Article(id=1246459847982604762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.562, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1732636800000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-27, acceptedDate=1731513600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-14, onlineDate=1775108785862, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108785862, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108785862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108785862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7783, endPage=7789, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459848234263008, articleId=1246459847982604762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Screening and cytological validation of cartilage degeneration-related genes in exosomes from osteoarthritis synovial fluid, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Exosomes have been confirmed to be closely related to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. However, the role and mechanism of exosome-derived genes in cartilage degeneration of osteoarthritis have not been fully elucidated.

OBJECTIVE:

Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen the genes related to cartilage degeneration in the synovial exosomes of patients with osteoarthritis, and to determine their biological functions and signaling pathways in order to provide new therapeutic targets for delaying cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis.

METHODS:

Firstly, osteoarthritis-related exosome dataset GSE185059 and cartilage degeneration dataset GSE114007 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to screen exosome-derived cartilage degeneration related genes. GO functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed based on the screened exosome-derived cartilage degeneration related genes. Protein-protein interaction network was drawn and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was conducted to screen and obtain key exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of key genes in osteoarthritis cartilage tissue and interleukin-1β stimulated chondrocyte models.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) There were 831 differentially expressed genes in the GSE185059 dataset and 5 323 differentially expressed genes in the GSE114007 dataset. A total of 94 exosome-derived cartilage degeneration related genes were screened after the intersection of these differentially expressed genes, of which 51 genes were down-regulated and 43 genes were up-regulated. (2) GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in the positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion, the positive regulation of T cell activation, and chronic inflammatory response, while the down-regulated genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as cell aggregation, cartilage differentiation and development, and skeletal system morphogenesis. (3) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes were mainly involved in tryptophan enrichment metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and leukocyte transendothelial migration. (4) The constructed protein-protein interaction network confirmed the existence of multiple interaction relationships among exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes. Combined with five algorithms in CytoHubba software, four key exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes were further screened, namely THY1, CYP1A1, NFKB2, and COL6A3. (5) The results of qRT-PCR showed that compared with normal cartilage, the expressions of THY1 and COL6A3 in osteoarthritic cartilage were increased, while the expression of CYP1A1 and NFKB2 was decreased. Similarly, compared with the unstimulated group, the expression of THY1 and COL6A3 in the interleukin-1β induced chondrocytes was upregulated, while the expression of CYP1A1 and NFKB2 was downregulated. (6) These results indicate that THY1, CYP1A1, NFKB2, and COL6A3 are genes related to cartilage degeneration in the exosomes of synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, and may participate in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by regulating biological processes such as protein tyrosine kinase activity and lipid metabolism, as well as nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and focal adhesion signaling pathway. However, the specific regulatory roles and molecular mechanisms of these key genes in cartilage degeneration need to be further verified by experiments.

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Liu Chen, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou Province, China
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背景:

已有研究证实外泌体与骨关节炎软骨退变密切相关。然而,外泌体来源基因在骨关节炎软骨退变中的作用及机制尚未被完全阐明。

目的:

通过生物信息技术筛选骨关节炎患者关节液外泌体中与软骨退变相关的基因,确定其生物学功能和信号通路,进而为延缓骨关节炎软骨退变提供新的治疗靶点。

方法:

首先,从基因表达综合(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库中下载骨关节炎相关外泌体数据集GSE185059和软骨退变数据集GSE114007,筛选外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因。然后对筛选的外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因进行GO功能及KEGG通路富集分析,绘制蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络以及IPA分析,筛选获得外泌体来源软骨退变相关的关键基因。最后,采用qRT-PCR实验验证骨关节炎软骨组织以及白细胞介素1β刺激软骨细胞模型中关键基因的表达情况。

结果与结论:

① GSE185059数据集中共有831个差异表达基因,GSE114007数据集中共有5 323个差异表达基因。两者取交集后共筛选获得94个外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因,其中51个基因表达下调,43个基因表达上调。②GO功能富集分析表明,上调的基因主要参与细胞-细胞黏附的正向调节、T细胞活化的正调控以及慢性炎症反应等生物学过程,下调的基因主要参与细胞聚集、软骨分化发育以及骨骼系统形态发生等生物学过程。③KEGG通路富集分析发现,外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因主要参与富集色氨酸代谢、维生素B6代谢以及白细胞跨内皮迁移等信号通路。④构建的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络证实,外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因之间存在多个相互作用关系。结合CytoHubba插件中的5种算法进一步筛选获得了4个关键外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因,分别为THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2、COL6A3。⑤qRT-PCR结果证实,相比于正常软骨组织,骨关节炎软骨组织中THY1、COL6A3表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2表达降低;同样,相比于未刺激组,白细胞介素1β刺激组软骨细胞中THY1、COL6A3表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2表达降低。⑥以上结果表明,THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2和COL6A3是骨关节炎关节液外泌体中与软骨退变相关的基因,可能通过调控蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性以及脂质代谢等生物学过程以及核因子κB信号通路、黏着斑信号通路等参与骨关节炎疾病进程。然而,这些关键基因在软骨退变中的具体调控作用和分子机制有待进一步实验验证。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘琛,学士,主治医师,贵航贵阳医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550005
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作者贡献:

马维邦负责实验设计、实验实施与图表制作,徐哲、喻乔、欧阳东负责资料收集,马维邦、徐哲负责经费获取,文章写作为马维邦,文章审校为刘琛。

Ma Weibang, MS, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou Province, China

马维邦,男,1991年生,山东省烟台市人,汉族,2021年贵州医科大学毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨与关节的临床与基础研究。

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Ma Weibang, MS, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou Province, China

马维邦,男,1991年生,山东省烟台市人,汉族,2021年贵州医科大学毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨与关节的临床与基础研究。

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Ma Weibang, MS, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou Province, China

马维邦,男,1991年生,山东省烟台市人,汉族,2021年贵州医科大学毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨与关节的临床与基础研究。

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图注:图A为GSE185059数据集差异表达基因火山图;B为GSE114007数据集差异表达基因火山图。

, figureFileSmall=wPsGXT2Cfm2FFs51JS6O7Q==, figureFileBig=gCCl42FZwk73bwE0s27HLw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865720315923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=GO functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes, figureFileSmall=n3UYUayVWsUTiIq7I2EXjg==, figureFileBig=3rFIXg6vn/iqa487NwQLjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865816784918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=CN, label=图2, caption=外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因的GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析

图注:图A为下调基因的GO功能富集分析;B为上调基因的GO功能富集分析;C为KEGG通路富集分析。

, figureFileSmall=n3UYUayVWsUTiIq7I2EXjg==, figureFileBig=3rFIXg6vn/iqa487NwQLjg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865900671004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Protein-protein interaction network between exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes, figureFileSmall=E6Xl4rBFXlg46Uda1RMhcA==, figureFileBig=V0KUiHmadtwevhBgBjKSIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459865976168484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=CN, label=图3, caption=外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因之间蛋白-蛋白相互作用网络图, figureFileSmall=E6Xl4rBFXlg46Uda1RMhcA==, figureFileBig=V0KUiHmadtwevhBgBjKSIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866076831786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Screening of cartilage degeneration-related genes from key exosome sources, figureFileSmall=vw7pU7n5y/M451EoacVtgg==, figureFileBig=z8NvFCmRlSre6YBvF+3rxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866190077995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=CN, label=图4, caption=关键外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因筛选

图注:图A为Degree算法;B为EPC算法;C为MCC算法;D为DMNC算法;E为MNC算法。

, figureFileSmall=vw7pU7n5y/M451EoacVtgg==, figureFileBig=z8NvFCmRlSre6YBvF+3rxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866278158384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Validation of expression of key exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes, figureFileSmall=WNrd7zTTxA+6GDuX+ka/bg==, figureFileBig=IdPcrhzvHVeRThILJrIBrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866391404602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=CN, label=图5, caption=关键外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因表达验证

图注:图A为软骨组织中关键基因表达;B为软骨细胞中关键基因表达。aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01。

