Article(id=1249045358333072139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, issueId=1249045357167055618, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250781, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1749571200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-11, revisedDate=1754496000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775725219566, onlineDateStr=2026-04-09, pubDate=1753804800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775725219566, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775725219566, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775725219566, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1249045357167055618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, year='2025', volume='52', issue='14', pageStart='703', pageEnd='756', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775725219287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775725486224, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1249046476882649278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, issueId=1249045357167055618, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1249046476882649279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, issueId=1249045357167055618, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=748, endPage=752, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1249045358588924687, articleId=1249045358333072139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, language=EN, title=Impact of carbon ion radiotherapy on immune response, columnId=1249045358521815821, journalTitle=Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is an advanced radiotherapy method with unique physical and biological properties. It increases the dose to the tumor target area while providing better protection to normal tissues. CIRT can be used for hypoxic tumors resistant to photon radiotherapy. It also has the potential superiority of inducing immune responses and can produce the "abscopal effect" when combined with different immunotherapies. Radioimmunotherapy can not only ablate tumors at the irradiated site but also partially control distant metastases at the unirradiated site. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Due to the protection of the tumor microenvironment, tumors can sometimes be difficult to completely clear through CIRT-mediated anti-tumor immunity; this can also indicate functional limitations of some immune organs after CIRT. Therefore, this study reviewed the impact of CIRT on both innate and adaptive immune responses. It also examined the relationship between different radiation doses/fractions and immune protein expression, as well as compared the differences in imaging techniques between carbon ion radiotherapy and traditional radiotherapy. We have also proposed future directions to enhance the superiority of CIRT. This study aimed to provide a strong theoretical basis for improving the efficacy of CIRT and its combination therapy, ultimately benefiting more patients with cancer.

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Weizuo Chen, E-mail:
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碳离子放射治疗(carbon ion radiotherapy,CIRT)是一种先进的放射治疗方法,具有独特的物理和生物学特性,在更好地保护正常组织的同时增加肿瘤靶区剂量,可用于对光子放疗抵抗和乏氧的肿瘤。CIRT还具有诱导免疫应答的潜在优势,与不同免疫治疗联用可以产生“远隔效应”。放射免疫治疗不仅能消融照射部位的肿瘤,未照射部位的远处转移灶也能在一定程度上得到控制,其中机制尚未明确。另外,由于受到肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的保护,有时肿瘤难以完全被CIRT介导的抗癌免疫清除,甚至表现为CIRT后部分免疫器官功能受限。因此,本文综述了CIRT对先天性和适应性免疫反应的影响、不同辐射剂量/分数与免疫蛋白表达的关系,对比CIRT与传统放疗在影像技术方面的差异并提出保证CIRT优势的未来发展方向。旨在为提高CIRT及其联合治疗效果提供理论依据。

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陈威佐 
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专业方向为腹盆部恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

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专业方向为腹盆部恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

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专业方向为腹盆部恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

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成像系统维度特征优点缺点
EPID:电子射野影像系统;CBCT:锥形束CT
EPID2DMV级射线成像,可获得正侧位影像与数字重建放射影像进行配准验证位置误差灵敏度高、能响范围宽等优点,临床上摄片操作简单,成本低、容易实现摄野片骨和空气对比度都较低,软组织显像不清晰,太依赖操作人员主观判断
CBCT3DKV级使用大面积非晶硅数字化X射线探测板,开放式架构的特点,可以直接整合到直线加速器上体积小、重量轻、 图像空间分辨率高,操作简单快捷密度分辨率较低,尤其是低对比度密度分辨率与先进的临床诊断CT相比, 还有一定差距
直加+CT组合系统3D在西门子ONCOR直线加速器配备一台多排Somatom CT机,CT机与加速器共用治疗床大幅提高影像的空间分辨率和成像质量该系统相对KV级CBCT复杂很多,国内装机不多
三维超声图像引导3D将无创三维超声成像技术与直线加速器相结合辅助靶区的定位并减小分次治疗的摆位误差,在如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、妇科肿瘤治疗中具有优势无法实现病灶体积的测量定量化、操作较为复杂、重建算法计算时间长
磁共振影像引导3D/4D将MRI设备与放射治疗设备组合在一起的新型放疗设备软组织分辨率最高,不受骨像干扰,避免了造影剂可能引起的过敏反应由于电子返回效应的存在,使组织-空气边界的局部剂量增加,国内运行中心少
), ArticleFig(id=1249045363743724519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1249024326687572039, articleId=1249045358333072139, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

