Article(id=1249045358765085459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, issueId=1249045357167055618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250754, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749052800000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-05, revisedDate=1750608000000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775725219669, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1753804800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775725219669, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775725219669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775725219669, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1249045357167055618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='703', pageEnd='756', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775725219287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775725486224, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249046476882649278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, issueId=1249045357167055618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249046476882649279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, issueId=1249045357167055618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=727, endPage=742, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249045358958023450, articleId=1249045358765085459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, language=EN, title=Expert consensus on liquid biopsy-based multi-cancer early detection (2025 edition), columnId=1249045357993333510, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology, columnName=Guidelines and Consensus, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Cancer stands as a significant global public health challenge, and cancer screening serves as a pivotal strategy for reducing its mortality. Presently, only a limited number of cancer types have appropriate screening methods available. Traditional single-cancer screening approaches are fraught with limitations, including invasiveness, low accuracy, and poor patient compliance. Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) leveraging liquid biopsy technology enables non-invasive and efficient early detection of multiple cancers by analyzing biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, proteins, and metabolites in blood and other bodily fluids. This innovative approach substantially broadens the spectrum of detectable cancers and enhances population coverage, showcasing immense potential for improving existing cancer screening strategies. This expert consensus comprehensively reviews the progress of liquid biopsy-based MCED, biomarker selection and detection technologies, the criteria for cancer type selection,research design and clinical utility evaluation, as well as implementation pathways. The overarching goal of this consensus is to offer scientific guidance for further research and the widespread adoption of MCED, thereby facilitating the continuous optimization of cancer screening strategies.

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Wanqing Cheng; E-mail:
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恶性肿瘤是全球重大公共卫生挑战,筛查是降低其死亡率的关键手段。然而,目前仅少数癌种有适宜的筛查方法,且传统单癌筛查方法存在侵入性强、准确性低、依从性差等弊端。基于液体活检技术的多癌种早期检测(MCED),通过检测血液等体液中的细胞游离DNA、细胞游离RNA、蛋白质和代谢物等标志物,实现了无创、高效的多癌种联合早期检测,显著拓展了可筛查癌种范围及筛查人群覆盖率,展现出改善当前癌症筛查策略的巨大潜力。基于液体活检技术多癌种联合筛查专家共识(2025版)系统梳理了基于液体活检技术的MCED进展、标志物选择与检测技术、癌种选择、研究设计与临床效用评估以及实施路径等内容,旨在为MCED的深入研究与广泛应用提供科学指导,推动恶性肿瘤筛查策略的持续优化。

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陈万青 
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证据等级研究类型
1级随机对照研究
2级队列研究
3级病例对照研究
4级病例报道
5级专家意见或评论
), ArticleFig(id=1249045367975776353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, articleId=1249045358765085459, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

循证医学证据等级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
证据等级研究类型
1级随机对照研究
2级队列研究
3级病例对照研究
4级病例报道
5级专家意见或评论
), ArticleFig(id=1249045368059662436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, articleId=1249045358765085459, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标志物类型检测技术优势局限性代表性研究/产品综合评价
