Article(id=1246459848561418727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.535, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=1725552000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-06, acceptedDate=1718899200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-21, onlineDate=1775108785950, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108785950, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108785950, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108785950, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7709, endPage=7718, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459849064735222, articleId=1246459848561418727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats to reverse senescence in aged rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the main effector cells for bone formation. With the increase of age, the regenerative ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is weakened and the differentiation function is impaired, leading to poor osteoporosis. Therefore, restoring the regenerative capacity and cellular function of aged bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is essential for the effective treatment of osteoporosis.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of passage 3 and passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes of young rats on the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from elderly rats.
METHODS: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 6-8-week-old female SD rats were isolated and cultured, and passaged to the passages 3 and 11, respectively. Then, exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 18-month-old female SD rats were isolated and cultured, passaged to passage 3, and divided into 3 groups. The control group was routinely cultured, and the other two groups were intervened with exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. After 48 hours of exosome intervention, the expression of β-galactosidase in the nucleus was detected by β-galactosidase staining kit. The expression of aging-related genes was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression differences of miRNA in exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were compared by Small RNA sequencing.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Compared with the control group and passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes group, the β-galactosidase activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats was significantly lower in the passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes group. (2) Compared with the control group, the expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 was significantly reduced in the passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 in the passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome group. (3) Sequencing results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of miRNAs in the two exosomes, among which the miRNAs with the most significant expression differences were let-7c-5p, let-7b-5p, miR-320-3p, and miR-26a-5p. KEGG analysis results showed that significantly different miRNA enrichment pathways include mTOR, AMPK and other aging-related signaling pathways. The above results indicate that passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have the ability to reverse the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aged rats.
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Shi Qin, MD, Professor, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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背景: 骨髓间充质干细胞是骨形成的主要效应细胞,随着年龄的增加,骨髓间充质干细胞的再生能力减弱、分化功能受损,导致骨质疏松。因此,恢复老龄骨髓间充质干细胞的再生能力和细胞功能对骨质疏松的有效治疗至关重要。
目的: 探究年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老年大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的影响。
方法: 分离培养6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,分别传代至第3代和第11代,随后提取第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。分离培养18月龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代至第3代,分为3组:对照组为常规培养,其他2组用第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体干预。外泌体干预48 h后,利用β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒检测细胞核内β-半乳糖苷酶的表达,qRT-PCR检测衰老相关基因的表达。通过Small RNA测序,比较第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内miRNA的表达差异。
结果与结论: ①与对照组和第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的β-半乳糖苷酶活性显著降低;②与对照组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组衰老相关基因p21和p16的表达显著降低(P < 0.05),而第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组衰老相关基因p21和p16的表达无显著差异;③测序结果表明,两种外泌体内miRNA的表达存在显著差异,其中表达差异最显著的miRNA是let-7c-5p、let-7b-5p、miR-320-3p和miR-26a-5p,KEGG分析结果显示显著性差异miRNA富集通路包含mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路。上述结果表明,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的能力。
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施勤,博士,教授,苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006
