Article(id=1246459848561418727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.535, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713110400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-15, revisedDate=1725552000000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-06, acceptedDate=1718899200000, acceptedDateStr=2024-06-21, onlineDate=1775108785950, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108785950, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108785950, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108785950, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7709, endPage=7718, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459849064735222, articleId=1246459848561418727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats to reverse senescence in aged rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the main effector cells for bone formation. With the increase of age, the regenerative ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is weakened and the differentiation function is impaired, leading to poor osteoporosis. Therefore, restoring the regenerative capacity and cellular function of aged bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is essential for the effective treatment of osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effects of passage 3 and passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes of young rats on the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from elderly rats.

METHODS:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 6-8-week-old female SD rats were isolated and cultured, and passaged to the passages 3 and 11, respectively. Then, exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 18-month-old female SD rats were isolated and cultured, passaged to passage 3, and divided into 3 groups. The control group was routinely cultured, and the other two groups were intervened with exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. After 48 hours of exosome intervention, the expression of β-galactosidase in the nucleus was detected by β-galactosidase staining kit. The expression of aging-related genes was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression differences of miRNA in exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were compared by Small RNA sequencing.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) Compared with the control group and passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes group, the β-galactosidase activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats was significantly lower in the passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes group. (2) Compared with the control group, the expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 was significantly reduced in the passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 in the passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome group. (3) Sequencing results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of miRNAs in the two exosomes, among which the miRNAs with the most significant expression differences were let-7c-5p, let-7b-5p, miR-320-3p, and miR-26a-5p. KEGG analysis results showed that significantly different miRNA enrichment pathways include mTOR, AMPK and other aging-related signaling pathways. The above results indicate that passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have the ability to reverse the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aged rats.

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Shi Qin, MD, Professor, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
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背景:

骨髓间充质干细胞是骨形成的主要效应细胞,随着年龄的增加,骨髓间充质干细胞的再生能力减弱、分化功能受损,导致骨质疏松。因此,恢复老龄骨髓间充质干细胞的再生能力和细胞功能对骨质疏松的有效治疗至关重要。

目的:

探究年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老年大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的影响。

方法:

分离培养6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,分别传代至第3代和第11代,随后提取第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。分离培养18月龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代至第3代,分为3组:对照组为常规培养,其他2组用第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体干预。外泌体干预48 h后,利用β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒检测细胞核内β-半乳糖苷酶的表达,qRT-PCR检测衰老相关基因的表达。通过Small RNA测序,比较第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内miRNA的表达差异。

结果与结论:

①与对照组和第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的β-半乳糖苷酶活性显著降低;②与对照组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组衰老相关基因p21和p16的表达显著降低(P < 0.05),而第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组衰老相关基因p21和p16的表达无显著差异;③测序结果表明,两种外泌体内miRNA的表达存在显著差异,其中表达差异最显著的miRNA是let-7c-5p、let-7b-5p、miR-320-3p和miR-26a-5p,KEGG分析结果显示显著性差异miRNA富集通路包含mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路。上述结果表明,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的能力。

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施勤,博士,教授,苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006
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作者贡献:

张熊劲夫负责实验实施、实验数据分析处理、论文撰写,张熊劲夫、陈奕达、程歆怡负责细胞培养、指标检测,张熊劲夫、刘岱珲负责数据和文章的校对,张熊劲夫、程歆怡负责实验设计。

Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China

张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。

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Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China

张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。

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Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China

张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。

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Cell Metab. 2020; 31(3): 472-492., articleTitle=AMPK and TOR: The Yin and Yang of Cellular Nutrient Sensing and Growth Control, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246459873613996231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, awardId=82172485, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172485), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1246459873693688009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, awardId=82172485, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(82172485), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246459857591755517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246459857600144125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, companyId=1246459857591755517, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246459857621115650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, companyId=1246459857591755517, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246459865531572228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Flow cytometry identification of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats at passage 3, figureFileSmall=2/3B5+/jfXNKUHHzbwgiGw==, figureFileBig=2xYH+jTzEXaudAepljkxdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865607069709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图1, caption=年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞(P3-BMSCs,P11-BMSCs)和老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的流式细胞术鉴定, figureFileSmall=2/3B5+/jfXNKUHHzbwgiGw==, figureFileBig=2xYH+jTzEXaudAepljkxdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865850339353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Galactosidase staining of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats, figureFileSmall=tjHvaLXNEH7+WrJssy6Hpg==, figureFileBig=fSFcwxTtcBg5uDYYwoimOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865951002657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图2, caption=年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞(P3-BMSCs,P11-BMSCs)和老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSCs)的β-半乳糖苷酶染色

图注:低倍镜下可见P11-BMSCs的细胞核蓝染细胞数量多于P3-BMSCs,高倍镜下可见P11-BMSCs和老龄大鼠BMSCs的细胞核着色明显深于P3-BMSCs。下图为红色虚线框的高倍镜图。