注:cfDNA为循环游离DNA;ctDNA:循环肿瘤DNA;cfRNA:循环游离RNA;NGS:二代测序;WGS:全基因组测序;qRT-PCR:实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应;MCED:多癌种早期检测
cfDNA甲基化甲基化NGS、PCR组织溯源性高;
癌种特异性强;
早期信号敏感
(可检测0.1%丰度)
部分癌种甲基化信号弱(如肉瘤);
需大Panel覆盖泛癌;
Galleri[15]、EpiPanGI[18]、OverC[19]核心标志物:研究最广,已临床转化;甲基化NGS是MCED首选技术
ctDNA突变NGS、dPCR直接反映驱动基因变异;
靶向治疗指导价值高
早期肿瘤丰度低;
克隆造血干扰;
无法进行组织溯源;
CancerSEEK[11]需联合其他标志物提升灵敏度,单独应用受限,无法进行组织溯源
cfDNA片段组学WGS、
末端序列分析
无需先验分子信息;
低成本泛癌筛查
需大规模训练集验证;
组织溯源能力弱;
DELFI[13]、CanScan[23]
SPOT-MAS[53]
新兴补充技术,与甲基化联用可优化性能
cfRNARNA-seq、
qRT-PCR
动态监测肿瘤微环境;
外泌体RNA稳定性高
样本易降解;
标准化流程缺乏;
ThromboSeq[35]潜力方向,需突破稳定性与标准化瓶颈
蛋白质质谱、Olink、SomaScan平台临床验证成熟(如PSA);
快速检测
特异性低(单一标志物);
早期信号弱;
OncoSeek[41]传统标志物价值有限,新型蛋白质组学联合策略是趋势
代谢物质谱、核磁共振反映肿瘤代谢重编程;
成本低
个体差异大;
缺乏癌种特异性标志物;
MNALCI[47]研究早期阶段,需更大规模研究验证
多组学联合多组学综合性能提升;
覆盖互补信号
成本高;
数据分析复杂;
AlphaLiquid[48]特征复杂,难以进行生物学解释;可作为补充应用,同时需平衡成本效益
), ArticleFig(id=1249045368147742821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, articleId=1249045358765085459, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

多癌筛查标志物汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
标志物类型检测技术优势局限性代表性研究/产品综合评价
注:cfDNA为循环游离DNA;ctDNA:循环肿瘤DNA;cfRNA:循环游离RNA;NGS:二代测序;WGS:全基因组测序;qRT-PCR:实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应;MCED:多癌种早期检测
cfDNA甲基化甲基化NGS、PCR组织溯源性高;
癌种特异性强;
早期信号敏感
(可检测0.1%丰度)
部分癌种甲基化信号弱(如肉瘤);
需大Panel覆盖泛癌;
Galleri[15]、EpiPanGI[18]、OverC[19]核心标志物:研究最广,已临床转化;甲基化NGS是MCED首选技术
ctDNA突变NGS、dPCR直接反映驱动基因变异;
靶向治疗指导价值高
早期肿瘤丰度低;
克隆造血干扰;
无法进行组织溯源;
CancerSEEK[11]需联合其他标志物提升灵敏度,单独应用受限,无法进行组织溯源
cfDNA片段组学WGS、
末端序列分析
无需先验分子信息;
低成本泛癌筛查
需大规模训练集验证;
组织溯源能力弱;
DELFI[13]、CanScan[23]
SPOT-MAS[53]
新兴补充技术,与甲基化联用可优化性能
cfRNARNA-seq、
qRT-PCR
动态监测肿瘤微环境;
外泌体RNA稳定性高
样本易降解;
标准化流程缺乏;
ThromboSeq[35]潜力方向,需突破稳定性与标准化瓶颈
蛋白质质谱、Olink、SomaScan平台临床验证成熟(如PSA);
快速检测
特异性低(单一标志物);
早期信号弱;
OncoSeek[41]传统标志物价值有限,新型蛋白质组学联合策略是趋势
代谢物质谱、核磁共振反映肿瘤代谢重编程;
成本低
个体差异大;
缺乏癌种特异性标志物;
MNALCI[47]研究早期阶段,需更大规模研究验证
多组学联合多组学综合性能提升;
覆盖互补信号
成本高;
数据分析复杂;
AlphaLiquid[48]特征复杂,难以进行生物学解释;可作为补充应用,同时需平衡成本效益
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基于液体活检技术的多癌种联合筛查专家共识(2025版)
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陈万青 1 , 陈可欣 2 , 贺宇彤 3 , 贾卫华 4 , 刘芝华 1 , 马红霞 5 , 缪小平 6 , 潘凯枫 7 , 吴晨 1 , 夏昌发 1 , 邢金良 8 , 许永杰 1 , 基于液体活检技术的多癌种联合筛查专家共识制定工作组
中国肿瘤临床 | 指南与共识 2025,52(14): 727-742
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中国肿瘤临床 | 指南与共识 2025, 52(14): 727-742
基于液体活检技术的多癌种联合筛查专家共识(2025版)
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陈万青1 , 陈可欣2, 贺宇彤3, 贾卫华4, 刘芝华1, 马红霞5, 缪小平6, 潘凯枫7, 吴晨1, 夏昌发1, 邢金良8, 许永杰1, 基于液体活检技术的多癌种联合筛查专家共识制定工作组
作者信息
  • 1国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室(北京市100021)
  • 2天津医科大学肿瘤医院流行病学研究室,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心
  • 3河北医科大学第四医院肿瘤防治办公室
  • 4华南恶性肿瘤防治全国重点实验室,广东省鼻咽癌诊治研究重点实验室,广东省恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中山大学肿瘤防治中心
  • 5南京医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系
  • 6武汉大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系
  • 7北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所流行病学研究室,消化系肿瘤整合防治全国重点实验室,恶性肿瘤转化研究北京市重点实验室
  • 8空军军医大学基础医学院生理与病理生理学教研室

通讯作者:

陈万青 
Expert consensus on liquid biopsy-based multi-cancer early detection (2025 edition)
Wanqing Chen1 , Kexin Chen2, Yutong He3, Weihua Jia4, Zhihua Liu1, Hongxia Ma5, Xiaoping Miao6, Kaifeng Pan7, Chen Wu1, Changfa Xia1, Jinliang Xing8, Yongjie Xu1, Working Group for the Development of Expert Consensus on Liquid Biopsy-based Multi-Cancer Early Detection
Affiliations
  • 1Office of Cancer Screening, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021,China
  • 2Department of Epidemiology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
  • 3Office of Cancer Prevention, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
  • 4State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510050, China
  • 5Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
  • 6Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
  • 7Department of Epidemiology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Beijing Institute for Cancer Prevention and Research, State Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Precision Prevention and Integration Therapy, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Beijing 100142, China
  • 8Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
