱ型胶原、P16 mRNA表达

图注:与对照组相比,aP < 0.05;与模型组相比,bP < 0.05;与NC-Exos组相比,cP < 0.05。MET-Exos:二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体;NC-Exos:正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=rNY9lQgyGm5fzNkBPx7QaA==, figureFileBig=JkoiTxDlasBlkqlQcyPKZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865841950746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

RT-PCR primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5’-3’)
Ⅱ型胶原上游:TGA GCC AAA TCC AGT TGA AGA C
 下游:TTC GCC TAA ATC TCC ATC TAC C
P16上游:CTC CTC AGA GAC ACG TGA GCG
 下游:TGA CCT TAC GCT CGC TCC T
GAPDH上游:TGA AGG TCG GAG TGA ACG GAT
 下游:CGT TCT CAG CCT TGA CCG TG
), ArticleFig(id=1246459865955196960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RT-qPCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5’-3’)
Ⅱ型胶原上游:TGA GCC AAA TCC AGT TGA AGA C
 下游:TTC GCC TAA ATC TCC ATC TAC C
P16上游:CTC CTC AGA GAC ACG TGA GCG
 下游:TGA CCT TAC GCT CGC TCC T
GAPDH上游:TGA AGG TCG GAG TGA ACG GAT
 下游:CGT TCT CAG CCT TGA CCG TG
), ArticleFig(id=1246459866076831784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Effects of exosomes on superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde level in chondrocytes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别超氧化物歧化酶(U/g)丙二醛(nmol/mg)
对照组1 935.83±11.825.21±0.43
模型组1 533.24±104.80a16.72±2.11a
NC-Exos组1 834.67±43.25ab12.41±2.87ab
MET-Exos组1 852.77±13.08ab7.18±0.08bc
), ArticleFig(id=1246459866190077998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849320587770, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

外泌体对软骨细胞超氧化物歧化酶活性、丙二醛水平的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组别超氧化物歧化酶(U/g)丙二醛(nmol/mg)
对照组1 935.83±11.825.21±0.43
模型组1 533.24±104.80a16.72±2.11a
NC-Exos组1 834.67±43.25ab12.41±2.87ab
MET-Exos组1 852.77±13.08ab7.18±0.08bc
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二甲双胍修饰骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体调节软骨细胞的作用及机制
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司马鑫利 1 , 刘丹平 1 , 綦惠 2
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7728-7734
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7728-7734
二甲双胍修饰骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体调节软骨细胞的作用及机制
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司马鑫利1, 刘丹平1, 綦惠2
作者信息
  • 1锦州医科大学附属第一医院,辽宁省锦州市 121000
  • 2北京市创伤骨科研究所,北京积水潭医院,北京市 100035
  • Sima Xinli, Master candidate, Attending physician, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China

    司马鑫利,男,1984年生,锦州医科大学在读硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨科、手足显微外科研究。

通讯作者:

刘丹平,博士,教授,主任医师,博士生导师,锦州医科大学附属第一医院,辽宁省锦州市 121000
綦惠,博士,副研究员,北京市创伤骨科研究所,北京积水潭医院,北京市 100035
Effect and mechanism of metformin-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on regulating chondrocytes
Xinli Sima1, Danping Liu1, Hui Qi2
Affiliations
  • 1First Affiliated Hospital, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, Liaoning Province, China
  • 2Beijing Trauma Orthopedics Institute, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.550
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背景:

骨关节炎是一种以软骨基质持续性破坏为特征的退行性关节病,目前仍无有效的药物治疗方案,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体因避免了口服药物不良反应及免疫原性等特点,可能成为治疗骨关节炎的新方法。

目的:

探讨二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对软骨细胞的调节作用。

方法:

体外培养乳兔骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞。使用超速离心法收集正常骨髓间充质干细胞源性外泌体和经过二甲双胍预处理的骨髓间充质干细胞源性外泌体,分别用含外泌体的培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,再用100 μmol/L H2O2干预24 h。采用CCK-8法和划痕愈合实验检测软骨细胞增殖和迁移能力变化;采用Western blot和RT-qPCR检测软骨细胞中Ⅱ型胶原、P16蛋白及mRNA的表达变化,以及采用Western blot检测MKK7/JNK通路蛋白的表达变化;使用ELISA试剂盒检测软骨细胞中超氧化物歧化酶活性和丙二醛水平。

结果与结论:

①在氧化应激环境下,软骨细胞的增殖和迁移能力减弱,两种外泌体能够一定程度恢复软骨细胞的增殖和迁移能力,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的改善效果更显著(P < 0.05);②与正常骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体相比,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体更能有效提高Ⅱ型胶原表达和超氧化物歧化酶活性(P < 0.05),同时也更能有效降低P16表达和丙二醛水平(P < 0.05);③两种外泌体能够一定程度抑制MKK7和p-JNK蛋白表达,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的抑制效果更显著(P < 0.05)。结果表明,在氧化应激环境下,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体通过抑制MKK7/JNK通路对抗软骨细胞衰老并促进软骨细胞增殖。

骨髓间充质干细胞  /  二甲双胍  /  外泌体  /  软骨细胞  /  骨关节炎  /  氧化应激  /  衰老  /  工程化干细胞
BACKGROUND:

Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint condition identified by ongoing deterioration of the cartilage matrix, and there is currently no effective drug treatment plan. Metformin-modified exosomes isolated from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells can become a new method for treating osteoarthritis due to their avoidance of oral drug adverse reactions and immunogenicity.

OBJECTIVE:

To study the controlling impact of exosomes from metformin-altered bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells on chondrocytes.

METHODS:

Rabbit bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes were cultured in vitro. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes and metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes were collected using a high-speed centrifuge. Chondrocytes were cultured with exosome-containing culture medium for 24 hours and then treated with 100 µmol/L H2O2 for 24 hours. The capability changes of two extracellular vesicles on chondrocyte proliferation and migration were detected using CCK8 assay and scratch healing experiment, respectively. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were employed to examine the alterations in the expression of type II collagen, P16 protein, and their mRNA in chondrocytes.

Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the changes in the expression of MKK7/JNK pathway proteins. ELISA kits were utilized to measure the activity of cell superoxide dismutase and the levels of malondialdehyde in chondrocytes.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) In an oxidative stress environment, the proliferation and migration abilities of chondrocytes were weakened. The two types of exosomes could restore the proliferation and migration abilities of chondrocytes to a certain extent. Metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes had a significantly better improvement effect (P < 0.05). (2) Compared with normal bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes could more effectively increase type II collagen expression and superoxide dismutase activity (P < 0.05), and were also more effective in reducing P16 expression and malondialdehyde levels (P < 0.05). (3) The two types of exosomes could inhibit the expression of MKK7 and p-JNK proteins to a certain extent, and the inhibitory effect of metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes was more significant (P < 0.05). The results show that in an oxidative stress environment, metformin pretreated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells derived exosomes resist chondrocyte aging and promote chondrocyte proliferation by inhibiting the MKK7/JNK pathway.

bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell  /  metformin  /  exosome  /  chondrocyte  /  osteoarthritis  /  oxidative stress  /  aging  /  engineered stem cell
司马鑫利, 刘丹平, 綦惠. 二甲双胍修饰骨髓间充质干细胞外泌体调节软骨细胞的作用及机制. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7728 -7734 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.550
Xinli Sima, Danping Liu, Hui Qi. Effect and mechanism of metformin-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell exosomes on regulating chondrocytes[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7728 -7734 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.550
骨关节炎是最常见的骨关节疾病之一,其主要特点是骨软骨基质的持续丧失和微环境的病理改变,如形成骨赘和关节滑膜炎症[1-2]。骨关节炎发生的病因除创伤和肥胖外,氧化应激微环境也会导致骨关节炎进一步加重[3-5]。在骨关节炎发展到终末期,多采用关节置换治疗[6-7]。课题组既往研究已经证实,骨髓间充质干细胞不但能够改善关节腔微环境,还能促进骨软骨损伤的修复[8-11]。二甲双胍是一种治疗糖尿病及肥胖等疾病的有效药物,目前作为一种衰老保护相关因子具有抗软骨细胞衰老及抗氧化的作用[12-15]。此研究将兔骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体和二甲双胍预处理兔骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体分别与兔软骨细胞共培养,然后采用H2O2干预软骨细胞建立氧化应激环境,以探讨2种外泌体对软骨细胞的调节作用。
细胞水平体外实验。
实验于2023年4月至2024年7月在锦州医科大学第一附属医院医学组织工程重点实验室完成。
普通级大耳白兔24只,雌雄各半,17-20 d龄,体质量200-250 g,用于骨髓间充质干细胞和软骨细胞提取,由锦州医科大学动物中心提供,许可证号:SCXK(辽)2019-0003。实验严格遵守了《实验动物管理条例》中的相关规定,并已通过锦州医科大学医学伦理委员会的审批(批准号:241108)。
盐酸二甲双胍(Sigma,美国);总超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛试剂盒(南京建成,中国);BCA蛋白试剂盒(碧云天,中国);磷酸酶抑制剂(索莱宝,中国);Ⅱ型胶原、P16、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶激酶7(mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7,MKK7)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(c-Jun N-terminal kinase,JNK)、磷酸化c-Jun氨基末端激酶(phosphorylated C-Jun N-terminal kinase,p-JNK)抗体(Affinity,美国);α-MEM培养基、DMEM/F12培养基、胎牛血清、0.25%胰蛋白酶(Gibco,美国);PBS(索莱宝,中国);CCK-8试剂盒(赛维尔,中国);Trizol(Biosharp,中国);Hifair Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit试剂盒(YEASEN,11119ES60);SYBR Green Master Mix(YE SEN,11201ES50);HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG(赛维尔,中国);AmershamImager 600蛋白条带显影仪(GE美国);CO2培养箱(海尔);超速离心机(HITACHI);倒置荧光显微镜(Leica);电泳仪(赛维尔);RT-qPCR引物由上海赛维尔公司设计合成。
