Article(id=1246459849672909308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12307/2025.544, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1719158400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-24, revisedDate=1728316800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-08, acceptedDate=1724860800000, acceptedDateStr=2024-08-29, onlineDate=1775108786266, onlineDateStr=2026-04-02, pubDate=1766851200000, pubDateStr=2025-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775108786266, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-02, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775108786266, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108786266, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1246459843930903036, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, year='2025', volume='29', issue='36', pageStart='7701', pageEnd='7920', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775108784853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775108852483, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1246460127511991019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, issueId=1246459843930903036, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7743, endPage=7751, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1246459853078684193, articleId=1246459849672909308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, language=EN, title=Action mechanism of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for repair of spinal cord injury under neuroendoscopy, columnId=1246459844752986623, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, columnName=Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
BACKGROUND:

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were found to be effective in promoting neural repair in spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate whether exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are able to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote recovery of motor function by promoting polarization of microglia toward the M2 type.

METHODS:

Totally 48 SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, and an exosome group (n=16 per group). A rat spinal cord injury model was established using the modified Allen method. The exosome group was injected with 20 μL of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes intrathecally via neuroendoscopy 24 hours after injury. At 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after modeling, the recovery of the motor function of the hind limbs of the rats was assessed by BBB scoring method combined with Rivlin's slant plate test. The damage of spinal cord tissues was detected by using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A proteins were detected by western blot assay. The expression proportion of M1-type markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and M2 markers (arginase-1) in the spinal cord tissues was detected by immunofluorescence method. qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase-1 in spinal cord tissues. ELISA was utilized to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) levels in spinal cord tissues.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) At 3, 7, and 14 days postoperatively, the BBB scores of the exosome group were better than those of the model group (P < 0.05). The angles of the Rivlin slanting plate experiments of the exosome group were significantly higher than those of the model group at 7 and 14 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining indicated that the spinal cord tissues and nerve injuries of the exosome group were reduced in comparison with those of the model group, and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A in spinal cord tissues of the exosome group were higher than those in the model group at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). (2) Immunofluorescence experiments showed that the number of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive microglial cells in the lesion area of the exosome group was significantly reduced and the level of Arg1-positive microglial cells increased in the lesion area of the exosome group compared with the model group at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). qRT-PCR and western blot assay also confirmed the results of immunofluorescence experiments. (3) The secretion of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 in spinal cord tissues of the exosome group was reduced compared with the model group (P < 0.05), whereas the secretion of the inflammation-suppressing factor interleukin 10 was increased compared with the model group (P < 0.05). These findings conclude that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes could promote the polarization of microglial cells from the M1 to the M2 type and decrease the release of pro-inflammatory factors, thereby reducing the secondary damage of neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury.

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Qin Hu, MD, Associate chief physician, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
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背景:

研究发现,人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以有效促进脊髓损伤的神经修复。

目的:

探讨人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体是否可以通过促进小胶质细胞向M2型极化减轻神经炎症促进脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能恢复。

方法:

将48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和外泌体组(n=16),采用改良Allen法建立大鼠脊髓损伤模型。外泌体组在损伤后24 h通过神经内镜鞘内注射20 μL人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体。在造模后3,7,14,21 d,采用BBB评分法结合Rivlin斜板实验评估大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况,采用苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色检测脊髓组织损伤情况,Western blot检测脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光法检测脊髓组织中M1型标志物(诱导型一氧化氮合酶)与M2型标志物(精氨酸酶1)的表达比例,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶与精氨酸酶1的表达水平,ELISA法检测脊髓组织中促炎因子(肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6)和抑炎因子(白细胞介素10)水平。

结果与结论:

①术后3,7,14 d,外泌体组BBB评分均高于模型组(P < 0.05),术后7,14 d时外泌体组Rivlin斜板实验角度均显著高于模型组(P < 0.05),苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色结果显示外泌体组相比于模型组脊髓组织的神经损伤减轻,术后7 d时外泌体组脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A表达较模型组增加(P < 0.05);②免疫荧光实验结果显示,与模型组相比,外泌体组术后第7天病变区域的诱导型一氧化氮合酶阳性小胶质细胞明显减少,而精氨酸酶1阳性小胶质细胞明显增多(P < 0.05);qRT-PCR和Western blot也证实了免疫荧光实验结果;③外泌体组脊髓组织中促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6分泌量较模型组减少(P < 0.05),而抑炎因子白细胞介素10分泌量较模型组增加(P < 0.05)。结果表明:人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以促进小胶质细胞M1型向M2型极化,减少了促炎因子的释放,从而减轻脊髓损伤中神经炎症的继发性损害。

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秦虎,博士,副主任医师,新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054
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作者贡献:

郑伊桐负责实验实施、论文撰写,刘文负责实验数据分析处理,阿木吉特负责细胞培养、指标检测,秦虎负责数据和文章的校对,汪永新负责实验设计。

Zheng Yitong, Master candidate, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China

郑伊桐,男,1999年生,新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市人,汉族,新疆医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊髓损伤修复研究。

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Zheng Yitong, Master candidate, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China

郑伊桐,男,1999年生,新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市人,汉族,新疆医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊髓损伤修复研究。

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Zheng Yitong, Master candidate, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China

郑伊桐,男,1999年生,新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市人,汉族,新疆医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊髓损伤修复研究。