出版时间: 2025-07-30 doi: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250754
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恶性肿瘤是全球重大公共卫生挑战,筛查是降低其死亡率的关键手段。然而,目前仅少数癌种有适宜的筛查方法,且传统单癌筛查方法存在侵入性强、准确性低、依从性差等弊端。基于液体活检技术的多癌种早期检测(MCED),通过检测血液等体液中的细胞游离DNA、细胞游离RNA、蛋白质和代谢物等标志物,实现了无创、高效的多癌种联合早期检测,显著拓展了可筛查癌种范围及筛查人群覆盖率,展现出改善当前癌症筛查策略的巨大潜力。基于液体活检技术多癌种联合筛查专家共识(2025版)系统梳理了基于液体活检技术的MCED进展、标志物选择与检测技术、癌种选择、研究设计与临床效用评估以及实施路径等内容,旨在为MCED的深入研究与广泛应用提供科学指导,推动恶性肿瘤筛查策略的持续优化。

恶性肿瘤  /  液体活检  /  多癌种联合筛查  /  肿瘤标志物  /  专家共识

Cancer stands as a significant global public health challenge, and cancer screening serves as a pivotal strategy for reducing its mortality. Presently, only a limited number of cancer types have appropriate screening methods available. Traditional single-cancer screening approaches are fraught with limitations, including invasiveness, low accuracy, and poor patient compliance. Multi-cancer early detection (MCED) leveraging liquid biopsy technology enables non-invasive and efficient early detection of multiple cancers by analyzing biomarkers such as cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, proteins, and metabolites in blood and other bodily fluids. This innovative approach substantially broadens the spectrum of detectable cancers and enhances population coverage, showcasing immense potential for improving existing cancer screening strategies. This expert consensus comprehensively reviews the progress of liquid biopsy-based MCED, biomarker selection and detection technologies, the criteria for cancer type selection,research design and clinical utility evaluation, as well as implementation pathways. The overarching goal of this consensus is to offer scientific guidance for further research and the widespread adoption of MCED, thereby facilitating the continuous optimization of cancer screening strategies.

neoplasms  /  liquid biopsy  /  multi-cancer early detection  /  tumor biomarkers  /  expert consensus
陈万青, 陈可欣, 贺宇彤, 贾卫华, 刘芝华, 马红霞, 缪小平, 潘凯枫, 吴晨, 夏昌发, 邢金良, 许永杰, 基于液体活检技术的多癌种联合筛查专家共识制定工作组. 基于液体活检技术的多癌种联合筛查专家共识(2025版). 中国肿瘤临床, 2025 , 52 (14) : 727 -742 . DOI: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250754
Wanqing Chen, Kexin Chen, Yutong He, Weihua Jia, Zhihua Liu, Hongxia Ma, Xiaoping Miao, Kaifeng Pan, Chen Wu, Changfa Xia, Jinliang Xing, Yongjie Xu, Working Group for the Development of Expert Consensus on Liquid Biopsy-based Multi-Cancer Early Detection. Expert consensus on liquid biopsy-based multi-cancer early detection (2025 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2025 , 52 (14) : 727 -742 . DOI: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250754
恶性肿瘤已成为全球范围内的重大公共卫生挑战,全球恶性肿瘤负担日益加重。预计到2050年,新增恶性肿瘤病例数将超过3 500万,比2022年增加77%,恶性肿瘤死亡率与2022年相比也将增加1倍[1]。中国国家癌症中心2024年最新数据显示,2022年我国恶性肿瘤新发和死亡病例分别为482.5万例和257.4万例[2]。我国恶性肿瘤发病率与世界平均水平接近,但死亡率较高,原因很大程度上归因于我国主要癌种较低的5年生存率[3]
筛查和早诊早治是降低恶性肿瘤死亡率的有效手段之一。通过筛查和早期诊断,能够在恶性肿瘤早期进行干预,从而大幅提高治愈率和患者生存率。此前针对肺癌、乳腺癌和上消化道癌等多种恶性肿瘤开展的随机对照试验(randomized controlled trials,RCTs)充分证实,筛查可有效降低恶性肿瘤死亡率[4-6]。然而,目前在全球范围内,仅有少数几种恶性肿瘤,如结直肠癌、乳腺癌和宫颈癌等具备标准的筛查方法,筛查覆盖人群十分有限。此外,传统的单癌筛查方法,如影像学筛查、内镜筛查及肿瘤标志物检测等,部分存在侵入性、筛查不适感和准确性不足(如假阴性、假阳性问题突出)等缺陷,致使部分受试者或部分恶性肿瘤筛查获益受限。因此,亟需开发无创的多癌种筛查方法以提升恶性肿瘤筛查的效率和效果。
近年来,随着二代测序(next-generation sequencing,NGS)、质谱技术以及人工智能技术的发展,基于液体活检技术的多癌种早期检测(multi-cancer early detection,MCED)成为现实。MCED依托多种前沿技术,如基因甲基化检测、基因突变特征检测、基因片段化特征检测、蛋白质组学分析以及代谢组学分析,并结合人工智能算法,从多个维度对受试者体内潜在的恶性肿瘤迹象进行排查。同时基于液体活检技术的MCED具有无创性,仅需采集患者适量体液样本,即可同时对多癌种进行检测,具有广阔的应用前景。
自泛癌早筛产品Galleri的临床数据发布以来,陆续有MCED相关研究开展并公布结果。目前,已有多项MCED产品进入临床研究的关键阶段。可以说,多癌筛查已步入一个关键的发展节点。在此背景下,为积极推动多癌筛查领域的标准化、规范化发展,特组织多学科,包括流行病学、医学统计学、基础医学、临床医学、生物医学工程等业内权威专家,共同起草本专家共识,旨在为研究人员和医务工作者开展多癌筛查研究及应用提供更多指导性建议,并为最终实现更加精准的恶性肿瘤筛查策略提供科学依据。
循证医学证据收集于PubMed数据库,检索时间范围为自建库至2025年4月30日,并通过查阅美国临床肿瘤学会和欧洲肿瘤内科学会会议摘要及论文集补充相关研究。所选取的研究包括公开发表的系统综述、RCT研究、队列研究以及病例对照研究等。本专家共识的循证医学证据等级参考牛津循证医学中心的证据等级(表1)。初步推荐建议经过专家投票,投票选项包括同意、不确定和不同意。根据专家投票结果,推荐等级分为强推荐、推荐和未达成共识3个级别,若投票同意率超过90%视为强推荐,70%~90%视为推荐,否则为未达成共识。
液体活检技术是一种非侵入性的新型检测技术,借助对血液、唾液、尿液等体液样本的分析来检测肿瘤信号。相较于传统的组织活检,它具有无创、实时动态监测、克服肿瘤异质性以及便于重复采样等优势,在恶性肿瘤诊断领域展现出巨大的应用潜力[7]