, figureFileSmall=tjHvaLXNEH7+WrJssy6Hpg==, figureFileBig=fSFcwxTtcBg5uDYYwoimOQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866068443174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Transmission electron microscopy images of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=qN4Y/qEl0WJDs4+K6lzYlA==, figureFileBig=nepFvI8UjdnCN82Xb0eeZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866194272302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图3, caption=年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)的透射电镜图像

图注:两种外泌体形貌无明显差别,均可见杯状结构,平均直径为100-200 nm。下图为红色虚线框的高倍镜图。

, figureFileSmall=qN4Y/qEl0WJDs4+K6lzYlA==, figureFileBig=nepFvI8UjdnCN82Xb0eeZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866286546996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Particle size of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=MKG5/aMs0rihgKD5TXPkdw==, figureFileBig=cQVXjUsUNySaH7uKKPYVbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866416570429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图4, caption=年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)的粒径大小

图注:两种外泌体的粒径均主要分布在150 nm左右,检测结果呈现单峰。

, figureFileSmall=MKG5/aMs0rihgKD5TXPkdw==, figureFileBig=cQVXjUsUNySaH7uKKPYVbQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866513039427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Expression of marker proteins in exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=QEQ+ru7aJMBGiHfozc0Grg==, figureFileBig=l12v2WTCiGpmAhfgMyG0xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866622091336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图5, caption=年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)的标志蛋白表达

图注:两种外泌体均表达CD63和TSG101。

, figureFileSmall=QEQ+ru7aJMBGiHfozc0Grg==, figureFileBig=l12v2WTCiGpmAhfgMyG0xg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866760503376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo) are able to be internalized by aged rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, figureFileSmall=LBa7lglVHK2GDLBO4wcpuQ==, figureFileBig=yZgBCThHVpZHPWRCipe37g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866861166678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图6, caption=年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)能够被老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内化

图注:共孵育12 h后,两种外泌体均被老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞摄取,并且在细胞内和细胞核周围聚集。

, figureFileSmall=LBa7lglVHK2GDLBO4wcpuQ==, figureFileBig=yZgBCThHVpZHPWRCipe37g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866978607199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aged rats in each group, figureFileSmall=XCzN6eIVsm3wB6H2t4d8JA==, figureFileBig=vOUf/ftx1nL10fSQjyUOhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867091853413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖情况

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨骼间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=XCzN6eIVsm3wB6H2t4d8JA==, figureFileBig=vOUf/ftx1nL10fSQjyUOhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867196711020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Expression of osteogenesis-related genes Runx2, Bmp2, and Spp1 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived osteoblasts of aged rats from various groups, figureFileSmall=VaEJuSn0AdRR1j4G1PvBKA==, figureFileBig=355mpTIntTA7KuPVUVR9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867305762931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中成骨相关基因Runx2、Bmp2和Spp1的表达

图注:与成骨分化组和P11-BMSCs-Exo组相比,P3-BMSCs-Exo组成骨相关基因Runx2、Bmp2和Spp1的表达均上调。aP < 0.05。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=VaEJuSn0AdRR1j4G1PvBKA==, figureFileBig=355mpTIntTA7KuPVUVR9NA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459868857655420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Alkaline phosphatase staining of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from aged rats in each group after osteogenic differentiation, figureFileSmall=OKfwnGaqVHO/e1b0M1PlVA==, figureFileBig=0ojQKWnZgWsp8H5720IYug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459868962513024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化后的碱性磷酸酶染色

图注:与成骨分化组和P11-BMSCs-Exo组相比,P3-BMSCs-Exo组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内碱性磷酸酶的表达上调。aP < 0.05。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=OKfwnGaqVHO/e1b0M1PlVA==, figureFileBig=0ojQKWnZgWsp8H5720IYug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459870925447306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats in each group, figureFileSmall=qxcByV+qRFkOghkjLNJcuA==, figureFileBig=lc2Q5fC6qaKnPC9p23I3jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871034499214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内衰老相关基因p21、p16的表达

图注:aP < 0.05。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨骼间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=qxcByV+qRFkOghkjLNJcuA==, figureFileBig=lc2Q5fC6qaKnPC9p23I3jg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871130968212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=β-Galactosidase activity in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats in each group, figureFileSmall=2mPnYE3KgMw4u4J7UY+iAw==, figureFileBig=zGI8j3be4m1qdGjM093kZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871265185945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图11, caption=各组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶活性

图注:加入P3-BMSCs-Exo干预后,视野中阳性细胞数明显减少,阳性细胞的细胞核颜色较浅,说明老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶活性明显降低。下图为红色虚线框的高倍镜图。P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo:年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。

, figureFileSmall=2mPnYE3KgMw4u4J7UY+iAw==, figureFileBig=zGI8j3be4m1qdGjM093kZA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871403597979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Differentially expressed microRNAs within exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=3YV/4hde4b7FbJZryQeZpQ==, figureFileBig=m/+YHJoNvvdz9CmgQdgvpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871495872675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图12, caption=第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)内差异表达的miRNA