, figureFileSmall=WNrd7zTTxA+6GDuX+ka/bg==, figureFileBig=IdPcrhzvHVeRThILJrIBrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866483679296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences for qRT-PCR

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名Forward (5’→3’)Reverse (5’→3’)
THY1ATC GCT CTC CTG CTA ACA GTCCTC GTA CTG GAT GGG TGA ACT
CYP1A1ACA TGC TGA CCC TGG GAA AGGGT GTG GAG CCA ATT CGG AT
NFKB2ATG GAG AGT TGC TAC AAC CCACTG TTC CAC GAT CAC CAG GTA
COL6A3ATG AGG AAA CAT CGG CAC TTGGGG CAT GAG TTG TAG GAA AGC
GAPDHCAG GAG GCA TTG CTG ATG ATGAA GGC TGG GGC TCA TTT
), ArticleFig(id=1246459866554982469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459847982604762, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

qRT-PCR引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名Forward (5’→3’)Reverse (5’→3’)
THY1ATC GCT CTC CTG CTA ACA GTCCTC GTA CTG GAT GGG TGA ACT
CYP1A1ACA TGC TGA CCC TGG GAA AGGGT GTG GAG CCA ATT CGG AT
NFKB2ATG GAG AGT TGC TAC AAC CCACTG TTC CAC GAT CAC CAG GTA
COL6A3ATG AGG AAA CAT CGG CAC TTGGGG CAT GAG TTG TAG GAA AGC
GAPDHCAG GAG GCA TTG CTG ATG ATGAA GGC TGG GGC TCA TTT
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骨关节炎关节液外泌体中软骨退变相关基因筛选及细胞学验证
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马维邦 1 , 徐哲 1, 2 , 喻乔 2, 3 , 欧阳东 1 , 张如国 1 , 罗伟 1 , 谢阳江 1 , 刘琛 1
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7783-7789
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7783-7789
骨关节炎关节液外泌体中软骨退变相关基因筛选及细胞学验证
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马维邦1, 徐哲1, 2, 喻乔2, 3, 欧阳东1, 张如国1, 罗伟1, 谢阳江1, 刘琛1
作者信息
  • 1贵航贵阳医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550005
  • 2贵州医科大学,贵州省贵阳市 550042
  • 3贵黔国际总医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550018
  • Ma Weibang, MS, Attending physician, Department of Orthopedics, Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou Province, China

    马维邦,男,1991年生,山东省烟台市人,汉族,2021年贵州医科大学毕业,硕士,主治医师,主要从事骨与关节的临床与基础研究。

通讯作者:

刘琛,学士,主治医师,贵航贵阳医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550005
Screening and cytological validation of cartilage degeneration-related genes in exosomes from osteoarthritis synovial fluid
Weibang Ma1, Zhe Xu1, 2, Qiao Yu2, 3, Dong Ouyang1, Ruguo Zhang1, Wei Luo1, Yangjiang Xie1, Chen Liu1
Affiliations
  • 1Department of Orthopedics, Guihang Guiyang Hospital, Guiyang 550005, Guizhou Province, China
  • 2Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550042, Guizhou Province, China
  • 3Department of Orthopedics, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang 550018, Guizhou Province, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.562
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背景:

已有研究证实外泌体与骨关节炎软骨退变密切相关。然而,外泌体来源基因在骨关节炎软骨退变中的作用及机制尚未被完全阐明。

目的:

通过生物信息技术筛选骨关节炎患者关节液外泌体中与软骨退变相关的基因,确定其生物学功能和信号通路,进而为延缓骨关节炎软骨退变提供新的治疗靶点。

方法:

首先,从基因表达综合(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库中下载骨关节炎相关外泌体数据集GSE185059和软骨退变数据集GSE114007,筛选外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因。然后对筛选的外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因进行GO功能及KEGG通路富集分析,绘制蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络以及IPA分析,筛选获得外泌体来源软骨退变相关的关键基因。最后,采用qRT-PCR实验验证骨关节炎软骨组织以及白细胞介素1β刺激软骨细胞模型中关键基因的表达情况。

结果与结论:

① GSE185059数据集中共有831个差异表达基因,GSE114007数据集中共有5 323个差异表达基因。两者取交集后共筛选获得94个外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因,其中51个基因表达下调,43个基因表达上调。②GO功能富集分析表明,上调的基因主要参与细胞-细胞黏附的正向调节、T细胞活化的正调控以及慢性炎症反应等生物学过程,下调的基因主要参与细胞聚集、软骨分化发育以及骨骼系统形态发生等生物学过程。③KEGG通路富集分析发现,外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因主要参与富集色氨酸代谢、维生素B6代谢以及白细胞跨内皮迁移等信号通路。④构建的蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用网络证实,外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因之间存在多个相互作用关系。结合CytoHubba插件中的5种算法进一步筛选获得了4个关键外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因,分别为THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2、COL6A3。⑤qRT-PCR结果证实,相比于正常软骨组织,骨关节炎软骨组织中THY1、COL6A3表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2表达降低;同样,相比于未刺激组,白细胞介素1β刺激组软骨细胞中THY1、COL6A3表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2表达降低。⑥以上结果表明,THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2和COL6A3是骨关节炎关节液外泌体中与软骨退变相关的基因,可能通过调控蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性以及脂质代谢等生物学过程以及核因子κB信号通路、黏着斑信号通路等参与骨关节炎疾病进程。然而,这些关键基因在软骨退变中的具体调控作用和分子机制有待进一步实验验证。

骨关节炎  /  关节液  /  外泌体  /  软骨退变  /  生信分析  /  细胞学验证  /  软骨细胞  /  基因表达  /  工程化外泌体
BACKGROUND:

Exosomes have been confirmed to be closely related to cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis. However, the role and mechanism of exosome-derived genes in cartilage degeneration of osteoarthritis have not been fully elucidated.

OBJECTIVE:

Bioinformatics analyses were used to screen the genes related to cartilage degeneration in the synovial exosomes of patients with osteoarthritis, and to determine their biological functions and signaling pathways in order to provide new therapeutic targets for delaying cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis.

METHODS:

Firstly, osteoarthritis-related exosome dataset GSE185059 and cartilage degeneration dataset GSE114007 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to screen exosome-derived cartilage degeneration related genes. GO functional and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses were performed based on the screened exosome-derived cartilage degeneration related genes. Protein-protein interaction network was drawn and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was conducted to screen and obtain key exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of key genes in osteoarthritis cartilage tissue and interleukin-1β stimulated chondrocyte models.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) There were 831 differentially expressed genes in the GSE185059 dataset and 5 323 differentially expressed genes in the GSE114007 dataset. A total of 94 exosome-derived cartilage degeneration related genes were screened after the intersection of these differentially expressed genes, of which 51 genes were down-regulated and 43 genes were up-regulated. (2) GO functional enrichment analysis showed that the up-regulated genes were mainly involved in the positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion, the positive regulation of T cell activation, and chronic inflammatory response, while the down-regulated genes were mainly involved in biological processes such as cell aggregation, cartilage differentiation and development, and skeletal system morphogenesis. (3) KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes were mainly involved in tryptophan enrichment metabolism, vitamin B6 metabolism, and leukocyte transendothelial migration. (4) The constructed protein-protein interaction network confirmed the existence of multiple interaction relationships among exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes. Combined with five algorithms in CytoHubba software, four key exosome-derived cartilage degeneration-related genes were further screened, namely THY1, CYP1A1, NFKB2, and COL6A3. (5) The results of qRT-PCR showed that compared with normal cartilage, the expressions of THY1 and COL6A3 in osteoarthritic cartilage were increased, while the expression of CYP1A1 and NFKB2 was decreased. Similarly, compared with the unstimulated group, the expression of THY1 and COL6A3 in the interleukin-1β induced chondrocytes was upregulated, while the expression of CYP1A1 and NFKB2 was downregulated. (6) These results indicate that THY1, CYP1A1, NFKB2, and COL6A3 are genes related to cartilage degeneration in the exosomes of synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis, and may participate in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis by regulating biological processes such as protein tyrosine kinase activity and lipid metabolism, as well as nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway and focal adhesion signaling pathway. However, the specific regulatory roles and molecular mechanisms of these key genes in cartilage degeneration need to be further verified by experiments.