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Mol Neurobiol. 2024; 61(9): 7009-7025., articleTitle=M2 Microglia-derived Exosomes Promote Spinal Cord Injury Recovery in Mice by Alleviating A1 Astrocyte Activation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459878601023872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=22, issue=15, pageStart=6391, pageEnd=6401, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=HAN M, YANG H, LU X, journalName=Nano Lett, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN M, YANG H, LU X, et al. Three-Dimensional-Cultured MSC-Derived Exosome-Hydrogel Hybrid Microneedle Array Patch for Spinal Cord Repair. Nano Lett. 2022; 22(15): 6391-6401., articleTitle=Three-Dimensional-Cultured MSC-Derived Exosome-Hydrogel Hybrid Microneedle Array Patch for Spinal Cord Repair, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459878705881477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=2016, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=HAN C, SUN X, LIU L, journalName=Stem Cells Int, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HAN C, SUN X, LIU L, et al. Exosomes and Their Therapeutic Potentials of Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int. 2016; 2016:7653489., articleTitle=Exosomes and Their Therapeutic Potentials of Stem Cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459878814933388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=YU B, SHAO H, SU C, journalName=Sci Rep, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YU B, SHAO H, SU C, et al. Exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorate retinal laser injury partially by inhibition of MCP-1. Sci Rep. 2016; 6:34562., articleTitle=Exosomes derived from MSCs ameliorate retinal laser injury partially by inhibition of MCP-1, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459878907208082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=1372, pageEnd=1381, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=LV CX, DUAN H, WANG S, journalName=Reprod Sci, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LV CX, DUAN H, WANG S, et al. Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Proliferation of Allogeneic Endometrial Stromal Cells. Reprod Sci. 2020; 27(6): 1372-1381., articleTitle=Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promote Proliferation of Allogeneic Endometrial Stromal Cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1246459879037231513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=133, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=QU Q, PANG Y, ZHANG C, journalName=Stem Cell Res Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=QU Q, PANG Y, ZHANG C, et al. Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells inhibit vein graft intimal hyperplasia and accelerate reendothelialization by enhancing endothelial function. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2020; 11(1): 133., articleTitle=Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells inhibit vein graft intimal hyperplasia and accelerate reendothelialization by enhancing endothelial function, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1246459874176032995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, awardId=2021D01C339, language=EN, fundingSource=Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01C339), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1246459874264113381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, awardId=2021D01C339, language=CN, fundingSource=新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C339), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1246459858111849249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246459858124432164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, companyId=1246459858111849249, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1246459858132820774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, companyId=1246459858111849249, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1246459866328490041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Model establishment of spinal cord injury in rats, figureFileSmall=LrjJbKLyLZ/003rkM2mr5w==, figureFileBig=GhYfxP1Giut8zzgOg+jl3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866445930560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图1, caption=大鼠脊髓损伤模型的建立

图注:图A为T10解剖定位标志;B为暴露脊髓节段;C为内镜下打击前脊髓正常状态;D为放置金属垫片;E为打击后脊髓充血水肿;F为内镜下打击后脊髓充血水肿状态;G为进行鞘内注射;H为分层缝合:缝合肌肉层;I为分层缝合:缝合表皮层。

, figureFileSmall=LrjJbKLyLZ/003rkM2mr5w==, figureFileBig=GhYfxP1Giut8zzgOg+jl3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866689200203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Successful establishment of a rat spinal cord injury model, figureFileSmall=mmoV7XQ/J0vT/augb23LMg==, figureFileBig=mwjSvi9wI4GykFNmTnatrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866777280594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图2, caption=大鼠脊髓损伤模型成功建立, figureFileSmall=mmoV7XQ/J0vT/augb23LMg==, figureFileBig=mwjSvi9wI4GykFNmTnatrQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866861166680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Identification of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes, figureFileSmall=hvVQyP6T42wRJvA3H/+W6A==, figureFileBig=HnfynQPiz2df7zGadV2dwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459866982801502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图3, caption=人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体鉴定

图注:图A为外泌体粒径分析;B为外泌体透射电镜拍照;C为外泌体表面标记物的表达。

, figureFileSmall=hvVQyP6T42wRJvA3H/+W6A==, figureFileBig=HnfynQPiz2df7zGadV2dwA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867108630631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=BBB scores of rats with spinal cord injury at different time points in each group, figureFileSmall=K8lzb/m2AHGYoFpnklsmIg==, figureFileBig=tuK4qyQawRwrOfgH+1WzxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867200905324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各组大鼠在脊髓损伤不同时间点的BBB评分

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01。

, figureFileSmall=K8lzb/m2AHGYoFpnklsmIg==, figureFileBig=tuK4qyQawRwrOfgH+1WzxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459867318345844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Angles of oblique plate experiments at different time points of spinal cord injury in rats of each group, figureFileSmall=QGE2+IxoBFIbuyCenG8j5w==, figureFileBig=zCIB2vEp4wN1Fi1Hr8MB0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459868849266810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图5, caption=各组大鼠在脊髓损伤不同时间点的斜板实验角度

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01。

, figureFileSmall=QGE2+IxoBFIbuyCenG8j5w==, figureFileBig=zCIB2vEp4wN1Fi1Hr8MB0A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459868966707330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Hematoxylin-eosin staining of the spinal cord tissue of rats of various groups (×20), figureFileSmall=qD5+hZWpcnjme7c+wa/Uiw==, figureFileBig=8XGnKC4zHBQjzlgpF8cR0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459870921253001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图6, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织苏木精-伊红染色(×20), figureFileSmall=qD5+hZWpcnjme7c+wa/Uiw==, figureFileBig=8XGnKC4zHBQjzlgpF8cR0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871030304910, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Nissl staining of the spinal cord tissue of rats of various groups (×20), figureFileSmall=sZJTxf5adwUEuJlplhfe2g==, figureFileBig=pGd/kvZ/2BfHTu9hhcMO6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871130968210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图7, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织尼氏染色(×20), figureFileSmall=sZJTxf5adwUEuJlplhfe2g==, figureFileBig=pGd/kvZ/2BfHTu9hhcMO6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871265185947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) proteins in spinal cord tissues of rats from each group, figureFileSmall=ZdN43lTr/Bwp8B/fLfx/Ig==, figureFileBig=lTU0h/uiH/BC+YcqTLRc4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871399403674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图8, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)蛋白表达