图注:热图和火山图显示具有显著性差异的miRNA。图A热图结果显示两种外泌体内具有显著性差异的miRNA;B火山图显示两种外泌体内具有显著性差异的miRNA。

, figureFileSmall=3YV/4hde4b7FbJZryQeZpQ==, figureFileBig=m/+YHJoNvvdz9CmgQdgvpg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871659450538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Figure 13, caption=Signaling pathways and biological functions with significant differences within exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats at passages 3 and 11 (P3-BMSCs-Exo, P11-BMSCs-Exo), figureFileSmall=EV7X7tDXzUMNF5ksGlDPQw==, figureFileBig=hX/F6pZ4hH//MeXPQbezsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871755919538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=图13, caption=第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(P3-BMSCs-Exo,P11-BMSCs-Exo)内具有显著性差异的信号通路和生物功能

图注:图A为KEGG分析显示两种外泌体内Cellular Senescence、mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路存在显著差异;B为GO分析筛选出两种外泌体内差异miRNA靶基因的生物学功能富集结果。

, figureFileSmall=EV7X7tDXzUMNF5ksGlDPQw==, figureFileBig=hX/F6pZ4hH//MeXPQbezsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871852388536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gene primer sequences

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因上游引物(5’-3’)下游引物(5’-3’)
Runx2CAA GAA GGC TCT GGC GTTTGC AGC CTT AAA TGA CTC
Spp1CAG TCG ATG TCC CTG ACGGTC CTG ATC AGA GGG CAC
Bmp2CGG GAT CCA TGG TGG CCGGGA ATT CTG CTG TAC TAG
p21ATG ACT GAG TAT AAA CTTAAG TTT ATA CTC AGT CAT
p16ATG GAG TCC TCT GCA GATATC TGC AGA GGA CTC CAT
GapdhGGT CGG TGT GAA CGG ATTGTA ACA CCT TCC CGA GTA
), ArticleFig(id=1246459873454612669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459848561418727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因上游引物(5’-3’)下游引物(5’-3’)
Runx2CAA GAA GGC TCT GGC GTTTGC AGC CTT AAA TGA CTC
Spp1CAG TCG ATG TCC CTG ACGGTC CTG ATC AGA GGG CAC
Bmp2CGG GAT CCA TGG TGG CCGGGA ATT CTG CTG TAC TAG
p21ATG ACT GAG TAT AAA CTTAAG TTT ATA CTC AGT CAT
p16ATG GAG TCC TCT GCA GATATC TGC AGA GGA CTC CAT
GapdhGGT CGG TGT GAA CGG ATTGTA ACA CCT TCC CGA GTA
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年轻大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老
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张熊劲夫 , 陈奕达 , 程歆怡 , 刘岱珲 , 施勤
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7709-7718
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7709-7718
年轻大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老
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张熊劲夫, 陈奕达, 程歆怡, 刘岱珲, 施勤
作者信息
  • 苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006
  • Zhang Xiongjinfu, Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China

    张熊劲夫,女,1998年生,云南省昆明市人,纳西族,2021年苏州大学毕业,主要从事骨质疏松研究。

通讯作者:

施勤,博士,教授,苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006
Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats to reverse senescence in aged rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Xiongjinfu Zhang, Yida Chen, Xinyi Cheng, Daihui Liu, Qin Shi
Affiliations
  • Department of Orthopedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institute of Orthopedics of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.535
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背景:

骨髓间充质干细胞是骨形成的主要效应细胞,随着年龄的增加,骨髓间充质干细胞的再生能力减弱、分化功能受损,导致骨质疏松。因此,恢复老龄骨髓间充质干细胞的再生能力和细胞功能对骨质疏松的有效治疗至关重要。

目的:

探究年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老年大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的影响。

方法:

分离培养6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,分别传代至第3代和第11代,随后提取第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体。分离培养18月龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,传代至第3代,分为3组:对照组为常规培养,其他2组用第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体干预。外泌体干预48 h后,利用β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒检测细胞核内β-半乳糖苷酶的表达,qRT-PCR检测衰老相关基因的表达。通过Small RNA测序,比较第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内miRNA的表达差异。

结果与结论:

①与对照组和第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的β-半乳糖苷酶活性显著降低;②与对照组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组衰老相关基因p21和p16的表达显著降低(P < 0.05),而第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组衰老相关基因p21和p16的表达无显著差异;③测序结果表明,两种外泌体内miRNA的表达存在显著差异,其中表达差异最显著的miRNA是let-7c-5p、let-7b-5p、miR-320-3p和miR-26a-5p,KEGG分析结果显示显著性差异miRNA富集通路包含mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路。上述结果表明,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的能力。

骨质疏松  /  外泌体  /  骨髓间充质干细胞  /  miRNA  /  衰老  /  工程化细胞外囊泡
BACKGROUND:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells are the main effector cells for bone formation. With the increase of age, the regenerative ability of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is weakened and the differentiation function is impaired, leading to poor osteoporosis. Therefore, restoring the regenerative capacity and cellular function of aged bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells is essential for the effective treatment of osteoporosis.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effects of passage 3 and passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes of young rats on the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells derived from elderly rats.