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作者贡献:
张熊劲夫负责实验实施、实验数据分析处理、论文撰写,张熊劲夫、陈奕达、程歆怡负责细胞培养、指标检测,张熊劲夫、刘岱珲负责数据和文章的校对,张熊劲夫、程歆怡负责实验设计。
Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。
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Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。
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Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。
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Flow cytometry identification of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats at passage 3, figureFileSmall=2/3B5+/jfXNKUHHzbwgiGw==, figureFileBig=2xYH+jTzEXaudAepljkxdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865607069709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞(P3-BMSCs,P11-BMSCs)和老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的流式细胞术鉴定, figureFileSmall=2/3B5+/jfXNKUHHzbwgiGw==, figureFileBig=2xYH+jTzEXaudAepljkxdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865850339353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Galactosidase staining of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats, figureFileSmall=tjHvaLXNEH7+WrJssy6Hpg==, figureFileBig=fSFcwxTtcBg5uDYYwoimOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865951002657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞(P3-BMSCs,P11-BMSCs)和老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的β-半乳糖苷酶染色图注:低倍镜下可见P11-BMSCs的细胞核蓝染细胞数量多于P3-BMSCs,高倍镜下可见P11-BMSCs和老龄大鼠BMSCs的细胞核着色明显深于P3-BMSCs。下图为红色虚线框的高倍镜图。
, figureFileSmall=tjHvaLXNEH7+WrJssy6Hpg==, figureFileBig=fSFcwxTtcBg5uDYYwoimOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866068443174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Transmission electron microscopy images of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=qN4Y/qEl0WJDs4+K6lzYlA==, figureFileBig=nepFvI8UjdnCN82Xb0eeZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866194272302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)的透射电镜图像图注:两种外泌体形貌无明显差别,均可见杯状结构,平均直径为100-200 nm。下图为红色虚线框的高倍镜图。
, figureFileSmall=qN4Y/qEl0WJDs4+K6lzYlA==, figureFileBig=nepFvI8UjdnCN82Xb0eeZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866286546996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=
Particle size of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=MKG5/aMs0rihgKD5TXPkdw==, figureFileBig=cQVXjUsUNySaH7uKKPYVbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866416570429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)的粒径大小图注:两种外泌体的粒径均主要分布在150 nm左右,检测结果呈现单峰。
, figureFileSmall=MKG5/aMs0rihgKD5TXPkdw==, figureFileBig=cQVXjUsUNySaH7uKKPYVbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866513039427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=
Expression of marker proteins in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=QEQ+ru7aJMBGiHfozc0Grg==, figureFileBig=l12v2WTCiGpmAhfgMyG0xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866622091336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)的标志蛋白表达图注:两种外泌体均表达CD63和TSG101。
, figureFileSmall=QEQ+ru7aJMBGiHfozc0Grg==, figureFileBig=l12v2WTCiGpmAhfgMyG0xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866760503376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=
Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo) are able to be internalized by aged rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, figureFileSmall=LBa7lglVHK2GDLBO4wcpuQ==, figureFileBig=yZgBCThHVpZHPWRCipe37g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866861166678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)能够被老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内化图注:共孵育12 h后,两种外泌体均被老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞摄取,并且在细胞内和细胞核周围聚集。
, figureFileSmall=LBa7lglVHK2GDLBO4wcpuQ==, figureFileBig=yZgBCThHVpZHPWRCipe37g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866978607199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=
Proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aged rats in each group, figureFileSmall=XCzN6eIVsm3wB6H2t4d8JA==, figureFileBig=vOUf/ftx1nL10fSQjyUOhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867091853413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖情况图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨骼间充质干细胞来源外泌体。
, figureFileSmall=XCzN6eIVsm3wB6H2t4d8JA==, figureFileBig=vOUf/ftx1nL10fSQjyUOhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867196711020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=
Expression of osteogenesis-related genes Runx2, Bmp2, and Spp1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived osteoblasts of aged rats from various groups, figureFileSmall=VaEJuSn0AdRR1j4G1PvBKA==, figureFileBig=355mpTIntTA7KuPVUVR9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867305762931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中成骨相关基因Runx2、Bmp2和Spp1的表达图注:与成骨分化组和P11-BMSCs-Exo组相比,P3-BMSCs-Exo组成骨相关基因Runx2、Bmp2和Spp1的表达均上调。aP < 0.05。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。