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,cP < 0.001。

, figureFileSmall=ZdN43lTr/Bwp8B/fLfx/Ig==, figureFileBig=lTU0h/uiH/BC+YcqTLRc4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871508455588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Immunofluorescence staining of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg-1) in the spinal cord tissue of rats from each group (×20), figureFileSmall=jEyXtLrkSGvacAH0QZ8BLA==, figureFileBig=4pBVf/txOyXNILD717k7sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871672033453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图9, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)的免疫荧光染色(×20)

图注:图A,B为iNOS与lba1双重免疫荧光染色及定量分析,C,D为Arg-1与lba1双重免疫荧光染色及定量分析。aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,cP < 0.001。

, figureFileSmall=jEyXtLrkSGvacAH0QZ8BLA==, figureFileBig=4pBVf/txOyXNILD717k7sA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459871764308149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg-1) in the spinal cord tissue of rats from each group, figureFileSmall=Ry9M2+VIVtrexg9FCMXGVg==, figureFileBig=fwv7VZEVl88MwAsLxPnjZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873366532283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图10, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)mRNA表达

图注:aP < 0.01,bP < 0.000 1。

, figureFileSmall=Ry9M2+VIVtrexg9FCMXGVg==, figureFileBig=fwv7VZEVl88MwAsLxPnjZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873475584192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg-1) in the spinal cord tissue of rats from each group, figureFileSmall=JmGjtjFlnPe8/VH4fowx4g==, figureFileBig=r0jFxGfSUttI9ZZJGDx+5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873580441794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图11, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和精氨酸酶1(Arg-1)的蛋白表达

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,cP < 0.000 1。

, figureFileSmall=JmGjtjFlnPe8/VH4fowx4g==, figureFileBig=r0jFxGfSUttI9ZZJGDx+5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873689493705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Inflammatory factor levels in spinal cord tissue of rats from each group, figureFileSmall=CgSYXk253+6oG5sMsfK+ow==, figureFileBig=fqwqntYO1zBGcPFEbRhw2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873790157006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=图12, caption=各组大鼠脊髓组织中炎症因子水平

图注:aP < 0.05,bP < 0.01,cP < 0.001,dP < 0.000 1。

, figureFileSmall=CgSYXk253+6oG5sMsfK+ow==, figureFileBig=fqwqntYO1zBGcPFEbRhw2Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1246459873911791830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequences of each gene and internal reference primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
GAPDH-FCTG GAG AAA CCT GCC AAG TAT G
GAPDH-RGGT GGA AGA ATG GGA GTT GCT
诱导型一氧化氮合酶-FCTT GGA GCG AGT TGT GGA TTG T
诱导型一氧化氮合酶-RGGT AGT GAT GTC CAG GAA GTA GGT G
精氨酸酶1-FCAA GCC AAA GCC CAT AGA GAT TA
精氨酸酶1-RCAC CAG GCC AGC TTT CCT TAA T
), ArticleFig(id=1246459874020843741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1246415837536497731, articleId=1246459849672909308, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各基因和内参引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因引物序列(5'-3')
GAPDH-FCTG GAG AAA CCT GCC AAG TAT G
GAPDH-RGGT GGA AGA ATG GGA GTT GCT
诱导型一氧化氮合酶-FCTT GGA GCG AGT TGT GGA TTG T
诱导型一氧化氮合酶-RGGT AGT GAT GTC CAG GAA GTA GGT G
精氨酸酶1-FCAA GCC AAA GCC CAT AGA GAT TA
精氨酸酶1-RCAC CAG GCC AGC TTT CCT TAA T
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神经内镜下人脐带间充质干细胞外泌体鞘内移植修复脊髓损伤的作用机制
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郑伊桐 , 汪永新 , 刘文 , 阿木吉特 , 秦虎
中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025,29(36): 7743-7751
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中国组织工程研究 | 研究原著 2025, 29(36): 7743-7751
神经内镜下人脐带间充质干细胞外泌体鞘内移植修复脊髓损伤的作用机制
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郑伊桐, 汪永新, 刘文, 阿木吉特, 秦虎
作者信息
  • 新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054
  • Zheng Yitong, Master candidate, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China

    郑伊桐,男,1999年生,新疆维吾尔自治区石河子市人,汉族,新疆医科大学在读硕士,主要从事脊髓损伤修复研究。

通讯作者:

秦虎,博士,副主任医师,新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054
Action mechanism of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for repair of spinal cord injury under neuroendoscopy
Yitong Zheng, Yongxin Wang, Wen Liu, Amujite, Hu Qin
Affiliations
  • First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China
出版时间: 2025-12-28 doi: 10.12307/2025.544
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背景:

研究发现,人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以有效促进脊髓损伤的神经修复。

目的:

探讨人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体是否可以通过促进小胶质细胞向M2型极化减轻神经炎症促进脊髓损伤大鼠运动功能恢复。

方法:

将48只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和外泌体组(n=16),采用改良Allen法建立大鼠脊髓损伤模型。外泌体组在损伤后24 h通过神经内镜鞘内注射20 μL人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体。在造模后3,7,14,21 d,采用BBB评分法结合Rivlin斜板实验评估大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况,采用苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色检测脊髓组织损伤情况,Western blot检测脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达水平,免疫荧光法检测脊髓组织中M1型标志物(诱导型一氧化氮合酶)与M2型标志物(精氨酸酶1)的表达比例,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶与精氨酸酶1的表达水平,ELISA法检测脊髓组织中促炎因子(肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6)和抑炎因子(白细胞介素10)水平。

结果与结论:

①术后3,7,14 d,外泌体组BBB评分均高于模型组(P < 0.05),术后7,14 d时外泌体组Rivlin斜板实验角度均显著高于模型组(P < 0.05),苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色结果显示外泌体组相比于模型组脊髓组织的神经损伤减轻,术后7 d时外泌体组脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A表达较模型组增加(P < 0.05);②免疫荧光实验结果显示,与模型组相比,外泌体组术后第7天病变区域的诱导型一氧化氮合酶阳性小胶质细胞明显减少,而精氨酸酶1阳性小胶质细胞明显增多(P < 0.05);qRT-PCR和Western blot也证实了免疫荧光实验结果;③外泌体组脊髓组织中促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6分泌量较模型组减少(P < 0.05),而抑炎因子白细胞介素10分泌量较模型组增加(P < 0.05)。结果表明:人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体可以促进小胶质细胞M1型向M2型极化,减少了促炎因子的释放,从而减轻脊髓损伤中神经炎症的继发性损害。

脊髓损伤  /  人脐带间充质干细胞  /  小胶质细胞  /  外泌体  /  炎症  /  神经内镜  /  工程化干细胞
BACKGROUND:

Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes were found to be effective in promoting neural repair in spinal cord injury.

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate whether exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells are able to attenuate neuroinflammation and promote recovery of motor function by promoting polarization of microglia toward the M2 type.

METHODS:

Totally 48 SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, and an exosome group (n=16 per group). A rat spinal cord injury model was established using the modified Allen method. The exosome group was injected with 20 μL of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes intrathecally via neuroendoscopy 24 hours after injury. At 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after modeling, the recovery of the motor function of the hind limbs of the rats was assessed by BBB scoring method combined with Rivlin's slant plate test. The damage of spinal cord tissues was detected by using hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining. The expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A proteins were detected by western blot assay. The expression proportion of M1-type markers (inducible nitric oxide synthase) and M2 markers (arginase-1) in the spinal cord tissues was detected by immunofluorescence method. qRT-PCR and western blot assay were used to detect the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase and arginase-1 in spinal cord tissues. ELISA was utilized to detect the levels of pro-inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6) and anti-inflammatory factors (interleukin 10) levels in spinal cord tissues.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:

(1) At 3, 7, and 14 days postoperatively, the BBB scores of the exosome group were better than those of the model group (P < 0.05). The angles of the Rivlin slanting plate experiments of the exosome group were significantly higher than those of the model group at 7 and 14 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). The results of hematoxylin-eosin staining and Nissl staining indicated that the spinal cord tissues and nerve injuries of the exosome group were reduced in comparison with those of the model group, and the levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and vascular endothelial growth factor A in spinal cord tissues of the exosome group were higher than those in the model group at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). (2) Immunofluorescence experiments showed that the number of inducible nitric oxide synthase-positive microglial cells in the lesion area of the exosome group was significantly reduced and the level of Arg1-positive microglial cells increased in the lesion area of the exosome group compared with the model group at 7 days postoperatively (P < 0.05). qRT-PCR and western blot assay also confirmed the results of immunofluorescence experiments. (3) The secretion of pro-inflammatory factors tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6 in spinal cord tissues of the exosome group was reduced compared with the model group (P < 0.05), whereas the secretion of the inflammation-suppressing factor interleukin 10 was increased compared with the model group (P < 0.05). These findings conclude that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes could promote the polarization of microglial cells from the M1 to the M2 type and decrease the release of pro-inflammatory factors, thereby reducing the secondary damage of neuroinflammation in spinal cord injury.