随机选取17-20 d龄乳兔8只,异氟烷吸入麻醉,睫毛刺激无明显反应后,脱颈处死,完整切除双侧后肢,将其浸入含有体积分数75%乙醇的无菌玻璃量杯中进行短时间表面消毒。转移至超净工作台中,再次浸泡无菌PBS(1×)中保湿,仔细剔除表面软组织,切除股骨头、股骨远端及胫骨近端、远端。将骨髓腔完全暴露,使用5 mL注射器吸取无血清的α-MEM培养基对股骨和胫骨骨髓腔进行多次冲洗,并通过细胞筛网过滤以剔除非细胞组织成分,然后1 200 r/min离心3min,弃上清,使用含体积分数10%胎牛血清的α-MEM培养基对细胞沉淀进行重悬,将其转移至培养皿中,放入37 ℃、含体积分数5%CO2孵育箱进行细胞培养。当细胞融合度达到皿底面积的80%-90%,用0.25%胰酶消化,以1∶2比例细胞传代。选取生长状况优良的第1代骨髓间充质干细胞,以3×105/孔接种于12孔板,当细胞长满约60%时,将培养基替换为专门的三系分化诱导液,对细胞进行定向诱导分化,当细胞长满60%-70%时,进行茜素红、油红O和阿利新蓝染色,检测其多向分化潜能。
使用无血清α-MEM培养基和含有二甲双胍(50 μmol/L)的无血清α-MEM培养基孵育第4代骨髓间充质干细胞48 h[19],收集上清液,10 000×g超速离心30 min,留取上清;0.22 μm的滤器过滤后,10 000×g超速离心120 min;小心移除超离管上清剩约1 mL,浓缩外泌体,然后再次10 000×g离心120 min,留取沉淀,100 μL PBS重悬沉淀,-80 ℃冻存,即骨髓间充质干细胞源性外泌体(NC-Exos)和二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞源性外泌体(MET-Exos)。使用透射电镜观察两种外泌体的形态特征,Western blot检测CD9、CD63、TSG101的表达(一抗稀释比例均为1∶2 000、二抗HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG稀释比例为1∶3 000)。
随机选取17-20 d龄乳兔2只,异氟烷吸入麻醉,睫毛刺激无明显反应后,脱颈处死,在超净工作台中分离乳兔双侧后肢股骨头、股骨下端及胫骨上端的软骨组织,用手术刀将取得的软骨组织切割成精细的小块,以0.25%胰酶在常温下消化30 min,通过等体积的DMEM/F12培养基终止消化过程,然后用0.5% Ⅱ型胶原酶处理6 h,200目滤网过滤,以1 200 r/min离心3 min,PBS清洗3遍,再次重悬,在37 ℃孵育箱中培养。当细胞生长状态良好并覆盖皿底大于80%时开始传代。在第2代软骨细胞中加入100 μmol/L H2O2刺激24 h,体外构建氧化应激损伤软骨细胞衰老模型[21-23]
第2代软骨细胞以约5×103/孔接种于96孔板,对照组用DMEM/F12培养基培养,实验组用含有不同浓度二甲双胍的DMEM/F12培养基培养,浓度分别为0,50,500 μmol/L,分别在培养1,3,5 d时,各孔加入含10% CCK-8的DMEM/F12培养基,避光孵育2 h,使用酶标仪检测各孔450 nm波长处的吸光度值,以评估二甲双胍对软骨细胞增殖的影响。
第2代软骨细胞以4×105/孔接种在6孔板中,长至70%-80%融合时,加入1 mL Dil标记的NC-Exos和MET-Exos(质量浓度均为100 μg/mL),在无血清DMEM/F12培养基中共培养4 h,然后将软骨细胞于40 g/L多聚甲醛固定15 min,使用鬼笔环肽(Phalloidin)和DAPI染色,在共聚焦显微镜下拍摄照片。
(1)对照组:用完全DMEM/F12培养基培养。
(2)模型组:用含100 μmol/L H2O2的DMEM/F12培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,弃培养基,用DMEM/F12完全培养基继续培养。
(3)NC-Exos组:用含有NC-Exos(100 μg/mL)的DMEM/F12培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,再用含100 μmol/L H2O2的DMEM/F12培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,弃培养基,用DMEM/F12完全培养基继续培养。