, figureFileSmall=VaEJuSn0AdRR1j4G1PvBKA==, figureFileBig=355mpTIntTA7KuPVUVR9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459868857655420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=
Alkaline phosphatase staining of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from aged rats in each group after osteogenic differentiation, figureFileSmall=OKfwnGaqVHO/e1b0M1PlVA==, figureFileBig=0ojQKWnZgWsp8H5720IYug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459868962513024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化后的碱性磷酸酶染色图注:与成骨分化组和P11-BMSCs-Exo组相比,P3-BMSCs-Exo组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内碱性磷酸酶的表达上调。aP < 0.05。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。
, figureFileSmall=OKfwnGaqVHO/e1b0M1PlVA==, figureFileBig=0ojQKWnZgWsp8H5720IYug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459870925447306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=
Expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats in each group, figureFileSmall=qxcByV+qRFkOghkjLNJcuA==, figureFileBig=lc2Q5fC6qaKnPC9p23I3jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871034499214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图10, caption=
各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内衰老相关基因p21、p16的表达图注:aP < 0.05。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨骼间充质干细胞来源外泌体。
, figureFileSmall=qxcByV+qRFkOghkjLNJcuA==, figureFileBig=lc2Q5fC6qaKnPC9p23I3jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871130968212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=
β-Galactosidase activity in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats in each group, figureFileSmall=2mPnYE3KgMw4u4J7UY+iAw==, figureFileBig=zGI8j3be4m1qdGjM093kZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871265185945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图11, caption=
各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶活性图注:加入P3-BMSCs-Exo干预后,视野中阳性细胞数明显减少,阳性细胞的细胞核颜色较浅,说明老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶活性明显降低。下图为红色虚线框的高倍镜图。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。
, figureFileSmall=2mPnYE3KgMw4u4J7UY+iAw==, figureFileBig=zGI8j3be4m1qdGjM093kZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871403597979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=
Differentially expressed microRNAs within exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=3YV/4hde4b7FbJZryQeZpQ==, figureFileBig=m/+YHJoNvvdz9CmgQdgvpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871495872675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图12, caption=
第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)内差异表达的miRNA图注:热图和火山图显示具有显著性差异的miRNA。图A热图结果显示两种外泌体内具有显著性差异的miRNA;B火山图显示两种外泌体内具有显著性差异的miRNA。
, figureFileSmall=3YV/4hde4b7FbJZryQeZpQ==, figureFileBig=m/+YHJoNvvdz9CmgQdgvpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871659450538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=
Signaling pathways and biological functions with significant differences within exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=EV7X7tDXzUMNF5ksGlDPQw==, figureFileBig=hX/F6pZ4hH//MeXPQbezsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871755919538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图13, caption=
第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)内具有显著性差异的信号通路和生物功能图注:图A为KEGG分析显示两种外泌体内Cellular Senescence、mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路存在显著差异;B为GO分析筛选出两种外泌体内差异miRNA靶基因的生物学功能富集结果。
, figureFileSmall=EV7X7tDXzUMNF5ksGlDPQw==, figureFileBig=hX/F6pZ4hH//MeXPQbezsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871852388536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Gene primer sequences
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基因 | 上游引物(5’-3’) | 下游引物(5’-3’) |
|---|
| Runx2 | CAA GAA GGC TCT GGC GTT | TGC AGC CTT AAA TGA CTC |
| Spp1 | CAG TCG ATG TCC CTG ACG | GTC CTG ATC AGA GGG CAC |
| Bmp2 | CGG GAT CCA TGG TGG CCG | GGA ATT CTG CTG TAC TAG |
| p21 | ATG ACT GAG TAT AAA CTT | AAG TTT ATA CTC AGT CAT |
| p16 | ATG GAG TCC TCT GCA GAT | ATC TGC AGA GGA CTC CAT |
| Gapdh | GGT CGG TGT GAA CGG ATT | GTA ACA CCT TCC CGA GTA |
), ArticleFig(id=1246459873454612669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
基因引物序列
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 基因 | 上游引物(5’-3’) | 下游引物(5’-3’) |
|---|
| Runx2 | CAA GAA GGC TCT GGC GTT | TGC AGC CTT AAA TGA CTC |
| Spp1 | CAG TCG ATG TCC CTG ACG | GTC CTG ATC AGA GGG CAC |
| Bmp2 | CGG GAT CCA TGG TGG CCG | GGA ATT CTG CTG TAC TAG |
| p21 | ATG ACT GAG TAT AAA CTT | AAG TTT ATA CTC AGT CAT |
| p16 | ATG GAG TCC TCT GCA GAT | ATC TGC AGA GGA CTC CAT |
| Gapdh | GGT CGG TGT GAA CGG ATT | GTA ACA CCT TCC CGA GTA |
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