METHODS:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 6-8-week-old female SD rats were isolated and cultured, and passaged to the passages 3 and 11, respectively. Then, exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from 18-month-old female SD rats were isolated and cultured, passaged to passage 3, and divided into 3 groups. The control group was routinely cultured, and the other two groups were intervened with exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. After 48 hours of exosome intervention, the expression of β-galactosidase in the nucleus was detected by β-galactosidase staining kit. The expression of aging-related genes was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression differences of miRNA in exosomes from passages 3 and 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were compared by Small RNA sequencing.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) Compared with the control group and passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes group, the β-galactosidase activity of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of aged rats was significantly lower in the passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes group. (2) Compared with the control group, the expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 was significantly reduced in the passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in the expression of aging-related genes p21 and p16 in the passage 11 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome group. (3) Sequencing results showed that there was a significant difference in the expression of miRNAs in the two exosomes, among which the miRNAs with the most significant expression differences were let-7c-5p, let-7b-5p, miR-320-3p, and miR-26a-5p. KEGG analysis results showed that significantly different miRNA enrichment pathways include mTOR, AMPK and other aging-related signaling pathways. The above results indicate that passage 3 bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes have the ability to reverse the aging of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in aged rats.

osteoporosis  /  exosomes  /  bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell  /  miRNA  /  aging  /  engineered extracellular vesicles
张熊劲夫, 陈奕达, 程歆怡, 刘岱珲, 施勤. 年轻大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7709 -7718 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.535
Xiongjinfu Zhang, Yida Chen, Xinyi Cheng, Daihui Liu, Qin Shi. Exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of young rats to reverse senescence in aged rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7709 -7718 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.535
骨质疏松症是一种与骨密度下降、骨量减少和骨脆性增加相关的疾病,与衰老密切相关的原发性骨质疏松症好发于绝经后妇女和老年人[1-3]。衰老常造成机体组织功能受损,同时也是很多慢性疾病加重的危险因素,影响患者生活质量[4-5]。个体衰老虽然与细胞衰老不同步,但是细胞衰老是机体衰老的基础,衰老细胞再生能力减弱、分化功能下降,进一步导致机体组织功能下降,因此,如何最大限度地逆转老龄机体的细胞衰老,恢复衰老细胞的再生能力和细胞功能至关重要[6]
大量研究表明,骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)具有自我更新和成骨分化潜能[7],在骨质疏松治疗过程中发挥重要作用,但存在许多问题有待解决[8-9]。在老龄状态下,骨髓间充质干细胞会发生明显的细胞和分子水平变化,主要表现为成骨、成脂分化失衡,成骨能力下降。老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞会分泌衰老相关分泌表型,对其他细胞产生不利影响,促进炎症环境发展[10]。WANG等[11]研究表明与对照组大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞相比,卵巢切除大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞成骨基因表达降低,成骨分化能力减弱。研究发现移植外源性骨髓间充质干细胞能够促进骨形成,为骨质疏松治疗提供新的研究方向。KIERNAN等[10]通过微创注射外源性骨髓间充质干细胞到骨质疏松小鼠模型中,发现长期移植骨髓间充质干细胞能够防止骨量下降,促进骨形成。HAN等[12]研究表明注射负载骨髓间充质干细胞的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物微球可以有效提高骨质疏松大鼠的骨密度。但目前已有动物实验显示骨髓间充质干细胞移植增加了肿瘤的发生率[13],并且移植后骨髓间充质干细胞的归巢能力降低,治疗作用有限,因此需要开发出能够降低干细胞移植复杂性和风险的治疗方案。外泌体具有免疫原性低、稳定性好的特点,利用外泌体能在一定程度上避免直接细胞移植带来的不良反应,不同细胞分泌携带不同组分的外泌体,发挥不同的生物学作用[14-15]。研究发现,与移植外源性骨髓间充质干细胞对骨质疏松的治疗作用相似,骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体(BMSCs derived exosomes,BMSCs-Exo)通过mRNA、蛋白、miRNA等参与骨细胞间通讯,促进骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化,完成缺损部位的骨组织再生[16]。YING等[17]发现骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体通过调节缺氧诱导因子1α刺激骨髓间充质干细胞增殖和成骨分化。