spinal cord injury  /  human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell  /  microglia  /  exosome  /  inflammation  /  neuroendoscopy  /  engineered stem cell
郑伊桐, 汪永新, 刘文, 阿木吉特, 秦虎. 神经内镜下人脐带间充质干细胞外泌体鞘内移植修复脊髓损伤的作用机制. 中国组织工程研究, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7743 -7751 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.544
Yitong Zheng, Yongxin Wang, Wen Liu, Amujite, Hu Qin. Action mechanism of intrathecal transplantation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for repair of spinal cord injury under neuroendoscopy[J]. Chinese Journal of Tissue Engineering Research, 2025 , 29 (36) : 7743 -7751 . DOI: 10.12307/2025.544
脊髓损伤是发生于中枢神经系统的严重致残性疾病,脊髓损伤后引起损伤节段以下肢体功能障碍、膀胱排尿功能障碍、神经病理痛、括约肌及自主神经功能障碍等[1-3]。脊髓损伤的病理生理过程分为2个阶段:第一阶段是最初发生的瞬时机械性损伤[4],第二阶段则涉及炎症反应,包括驻留免疫细胞(如小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞)的激活以及免疫细胞(如巨噬细胞和中性粒细胞)的募集,这些炎症反应共同引发损伤部位及周围神经元、神经胶质细胞和其他细胞的代谢和功能障碍[5-7]
在脊髓损伤大鼠模型中,小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞的激活峰值发生在脊髓损伤后1-3 d,而在脊髓损伤小鼠模型中,小胶质细胞和巨噬细胞的激活峰值发生在脊髓损伤后3-7 d[8]。脊髓损伤时小胶质细胞强烈激活,是炎症递质的重要来源[9]。小胶质细胞以依赖于外部信号的2种主要极化状态存在:促炎(M1)表型(经典激活)和抗炎(M2)表型(选择性激活),前者引发一连串的神经毒性反应,释放各种细胞毒性物质,如肿瘤坏死因子α、诱导型一氧化氮合酶、次氯酸和活性氧,导致内皮细胞、神经元、轴突、少突胶质细胞的凋亡和坏死,后者产生抗炎细胞因子,如白细胞介素10和转化生长因子β,以帮助维持体内平衡[10-12]
人脐带间充质干细胞(human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells,hUCMSCs)具有多能分化能力、免疫调节功能以及低免疫原性等特点,近年来在脊髓损伤治疗中展现出良好的应用前景[13]。然而,静脉移植的人脐带间充质干细胞难以有效到达病变部位,大部分细胞在肺、肝脏和脾脏中积聚[1],并且存在免疫排斥、细胞去分化和恶性肿瘤形成的风险,这显著限制其治疗效果[14-15]。研究表明,人脐带间充质干细胞主要通过分泌细胞因子发挥治疗作用,而不是直接在损伤部位分化[16]
外泌体作为人脐带间充质干细胞旁分泌机制的重要组成部分,是直径为30-150 nm的膜囊泡,包含DNA、mRNA、miRNA和蛋白质等功能性物质[17],外泌体通过将上述物质转移至靶细胞,发挥多种生物学功能,包括调节免疫反应、减轻炎症、抑制细胞凋亡、促进伤口愈合和血管生成[18]。外泌体通过调节细胞内复杂的信号传导通路,在多种疾病治疗中发挥重要作用,包括神经退行性疾病和癌症[19-21]。尽管人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体在心血管、肝脏及肾脏疾病治疗中的应用已初见成效,但在脊髓损伤中的研究仍然较少。现有的临床试验数据表明,外泌体具有较高的安全性且能够避免传统细胞移植中可能出现的免疫排斥和恶性转化等问题,因此其在脊髓损伤中的应用潜力值得深入探讨。此外,外泌体的小尺寸和稳定性使其更易通过血脑屏障,并在病灶部位发挥治疗作用。
此研究将人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体通过鞘内移植至脊髓损伤大鼠病灶,探讨其神经修复作用及对炎症反应的影响,旨在为未来的临床研究提供理论依据和技术支持。
随机对照动物实验,组间比较时采用单因素方差分析。
实验于2023年3月至2024年3月在新疆医科大学动物实验中心完成。
雌性SD大鼠48只,6-8周龄,SPF级,体质量(220±20)g,采购于新疆医科大学动物中心,许可证号:SYXK(新)2016-0002,研究方案已通过新疆医科大学动物伦理委员会审批,审批编号为IACUC-20230321-07。实验过程遵循了国际兽医学编辑协会《关于动物伦理与福利的作者指南共识》和本地及国家法规。实验动物在麻醉下进行所有的手术,并最大限度地减少其疼痛、痛苦和死亡。
人脐带间充质干细胞购自新疆西部赛澳生物科技有限责任公司,经过流式细胞术及三系分化实验检测符合标准。
CO2恒温培养箱(美国Thermo Fisher,HERAcell240i);-80 ℃超低温冰箱(中国合肥美菱,DW-HL388);低温高速离心机(德国Eppendorf,5430R);超速离心机(德国Beckman,Avanti XE-100);电泳仪(美国BIO RAD,164-5050);凝胶成像系统(美国BIO RAD,ChemiDoc MP);切片机(德国徕卡公司,RM2235);自动恒温漂片仪(湖北泰维科技,TK-212);倒置荧光显微镜(日本OLYMPUS,IX73);荧光定量PCR仪(美国Thermo Fisher,QuantStudio 5);酶标仪(美国Thermo Fisher,MultiskanGo);神经内镜(科众医疗,QKⅢ-16090);脑源性神经营养因子抗体(武汉三鹰,25699-1-AP);血管内皮生长因子A抗体(武汉三鹰,19003-1-AP);诱导型一氧化氮合酶抗体(武汉三鹰,22226-1-AP);精氨酸酶1抗体(武汉三鹰,16001-1-AP);GAPDH抗体(武汉三鹰,10494-1-AP);β-Actin抗体(武汉三鹰,20536-1-AP)。
(1)无外泌体血清的制备:将胎牛血清在4 ℃、120 000×g离心17 h,胎牛血清分为2层:底层含有胎牛血清来源的微囊泡沉淀,上层为无外泌体的血清。小心吸取上层血清,置于4 ℃冰箱中保存。