在人体正常生理活动过程中,细胞凋亡或坏死会产生游离的DNA双链小片段,并释放至外周血中,这些小片段被称为循环游离DNA(circulating free DNA,cfDNA)。肿瘤的生长依赖于血液供应,在其生长和更新过程中,会持续向血液中释放多种cfDNA,其中来源于肿瘤细胞的特异性cfDNA被定义为循环肿瘤DNA(circulating tumor DNA,ctDNA)。此外,部分肿瘤细胞能够脱离原发肿瘤部位,进入循环液中,形成循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)。同时,肿瘤细胞还会释放外泌体、RNA、蛋白质以及小分子代谢物等物质进入循环系统[7]。这些存在于体液中的生物标志物,为液体活检技术应用于肿瘤诊断提供了重要基础。
多癌种联合检测的发展历程可划分为两个关键阶段。在初期研究阶段,研究者们主要致力于寻找能够同时检测多种癌种的单一肿瘤标志物。蛋白质类标志物如癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)和糖类抗原15-3(carbohydrate antigen 15-3,CA15-3)等,成为最早被研究的候选指标。然而,这些标志物存在明显的局限性,它们仅能针对有限且特定的癌种进行检测。例如,CEA主要适用于肺癌、结直肠癌、胃癌和胰腺癌的检测[8-9]。更为关键的是,这些生物标志物的灵敏度相对较低,并且难以准确定位肿瘤的原发部位,这在很大程度上限制其在多癌种筛查中的广泛应用[10]
随着高通量测序、质谱等技术的不断发展以及测序成本的大幅降低,大规模组学分析成为现实。液体活检所关注的标志物也从单一的蛋白质类逐渐拓展至基因组、转录组、蛋白修饰组等层面。目前,一系列新型标志物在多癌种检测中的价值已逐步得到验证。
2018年Science杂志报道了基于液体活检的CancerSEEK技术在多癌种联合诊断的应用效果。该技术创新性地将ctDNA突变检测与蛋白质标志物相结合,能够同时评估8种常见恶性肿瘤类型,包括卵巢癌、肝癌、胃癌、胰腺癌、食管癌、结直肠癌、肺癌和乳腺癌。研究显示,CancerSEEK的灵敏度为70%,特异度超过99%,并在某些癌种中达到98%的灵敏度;在所有真阳性患者中,能够将恶性肿瘤来源准确定位到首要溯源器官(top 1 predicted origin,TPO1)的患者比例为63%,定位到首要和次要溯源器官(top 2 predicted origins,TPO2)的患者比例为83%[11]。鉴于其肿瘤溯源能力有限,该技术目前已放弃组织溯源。因此,在该技术的前瞻性干预研究DETECT-A中,采用CancerSEEK结合PET-CT成像来验证其检测恶性肿瘤的可行性和临床应用的安全性[12]
随后,基于cfDNA片段化特征的DELFI方法在Nature杂志发表。该技术利用低覆盖全基因组测序(whole-genome sequencing,WGS)和机器学习技术来识别恶性肿瘤相关的DNA片段异常。在临床研究中,DELFI对乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌、卵巢癌、胰腺癌、胃癌以及胆管癌这7个癌种显示出73%的灵敏度和98%的特异度,组织溯源TPO1准确率为61%[13]
基于cfDNA甲基化的多癌筛查产品Galleri,通过对血液中cfDNA的甲基化特征进行高精度分析,捕捉恶性肿瘤的早期信号,能够同时检测超过50种恶性肿瘤,并将其分类为22种恶性肿瘤类型进行溯源,其中大部分癌种目前缺乏标准筛查方法[14]。在循环细胞游离基因组图谱研究(circulating cell-free genome atlas,CCGA)的第3个验证研究中(CCGA3),Galleri展现了99.5%的特异度和51.5%的整体灵敏度,TPO1准确度达88.7%[15]。在随后的前瞻性研究PATHFINDER中,Galleri的特异度保持在99.1%,阳性预测值(positive prediction value, PPV)为38%,TPO1准确性为85%,TPO2准确性为97%,展现出较强的应用潜力[16]。目前Galleri正推进RCT、真实世界应用等多项研究[17],未来一段时间有望获取多癌种联合筛查的临床效用评价数据。另一项基于cfDNA甲基化特征的研究EpiPanGI,聚焦于消化道癌种的早期检测,该研究构建了特异性的甲基化指纹图谱,用于识别结食管癌、肝癌、结直肠癌、胰腺癌和胃癌,在多个癌种中均展示了较高的灵敏度和特异度,进一步拓展了cfDNA甲基化技术在器官特异性恶性肿瘤筛查中的应用潜力[18]
中国本土的多癌筛查研究同样取得了显著进展。例如,基于外周血cfDNA甲基化检测,结合大数据机器学习的OverC模型,可实现6种常见恶性肿瘤的早期筛查,整体特异度达98.9%,灵敏度为69.1%,组织溯源TPO1和TPO2的准确率分别为83.2%和91.7%[19]。另一项针对肺癌、肠癌、食管癌、胃癌和肝癌这5个癌种的研究,基于外周血cfDNA甲基化检测,依托优秀的Genie-seq技术[20-21],在独立验证集中特异度达99.2%,灵敏度为69.6%,其中Ⅰ~Ⅲ期灵敏度为65.8%,组织溯源TPO1准确率达87.4%[21]。基于cfDNA片段组学的PanSeer和CanScan模型,分别可以对5个和13个癌种进行检测,其中CanScan的病例对照研究的独立验证数据结果显示,综合特异度为97.8%,灵敏度为87.4%,组织溯源TPO1准确率为83.5%[22-23]。基于这两个技术的前瞻性研究,福声计划(NCT05159544)和金陵队列(NCT06011694)也在开展推进过程中,进行临床性能和效用验证。
专家共识意见1:基于液体活检技术的MCED通过对cfDNA甲基化等生物标志物进行检测,能够在多种类型的恶性肿瘤中实现联合检测,特别是能够纳入那些目前尚不具备标准筛查方法的癌种类型。并且与单癌筛查方法相比,MCED能同时检测多种恶性肿瘤,因此具有相对更高的PPV,有助于提高恶性肿瘤筛查效率。随着技术的不断发展和完善,多癌种筛查技术的应用范围将进一步扩大,有望成为恶性肿瘤筛查的重要工具之一(证据等级:2级;专家推荐等级:推荐)
液体活检的样本来源多样,主要包括血液(血浆、血清、全血、红细胞)、尿液、唾液、脑脊液等。血浆能够有效富集cfDNA,相关技术成熟,可应用于肺癌、结直肠癌、乳腺癌等众多癌种的诊断[7,24]。血清适用于循环游离RNA(circulating free RNA,cfRNA)和蛋白质标志物检测。蛋白质标志物既包括甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)和前列腺特异性抗原(prostate-specific antigen,PSA)等传统肿瘤标志物,也包括外泌体中的蛋白标志物等新型蛋白标志物[25]。全血主要用于CTC的富集[26],不过处理相对复杂,临床应用受限。尿液具有无创采集的显著优势,适用于膀胱癌、前列腺癌等泌尿系统以及宫颈癌、子宫内膜癌等女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤的筛查,如尿液DNA甲基化检测[27-29]。唾液在口腔癌、鼻咽癌等头颈肿瘤的筛查中展现出一定潜力,如人乳头状瘤病毒相关RNA检测[30]。脑脊液则用于中枢神经系统肿瘤(如胶质瘤)的ctDNA检测分析[31]
专家共识意见2:以血浆为主的血液样本技术成熟、流程标准,是当下MCED液体活检的主要样本类型,其他样本则需根据特定癌种和临床场景进行辅助应用(证据等级:2级;专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
目前,已报道的MCED标志物类型丰富多样,主要包括cfDNA、cfRNA、蛋白质和小分子代谢物等(表2)。
在cfDNA相关标志物方面,Galleri利用靶向甲基化检测技术,能够区分多阶段的50多种恶性肿瘤,包括缺乏标准筛查方法的高死亡率癌种和早期癌种。该技术特异度>99%,单一假阳性率<1%,避免了单癌种检测中的累积假阳性率,整体灵敏度为54.9%,其中Ⅰ~Ⅲ期恶性肿瘤的灵敏度为43.9%,且能以93%的准确度定位癌种的组织起源,展现出了较强的应用潜力[15-16](证据等级:2级)。OverC通过cfDNA甲基化检测,可实现对中国6大高发癌种的检测,且灵敏度达69.1%[19]。CancerSEEK技术联合检测ctDNA突变(16个基因)与蛋白质标志物,用于筛查8种恶性肿瘤,但由于早期肿瘤突变丰度低且受健康人群克隆造血干扰,其灵敏度仅为43%[11](证据等级:3级)。DELFI技术基于cfDNA片段长度与核小体足迹特征,可识别多癌种,整体灵敏度达73%,能够补充cfDNA甲基化与突变分析的不足[13](证据等级:3级)
cfRNA方面,多项研究证实了cfRNA作为生物标志物在临床应用中的潜力,为恶性肿瘤的早期、非侵入性检测提供了新的策略[32-34]。研究人员对来自肿瘤诱导血小板的RNA图谱进行分析,成功检测出18种不同的恶性肿瘤类型,并在5种肿瘤类型中实现了准确的组织溯源[35](证据等级:3级)。尽管cfRNA能够因其对细胞活性的快速反应而提供有关肿瘤动力学的实时信息,但其提取和保存极具挑战性。由于cfRNA丰度较低且极易降解,因此需要严格的处理方案和灵敏的检测方法[36]。游离 miRNA得益于结合蛋白、外泌体、囊泡等的保护作用,展现出极佳的稳定性,且在体液中丰度高,种类多,具有较大的肿瘤标志物应用潜力[37]。基于mSMRT qPCR技术平台的游离 miRNA检测方法已经在多种单一癌种如胃癌[38](证据等级:2级)以及肺癌[39]和乳腺癌[40]的筛查中应用(证据等级:3级)。目前一项基于游离miRNA和cfDNA甲基化联合应用于9种恶性肿瘤检测的项目CADENCE正在开展(NCT05633342),旨在评估游离miRNA在多癌种联合筛查中的实际应用效果。