(4)MET-Exos组:用含有MET-Exos(100 μg/mL)的DMEM/F12培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,再用含100 μmol/L H2O2的DMEM/F12培养基培养软骨细胞24 h,弃培养基,用DMEM/F12完全培养基继续培养。
将干预后的第2代各组软骨细胞用0.25%胰酶消化后,计数软骨细胞,以3 000个/孔密度接种于96孔板,培养24 h,弃培养基,每孔加入含有10% CCK-8的DMEM/F12培养基100 μL,避光孵育2 h,使用酶标仪检测各孔450 nm波长处的吸光度值,以评估各组软骨细胞的增殖能力。
将干预后的第2代各组软骨细胞用0.25%胰酶消化后,计数软骨细胞,以4×105/孔密度接种于6孔板,待细胞铺满皿底后,用无菌200 μL移液器枪头于每孔中央竖直划“一”字划痕,继续培养24 h,倒置相差显微镜观察划痕愈合程度,每孔均设3个复孔。
第2代各组软骨细胞以4×105/孔密度接种于6孔板中,待细胞长至90%融合时,根据细胞分组进行干预,干预结束后用Trizol试剂裂解细胞,氯仿-异丙醇法提取细胞总RNA,根据Hifair Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit试剂盒说明书将RNA其反转录为cDNA,然后在LightCycler480II上使用SYBR Green Master Mix进行qRT-PCR反应。内参是GAPDH,用2-ΔΔCT法计算mRNA的相对表达量。引物序列见表1
第2代软骨细胞以4×105/孔密度接种于6孔板中,待细胞长至90%融合时,根据细胞分组进行干预,干预结束后加入适量细胞裂解液、PMSF和磷酸酶抑制剂(比例100∶1∶1),裂解收集总蛋白,BCA法定量蛋白浓度。上样孔蛋白质均20 μg,凝胶电泳后,得到目的条带,采用湿转法将蛋白转移到PVDF膜上,加入Ⅱ型胶原、P16、MKK7、JNK、p-JNK、GAPDH一抗(一抗稀释比例均为1∶2 000),4 ℃孵育过夜,加入HRP Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG二抗(稀释比例为1∶3 000),室温孵育60 min,最后在全自动分析仪中进行ECL蛋白条带显影,并使用Image J软件定量条带灰度值。
第2代软骨细胞以4×105/孔密度接种于6孔板中,待细胞长至90%融合时,根据细胞分组进行干预,干预结束后软骨细胞经手动玻璃研磨器研磨处理后,收集匀浆悬液,依据超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛试剂盒说明书进行处理,使用酶标仪测定上清液中超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛水平。
①第1代骨髓间充质干细胞形态与鉴定结果;②NC-Exos和MET-Exos鉴定结果;③软骨细胞摄取NC-Exos和MET-Exos的能力;④二甲双胍对软骨细胞增殖的影响;⑤NC-Exos和MET-Exos对氧化应激环境下软骨细胞活性的影响;⑥NC-Exos和MET-Exos对氧化应激环境下软骨细胞中Ⅱ型胶原、P16表达的影响;⑦NC-Exos和MET-Exos对氧化应激环境下软骨细胞中MKK7/JNK通路相关蛋白表达的影响;⑧NC-Exos和MET-Exos对氧化应激环境下软骨细胞中超氧化物歧化酶、丙二醛水平的影响。
通过SPSS 25.0软件进行单因素方差分析和t检验,然后用GraphPad Prism 9.5作图。P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。文章统计学方法已经通过锦州医科大学附属第一医院统计学专家审核。
骨髓间充质干细胞具有成骨、成脂、成软骨分化能力[15-16],见图1A。透射电镜观察MET-Exos与NC-Exos一样,均呈类圆形,见图1B,Western blot检测特异标志物CD9、CD63、TSG101表达阳性,见图1C
CCK-8结果显示,50,500 μmol/L二甲双胍作用3 d时软骨细胞活力显著提高(P < 0.05),50 μmol/L二甲双胍提高软骨细胞活力更明显,见图2A。与NC-Exos相比,MET-Exos显著促进软骨细胞的增殖(P < 0.05),见图2B
共聚焦显微镜下观察,Dil标记的外泌体可以被Phalloidin标记的软骨细胞内吞,主要位于软骨细胞胞质内,分布在DAPI标记的蓝色核周围,见图3