(2)细胞上清液的提取:第3代人脐带间充质干细胞于T75培养瓶内培养,待细胞融合度达到70%时,换用含体积分数10%无外泌体血清的DMEM培养基继续培养48 h,收集细胞培养基上清,置于-80 ℃冰箱中保存。
(3)外泌体的制备(超速离心法):①将上步骤得到的上清液置于冰上融化;②4 ℃、2 000×g离心10 min,取上清;4 ℃、10 000×g离心30 min,去除细胞碎片,取上清液转移至新的离心管中;③4 ℃、100 000×g离心90 min,吸去上清,留沉淀,得到沉淀主要为外泌体和干扰蛋白;④加入PBS吹打,4 ℃、140 000×g离心90 min,吸去上清,留沉淀,漂洗2遍,得到的沉淀即为外泌体;⑤加入100 μL PBS,置于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存。
(1)透射电镜观察:用移液器吸取20 μL外泌体悬液滴加于电镜铜网状栅中,沉淀2 min后,使用滤纸吸去多余液体。然后,在铜网状栅上滴加10 μL 2%磷钨酸溶液,室温下染色2 min。在室温下干燥10 min后,上机观察,使用200 kV观察电压进行拍照,即可获得外泌体的透射电镜图像。
(2)粒径分析:取10 μL外泌体样品,用PBS稀释至30 μL。首先使用标准品进行纳米颗粒追踪分析的性能测试,确保测试系统正常运行。性能测试合格后,将外泌体样品进行梯度稀释,以避免样本堵塞进样针。待样品检测完成后,即可获得外泌体的粒径分布和浓度信息。
(3)Western blot检测CD63、TSG-101、Alix的表达:取50 μL外泌体溶液加入等体积的RIPA裂解液,在冰上进行裂解,每5 min吹打1次,裂解50 min,离心后取上清,即为外泌体蛋白,将所得外泌体蛋白进行蛋白定量后,样品与5×LoadingBuffer混合以达相同浓度后,100 ℃煮沸10 min,进行SDS凝胶电泳后转至PVDF膜,快速封闭液封闭30 min,加入CD63(1∶1 000)、TSG-101(1∶3 000)、Alix(1∶20 000)、GAPDH(1∶20 000)一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜,第2天1×TBST洗3次,每次10 min,加入相应二抗(1∶25 000),室温孵育1 h,1×TBST洗3次,每次10 min,进行ECL化学发光,拍照。使用Image J软件进行条带处理及分析,结果以目的蛋白灰度值/相应内参灰度值表示,使用GraphPad Prism 9进行可视化展示。
将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组和外泌体组,每组16只。1%戊巴比妥钠溶液腹腔麻醉后,在T13肋骨与脊柱中线处切开皮肤及皮下筋膜,显露T9-T11的3个棘突。解剖特征显示T9棘突倾向尾侧,T10棘突处于中立位,而T11棘突倾向头侧,这3个棘突簇集在一起作为解剖定位的标志(图1A)。移入神经内镜进行后续操作,使用小咬骨钳移除T10棘突,并用齿镊轻提起T9横突。在T11两侧横突处剪开两个小口,随后剪断T10椎弓根,再用小咬骨钳从下往上剪开缺口处的椎板,扩窗过程中可用神经剥离子拨开脊髓,最终用小咬骨钳移除双侧T10椎板,充分暴露目标脊髓段T10图1BC)。将1 mm厚的垫片贴附在硬脊膜上(图1D),用自制打击器打击T10段脊髓(30 g,2.5 cm),打击冲量为75 g/cm,并保持克氏针停留5 s,建立脊髓损伤模型(图1E-I)。假手术组:暴露脊髓后即缝合切口,余无其他处理。模型组:暴露脊髓后建立大鼠脊髓损伤模型,鞘内注射20 μL PBS。外泌体组:暴露脊髓后建立大鼠脊髓损伤模型,损伤24 h后鞘内注射20 μL人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体(1.3 μg/μL)。
手术后大鼠分笼饲养,防止互咬伤口,伤口每天碘伏消毒1次,给予10万U青霉素腹腔注射,持续3 d,人工辅助排尿,每日3次。
在造模后第1,3,7,14,21天,对各组大鼠进行BBB评分[22],以动态监测各组大鼠后肢运动功能的恢复情况。实验环境保持安静,光线均匀,测试区域为一个开阔的平坦区域,以便于观察大鼠的运动情况。大鼠在每次测试前被允许在测试区域内自由活动数分钟,以适应环境。由3名独立实验者进行每只大鼠的BBB评分,实验者不知晓分组情况,观察大鼠后肢运动状态(图2),最终结果取三者平均值。
在造模后第3,7,14,21天,对各组大鼠进行Rivlin斜板实验,以评估各组大鼠后肢运动功能随时间的变化。实验采用角度可调的斜板,初始角度设置为0°,即与地面平行。将大鼠置于自制Rivlin斜板上,确保其四肢均接触板面,并能够自由活动。缓慢增加斜板角度,每次增加5°,直至大鼠无法继续维持身体稳定并滑下斜板。记录大鼠滑落时的最大角度。每只大鼠重复测试3次,取3次测试的平均值。
造模后第3,7,14,21天麻醉后处死大鼠,每个时间点每组4只大鼠,取损伤部位1.0-2.0 cm脊髓节段放置于40 g/L多聚甲醛中浸泡固定。经过脱水处理和包埋后,将脊髓组织切片(厚度5 μm)以待染色。每只大鼠随机选取3张切片,按照苏木精-伊红染色的步骤进行染色。显微镜下观察损伤部位的胶质区空洞及瘢痕组织的形成情况。
采用步骤1.4.7中的蜡块进行切片,对各组脊髓组织切片进行尼氏染色,观察神经元的形态和数量分布,从而对损伤后神经元的功能状态进行评估。尼氏染色方法主要用于染色神经元细胞体中的尼氏物质(粗面内质网),这有助于评估神经元的结构完整性和数量变化。
按照1.4.2步骤采用Western blot检测造模后第3,7,14,21天时各组大鼠脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子、血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达,使用一抗及稀释比例如下:脑源性神经营养因子(1∶1 000)、血管内皮生长因子A(1∶6 000)、内参GAPDH(1∶20 000);采用Western blot检测造模后第7天时各组大鼠脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶、精氨酸酶1蛋白表达,使用一抗及稀释比例如下:诱导型一氧化氮合酶(1∶500)、精氨酸酶1(1∶20 000)、内参β-Actin(1∶8 000)。
将脊髓组织使用40 g/L多聚甲醛固定24 h,随后在蔗糖溶液中脱水,脱水后用冰冻切片机切成厚度为20 µm的连续切片,并将切片铺贴在预处理好的载玻片上。切片室温晾干后,使用0.3% Triton X-100透化细胞膜30 min,用含体积分数10%正常山羊血清的PBS在室温下封闭非特异性结合位点1 h,随后依次孵育一抗(诱导型一氧化氮合酶、精氨酸酶1抗体),4 ℃孵育过夜。次日,使用PBS洗涤切片3次,每次5 min,然后分别孵育对应的荧光标记二抗,室温下避光孵育1 h,再次用PBS洗涤切片3次,每次5 min,用含DAPI的抗荧光淬灭剂封固,使用共聚焦显微镜进行成像。实验设置阴性对照组以排除非特异性荧光和背景信号。