传统蛋白质生物标志物对特定的癌种具有较高的特异性,但单一标志物的敏感度通常不足以用于多癌种联合检测。整合多种蛋白质标志物已成为提高检测性能的一种有前景的策略。例如,OncoSeek测试,结合了7种循环蛋白(AFP、CA125、CA15-3、CA19-9、CA72-4、CEA、CYFRA 21-1),对9种恶性肿瘤类型实现了51.7%的灵敏度和92.9%的特异度,总体准确率为84.3%,其中检测早期癌症(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)的灵敏度为49.5%,总体溯源准确性为66.8%[41](证据等级:3级)。此外,蛋白质组学技术的新进展,如糖蛋白和糖质修饰检测、Olink邻位连接法和单分子阵列(Simoa),拓展了蛋白质类标志物检测灵敏度的界限[42-44](证据等级:3级)
代谢组学作为系统生物学的一个分支,在恶性肿瘤筛查与诊断领域已有广泛研究。研究表明,几乎所有恶性肿瘤都会表现出一种或多种形式的代谢失调[45]。研究者利用质谱平台检测血液中的代谢物,可对肺癌、肠癌和胃癌进行有效筛查和诊断,外部验证中,特异度为95%,灵敏度达93.5%;其中早期癌(Ⅰ~Ⅱ期)检测能力达到79.1%[46]。另一项利用基质辅助激光解吸/电离质谱成像的多癌筛查技术,通过检测血液中代谢物,可一次性筛查14种恶性肿瘤,内部验证数据显示,总体灵敏度93%,特异度91%;在外部验证队列中灵敏度与特异度均达84%[47](证据等级:3级)
恶性肿瘤异质性较强,在涉及多癌种联合检测时,单一类型的标志物有时难以满足早期诊断的需求。为进一步提高液体活检的性能,研究人员越来越多地将不同类型的标志物数据进行综合分析,并应用于MCED研究。2023年,研究者开发了一种新型筛查技术平台,能够在单一测定中同时分析全基因组甲基化、拷贝数和片段组特征,灵敏度为88.9%,显著优于单特征标志物,组织溯源准确性为76.4%,高于单一甲基化标志物[48](证据等级:3级)。2022年Lin等[49]研发的TUFEST技术,创新性地整合基因组学、片段组学等多维度组学数据和人工智能算法,通过对海量微观生物信息的深度挖掘与模型优化,降低了实验成本并显著提高了泛癌种检测的灵敏度和特异度。随后Ju等[50]通过整合片段组与表观调控组,泛癌种检测的特异性达到95%,灵敏度超过85%。
除上述肿瘤标志物检测外,一些不依赖标志物检测的新兴技术也在泛癌筛查领域得到应用。例如,癌症区分分析技术(cancer differentiation analysis technology,CDA)筛查多癌种的方法,该方法区别于传统的标志物检测方法,以生物物理信号为检测基础。基于大样本量的回顾性和前瞻性临床验证以及多年随访,验证了CDA技术多癌种筛查的能力[51-52]。通过对19 141名受试者的长期跟踪研究发现,应用CDA技术确诊的恶性肿瘤患者覆盖23种恶性肿瘤,其中91.4%的患者集中在高危组,7.5%处于中危组,而仅有1.1%位于低危组。同时,确诊的癌前病变和良性肿瘤达到30种,且确诊的患者例数明显多于恶性肿瘤患者例数,表明了CDA技术在多癌种早期筛查的可行性[52]
专家共识意见3:目前MCED的标志物类型包括cfDNA、cfRNA、蛋白质和代谢物等,其中以cfDNA甲基化应用最为成熟和广泛(证据等级:2级);但不应忽视对其他种类标志物和新检测技术的探索,随着技术的发展和成熟,基于其他类型标志物的MCED会逐渐增多。甲基化联合片段组、cfRNA、蛋白质或代谢物有提升检测性能的潜力,未来可进一步探索多组学联合优化方案,但要考虑成本效益平衡(证据等级:3级;专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
不同类型的标志物需采用不同的检测方法(表2)。以cfDNA甲基化检测为例,常用的检测平台主要有PCR平台和NGS平台。由于MCED涉及的标志物数量众多,NGS平台更加适用于MCED甲基化检测;而PCR操作简便、高效迅速,更适合少量差异甲基化位点标志物的验证。
cfDNA甲基化检测需要充分考虑各个湿实验步骤选择的合理性,并进行必要的优化,以保障MCED的检测性能。目前的主要挑战有信号弱、背景噪音高、信号损失等问题,这些问题需要通过优化实验步骤和技术来解决,主要涉及血液cfDNA提取,甲基化转化,甲基化DNA文库构建,杂交捕获等关键步骤。
转化步骤在甲基化检测中尤为重要,特别是在恶性肿瘤筛查这种低丰度信号检测场景下,转化准确性是决定检测灵敏度的核心要素之一。目前,DNA转化的主流方法主要包括基于重亚硫酸氢盐的化学方法以及基于TET2和APOBEC等生物酶的酶学转化方法[54]。化学转化法转化时间短、速度快且转化效率高,但转化过程中剧烈的温度和pH变化会导致DNA降解和断裂,因此更适用于起始量较高的样本[55]。酶转化法相对温和,可避免因DNA降解断裂引起的信号丢失,且其转化率不低于化学转化法,具有低背景噪音的优势。然而,酶法转化时间长、操作相对繁琐,且试剂稳定性有待提高[54]。此外DNA甲基化检测技术还包括基于亲和富集的DNA甲基化免疫共沉淀技术以及基于特异性酶切的甲基化敏感限制性内切酶技术(methylation-sensitive restriction endonuclease,MSRE)等[56-57],但这些方法无法达到单碱基分辨率或难以提高标志物检测通量。综合而言,化学转化法、酶转化法及MSRE等各具优缺点,可根据不同的标本情况和应用场景选择适宜的方法。
优化cfDNA提取、文库构建、杂交捕获等步骤对于提高MCED性能同样至关重要。血液cfDNA提取的关键在于提高DNA回收率,并充分去除血浆中的蛋白、RNA等血浆干扰物质。文库构建需降低建库过程中引入的偏差,常见的建库方法有双链建库和单链建库[58]。双链DNA建库以双链DNA作为模板进行文库构建,该方法普遍应用于常规NGS文库构建[59]。然而,双链建库的末端修复过程会导致甲基化信号失真,且建库后再进行重亚硫酸盐转化会造成更大的DNA损失,因此不推荐用于甲基化NGS文库构建[60]。单链DNA建库以单链DNA作为模板进行文库构建,是甲基化NGS文库构建的常用方法[61]。但该方法存在单链DNA连接效率不足,或需引入其他序列导致后续数据分析存在偏差等问题。因此,构建一套具有高模板转化率、低偏差的甲基化单链DNA文库建库体系是较为理想的选择。杂交捕获需要筛选出癌症特异的基因组区域,基于探针的液相杂交捕获技术,通过富集特定基因组区域,成为提高检测灵敏度的有效手段之一,其可根据目标区域的甲基化特征或序列特征特异性地富集ctDNA信号。
专家共识意见4:cfDNA甲基化检测是MCED重要检测类型,常用PCR和NGS平台,需根据研究设计的不同合理选择检测平台。转化步骤是关键环节,化学转化法、酶转化法及MSRE等各具优缺点,可根据不同的标本情况和应用场景选择适宜的方法。同时,优化cfDNA提取、文库构建、杂交捕获步骤有助于提高检测性能,提取过程应注重回收率和除杂,文库构建应首先考虑高转化率、低偏差的单链DNA建库体系,杂交捕获可通过探针富集特定区域来提高灵敏度(专家推荐等级:推荐)。
多癌筛查会产生海量数据,单纯依靠传统的统计技术难以高效地对这些数据进行分析。人工智能凭借其强大的数据处理能力,尤其是深度学习算法中的卷积神经网络、循环神经网络及其变体,能够对多癌筛查数据进行深度挖掘,筛选出与恶性肿瘤发生、发展密切相关的潜在生物标志物,更精准地捕捉肿瘤细胞的特征,从而实现更高的检测准确度。目前,已经有部分MCED的研究借助人工智能技术对复杂的肿瘤特征进行分析,实现了多个癌种的检测[19,62](证据等级:3级)
2021年7月中国国家药监局发布的《人工智能医用软件产品分类界定指导原则》,明确了人工智能医用软件产品的类别界定:用于辅助决策的人工智能医用软件产品,按照第三类医疗器械管理[63]。目前,已有40余款人工智能类产品获批上市,用于非辅助决策,如进行数据处理和测量等以提供临床参考信息,此类产品按照第二类医疗器械管理。2023年10月,国家卫生健康委发布的《健康中国行动—癌症防治行动实施方案(2023~2030年)》指出,应积极运用互联网、人工智能等技术开展远程医疗服务,探索建立规范化诊治辅助系统,以提高基层诊疗能力[64]。目前,我国已出台一系列审批政策,引导人工智能技术在医疗领域的合理应用。一方面,鼓励创新型人工智能医疗产品研发,对于经过充分临床验证、证明安全有效的人工智能辅助诊断系统等给予优先审评审批通道,推动其快速应用于临床实践;另一方面,加强对人工智能医疗器械全生命周期监管,确保算法的稳定性、可靠性以及数据安全保护。在MCED中引入人工智能技术时,研发机构与医疗机构必须严格遵循国家相关法规政策,确保技术应用的质量可控、风险可控,保障受检者权益。
在人工智能医疗器械这一前沿领域,开展算法需求分析、建立数据收集规范具有至关重要的意义[65]。算法需求分析要求全方位、深入剖析特定的诊断、治疗场景,紧密结合产品的预期用途、实际使用场景、核心功能设定以及网络安全等多方面需求,精准且清晰地明确数据收集、算法性能以及硬件配置等维度的要求。尤为重要的是,需求分析要充分考虑泛化性要求,依据产品预期用途与使用场景,细致确定泛化性分组,或精准识别影响泛化性的关键因素,以此为指导,在数据收集阶段有针对性地开展数据采集工作,为后续的算法研究提供科学合理、适配性强的数据支撑。
高质量的数据是人工智能医疗器械取得成功的核心基石。要实现高质量的数据收集,必须做到科学严谨、合规合法。这就需要建立一套涵盖数据采集、数据整理、数据标注、数据清洗以及数据集构建等全流程活动的规范与质量控制要求,并严格依照要求执行,以确保数据具备可追溯性、准确性与一致性[65-67]。此外,人员的专业资质、培训效果以及考核情况也是影响数据质量的关键要点。只有对相关人员实施良好的质量管控,才能保证数据收集活动的各个环节有序推进。值得强调的是,遵循既定的数据收集规范对于保护患者隐私、遵守相关法规条例具有重要意义。在医疗行业中,患者数据敏感度极高,严格规范的数据收集流程是数据在伦理道德和法律法规层面得以合理使用的坚实保障。