外泌体是由活细胞分泌的带有脂质双层的小囊泡,可通过转移mRNA、miRNA、脂质和蛋白质来调节细胞信号和改变靶细胞生物活性[18],其内部的多种生物分子是调节细胞功能和生物学行为的重要递质[19-20]。当外泌体进入靶细胞后,miRNA能够与mRNA上的部分互补位点结合,导致mRNA部分或全部降解,从而影响靶细胞的基因转录和翻译,发挥转录后抑制因子的作用。由于外泌体具有免疫原性低、与亲本细胞相似的生理功能,因此采用外泌体作为治疗载体,可以避免恶性表型转化、排斥反应等问题[21]。基于以上特性,外泌体成为一种无细胞替代疗法,受到广泛研究关注[22-23]。骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体能够参与骨细胞间通讯,同时利用其内部蛋白或核酸促进成骨分化,完成骨缺损部位的修复重建,加快局部功能恢复[16,24]。研究显示,骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体可通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路来治疗辐射引起的骨质流失,对骨质疏松症有治疗潜力[25]。但衰老细胞分泌的外泌体内部成分和生物学作用会有衰老相关改变,研究发现衰老细胞来源外泌体较年轻细胞来源外泌体缺少抗氧化相关蛋白,谷胱甘肽代谢通路受到抑制[26]。研究表明,年轻骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体能够延长Ercc1小鼠的寿命[27]。JIN等[28]研究表明,年轻的人类脱落乳牙干细胞分泌的外泌体可以减轻肌腱干/祖细胞的老化,并保持其生肌能力。基于上述研究,年轻细胞来源外泌体具有逆转衰老、治疗骨质疏松的潜在作用。因此该研究探讨年轻大鼠不同代数骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生物学功能的影响。
体外细胞学实验。
实验于2022年11月至2023年12月在苏州大学骨科研究所完成。
18月龄雌性SD大鼠20只,体质量(330.0±3.1)g,6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠20只,体质量(262.0±4.9)g,均购自苏州昭衍动物公司,动物质量合格证号:SYXK(苏)2017-0043。所有SD大鼠均饲养在苏州大学实验动物中心无病原体的环境中,保证大鼠能够自由获取所需饮食,22-24 ℃恒温,50%-60%湿度,12 h光照/12 h黑暗交替循环。
所有动物实验遵循苏州大学实验管理条例规定并得到苏州大学动物实验伦理委员会的批准(SUDA20230619A03),严格遵守实验室动物护理和使用的指导方针。
胰酶、胎牛血清、PBS(Hyclone,美国);DMEM/F-12培养基(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国);反转录试剂、qRT-PCR试剂盒(Takara,日本);抗坏血酸、地塞米松、β-甘油磷酸钠(Sigma,美国);衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒(碧云天,中国);戊巴比妥钠(麦克林,中国);40 g/L多聚甲醛(Biosharp,中国);光学显微镜(Leica,德国);倒置荧光显微镜(Zeiss Axiovert,德国);扫描电子显微镜(Hitachi S-4800,日本);磁力搅拌器(司乐仪器有限公司,中国);全波长酶标仪(BioTek,美国);培养皿、培养孔板(Corning,美国);CO2细胞培养箱、生物超净台(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国);高速离心机(Eppendorf,德国);Nanodrop 2000光谱仪(Thermo Fisher Scientific,美国);4 ℃冰箱(无锡松下冷机有限公司,中国);-80 ℃电冰箱(青岛海尔股份有限公司,中国)。
采用过量3%戊巴比妥钠腹腔注射处死6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠20只,用5 mL注射器冲出股骨和胫骨内骨髓,将冲出的骨髓吹散,培养于含体积分数10%胎牛血清、100 U/mL青霉素和100 mg/mL链霉素的DMEM/F-12培养基中,每3 d换1次培养基,待细胞融合度达到95%时进行细胞传代,传代时细胞用0.25%不含EDTA的胰酶在37 ℃消化30 s,用DMEM/F-12完全培养基终止消化,1 200 r/min离心10 min,随后将细胞均匀分至3个10 cm2培养皿中即为第1代,按此方法继续传代至第3代和第11代。18月龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞培养方法同上,培养到第3代进行后续实验。
按照前述方法提取出的6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞传至第3代和第11代,18月龄雌性SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞传到第3代,进行鉴定。取9×106个骨髓间充质干细胞,800×g离心10 min,弃去上清后加入PBS均匀吹打细胞,洗去细胞表面残留培养基,再次离心,离心结束后去除上清制成单细胞悬液。每个EP管加入1×106个细胞,将配制好的CD45、CD34、CD29、CD90抗体加至上述含细胞的1.5 mL EP管中,置于4 ℃条件下避光孵育30 min,孵育结束后,每管加入500 μL含胎牛血清的PBS,均匀吹打,800×g离心10 min,去除上清,再向每管样品中加入400 μL PBS重悬,重悬结束所有样品上机检测。
上述6-8周龄雌性SD大鼠的骨髓间充质干细胞分别传代至第3代和第11代,当细胞融合度到70%时,弃去DMEM/F-12完全培养基,PBS洗3次,更换为无外泌体血清配置的DMEM/F-12完全培养基,培养48 h后收集上清,提取外泌体,即收取上清300×g离心10 min,去除细胞和大体积细胞碎片,2 000×g离心10 min,去除细胞碎片,10 000×g离心30 min,收集上清,所有上清经0.22 μm滤器过滤,100 000×g离心70 min,弃去上清,沉淀即为外泌体,无菌PBS重悬后,再次100 000×g离心70 min,弃上清,1 mL无菌PBS重悬外泌体,分装后-80 ℃保存。
(1)外泌体的形态:利用透射电镜观察第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的形态。
(2)外泌体的纳米粒径分布:将提取的外泌体样本从-80 ℃冰箱取出后放于冰盒中,融化后离心,取20 μL加入至1.5 mL EP管中,再加入980 μL PBS稀释50倍,用1 mL注射器完成仪器上样,观察屏幕中颗粒画面,调整焦距及各项测量参数,依照提示完成测试,分析检测结果及处理数据。
(3)外泌体标志蛋白表达:利用Western blot检测外泌体表面蛋白CD63和TSG101的表达。