造模后第3,7,14,21天,从大鼠脊髓组织中提取总RNA,使用Trizol试剂按照制造商的说明进行操作。提取的RNA样品通过NanoDrop分光光度计检测纯度和浓度。将500 ng总RNA反转录为cDNA,使用反转录试剂盒按照制造商的说明进行操作。随后,使用SYBR Green Master Mix在96孔板上进行qRT-PCR反应,每个样本设立3个重复。qRT-PCR反应体系总量为20 µL,包含2 µL cDNA模板、10 µL SYBR Green Master Mix、0.4 µL前向引物(10 µmol/L)、0.4 µL反向引物(10 µmol/L)以及7.2 µL无核酸酶水。PCR反应在ABI 7500快速荧光定量PCR仪上进行,反应条件为:95 ℃预变性2 min,接着40个循环的95 ℃变性15 s,60 ℃退火延伸30 s。数据采用2-ΔΔCt方法进行分析,并使用GAPDH作为内参基因。各基因和内参引物序列见表1
造模后第3,7,14,21天,将大鼠脊髓组织匀浆并使用RIPA裂解液裂解以提取总蛋白,将100 µL含有已知浓度蛋白的标准品或样本蛋白加入96孔ELISA板中,每组设置3个重复;随后,封闭未结合的结合位点,使用含5% BSA的PBS在室温下孵育1 h;用PBS洗涤板孔3次,每次5 min,加入100 µL肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β、白细胞介素6、白细胞介素10一抗(稀释度按照制造商说明),在4 ℃孵育过夜;次日,用PBS洗涤板孔3次,每次5 min,加入100 µL酶联二抗溶液,在室温下孵育1 h;用PBS洗涤板孔3次,每次5 min,加入100 µL TMB底物溶液,避光孵育10-15 min,直到显色反应达到预期程度;通过加入50 µL终止液终止反应,并在450 nm波长下使用酶标仪测量吸光度值。根据标准曲线计算样本中炎症因子水平。
①各组大鼠脊髓损伤后神经功能评分;②各组大鼠斜板实验结果;③各组大鼠脊髓组织苏木精-伊红染色、尼氏染色结果;④各组大鼠脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子、血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达;⑤各组大鼠脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶和精氨酸酶1的表达;⑥各组大鼠脊髓组织中炎症因子水平。
实验数据均以表示,使用SPSS 20.0进行统计学分析。组间比较采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并进行LSD多重比较,同时进行方差齐性检验,P < 0.05为差异有显著性意义。
人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体的颗粒物浓度为3.5×1011 L-1,外泌体颗粒直径大小为100 nm左右,透射电镜下呈圆盘状,中间凹陷,与人脐带间充质干细胞对照组比较,外泌体的特异性标记物CD63、TSG-101和Alix表达显著升高,见图3
研究共纳入48只SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、模型组和外泌体组(每组16只)。在实验过程中,各组大鼠均按照既定的实验方案进行处理和观察,均进入结果分析。
术后1,3,7,14,21 d进行BBB评分,模型组、外泌体组均有不同程度的后肢运动功能障碍,在术后3,7,14 d,外泌体组BBB评分均高于模型组(P < 0.05),见图4
各组大鼠术前Rivlin斜板实验均为55°,脊髓损伤后1,3,21 d模型组和外泌体组Rivlin斜板实验结果差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05),在7 d和14 d时外泌体组Rivlin斜板角度均高于模型组(P < 0.05),见图5。结果表明:外泌体组大鼠后肢运动功能显著改善,但随着时间的延长,效果逐渐减弱,14 d后需加强治疗。
脊髓损伤第3天,模型组和外泌体组胶质空洞和瘢痕组织形成相似,在脊髓损伤后第7天,正常脊髓的中央灰质区域内可以观察到大量完整的神经元细胞,且没有明显的空洞和瘢痕组织形成。相比之下,模型组神经元周围出现了大量瘢痕组织,并伴有空泡状的坏死区域。而外泌体组神经元的数量较模型组有所增加,坏死区域显著减少,胶质空洞也较少,见图6
脊髓损伤第3天时,模型组和外泌体组胶质空洞相当,神经元分布稍多,在脊髓损伤后第7天,假手术组可见大量正常分布的神经元,而模型组神经损伤较为严重,观察区域内的神经元分布最少。相比之下,外泌体组的神经元分布优于模型组,见图7
假手术组脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子A蛋白在各时间点表达较为稳定,模型组和外泌体组脊髓组织中脑源性神经营养因子蛋白表达均呈现逐渐降低的趋势,但外泌体组脑源性神经营养因子降低速率变慢且在第7,21天时两组脑源性神经营养因子蛋白表达存在统计学差异(P < 0.05);模型组脊髓组织中血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达呈现逐渐升高的趋势,外泌体组则呈现先升高后逐渐减少的趋势且在第7天时两组血管内皮生长因子A蛋白表达存在统计学差异(P < 0.05),见图8
使用代表性的M1相关标记物诱导型一氧化氮合酶和M2相关标记物精氨酸酶1与Iba1进行双重免疫荧光染色,以评估大鼠脊髓损伤后小胶质细胞的极化特征。如图9所示,假手术组诱导型一氧化氮合酶和精氨酸酶1表达较少且稳定,模型组和外泌体组之间Iba1阳性小胶质细胞的数量无显著差异(P > 0.05)。然而,与模型组相比,外泌体组损伤后第7天病变区域内诱导型一氧化氮合酶阳性小胶质细胞显著减少(P < 0.01),而精氨酸酶1阳性小胶质细胞显著增加(P < 0.01)。这些结果表明,外泌体处理对脊髓损伤后小胶质细胞的抗炎和促炎表型比例具有显著影响,并能够将小胶质细胞的极化从M1表型转变为M2表型。
为了验证病理学检查结果,采用qRT-PCR分析M1(诱导型一氧化氮合酶)和M2(精氨酸酶1)基因的表达情况。如图10所示,与模型组相比,外泌体组精氨酸酶1基因表达明显升高,诱导型一氧化氮合酶基因表达降低,该趋势在第7天时最为明显。
采用Western blot检测脊髓损伤后7 d时各组脊髓组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶和精氨酸酶1蛋白的表达,证实了qRT-PCR结果,假手术组两种蛋白表达较少且较为稳定,与模型组相比,外泌体组精氨酸酶1蛋白表达明显升高,诱导型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表达降低,见图11