osteoarthritis  /  synovial fluid  /  exosome  /  cartilage degeneration  /  bioinformatics analysis  /  cytological verification  /  chondrocyte  /  gene expression  /  engineered exosomes
马维邦, 徐哲, 喻乔, 欧阳东, 张如国, 罗伟, 谢阳江, 刘琛. 骨关节炎关节液外泌体中软骨退变相关基因筛选及细胞学验证. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7783 -7789 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.562
Weibang Ma, Zhe Xu, Qiao Yu, Dong Ouyang, Ruguo Zhang, Wei Luo, Yangjiang Xie, Chen Liu. Screening and cytological validation of cartilage degeneration-related genes in exosomes from osteoarthritis synovial fluid[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7783 -7789 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.562
骨关节炎是一种常见的慢性骨关节退行性疾病,以关节软骨退变、软骨下骨硬化、滑膜炎症和疼痛为主要特征[1]。目前已经证实多种因素与骨关节炎发生密切相关,如创伤、衰老、肥胖和遗传等[2-3]。骨关节炎早期主要采用非手术治疗方案,包括患者教育、运动以及药物治疗等,而在疾病晚期则主要依靠手术置换关节[4]。当前保守和手术治疗措施均只能减轻疼痛和控制症状,针对骨关节炎软骨退变尚无可治愈的方法,因此寻求早期诊断标志物和药物靶点对骨关节炎治疗显得尤为重要。
外泌体是一种由细胞分泌、直径为40-150 nm的多囊泡体,可稳定存在于多种体液、分泌液及细胞培养基中,并能以自分泌和旁分泌途径参与细胞之间的通讯[5-6]。软骨细胞是唯一存在于关节软骨组织中的细胞类型,多项研究表明由软骨细胞分泌的外泌体与骨关节炎进展密切相关。例如,NI等[7]研究发现骨关节炎软骨细胞分泌的外泌体样囊泡可刺激巨噬细胞炎症小体活化,促进白细胞介素1β生成诱导炎症反应。另一项研究表明,软骨细胞来源外泌体miR-8485参与调控Wnt/β-catenin通路,进而诱导骨髓间充质干细胞成软骨分化[8]。JI等[9]发现抑制关节液来源外泌体miR-182-5p表达可增强其下游靶分子TNFAIP8表达,进而诱导ATG/LC3信号途径介导的软骨细胞自噬,从而延缓关节软骨退变。LAI等[10]证实关节液来源外泌体miR-214-3p可以改善软骨细胞炎症和软骨退变。然而,外泌体来源基因在骨关节炎软骨退变发生中的作用及机制尚未被完全阐明。深入研究外泌体中与软骨退变相关的基因将有助于发现骨关节炎早期诊断标志物以及潜在治疗靶点。
该研究从基因表达综合(gene expression omnibus,GEO)数据库中获取骨关节炎患者关节液外泌体微阵列数据集,利用生物信息学进行深入挖掘和分析外泌体中与软骨退变密切相关的基因,阐明外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因在骨关节炎发生中的潜在作用及机制,旨在为骨关节炎治疗提供新的靶点和理论依据。
生物信息学和细胞验证分析。
实验于2024年1-7月在贵航贵阳医院完成。
从GEO数据库中搜索所有骨关节炎关节液相关的测序数据,下载获取外泌体相关数据集GSE185059。GSE185059数据集基于GPL29371平台,包含3个正常对照和3个骨关节炎关节液样本。下载软骨退变相关数据集GSE114007,包含18个正常软骨样本和20个骨关节炎软骨样本。
使用R软件Limma软件包(3.42.2版本)分别对GSE185059和GSE114007数据集进行差异表达分析,进而获得差异表达基因。差异表达基因的筛选条件为P < 0.05,|log2FC| > 0.5,并通过R软件pheatmap包(0.7.7版本)构建差异表达基因热图。
使用EnrichR数据库(https://maayanlab.cloud/Enrichr/)进行GO功能及KEGG富集分析,筛选条件为P < 0.05。