人工智能建立的模型往往具有“黑盒”特性,即内部工作原理不可见。尽管人工智能模型的代码、参数和训练方法可以是公开透明的,但我们仍然难以追踪和理解它们如何从特定的输入生成特定的输出。这种复杂性源自于模型内部多层次的非线性数据处理和海量参数的复杂交互,使得追溯和理解其决策路径成为一项巨大挑战。因此,对于应用于多癌早筛的人工智能模型,有必要对其可解释性提出要求,即对模型中的各个算法步骤进行归因,明确每个步骤的必要性以及所带来的收益,以增加算法的可解释性。
专家共识意见5:推荐将人工智能应用于MCED,但需开展算法需求分析,建立评估模型泛化性的标准和评价体系,建立数据收集规范,并通过算法归因来提高模型的可解释性(证据等级:3级;专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
多癌筛查所覆盖癌种的确定,需紧密围绕多癌筛查的核心目标。多癌筛查旨在针对无症状人群,实现恶性肿瘤在可治愈阶段的早期发现,进而有效降低恶性肿瘤相关死亡率。在划定筛查癌种范围时,必须全面考量卫生经济学效益,以保障MCED具备良好的临床可及性以及成本效益优势。
恶性肿瘤筛查通常聚焦于发病率和死亡率双高的恶性肿瘤,这些疾病严重威胁人群的健康与生命安全,是当前亟待解决的重大公共卫生问题。对于是否适宜纳入MCED,还需有充足的证据表明该癌种的早期诊断能够显著改善患者的预后情况[68]。例如,WHO或有关国家基于高级别循证医学证据推荐进行筛查的癌种,像结直肠癌、宫颈癌、乳腺癌、肺癌、食管癌、肝癌和胃癌(证据等级:1级),这些癌种的筛查已被证实具有明确的获益。此外,鼻咽癌作为在中国特定区域高发的特色癌种,国内也有高级别循证医学证据支持对其开展筛查工作,因此同样建议将其纳入多癌筛查的范围(证据等级:1级)
相较于单癌筛查,多癌筛查的重要价值在于,除了覆盖这些已推荐筛查的癌种之外,可能够覆盖更多具有早筛临床价值的癌种,并实现多个癌种的同步筛查。筛查的临床价值可从以下3个方面进行综合考虑:(1)确诊分期情况:确诊时晚期占比高,借助筛查能够显著推动疾病分期前移[69-70];(2)早晚期预后差异:早期可治愈率或早期预后显著优于晚期;(3)筛查窗口:在疾病发展进程中存在适宜进行筛查的时间段,即筛查窗口期。
在中国属于高发/高死亡率且缺乏单癌筛查手段的“沉默癌种”(如胰腺癌、卵巢癌)目前临床晚期患者占比偏多,早期预后更好,具有潜在筛查价值。目前,根治性手术仍是实现胰腺癌治愈的唯一途径。当下众多围绕靶向药物和免疫药物开展的临床研究,已在不同分子分型的胰腺癌患者群体中展现出颇为可观的生存获益成果。随着早期治疗手段的持续改进与优化,通过筛查得以早期发现的胰腺癌患者,其生存状况有望得到显著提升[71-72]。早期国外开展的两项关于卵巢癌筛查的RCT研究,即PLCO研究和UKCTOCS研究,主要采用CA-125血液检测作为筛查手段,然而该标志物特异性欠佳,致使这两项研究均未能达成降低卵巢癌死亡率这一预设终点[73-75]。在中国,虽然目前暂未有高级别临床证据,但针对胰腺癌和卵巢癌的筛查专家共识已有发布[76-77]。鉴于胰腺癌和卵巢癌的高发性、高死亡率以及早期筛查潜在的临床价值,在设计和实施多癌筛查项目时,可将这2个癌种纳入考量范围。淋巴瘤在中国发病率位居第13位,死亡率位居第12位,弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤是其中侵袭性较强的亚型,且是中国人群中淋巴瘤主要亚型[78-79]。相关数据显示,我国淋巴瘤的晚期分期占比达60%,晚期生存率为66%左右,而早期生存率则能达到85%以上[70,80]。因此,开展淋巴瘤的早期筛查在中国人群中具有重要的潜在临床价值,故可考虑将其纳入MCED。前列腺癌在国外有一些指南作筛查推荐,但生存获益的同时也暴露出过度诊断现象[81]。与国外情况不同的是,前列腺癌在中国临床中晚期占比偏高[82],多癌筛查是否纳入前列腺癌,可以综合检测液体来源、标志物预期性能以及单位成本综合决定。
基于液体活检的多癌筛查,其基础在于恶性肿瘤会释放可检测成分如cfDNA、蛋白质等标志物进入血液或其他体液中。因此在癌种选择时,必须充分考虑液体活检的可及性和技术通用性。从样本可及性角度来看,某些肿瘤由于其解剖位置的特殊性,会限制液体活检技术的应用。以中枢神经系统肿瘤为例,血脑屏障的存在以及脑脊液获取的临床难度,使得该类肿瘤在液体活检方面面临可及性受限的问题[83-84]。在技术通用性方面,优先选择能够基于同一技术实现高效筛查的癌种具有重要意义。例如,当采用cfDNA甲基化作为标志物进行筛查时,泌尿系统肿瘤以尿液作为样本来源,相较于其他样本类型,在技术性能上表现更优[27]
专家共识意见6:在无症状人群中,让恶性肿瘤在可治愈阶段被发现,降低死亡率,是多癌筛查的目标。当前有高级别循证医学证据支持具有早筛价值的癌种,建议纳入多癌筛查;对于目前虽无标准的筛查手段,但通过早筛可提升患者潜在生存获益的癌种,随着证据等级的加强也可纳入。在进行多癌筛查癌种选择时,需要考虑液体活检的可及性和技术通用性,同时平衡成本效益(专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
美国国家癌症研究所早期癌症诊断研究网络将生物标志物开发分为发现、临床检测和验证、纵向回顾、前瞻性筛查和恶性肿瘤控制5个阶段[85]。以下将从研究开发阶段角度对多癌筛查研究的开展进行论述。
多癌早筛标志物的挖掘是检测方法开发的基石,对检测准确性和成本控制至关重要。MCED的标志物需要具备高特异性、在恶性肿瘤早期出现以及在体液中稳定存在等特性。不同类型标志物的挖掘方法和路径存在显著差异,以下以cfDNA甲基化为例进行详细阐述。
cfDNA甲基化标志物的挖掘,首先要考虑检测手段,应尽量全面地检测甲基化位点。全基因组亚硫酸氢盐测序(whole genome bisulfite sequencing,WGBS)能够提供全面、详细的甲基化信息,有助于精准发现那些在肿瘤发生发展过程中起关键作用的甲基化位点和区域,为后续筛选出特异性的标志物奠定基础。其次,基于大样本队列开展研究至关重要。大样本队列能够涵盖更广泛的人群特征,包括不同年龄、性别、种族、生活方式等因素的影响,可有效减少因样本量小和样本偏倚导致的结果偏差,使挖掘出的标志物更具普适性和代表性。恶性肿瘤组样本应全面覆盖目标癌种、各个分期,甚至相关的癌前病变。最后,样本类型应尽量多样化,包含肿瘤组织、癌旁组织、恶性肿瘤患者血液、健康人血液等。血液样本中的ctDNA携带有肿瘤细胞释放的甲基化信息,通过检测血液中的甲基化标志物,能够实现非侵入性的恶性肿瘤筛查。分析恶性肿瘤患者血液中的甲基化情况,可以筛选出那些能够在血液循环中稳定存在、且具有肿瘤特异性的甲基化标志物,为多癌早筛提供便捷、有效的检测靶点。将血液和组织样本进行对比和联合分析,不仅能充分利用组织信号丰度高的优势,还能通过与健康血液样本验证,获取真正能够在血液中检测到的信号,排除干扰信号,从而更加精准地定位早期肿瘤信号。Galleri研究采用WGBS对福尔马林固定石蜡包埋的肿瘤样本、恶性肿瘤患者及健康人血液样本等进行标志物的挖掘[86]。在肿瘤组织样本方面,冷冻新鲜组织可能比石蜡包埋组织更具优势[87]
专家共识意见7:在多癌筛查标志物挖掘阶段,选择合适的标志物对于后续研究至关重要。理想的MCED标志物需具备高特异性、早期出现且在体液中稳定存在的特征。挖掘标志物的样本队列需具有人群代表性以及恶性肿瘤各阶段代表性。尽管标志物的检测主要基于血液层面,但通过肿瘤组织对差异标志物进行初步挖掘,有助于提高标志物的特异性(专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
在临床检测和验证阶段,主要目标是构建MCED标志物模型,评估其区分恶性肿瘤受试者和非恶性肿瘤受试者的能力,验证其准确性,并明确与相关人口统计学因素(如年龄、性别)、行为因素(如吸烟、饮酒等)及其他潜在影响因素的关系。MCED模型的建立与验证适宜采用病例对照研究,从恶性肿瘤和非恶性肿瘤受试者的队列中收集样本,以评估MCED测试的灵敏度、特异度、组织溯源准确性及其他性能指标[88-89]。目前,国内外多个MCED病例对照研究已完成或正在进行,如CCGA研究[15]、PROFUTURE(NCT05874648)和PROFOUND(NCT06217900)等。
MCED的病例对照研究在研究设计层面上,病例和对照的选择以及匹配等方面需特殊考虑。恶性肿瘤患者的选择应尽可能为多中心来源的患者,以增强样本代表性,各参与机构需采用统一且明确的疾病诊断标准。病例类型首选新发病例,新发病例涵盖不同分期的患者,代表性较好,且确诊时间不久,信息获取较为容易且准确。但对于罕见恶性肿瘤或特定分期病例,若新发病例难以在限定时间内获取足够样本量,可酌情纳入现患病例。在分期选择上,应以早期为主,符合多癌筛查的临床应用目标。对照来源最常见的是来自社区人群或群体人群中的健康人,其优点是不易出现来自医院对照可能面临的选择偏倚问题,但实施难度大、费用高,所选对照可能不配合;同时应包括来自同一个或多个医疗机构中未患癌的、诊断为良性疾病的患者,优点是易于选取、招募,可利用电子病历等医疗材料,缺点是容易产生选择偏倚。对照的选择另一个难点是需要尽可能除外恶性肿瘤,但是体检或临床查体可能难以完全除外恶性肿瘤,建议进行随访以进一步除外对照患癌的可能性。
匹配是病例对照研究中的重要方法,旨在通过选取具有相同或相似特征的研究对象,提高研究效率和减少混杂因素影响[90]。例如年龄和性别与恶性肿瘤发生发展有关,也会影响DNA甲基化的检测[91],属于研究的混杂因素。匹配设计可使对照组在年龄、性别方面与病例组保持一致,以排除这些因素对结果的干扰。该设计虽然增加了选择对照和统计分析的难度,但能提升统计学检验能力,提高研究效率。然而,病例对照研究中匹配过度会使匹配过程复杂、成本增加、耗时延长,即匹配过多变量会使病例和对照过于相似,导致统计效率降低[91]。过度匹配得到的结果可能仅适用于匹配条件下的特定人群,无法推广到更广泛的总体人群,进而限制研究结果的应用范围。在病例对照研究中,一般选择2~3个最重要的混杂因素进行匹配。除性别、年龄之外,对其他因素是否进行匹配应谨慎考虑。