ELISA法检测结果显示,在脊髓损伤后3,7 d时,外泌体组脊髓组织中促炎因子肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素1β和白细胞介素6分泌量较模型组减少,且差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05);而抑炎因子白细胞介素10分泌量较模型组则增加,差异有显著性意义(P < 0.05),但14 d时结果相反,炎症因子水平出现升高(P < 0.05),可能是因为外泌体的作用主要集中在损伤早期阶段,随着时间的推移,外泌体的活性逐渐减弱,导致第14天时炎症指标有所回升,见图12
脊髓损伤是一种严重的中枢神经系统疾病,开发新的有效治疗方法对于改善脊髓损伤患者的预后具有重要意义。多项研究表明,通过调控小胶质细胞从M1型向M2型转化,能够有效减少炎症损害并促进脊髓修复[23-25]。小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中的常驻免疫细胞,具有双重作用:既可以在损伤初期发挥保护作用,也可以通过持续的M1型激活加剧炎症反应和组织损伤。M1型小胶质细胞具有促炎特性,分泌大量的促炎因子如肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素1β,导致神经元的进一步损伤[26]。相反,M2型小胶质细胞具有抗炎和促修复特性,不但能够分泌抗炎因子如白细胞介素10和转化生长因子β,促进组织修复和再生,其来源外泌体还能够通过携带miR-124等分子,抑制神经炎症并促进神经再生[27]。此外,这些外泌体还可以通过减少A1型星形胶质细胞的激活,进一步保护神经组织[28]。因此,调控小胶质细胞从M1型向M2型转化的策略在脊髓损伤治疗中显示出巨大的潜力。例如,纳米颗粒递送的IRF5 siRNA能够下调M1型小胶质细胞相关基因的表达,显著减少M1型小胶质细胞的数量,同时增加M2型小胶质细胞的数量,从而减少神经炎症、抑制脱髓鞘并促进伤口愈合[23]。此外,通过全身或脊髓内给药白细胞介素4能够增加抗炎因子白细胞介素10水平,并促进小胶质细胞向M2型转化,从而减轻脊髓损伤后的炎症反应[26-27]
此研究旨在探究人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体在脊髓损伤修复中的应用潜力及机制。人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体作为一种新型的治疗策略,具有多方面的优势。例如,与直接使用干细胞相比,使用外泌体具有更低的免疫原性和致瘤风险[29-30]。此外,外泌体的小尺寸和生物膜特性使得它们能更有效地穿越生物屏障,从而提高治疗效果[31-32]。因此,人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体有望成为治疗脊髓损伤的有效手段之一。
此研究使用大鼠脊髓损伤模型,对比分析了人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体与模型组在神经功能恢复、神经组织损伤程度、神经保护因子表达等方面的差异。研究发现,外泌体组在BBB评分、苏木精-伊红染色和尼氏染色等指标上均表现出显著的神经功能恢复和神经组织保护效果。研究结果还观察到外泌体处理能够增加脊髓组织中神经保护因子如脑源性神经营养因子和血管内皮生长因子的表达,这些因子对神经细胞的存活和再生至关重要,人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体通过提升这些保护因子的表达,可能促进了损伤神经细胞的修复和再生。此外,外泌体促进了脊髓组织中小胶质细胞从M1型向M2型转化,从而发挥抑制炎症损伤的作用,这些发现进一步支持了外泌体在抑制炎症损伤和促进组织修复中的双重作用。另外,为确保治疗因子能够准确到达损伤部位并发挥作用还需要开发更高效的递送系统,此研究在神经内镜下进行鞘内注射外泌体,鞘内注射可以使外泌体快速到达损伤部位发挥作用,与临床上腰穿原理相同,有利于临床转化,同时神经内镜下进行操作又减少了目视注射对脊髓组织造成的不必要损害。然而,此研究也存在一定局限性,例如仅在动物模型中进行研究,尚需进一步研究其在人类脊髓损伤治疗中的效果和安全性。此外由于外泌体的时效性和免疫细胞浸润可能发生变化,需探索治疗中期疗效监测的必要性,以及是否需要加强注射。因此,基于此研究的发现,建议未来的研究应关注以下几个方面:①探索人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体促进脊髓损伤修复的其他可能机制;②研究不同剂量和给药方式对治疗效果的影响;③开展临床前研究,以评估其在人类脊髓损伤治疗中的潜在应用。
综上所述,此研究证明了人脐带间充质干细胞来源外泌体通过促进小胶质细胞从M1型向M2型转化,显著促进了脊髓损伤大鼠的神经功能恢复,并减轻了炎症反应。鞘内注射外泌体作为一种新的治疗策略,显示出在脊髓损伤修复中的巨大潜力。未来的研究应进一步验证其在临床应用中的可行性,以期为脊髓损伤患者提供更加有效的治疗手段。
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C339)
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2025年第29卷第36期
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doi: 10.12307/2025.544
  • 接收时间:2024-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-04-02
  • 出版时间:2025-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-24
  • 修回日期:2024-10-08
  • 录用日期:2024-08-29
基金
Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01C339)
新疆维吾尔自治区自然科学基金(2021D01C339)
作者信息
    新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054

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秦虎,博士,副主任医师,新疆医科大学第一附属医院,新疆维吾尔自治区乌鲁木齐市 830054
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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