将骨髓间充质干细胞以5×104个/孔的密度种植在24孔板内,待细胞贴壁并且融合度达到80%时,使用衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒进行染色,倒置光学显微镜观察。
取50 μL质量浓度为50 μg/mL的年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体,用DiI染料标记(外泌体和DiI染料的体积比为300∶1),室温避光孵育30 min。将老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞以3×104/孔接种到24孔板内,每组4个孔(孔板内已提前放置无菌细胞爬片),将完成标记的年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体与老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞于24孔板内共孵育12 h。孵育结束后,弃去培养皿中细胞上清,PBS洗3次后使用40 g/L多聚甲醛室温固定20 min,使用免疫染色通透液室温下通透10 min完成细胞打孔,PBS洗3次,使用免疫荧光染色封闭液室温下封闭1 h保证后续实验结果的准确性,封闭结束后无需用PBS洗涤,使用鬼笔环肽染料室温下染色1 h,完成老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞骨架染色,使用DAPI染色液室温下染色10 min完成细胞核染色,吸除DAPI染色液,PBS洗3次,使用抗荧光淬灭封片剂完成封固,倒置荧光显微镜观察。
将老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞按3×103个/孔密度接种至96孔板内,分为对照组、第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组、第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组,每组3个复孔,待各孔细胞融合度达到40%时,将DMEM/F-12完全培养基更换为无外泌体血清配置的DMEM/F-12完全培养基、第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体,外泌体质量浓度为50 μg/mL,于37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2培养箱内培养1,3,5 d,每孔加入100 μL CCK-8工作液,37 ℃孵育4 h,孵育结束后酶标仪在450 nm波长处检测各孔吸光度值。
老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞消化离心后接种于6孔板(5×104个/孔)和24孔板(3×104个/孔),分别用于后续成骨相关分化基因的检测和碱性磷酸酶染色。分组如下:对照组、成骨分化组、第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组、第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组,待各孔细胞融合度达到70%时,更换DMEM/F-12完全培养基、成骨诱导培养基(DMEM/F-12培养基内添加体积分数10%胎牛血清、1%青/链霉素、10 mmol/L β-甘油磷酸钠、50 mg/L抗坏血酸、10 nmol/L地塞米松)、含50 μg/mL第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的成骨诱导培养基,每3 d换液1次。
成骨诱导7 d后,收集6孔板中各组细胞至1.5 mL无酶离心管中,加入1 mL Trizol,4 ℃放置10 min后,反复吹打至细胞充分裂解;每管加入200 μL三氯甲烷,剧烈上下晃动1 min,充分萃取RNA后4 ℃静置10 min至分层,随后4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min。提前准备无酶1.5 mL EP管。离心结束小心吸取上层水相液体,不要吸到蛋白层,将水相液体转移至提前备好的无酶离心管中,加入与水相等体积异丙醇,上下颠倒10-15次,4 ℃静置10 min,随后4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min,弃去上清,底部浅白色沉淀即为RNA,加入1 mL体积分数75%无水乙醇,移液枪轻轻吹起白色沉淀,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心15 min;重复上述步骤,弃上清,待管底液体挥发完全,沉淀由白色变为透明状后,根据RNA沉淀量加入适量DEPC水,使用超微量紫外分光光度计检测样本RNA浓度。将上述RNA反转录为cDNA,反转录体系为提取的RNA、5×All-In-One RT Mastermix、Nuclease-free H2O,先加入4 μL 5×All-In-One RT Mastermix,计算每组需要加入的RNA体积,然后用Nuclease-free H2O补齐液量至20 μL,各成分混匀后,上机完成反转录。反转录结束后进行qRT-PCR,首先按照DEPC水(2 μL)、Forward Primer(0.5 μL)、Reverse Primer(0.5 μL)和SYBR Green(5 μL)的顺序配制每个目的基因的qRT-PCR体系,混合均匀后,每孔贴壁加入8 μL预混液,然后以反转录得到的cDNA为模板,每孔再加入2 μL对应组别的cDNA。qRT-PCR扩增程序:95 ℃,30 s预变性;95 ℃,5 s;60 ℃,30 s,40个循环扩增;95 ℃熔解曲线。内参基因是GAPDH,qRT-PCR结束后,采用2-∆∆CT法计算数据。表1为各基因引物序列。
成骨诱导7 d后用BCIP/NBT碱性磷酸酯酶显色试剂盒按照试剂盒说明书完成碱性磷酸酶染色,染色结束使用Image J进行碱性磷酸酶染色定量分析。
老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞以5×104个/孔的密度接种在6孔板内,分为对照组、第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组、第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组,每组3个复孔,待细胞贴壁50%-60%时,将DMEM/F-12完全培养基更换为无外泌体血清配置的DMEM/F-12完全培养基、第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体,外泌体质量浓度为50 μg/mL,待细胞长至95%-100%融合度时收取细胞,采用qRT-PCR检测老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞中衰老相关基因p21和p16的mRNA表达,引物序列见表1
将老龄大鼠第3代骨髓间充质干细胞以5×104个/孔的密度种植在6孔板内,分为对照组、第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组、第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组,每组3个复孔,待细胞贴壁后融合度达到50%时,将DMEM/F-12完全培养基更换为无外泌体血清配置的DMEM/F-12完全培养基、第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体,外泌体质量浓度为50 μg/mL,干预48 h后,使用衰老相关β-半乳糖苷酶染色试剂盒进行染色,倒置光学显微镜观察。