模型构建除了内部验证,还应设置独立验证集。这有助于确保模型的预测具有稳健性,而不仅仅是输入数据的反映,使模型具有外推性,避免过拟合。独立验证集作为评估模型泛化能力的重要工具,能够为特异度的稳定性提供客观、准确的验证依据。若缺乏独立验证,研究结果可能因过拟合而不可靠,导致对生物标志物的评估出现偏差,影响后续的研究和临床应用。
MCED病例对照研究的评估指标包括灵敏度、特异度以及组织溯源准确性等。研究需根据主要评价指标进行规范的样本量和统计功效估计。灵敏度,尤其是早期恶性肿瘤检测的灵敏度对于筛查尤其重要,建议将MCED早期灵敏度而非整体灵敏度作为模型研究的主要评价指标。特异度是MCED重要的性能评价指标,假阳性会导致后续不必要的侵入性诊断。因此,为确保模型的可靠性与实用性,特异度应保持稳定。只有当模型在独立验证集上展现出较高且稳定的特异度时,才能进入下一阶段前瞻性队列研究[88]。与单癌筛查不同,组织溯源准确性是评估MCED模型必要且重要的指标。足够高的溯源性能才能最大程度避免误诊,减少不必要的有创性诊疗及医疗负担。组织溯源可以遵循“后续确诊路径可合并、可聚类”原则,例如胃癌和食管癌,后续诊断均需进行上消化道内镜检查,确诊路径能合并,所以在组织溯源时可以合并。后续诊疗差别大的癌种应该尽量区分开,例如在既往MCED研究中存在较多肺癌溯源为食管癌的情况[19],这可能导致不必要的上消化道内镜检查。
专家共识意见8:采用病例对照研究建立和评估MCED模型。适宜开展多中心研究,病例采用统一的诊断和分期标准。建议对照除了进行标准恶性肿瘤诊断外,还应进行随访进一步排除患癌可能。病例和对照之间应进行年龄和性别匹配;应设置独立的外部验证集以避免过拟合;样本量需符合统计原则;早期癌灵敏度、特异度以及组织溯源准确性是评价MCED重要的指标(专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
MCED模型构建完成后,在进入正式临床开发前需要开展前瞻性队列研究,在目标人群中验证该技术的有效性、安全性和临床价值。前瞻性筛查队列研究的价值主要为:(1)验证模型的稳定性:筛查人群中的早期恶性肿瘤占比可能较高,会影响检测的灵敏度。同时,筛查过程中会遇到更为多样和复杂的非癌性临床干扰因素,如结节、慢性炎症以及全身性代谢疾病等,这些因素可能会影响检测的特异性。因此,前瞻性队列研究能够进一步验证MCED模型在适用人群中实际检出恶性肿瘤的能力,确保模型在实际应用场景下的稳定性。(2)验证MCED的安全性:MCED涉及癌种数量多,对于管腔类和浅表类组织的恶性肿瘤,可以借助内镜、活检等常规方式进行诊断。然而,仍有相当一部分癌种目前尚无成熟的确诊路径,或者存在影像学辨别准确性较低等问题。当前,MCED的溯源结果无法达到100%的准确性,这无疑会进一步增加确诊的难度,并使临床获益具有不确定性。只有通过前瞻性队列研究,依据检测结果合理安排后续的恶性肿瘤诊断流程,才能够准确还原和量化筛查所带来的潜在危害以及临床获益。
前瞻性队列研究可分为观察性研究和干预性研究,取决于MCED检测阳性后是否安排统一的临床诊断流程。观察性研究一般为回顾性检测,通过随访后观察到的患癌情况,分析MCED检测在目标人群中的性能,同时确定相比于临床常规发现恶性肿瘤能够提前的时间。而干预性研究为前瞻性检测,依据MCED检测结果指导受试者进行临床确诊。除能够评估性能外,还可以观察到筛查产生的实际价值和安全性问题,包括MCED检测后临床确诊路径、确诊时间、治疗效果、接受的有创性检查情况以及对受试者心理层面的影响等。因此,干预性研究在MCED前瞻性验证中更为重要。
前瞻性研究设计需考虑一些相关因素:(1)前瞻性研究纳入的人群应贴近目标人群画像,尽量包含目标人群所有年龄段和人群类型,以尽可能符合真实世界的产品应用场景,从而充分验证MCED在实际使用时的性能表现和安全性;(2)队列规模应依据统计学计算来确定,以确保有足够数量的阳性病例用于评估性能和安全性,保证研究结果的可靠性和有效性;(3)干预性研究中的确诊方式应按照临床指南标准统一,纳入临床公认的金标准方法,如肠镜等。这有助于保证结果的可信度和泛化性,使研究结果能够在更广泛的范围内得到应用和推广。
如前文所述,前瞻性队列研究的目标主要包括性能和安全性两方面,性能可通过PPV、阴性预测值、特异度、灵敏度、组织溯源准确性、似然比、需筛查人数、筛查出的早期肿瘤占比等进行评估;安全性评估包括假阳性或溯源不准确对受试者造成的额外检查情况,尤其是有创性检查的数量和比例。此外,还可通过在检测前后及随访时进行心理评估结果的比较分析,来考量对受试者心理层面的影响。基于现有的定性研究,阴性筛查结果能够为受试者提供“健康状态确认”,对心理健康有益,产生的痛苦和焦虑影响较小;而异常和假阳性筛查结果则可能在焦虑、恐惧、情绪、行为、睡眠、性和社会功能等社会心理层面产生负面影响。例如,PATHFINDER研究表明,通过MCED检测到恶性肿瘤信号的受试者相对于未发现恶性肿瘤信号的人,焦虑水平略有增加,但这种焦虑在12个月内下降到基线水平[92]
目前,MCED前瞻性研究数量较为有限,已报道的仅有DETECT-A[12]、PATHFINDER[16]和K-DETEK[53]等。对于MCED在前瞻性筛查队列中性能和安全性应该达到怎样的目标,尚无明确的标准。未来,需要开展更多大规模、高质量的前瞻性研究,以建立统一的性能和安全性评估标准,为MCED技术的优化和临床应用提供更为可靠的依据。
专家共识意见9:前瞻性队列研究具有验证模型稳定性和安全性的重要价值,是MCED开发过程中不可或缺的阶段,研究纳入人群应尽量贴近目标人群画像。干预性研究能够同时获取性能和安全性数据,在MCED前瞻性验证中更为关键。干预性研究中确诊手段应按照临床指南标准尽量统一,并纳入适当的心理评估,以全面反映MCED对受试者心理层面的影响(证据等级:2级;专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
恶性肿瘤特异性死亡率变化是恶性肿瘤筛查效果的重要评价指标。当前,RCT作为验证筛查效果的金标准方法,通过对比筛查干预组和对照组之间的死亡率差异,能够为筛查效果提供确凿的证据支持。这一方法在多项单癌筛查研究中已得到广泛且有效的应用(证据等级:1级)。例如,基于低剂量计算机断层扫描的肺癌筛查[4]、基于乳房X光检查的乳腺癌筛查[93]、以及基于粪便免疫化学检测的结直肠癌筛查等[94-95]。鉴于多癌筛查的目标人群为无症状的健康个体,有学者提出将全因死亡率作为评价终点。然而,目前这一观点缺乏足够的证据支撑,该指标在实际应用中仍存在较大争议[96-97]
尽管恶性肿瘤特异性死亡率是国际公认的评估筛查效果的标准,但相关的RCT研究往往需要5~15年甚至更长的时间周期,且投入巨大,这在一定程度上限制了筛查技术的临床开发和推广应用[98]。因此,寻找可靠的替代终点成为当前业界的研究热点。替代终点能够在较短时间内为筛查效果提供评估依据,从而加速筛查产品的临床转化和实际应用[99-100]。常见的替代终点包括晚期恶性肿瘤发病率下降[98,101-102]、恶性肿瘤期别前移或早期癌发病率上升[70,103]、转移灶发生率下降[98]、基于诊断阶段的死亡率预测模型[104]、以及治疗相关指标(如微小残留病灶、复发率等)[98]
在这些替代终点中,晚期恶性肿瘤发病率下降是证据较充分且可行性较强的指标。例如,乳腺癌TMIST研究[105]以及正在进行的肝癌TRACER研究[106]和NHS-Galleri多癌筛查研究[17]均采用了这一指标。基于已报道的RCT研究进行的Meta分析显示,在乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肺癌和卵巢癌等癌种的筛查研究中,晚期(Ⅲ~Ⅳ期)发病率下降与死亡率的降低之间具有显著相关性[101](证据等级:1级)。其他研究也支持这一结论,通过肺、肠、乳腺和前列腺癌等33个大型RCT的Meta分析发现,晚期癌发病率下降可以作为死亡率下降的替代终点[107](证据等级:1级)
然而,需要注意的是,不同癌种的生物学特征和进展模式存在差异,并非所有恶性肿瘤都适合将晚期发病率下降作为替代终点。因此,在多癌筛查研究中应用替代终点时需保持谨慎,确保所选指标具有充分的科学依据。可以通过对既往数据进行Meta分析或开展数据模拟,以确认替代终点的可行性。未来,可借助真实世界研究进一步验证不同癌种替代终点的适用性。
专家共识意见10:恶性肿瘤特异性死亡率下降是多癌筛查的重要评价指标。考虑到死亡率研究周期长、成本高,可采用晚期发病率下降等替代终点进行初步评估,但需基于已有证据验证其适用性。尽管替代终点能够加速筛查技术的临床应用,但最终仍需通过死亡率数据来确认其实际效果。在采用替代终点的同时,应同步开展长期随访研究,以全面评估多癌筛查技术的临床价值(专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
1. 恶性肿瘤筛查适用人群:目前,有关多癌筛查适用人群的研究较为有限。以PATHFINDER研究为例,其纳入标准为:年龄在50岁及以上人群,无论是否存在其他危险因素;或符合以下任意一项条件:(1)累计吸烟≥100支;(2)根据美国国立综合癌症网络指南,符合遗传性肿瘤综合征检测标准;(3)有恶性肿瘤病史且完成根治性治疗≥3年[16](证据等级:2级)。而NHS-Galleri研究则选取了50~77岁、近3年无恶性肿瘤诊断或治疗史、且未接受恶性肿瘤相关检查的个体作为研究对象[17]