与对照组相比,模型组划痕愈合率显著减小(P < 0.05);与模型组和NC-Exos组相比,MET-Exos组划痕愈合率显著增大(P < 0.05),表明MET-Exos可促进软骨细胞迁移,见图4
Western blot结果表明,与对照组相比,模型组Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达量显著降低(P < 0.05),P16、MKK7和p-JNK蛋白表达量显著升高(P < 0.05);与模型组相比,外泌体治疗组P16、MKK7和p-JNK蛋白表达量显著降低(P < 0.05),Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达量显著升高(P < 0.05);与NC-Exos组相比,MET-Exos组Ⅱ型胶原蛋白表达量显著升高(P < 0.05),P16、MKK7和p-JNK蛋白表达量显著降低(P < 0.05),见图5。RT-qPCR结果表明,与NC-Exos组相比,MET-Exos组Ⅱ型胶原mRNA表达水平显著提高,P16 mRNA表达水平显著降低(P < 0.05),见图6,表明MET-Exos有可能通过MKK7/JNK通路发挥对抗软骨细胞衰老、促进软骨细胞增殖的作用。
与对照组相比,模型组超氧化物歧化酶活性显著降低(P < 0.05),当给予NC-Exos和MET-Exos后,超氧化物歧化酶活性有明显恢复(P < 0.05),但仍低于对照组(P < 0.05),但NC-Exos组和MET-Exos组之间没有显著差异。与对照组相比,模型组丙二醛水平显著升高(P < 0.05);与模型组相比,NC-Exos组、MET-Exos组丙二醛水平显著降低(P < 0.05);与NC-Exos组相比,MET-Exos组丙二醛水平显著降低(P < 0.05),见表2
骨关节炎的发病机制是临床面临的难点,如衰老、体质量增加等多种因素均与骨关节炎的发生发展密切相关,而且目前尚无治愈的有效方法[24-26]。近年来,骨髓间充质干细胞能够促进软骨细胞增殖备受关注[27-28],但潜在作用机制尚不清楚。一些文献显示,骨髓间充质干细胞促进组织再生修复在很大程度上是由其分泌的外泌体实现的[29-32]。间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体可以治疗骨关节损伤以及改善骨关节炎[33-35]。移植骨髓间充质干细胞在体内可能会引起免疫排斥以及致瘤等风险[36-38],而外泌体可以有效避免以上不良反应和风险,并且发挥骨髓间充质干细胞同样的功能,治疗骨软骨损伤[39-40]
研究显示,通过各种不同的处理因素,比如物理处理、缺氧环境、药物干预等,可以显著增强外泌体的治疗潜能[41]。吴志文等[42]实验表明,Chm-1预处理干细胞来源外泌体可通过抑制血管生成、炎症因子分泌、细胞肥大来改善骨关节炎症状;申恩谱等[43]研究证明,褪黑素干预干细胞后提取外泌体,通过Wnt1/β-catenin信号通路可有效地调节骨质生成和骨质吸收的平衡,改善骨关节炎。
二甲双胍是一种常用的口服降糖药物,近年来在骨关节炎治疗中也展现出一定的潜力[44-45]。二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞分泌的外泌体,在避免口服药物引起胃肠道不良反应的同时,可以提高软骨细胞的抗氧化能力。有资料显示,氧化应激是影响骨关节炎关节腔微环境的一项重要因素[46-47]。丙二醛和超氧化物歧化酶是软骨细胞氧化应激的标志物,在骨关节炎状态下,丙二醛含量明显升高,超氧化物歧化酶含量明显降低,二者可用作评价MET-Exos治疗骨关节炎的指标[48-50]。结果表明,二甲双胍预处理骨髓间充质干细胞提取的外泌体能够改善骨关节炎兔体内软骨细胞所处的氧化应激微环境,减轻细胞因氧化应激而受损,并延缓软骨细胞老化,改善骨关节炎。
MKK7/JNK信号通路是一条关键的细胞信号传导通路,对细胞的应激反应、炎症反应和细胞凋亡等过程起着重要的调节作用[51-53]。研究表明,MKK7/JNK通路在骨关节炎发病过程中发挥着重要作用,其活化与软骨细胞的功能障碍密切相关[54]。当软骨细胞受到机械性损伤或炎症因子刺激时,MKK7被磷酸化激活,进而激活JNK,同时这一过程也能够引发软骨基质金属蛋白酶的上调,促进软骨的降解和退化[55-56]。此外,MKK7/JNK通路的激活还与促炎细胞因子的释放相关,如肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6,这些因子进一步加重了骨关节炎的炎症环境并加速软骨损伤的进展[57-58]。