以第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体作为实验组,第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体作为对照组,测序比较两种外泌体内miRNA表达差异。使用无菌PBS调整外泌体浓度,保证每一重复样本内外泌体含量均为1 mg,所有样本通过干冰保存于-20 ℃运送至测序公司。外泌体质检、Small RNA测序和后续实验结果均由广州市锐博生物科技有限公司完成。测序完成后,分析测序结果筛选出具有显著性差异的miRNA,通过Targetscan 8.0进一步预测其靶基因,探究第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老影响的机制。
年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞增殖、成骨分化能力、衰老的影响,以及年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内miRNA的表达差异。
采用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计分析,各项数据以均值±标准误表示。多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较采用t检验。P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。文章统计学方法已经通过苏州大学生物统计学专家审核。
流式细胞术结果显示,年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞、老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞阳性指标CD90的阳性百分比分别为(99.50±0.01)%,(99.400±0.003)%,(99.900±0.006)%,CD29的阳性百分比分别为(94.40±0.06)%,(94.00±0.05)%,(99.40±0.01)%;阴性指标CD34的阳性百分比分别为(0.030±0.007)%,(0.93±0.08)%,(0.004±0.002)%,CD45的阳性百分比分别为(1.43±0.20)%,(4.55±0.01)%,(0.46±0.01)%,均小于5%。该鉴定结果说明提取培养的骨髓间充质干细胞纯度达到90%以上,见图1
低倍镜下可见第11代骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞核蓝染细胞数量多于第3代骨髓间充质干细胞,高倍镜下可见第11代骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞核着色明显深于第3代骨髓间充质干细胞,见图2
透射电镜观察显示,第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体具有非常明显的膜边界、直径150 nm左右的杯状结构,也有部分在200 nm以下、较难鉴别的其他形状外泌体。两种外泌体的形貌无明显差别,可排除大小、形态对后续实验的干扰,见图3
纳米颗粒分析结果显示,第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体的粒径大小主要分布在150 nm左右,检测结果呈现单峰,说明提取出的外泌体纯度较高,见图4
第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体均表达CD63和TSG101,符合外泌体的表征验证,见图5
倒置荧光显微镜观察结果显示,年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体均能被老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞摄取,二者内化情况一致,无明显差别,外泌体均聚集在老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的细胞质和细胞核周围,进一步表明老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞能够内化年轻大鼠第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体,被摄取的外泌体能够进一步进入细胞核内发挥生物学作用,见图6
老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞接种培养1,3,5 d后,能够正常增殖,并且加入第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体处理后老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖速度增加,加入第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体后老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖速度下降。上述结果表明第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体能够促进老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖,见图7
与第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组Bmp2、Spp1和Runx2的mRNA表达均上调,见图8
碱性磷酸酶染色结果表明,加入第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体后,老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的碱性磷酸酶表达量显著增加,见图9
与第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组相比,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体组p21的mRNA表达下调了约48%,p16的mRNA表达下调了约30%(P < 0.05),见图10
β-半乳糖苷酶染色结果显示,加入第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体干预后,老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内β-半乳糖苷酶活性明显降低,视野中阳性细胞数明显减少,阳性细胞的细胞核颜色较浅,见图11
利用Small RNA测序比较两种外泌体处理后老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞内miRNA表达的差异,在Fold Change≥2、P < 0.05的条件下,筛选具有显著性差异的miRNA,通过Targetscan 8.0寻找具有显著性表达差异的miRNA的靶基因,筛选靶基因中与细胞衰老调控相关的基因,结合KEGG分析结果,将靶基因所在细胞通路与KEGG分析结果对应,结果显示mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路均有显著性差异miRNA富集,这表明第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内部存在衰老调控相关的miRNA,见图12A。火山图显示,与第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体相比,第11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体中表达上调的miRNA有20个,表达下调的miRNA有22个,见图12B。热图显示第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体中显著上调的miRNA是let-7c-5p、let-7b-5p、miR-320-3p和miR-26a-5p,进一步寻找上述miRNA的靶基因,分析其所在信号通路。通过GO分析结果表明,两种外泌体内的差异性miRNA与细胞膜运动、生长因子运输、DNA结合及转录等重要细胞学作用相关,见图13