使用STRING数据库(https://string-db.org/)构建外泌体源性软骨退变相关基因的蛋白互作网络,并导入Cytoscape v 3.9.1软件通过选择分子间相互作用节点构建蛋白互作网络图。基于构建的蛋白互作网络图,使用CytoHubba插件MCC、DMNC、MNC、Degree、EPC算法筛选关键基因。
选择2023年11月至2024年4月因膝骨关节炎或髋部骨折就诊于贵航贵阳医院行人工全膝关节置换术、全髋关节置换术或人工股骨头置换术患者。
骨关节炎软骨来源于罹患膝骨关节炎患者胫骨平台或股骨髁,纳入标准:①符合《中华医学会骨科学分会骨关节炎诊治指南》(2018年版)的临床诊断标准[11];②影像学分级为Kellgren &Lawrence Ⅲ-Ⅳ级;③50岁以上成人,因膝骨关节炎行人工全膝关节置换术。排除标准:①患有其他系统疾病需长期服用药物者,如自身免疫性疾病;②合并其他类型关节疾病,如痛风、结核、类风湿性关节炎和创伤性关节炎等。
正常软骨标本来源于髋部骨折患者的股骨头,纳入标准:①50岁以上成人、因股骨颈骨折或股骨转子骨折行关节置换术患者;②影像学分级为Kellgren &LawrenceⅠ级。排除标准:①患有其他系统疾病需长期服用药物者,如自身免疫性疾病;②合并其他类型关节疾病,如痛风、结核、类风湿性关节炎和创伤性关节炎等。
根据上述纳入和排除标准,共收集软骨临床标本10例,其中正常和骨关节炎软骨标本各5例。该研究已获得贵航贵阳医院伦理委员会批准(批准号:202316A)。该研究所用软骨标本已征得患者及其家属知情同意。所获软骨组织主要用于后续提取总RNA,并进一步使用qRT-PCR检测关键基因表达。
软骨细胞系C28/I2购买于德国Merk公司(货号:SCC043)。C28/I2软骨细胞在含体积分数10%胎牛血清(Gibco,美国)、1%青霉素和1%硫酸链霉素(索莱宝生物,中国)的DMEM/F12培养基(Gibco,美国)中重悬,放入37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2细胞恒温培养箱中培养,每隔2 d换液1次,待细胞融合生长至70%-80%时传代。将第3-5代软骨细胞按2×105/孔密度接种于6孔板,贴壁24 h后加入10 ng/mL白细胞介素1β(Sigma,美国)刺激软骨细胞24 h。
TRIzol法提取软骨组织和软骨细胞总RNA,使用NanoDrop分光光度计测定样品RNA浓度。根据Takara PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix(Perfect Real Time)(TAKARA,日本)试剂盒说明书将RNA反转录为cDNA,然后采用TB Green®Premix Ex Taq™II(TAKARA,日本)试剂盒进行qRT-PCR。以GAPDH为内参,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算基因的相对表达量。引物序列见表1
①外泌体以及软骨退变差异基因分析;②外泌体来源软骨退变关键基因筛选;③外泌体来源软骨退变基因的GO功能以及KEGG通路富集分析;④体外细胞学验证关键基因表达。
所有数据均以表示,使用GraphPad Prism软件(版本8.4.0)进行统计分析,组间差异分析比较采用独立样本t检验。P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。文章统计学方法已经通过贵州医科大学生物统计学专家审核。
首先,分析外泌体相关GSE185059数据集中骨关节炎患者和正常受试者关节液外泌体的基因差异表达情况,共筛选获得了831个差异表达基因,其中403个基因表达上调,428个基因表达下调(图1A)。然后,分析软骨退变GSE114007数据集中正常软骨和骨关节炎软骨的基因差异表达情况,共筛选获得了5 323个差异表达基因,其中3 028个基因表达上调,2 295个基因表达下调(图1B)。将GSE185059和GSE114007数据集中的差异基因取交集,最终获得了94个共有差异表达基因,其中表达上调的基因51个,表达下调的基因43个。这94个共有差异表达基因被认为是外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因。