年龄是不同种类恶性肿瘤发生的共同危险因素。中国肿瘤登记数据显示,40岁后恶性肿瘤发病风险显著上升,40岁以上人群的恶性肿瘤发病率是40岁以下人群的16倍[108]。因此,40岁以上人群可考虑进行多癌筛查,但具体适用人群范围需结合多方面因素综合确定[109]:(1)癌种覆盖范围:某些恶性肿瘤(如乳腺癌)发病年龄相对较早,对于这类恶性肿瘤,可适当降低筛查起始年龄[110];(2)检测性能特点:需充分考虑检测方法对不同癌种的灵敏度和特异度;(3)卫生经济学因素:包括检测成本和效益比等方面;(4)高龄人群的特殊性:要在筛查获益与预期寿命、合并症情况以及治疗耐受性之间进行权衡。值得关注的是,现有单癌筛查研究对于高龄人群(如75岁以上)的获益证据尚不充足。因此,对于这部分人群,建议由临床医师结合个体健康状况、危险因素以及个人意愿进行个性化评估。
在这些人群中,部分个体携带高危因素,这些高危因素可能同时增加多种癌症的发生风险。采用多癌筛查能够更为高效、便捷地捕捉癌症病变信号,具体高危因素如下:(1)吸烟:与肺癌、鼻咽癌、口腔癌、膀胱癌、胰腺癌、胃癌、食管癌等多种恶性肿瘤密切相关[111-112];(2)长期大量饮酒:与头颈癌、食管癌、乳腺癌、结直肠癌、肝癌和胃癌等恶性肿瘤的发生风险显著相关[113];(3)超重或肥胖:与食管腺癌、胃贲门癌、结直肠癌、肝癌、胆囊癌、胰腺癌等多种恶性肿瘤的发生密切相关[114];(4)糖尿病:与甲状腺癌、乳腺癌、肝癌、胰腺癌、子宫内膜癌、食管癌、大肠癌等多种恶性肿瘤的发病风险存在不同程度的关联[115];(5)恶性肿瘤家族史:乳腺癌、卵巢癌、结肠癌等多种癌症类型具有明确的遗传突变,与癌症发生密切相关[116-117];(6)恶性肿瘤既往史:既往患癌人群二次肿瘤发病率显著高于普通人群[118]
2. 多癌筛查实施路径:
MCED通过单次检测可同时筛查多种恶性肿瘤,特别是那些缺乏标准筛查方法的恶性肿瘤,为筛查带来了潜在的显著进步。然而,在将MCED纳入临床实践之前,迫切需要通过大规模临床研究积累更多证据,以证实其能够为患者带来确切的健康获益。截至目前,尚无任何MCED产品获得美国食品药品监督管理局或中国国家药品监督管理局的正式批准,也尚未发布关于MCED临床应用的专业指南。
目前,学界普遍认为,即使未来MCED技术获得临床应用批准,也不应将其视为标准筛查方法的替代方案,而应作为现有筛查体系的重要补充[119]。具体而言,MCED可针对目前标准筛查方法实施过程中未能覆盖的筛查人群、筛查不依从人群以及筛查阴性人群进行有效补充,与现有筛查方案形成优势互补的协同筛查模式(证据等级:5级)。而更为精准的MCED筛查路径的实施需要更多循证医学证据支持,重点包括MCED对人群恶性肿瘤死亡率的影响、过度诊断风险评估、潜在危害评估以及卫生经济学评价等。
值得注意的是,除上述循证证据外,MCED技术的实施还需要配套的医疗体系建设,包括检测质量控制、专业人员培训、结果解读标准制定以及检测阳性个体后续确诊路径的实施等。同时,应建立完善的知情同意流程,确保受检者充分理解检测的局限性和潜在风险。
专家共识意见11:多癌筛查具体适用人群需综合考量癌种类型、检测性能等多维度因素,携带多癌高风险因素(吸烟、饮酒、肥胖等)的人群可更为积极地考虑筛查;MCED技术虽有潜力,但需更多临床研究来验证其实际获益。未来投入使用时,可作为现有标准筛查方案的补充,与现有方案协同开展恶性肿瘤筛查(专家推荐等级:强推荐)。
基于液体活检技术的MCED作为恶性肿瘤筛查领域的重要突破,正在重塑传统的恶性肿瘤筛查模式。本专家共识系统地阐述了MCED在多癌种联合筛查中所发挥的关键作用,梳理了其通过无创方式检测cfDNA、cfRNA、蛋白质和代谢物等生物标志物的技术优势以及开发和应用流程,为克服传统单癌筛查的局限性指明了新的研究方向。随着研究的不断深入和技术的持续进步,MCED有望在早期恶性肿瘤检测性能方面得到进一步优化与提升,应用成本得到更好的控制,与现有筛查手段形成优势互补的协同筛查模式,最终实现更高效、更精准的恶性肿瘤早诊早治体系,为全球恶性肿瘤负担的降低作出重要贡献。但这一目标的实现仍需科研人员、临床医师、监管机构和企业等多方面的共同努力和协同合作。
编写专家组成员
编写专家组组长
陈万青(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室)
编写专家组成员(按姓氏汉语拼音字母排序)
陈可欣(天津医科大学肿瘤医院肿瘤流行病学研究室)、陈万青(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室)、陈克终(北京大学人民医院胸外科)、陈明远(中山大学附属第五医院鼻咽癌防治中心)、崔巍(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院检验科)、杜奕奇(海军军医大学第一附属医院消化内科)、郭瑞霞(郑州大学第一附属医院妇科)、郭文治(郑州大学第一附属医院肝胆胰外科)、洪波(中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院临床转化中心)、胡广杰(安阳市肿瘤医院健康体检科)、胡建昆(四川大学华西医院胃癌中心)、黄育北(天津医科大学肿瘤医院肿瘤流行病学研究室)、李学松(北京大学第一医院泌尿外科)、李汛(兰州大学第一医院普外科)、李志刚(上海市胸科医院胸外科)、李子禹(北京大学肿瘤医院胃肠肿瘤中心)、林楠(中山大学附属第三医院肝胆外科)、林子奥(浙江大学良渚实验室)、刘宏旭(辽宁省肿瘤医院胸外科)、刘通(哈尔滨医科大学附属肿瘤医院乳腺外科)、刘也夫(辽宁省肿瘤医院肝胆胰外科)、刘卓炜(中山大学肿瘤防治中心泌尿外科)、吕国悦(吉林大学第一医院肝胆胰外一科)、聂金福(中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院医学物理中心)、施思(复旦大学附属肿瘤医院胰腺外科)、石汉平(首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院胃肠外科)、石乐明(复旦大学生命科学学院)、孙阳(福建省肿瘤医院妇科)、王丹波(辽宁省肿瘤医院妇科)、王殊(北京大学人民医院乳腺外科)、文卫平(中山大学附属第一医院耳鼻咽喉科)、吴俊杰(复旦大学附属中山医院内科)、吴小剑(中山大学附属第六医院结直肠肛门外科)、向莎(贵州医科大学第二附属医院健康管理科)、徐红(吉林大学第一医院胃肠内科)、徐杨(苏州大学附属第一医院血液科)、许颂霄(浙江省肿瘤医院医学检验科)、杨帆(北京大学人民医院胸外科)、叶颖江(北京大学人民医院胃肠外科)、易斌(中南大学湘雅医院检验科)、尹荣(江苏省肿瘤医院胸外科)、张韶凯(河南省肿瘤医院肿瘤防治研究办公室)、张勇(滨州医学院附属医院健康体检管理部)、赵群(河北医科大学第四医院外三科)、邹枕玮(武汉市第八医院肿瘤内科)
主要执笔专家(按姓氏汉语拼音字母排序)
陈可欣(天津医科大学肿瘤医院肿瘤流行病学研究室)、陈万青(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室)、贺宇彤(河北医科大学第四医院肿瘤防治办公室)、贾卫华(中山大学肿瘤防治中心肿瘤分子流行病学研究室)、刘芝华(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室)、马红霞(南京医科大学公共卫生学院)、缪小平(武汉大学公共卫生学院)、潘凯枫(北京大学肿瘤医院流行病学研究室)、吴晨(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院肿瘤病因学教研室)、夏昌发(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室)、邢金良(空军军医大学基础医学院)、许永杰(国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室)
实践指南注册:国际实践指南注册与透明化平台,PREPARE-2025CN680
志谢 吴晓晖(上海小荷医学检验实验室有限公司)在本共识的多癌筛查标志物分析AI算法及人工智能医疗器械、数据质量等方面提供重要参考意见。
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250754
  • 接收时间:2025-06-05
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-05
  • 修回日期:2025-06-23
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    1国家癌症中心,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中国医学科学院北京协和医学院肿瘤医院癌症早诊早治办公室(北京市100021)
    2天津医科大学肿瘤医院流行病学研究室,国家肿瘤临床医学研究中心
    3河北医科大学第四医院肿瘤防治办公室
    4华南恶性肿瘤防治全国重点实验室,广东省鼻咽癌诊治研究重点实验室,广东省恶性肿瘤临床医学研究中心,中山大学肿瘤防治中心
    5南京医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系
    6武汉大学公共卫生学院流行病与卫生统计学系
    7北京大学肿瘤医院暨北京市肿瘤防治研究所流行病学研究室,消化系肿瘤整合防治全国重点实验室,恶性肿瘤转化研究北京市重点实验室
    8空军军医大学基础医学院生理与病理生理学教研室

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陈万青 
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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