伴随老龄化程度加剧,衰老所致的老龄化骨缺损更难自然愈合,引起一系列并发症[2,29]。目前针对老龄化骨缺损的治疗方案存在手术预后差、治疗效率低等问题,同时原发性骨质疏松常伴有骨髓间充质干细胞衰老、再生能力和成骨分化能力减弱[30-31],体外移植骨髓间充质干细胞疗法存在排斥反应、恶性表型转化、肿瘤风险增加等问题,治疗效果不理想。而外泌体作为无细胞疗法之一具有免疫原性低等特点,已有研究表明体外注射外泌体能够避免体外移植骨髓间充质干细胞存在的系列问题,有效治疗骨质疏松,在此研究基础上该实验探究年轻骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体对老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞生物学特性的影响及其分子机制[3,32-33]。实验提取第3代和第11代大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体,与老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞共培养后观察其衰老情况,同时利用Small RNA测序比较两种外泌体内miRNA的表达差异。利用外泌体作为治疗主体,采用无细胞疗法,很大程度上避免了干细胞治疗带来的恶性表型转化、排斥反应等问题,与PEG4000共沉淀法相比,采用超高速离心的方法提取出来的外泌体,杂蛋白少,纯度更高,提高后续实验的准确性[34]。通过透射电镜、纳米颗粒分析技术和Western blot完成了两种外泌体体外表征,符合2014年和2018年国际细胞外囊泡学会(MISEV2018)提出的外泌体应满足的基本要求指南[35-36]。外泌体作为细胞间信号传递载体,其内部含有分泌细胞的mRNA、miRNA、脂质和蛋白质,能够通过运输上述物质实现细胞信号调节[33,37],改变靶细胞的生物活性,因此其内部的RNA、蛋白质等活性分子是调节靶细胞生物学行为的重要信号[38-39]。有研究使用蛋白质组学分析证明年轻与老龄骨细胞来源外泌体内蛋白差异显著,年轻骨细胞来源外泌体能够在骨脑轴上转移保护因子来拯救脑损伤[40]。而骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体已在各种损伤模型中显示出再生潜力,例如心肌梗死和急性肾损伤[31]。在骨组织中,骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,治疗辐射所致的骨质流失[25]。因此该实验采用年轻大鼠不同代数骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体作为治疗载体,探究其逆转衰老的能力。
该研究采用第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体与老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞共培养后,观察两种外泌体对老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的影响。老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞呈现出增殖活性下降、成骨分化受损、骨生成速度减缓等衰老细胞特征[41-42]。YANG等[43]研究表明人骨髓间充质干细胞体外多次传代后,p16基因表达上调,β-半乳糖苷酶阳性细胞数量增加。该实验通过β-半乳糖苷酶染色发现,第11代骨髓间充质干细胞的β-半乳糖苷酶阳性细胞数量较多,细胞核蓝染程度与第3代骨髓间充质干细胞相比明显加深,说明第11代骨髓间充质干细胞处于衰老状态,因此提取第3,11代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体用于后续实验。
miRNA是内源性小非编码RNA,通过与靶信使RNA(mRNA)上的部分互补位点结合而发挥转录后抑制因子的作用。外泌体作为miRNA的载体,利用其表面分子、内吞体分类复合物以及miRNA本身的特定结合基序,能够在不同细胞间运输转移,实现自身基因调控作用[44]。目前,针对外泌体逆转骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的机制研究主要集中在miRNA和蛋白表达差异,QIU等[45]对卵巢切除大鼠的体内外实验表明,骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内的miR-150-3p能促进成骨细胞增殖和分化,为骨质疏松患者的治疗提供新的线索。同时有研究发现骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体内的MALAT1通过上调SATB2表达增强骨质疏松小鼠成骨细胞的活性,提示了外泌体在骨质疏松症中的治疗潜力[46]。该研究的一系列体外实验证明第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体能够逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老,采用Small RNA测序比较两种外泌体内miRNA表达差异,最终测序结果显示,第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体中具备显著性差异的miRNA是let-7c-5p、let-7b-5p、rno-miR-320-3p和miR-26a-5p。KEGG分析显示差异靶基因富集的信号通路包含Cellular Senescence、mTOR、AMPK等衰老相关信号通路,其中mTOR信号和AMPK信号之间在相互抑制的情况下,共同形成细胞衰老和进化的调节网络[47]
该研究仍存在很多不足之处:①尚未完善第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体发挥逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的分子机制研究;②第3代骨髓间充质干细胞来源外泌体在体外发挥了稳定的逆转老龄大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞衰老的效果,该治疗效果需要进一步在体内验证,但外泌体体内应用存在无法缓释、易被清除的问题,需要设计相关生物材料为其提供缓释载体,将会在后续实验中进一步补充说明。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(82172485)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.535
  • 接收时间:2024-04-15
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-15
  • 修回日期:2024-09-06
  • 录用日期:2024-06-21
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82172485)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(82172485)
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    苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006

通讯作者:

施勤,博士,教授,苏州大学附属第一医院骨科,苏州大学骨科研究所,江苏省苏州市 215006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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