为了进一步了解外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因所涉及的生物学过程以及信号通路,对上述基因进行了GO和KEGG富集分析。GO功能富集分析发现,下调的外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因主要参与细胞聚集、软骨分化发育以及骨骼系统形态发生等生物学过程(图2A),而上调的外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因主要参与细胞-细胞黏附的正向调节、T细胞活化的正调控以及慢性炎症反应等生物学过程(图2B)。KEGG通路分析发现,上述外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因主要富集色氨酸代谢、维生素B6代谢以及白细胞跨内皮迁移等信号通路(图2C)。
为了探索外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因之间潜在的相互作用关系,使用STRING数据集绘制蛋白互作调控网络,结果显示,在去除孤立点后共计得到由51个节点以及134条边所组成的网络(图3)。使用CytoHubba插件的5种算法进行关键基因筛选(图4),5种算法取交集后共计获得4个基因,分别为THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2、COL6A3。为了解关键基因的潜在生物学功能,对其进行GO和KEGG富集分析。GO功能富集分析表明,关键基因主要富集细胞外渗调控、蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性负调控和长链脂肪酸生物合成过程等生物学过程。KEGG通路富集分析表明,关键基因主要参与NF-κB信号通路、破骨细胞分化信号通路以及黏着斑激酶信号通路等。
为了分析关键基因与软骨退变的相关性,使用qRT-PCR检测关键基因在人软骨组织以及软骨细胞炎症模型中的表达情况。与正常软骨组织相比,骨关节炎软骨组织中THY1、COL6A3表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2表达降低(图5A)。同样,与正常软骨细胞相比,白细胞介素1β诱导炎症软骨细胞中THY1、COL6A3表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2表达降低(图5B)。
软骨退变是骨关节炎最主要的表现之一,抑制关节软骨进行性退变被认为是骨关节炎最主要的治疗手段[12-13]。外泌体是一种可由机体多种细胞分泌的多囊泡体,具有良好稳定性、高靶向性以及低排斥性等特点。越来越多的研究表明,外泌体可参与软骨细胞外基质代谢、软骨细胞增殖与活化以及炎症反应等过程,从而调控骨关节炎发生、发展[14-15]。据报道,M2巨噬细胞来源外泌体miR-26b-5p可以通过靶向抑制TLR3和COL10A1表达,影响巨噬细胞极化和软骨细胞肥大,从而保护关节软骨并改善骨关节炎小鼠的步态异常[16]。XU等[17]证实,外泌体miR-4738-3p主要通过调节COL1A2和NF-κB通路显著影响骨关节炎相关炎症。QIU等[18]研究发现,外泌体可通过递送miR-485-3p靶向抑制NRP1和下游的PI3K/Akt通路,从而减弱白细胞介素1β诱导的软骨细胞外基质降解。因此,深入挖掘外泌体相关基因将有助于从外泌体改善软骨退变视角去探索骨关节炎病理机制和治疗靶点。
近年来,随着基因测序和高通量RNA测序技术的发展,生物信息学已成为生物医学领域的有力工具[19-20]。研究者可通过生物信息学手段了解疾病发生机制、筛选疾病诊断分子标志物和治疗靶点[21]。WU等[22]通过生物信息学分析发现,在骨关节炎滑膜组和对照组之间有52种mRNAs、196种长链非编码RNAs和98种环状RNAs存在差异表达,并且上述分子可组成复杂的竞争性内源RNA调控网络。CHEN等[23]在健康和骨关节炎患者的关节液来源外泌体中鉴定了9个差异表达miRNAs,qRT-PCR证实miR-130b-3p和miR-1271-5p在晚期骨关节炎患者关节液中显著上调,提示这两种miRNAs可能在骨关节炎细胞之间的通讯中发挥关键作用。该研究采用韦恩分析筛选获得了94个外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因,GO和KEGG富集分析发现,上述外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因与软骨发育、炎症反应以及免疫反应等生物学过程和信号通路有关。此外,通过构建外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因的蛋白互作网络,利用CytoHubba插件中的5种分析方法对蛋白互作网络进行分析,根据评分筛选出THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2、COL6A3为外泌体来源骨关节炎软骨退变关键基因。qRT-PCR检测证实,THY1、COL6A3在骨关节炎软骨组织以及炎症软骨细胞中表达升高,而CYP1A1、NFKB2在骨关节炎软骨组织以及炎症软骨细胞中表达降低。以上结果表明,上述4个基因为骨关节炎软骨退变关键基因,是预测骨关节炎发生的重要标志物。