在骨关节炎模型中,MKK7/JNK信号通路常常处于持续激活状态,导致软骨细胞的增殖和自噬过程受损,进而引发软骨细胞凋亡与功能失调[59-60]。最新的研究显示,抑制MKK7/JNK通路的激活能有效降低软骨细胞的凋亡率和促炎因子的释放,同时通过促进自噬过程,有助于修复受损软骨和维持软骨细胞的稳态[61-65]。因此,针对MKK7/JNK信号通路的干预可能是治疗骨关节炎的重要策略之一。选择MKK7/JNK信号通路进行研究,具有重要的科学价值和临床意义。首先,该通路在调节软骨细胞的生存和功能中扮演了中心角色,通过深入了解其机制,可为骨关节炎的发病机制提供新的见解;其次,鉴于MKK7/JNK信号通路在炎症反应和细胞凋亡中的重要作用,针对其进行调控将有助于开发新的药物或治疗手段,改善骨关节炎患者的治疗效果。因此,深入探讨MKK7/JNK信号通路在骨关节炎中的作用,具有重要的研究和应用价值。
二甲双胍是一种经典的抗糖尿病药物,通过激活AMPK来抑制肝脏葡萄糖生成、增强外周组织对胰岛素的敏感性[66-67]。二甲双胍在特定条件下修饰干细胞释放外泌体,能够影响靶细胞(例如软骨细胞)的信号转导[68]。MET-Exos中可能富含特定的小分子、miRNA或调节因子,这些分子通过直接或间接影响MKK7/JNK通路的表达和活性[69-72],从而实现对软骨细胞的调节。
通过实验发现,相较于NC-Exos,MET-Exos能更好地在氧化应激下调控关节腔微环境,延缓软骨细胞衰老,一定程度上恢复软骨细胞增殖和迁移能力。MET-Exos更能有效提高Ⅱ型胶原表达和超氧化物歧化酶活性,同时也更有效降低P16蛋白表达和丙二醛水平;同时,RT-qPCR结果也说明了在氧化应激下软骨细胞抗衰老能力得到提高。此外,对MET-Exos延缓软骨细胞衰老的潜在机制进行了研究。夏帅[73]实验表明,抑制MAPK信号通路对治疗骨关节炎发挥重要作用,JNK为MAPK通路中重要靶点,实验证明抑制JNK磷酸化,从而抑制软骨细胞凋亡,促进兔软骨细胞增殖,延缓骨关节炎。ZHANG等[74]实验表明,抑制MKK7积累可以阻碍JNK信号传导,延缓软骨细胞衰老,从而减缓软骨细胞退化和骨关节炎发展。曾麒等[75]研究显示,JNK信号通路抑制剂SP600125可以抑制JNK信号传导。在此研究中,MET-Exos能抑制兔体内JNK通路上游靶点MKK7的蓄积,减少JNK磷酸化既而达到减轻骨关节炎兔软骨细胞的氧化损伤,促进软骨细胞增殖。
综上,在氧化应激环境下,MET-Exos通过抑制MKK7/JNK通路对抗软骨细胞衰老并促进软骨细胞增殖。但是,该研究仅限于体外细胞实验,尚未经过体内动物研究和临床试验验证,还需要进一步研究外泌体内容物及后续释放过程对软骨细胞的影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(81572140)
  • 北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7172036)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.550
  • 接收时间:2024-07-08
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-08
  • 修回日期:2024-10-17
  • 录用日期:2024-08-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(81572140)
国家自然科学基金项目(81572140)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (General Program)(7172036)
北京市自然科学基金面上项目(7172036)
作者信息
    1锦州医科大学附属第一医院,辽宁省锦州市 121000
    2北京市创伤骨科研究所,北京积水潭医院,北京市 100035

通讯作者:

刘丹平,博士,教授,主任医师,博士生导师,锦州医科大学附属第一医院,辽宁省锦州市 121000
綦惠,博士,副研究员,北京市创伤骨科研究所,北京积水潭医院,北京市 100035
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgzzgcyj/CN/10.12307/2025.550
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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