目前,诸多研究已经报道了4个外泌体来源关键基因在人类疾病发生、发展中扮演了重要角色。例如,THY1在肺鳞状细胞癌中表达显著上调,并与不良预后密切相关,可能是一种诊断和治疗肺鳞状细胞癌的生物标志物[24]。PAINE等[25]证实,与野生型小鼠相比,Thy1敲除鼠在4月龄时的骨小梁体积显著减少;体外实验亦证实,Thy1敲低会减弱成骨细胞的成骨分化能力。GUO等[26]发现,COL6A3敲除可抑制骨肉瘤细胞增殖和集落形成,同时侵袭和迁移能力受到抑制。另有报道显示,在脂多糖刺激下COL6A3可促进线粒体自噬和维持线粒体功能,进而增强骨髓间充质干细胞向成骨和成脂分化能力[27]。CYP1A1是细胞色素P450家族重要成员之一,在乳腺癌细胞系中表达降低,而CYP1A1表达减少可提高肿瘤细胞增殖活性[28]。WANG等[29]发现,在白细胞介素1β刺激的髓核细胞中,沉默NFKB2可减弱退行性改变和炎症,进一步研究发现NFKB2是通过直接靶向NRG1的启动子区域抑制后者表达,进而影响椎间盘退变。该研究使用GO富集分析发现,关键基因主要富集于细胞外渗调控、蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性负调控和长链脂肪酸生物合成过程等生物学过程。值得注意的是,蛋白酪氨酸激酶活性、脂肪酸生物合成代谢与骨关节炎发病机制密切相关[30-32]。KEGG结果表明,关键基因主要参与NF-κB、破骨细胞分化以及黏着斑激酶信号通路等调控,而这些通路已在软骨退变中被广泛报道[33-35]。因此,深入研究外泌体来源关键基因将有助于阐明骨关节炎的分子机制。
综上,该研究利用生物信息学方法从GEO数据集GSE185059和GSE114007中共筛选获得了94个外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因。GO功能和KEGG通路富集发现,外泌体来源软骨退变相关基因与慢性炎症软骨分化发育以及骨骼系统形态发生等生物学过程以及富集色氨酸代谢、维生素B6代谢以及白细胞跨内皮迁移等信号通路密切相关。进一步qRT-PCR分析证实,THY1、CYP1A1、NFKB2、COL6A3是外泌体来源骨关节炎软骨退变关键基因。然而,这些基因在骨关节炎软骨退变中的功能尚需进一步开展更为深入的体内、体外实验验证。
  • 通用医疗科研基金项目(TYYLKYJJ-2023-032)
  • 贵航贵阳医院科研基金项目(GHGYYY—KYLX-2022-14)
  • 贵州省基础研究计划(黔科和基础-ZK[2023]一般532)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.562
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2024-11-27
  • 录用日期:2024-11-14
基金
General Medical Research Fund Project(TYYLKYJJ-2023-032)
通用医疗科研基金项目(TYYLKYJJ-2023-032)
Guihang Guiyang Hospital Research Fund Project(GHGYYY—KYLX-2022-14)
贵航贵阳医院科研基金项目(GHGYYY—KYLX-2022-14)
Guizhou Basic Research Program(黔科和基础-ZK[2023]一般532)
贵州省基础研究计划(黔科和基础-ZK[2023]一般532)
作者信息
    1贵航贵阳医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550005
    2贵州医科大学,贵州省贵阳市 550042
    3贵黔国际总医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550018

通讯作者:

刘琛,学士,主治医师,贵航贵阳医院骨科,贵州省贵阳市 550005
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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