IGRT中的影像系统

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成像系统维度特征优点缺点
EPID:电子射野影像系统;CBCT:锥形束CT
EPID2DMV级射线成像,可获得正侧位影像与数字重建放射影像进行配准验证位置误差灵敏度高、能响范围宽等优点,临床上摄片操作简单,成本低、容易实现摄野片骨和空气对比度都较低,软组织显像不清晰,太依赖操作人员主观判断
CBCT3DKV级使用大面积非晶硅数字化X射线探测板,开放式架构的特点,可以直接整合到直线加速器上体积小、重量轻、 图像空间分辨率高,操作简单快捷密度分辨率较低,尤其是低对比度密度分辨率与先进的临床诊断CT相比, 还有一定差距
直加+CT组合系统3D在西门子ONCOR直线加速器配备一台多排Somatom CT机,CT机与加速器共用治疗床大幅提高影像的空间分辨率和成像质量该系统相对KV级CBCT复杂很多,国内装机不多
三维超声图像引导3D将无创三维超声成像技术与直线加速器相结合辅助靶区的定位并减小分次治疗的摆位误差,在如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、妇科肿瘤治疗中具有优势无法实现病灶体积的测量定量化、操作较为复杂、重建算法计算时间长
磁共振影像引导3D/4D将MRI设备与放射治疗设备组合在一起的新型放疗设备软组织分辨率最高,不受骨像干扰,避免了造影剂可能引起的过敏反应由于电子返回效应的存在,使组织-空气边界的局部剂量增加,国内运行中心少
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碳离子放射治疗对免疫反应的影响
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俞荣 1 , 熊祥智 1 , 潘婷婷 2 , 刘强 3 , 刘媛 1 , 董晶晶 1 , 陈威佐 1
中国肿瘤临床 | 综述 2025,52(14): 748-752
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中国肿瘤临床 | 综述 2025, 52(14): 748-752
碳离子放射治疗对免疫反应的影响
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俞荣1 , 熊祥智1, 潘婷婷2, 刘强3, 刘媛1, 董晶晶1, 陈威佐1
作者信息
  • 1甘肃省武威肿瘤医院放疗六科(甘肃省武威市733000)
  • 2放疗一科
  • 3胃肠外科
  • 专业方向为腹盆部恶性肿瘤的诊断与治疗

通讯作者:

陈威佐 
Impact of carbon ion radiotherapy on immune response
Rong Yu1 , Xiangzhi Xiong1, Tingting Pan2, Qiang Liu3, Yuan Liu1, Jingjing Dong1, Weizuo Chen1
Affiliations
  • 1Department Six of Radiotherapy, Gansu Wuwei Tumour Hospital, Wuwei 733000, China
  • 2Department One of Radiotherapy, Gansu Wuwei Tumour Hospital, Wuwei 733000, China
  • 3Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Gansu Wuwei Tumour Hospital, Wuwei 733000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-30 doi: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250781
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碳离子放射治疗(carbon ion radiotherapy,CIRT)是一种先进的放射治疗方法,具有独特的物理和生物学特性,在更好地保护正常组织的同时增加肿瘤靶区剂量,可用于对光子放疗抵抗和乏氧的肿瘤。CIRT还具有诱导免疫应答的潜在优势,与不同免疫治疗联用可以产生“远隔效应”。放射免疫治疗不仅能消融照射部位的肿瘤,未照射部位的远处转移灶也能在一定程度上得到控制,其中机制尚未明确。另外,由于受到肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的保护,有时肿瘤难以完全被CIRT介导的抗癌免疫清除,甚至表现为CIRT后部分免疫器官功能受限。因此,本文综述了CIRT对先天性和适应性免疫反应的影响、不同辐射剂量/分数与免疫蛋白表达的关系,对比CIRT与传统放疗在影像技术方面的差异并提出保证CIRT优势的未来发展方向。旨在为提高CIRT及其联合治疗效果提供理论依据。

碳离子放射治疗  /  先天性免疫  /  适应性免疫  /  免疫治疗

Carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT) is an advanced radiotherapy method with unique physical and biological properties. It increases the dose to the tumor target area while providing better protection to normal tissues. CIRT can be used for hypoxic tumors resistant to photon radiotherapy. It also has the potential superiority of inducing immune responses and can produce the "abscopal effect" when combined with different immunotherapies. Radioimmunotherapy can not only ablate tumors at the irradiated site but also partially control distant metastases at the unirradiated site. However, the underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated. Due to the protection of the tumor microenvironment, tumors can sometimes be difficult to completely clear through CIRT-mediated anti-tumor immunity; this can also indicate functional limitations of some immune organs after CIRT. Therefore, this study reviewed the impact of CIRT on both innate and adaptive immune responses. It also examined the relationship between different radiation doses/fractions and immune protein expression, as well as compared the differences in imaging techniques between carbon ion radiotherapy and traditional radiotherapy. We have also proposed future directions to enhance the superiority of CIRT. This study aimed to provide a strong theoretical basis for improving the efficacy of CIRT and its combination therapy, ultimately benefiting more patients with cancer.

carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT)  /  innate immunity  /  adaptive immunity  /  immunotherapy
俞荣, 熊祥智, 潘婷婷, 刘强, 刘媛, 董晶晶, 陈威佐. 碳离子放射治疗对免疫反应的影响. 中国肿瘤临床, 2025 , 52 (14) : 748 -752 . DOI: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250781
Rong Yu, Xiangzhi Xiong, Tingting Pan, Qiang Liu, Yuan Liu, Jingjing Dong, Weizuo Chen. Impact of carbon ion radiotherapy on immune response[J]. Chinese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2025 , 52 (14) : 748 -752 . DOI: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250781
全球癌症人群逐年增多,截至2022年全球有近2 000万新发癌症病例,同时有970万人死于癌症,基于人口统计学的预测表明,至2050年癌症新病例数将达到3500万[1]。放射治疗是恶性肿瘤传统治疗策略之一,自1895年X射线发现以来,以治疗为宗旨的放射技术获得了逐步优化与标准化。碳离子放射治疗(carbon ion radiotherapy,CIRT)中带电粒子在靶区骤然释放能量形成密度峰(Bragg峰),具有更高的相对生物学效应(relative biological effectiveness,RBE)和更低的氧增强比,使其对传统光子治疗抵抗、缺氧的肿瘤更具吸引力[2]。CIRT在直接破坏肿瘤双链DNA的同时,可以刺激淋巴细胞增殖、增强T细胞功能、限制免疫抑制,从而激活抗肿瘤免疫[3]。同时CIRT后也存在机体骨髓抑制表现[4]。此外,癌症受到肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)的保护,有时难以完全被CIRT介导的免疫反应清除[5]。所以,放射抵抗及远传转移仍然是影响肿瘤放疗效果的主要因素。CIRT对免疫反应的影响机制尚未明确,本文对CIRT免疫系统变化的相关研究进行综述,从免疫蛋白分子层面总结免疫反应机制,旨在为CIRT联合免疫治疗时机选择提供参考。
先天免疫系统是预防和治疗肿瘤的“门户”,肿瘤刺激先天免疫细胞,随后发生识别效应,招募免疫细胞并介导免疫反应级联放大。反观肿瘤-先天性免疫反应也受抑制因子的调控,限制先天性免疫细胞的功能[6]。此外,先天性免疫系统对适应性免疫的发生和维持至关重要[7]。而辐射引起的先天性免疫系统的破坏是癌症患者感染和死亡的重要原因。
碳离子较光子能更有效地诱导细胞核DNA(double-stranded DNA,dsDNA)、线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA,mtDNA) 断裂[8]。细胞质中异常暴露的DNA片段可被DNA受体环GMP-AMP合成酶cGAS识别,触发细胞凋亡cGAS/STING通路和诱导Ⅰ型干扰素(typeⅠinterferons,IFN-Ⅰ)应答[9]。而IFN-Ⅰ可以激活树突状细胞(dendritic cells,DC)和抗原提呈细胞(antigen presenting cell,APC)表达T细胞活化所必需的共刺激因子CD80和CD86,并增加它们的交叉呈递能力[10]。在Guo等[11]研究中,CIRT通过损伤肿瘤细胞DNA和cGAS-STING通路增加了自然杀伤细胞(natural killer,NK)数量,同时刺激了免疫检查点表达,减缓了黑色素瘤的生长。Zhou等[12]发现肿瘤微环境中髓源性抑制细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cells,MDSC)的丰度与肿瘤治疗效果相关,并验证了碳离子束通过JAK2/ stat3依赖机制,减少了黑色素瘤小鼠骨髓、外周血和脾脏中MDSC的数量,使放疗后巨噬细胞和自然杀伤细胞的百分比增加。Chiblak等[13]观察到CIRT可以阻断缺氧诱导因子HIF1-α/基质细胞衍生因子1/CXCR4轴而减少小胶质细胞和MDSC的募集,并消除了M2免疫极化,抵消免疫抑制状态。Onishi等[14]研究了不同碳离子线性能量传递(linear energy transfer,LET)值和HMGB1释放之间的关系,体外试验结果显示与未辐照组相比,经辐照组所有细胞系发生免疫原性死亡(immunogenic cell death,ICD),培养上清液中HMGB1水平显著增加,且释放呈LET剂量依赖性增加。值得注意的是,有研究显示CIRT不会显著增加DC的数量或促进吞噬、迁移和IL-12分泌等功能[15]。在Liu等[16]研究中经分析碳离子全身照射的小鼠骨髓细胞及转录组信息,发现辐照引起骨髓细胞DNA损伤、凋亡、ROS升高和骨髓抑制,被调控的253个基因参与了DNA损伤反应信号转导、DNA修复、细胞凋亡和免疫应答等过程,具体机制尚不清楚。
肿瘤的放射敏感性受TME影响,并引起TME的炎症反应,这些反应与免疫调节、辐射纤维化相互关联,可能影响肿瘤细胞存活和(或)肿瘤复发和转移[17]。就免疫调节而言,近年越来越多的程序性细胞死亡蛋白-1/配体1(programmed cell death protein-1/-ligand 1,PD-1/PD-L1)和细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关蛋白-4(cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein4,CTL-4)等免疫检查点抑制剂(immune checkpoint inhibitors,ICIs)的开发应用,引起人们对肿瘤免疫治疗及其与他治疗方式联合应用的探索。既往报道光子放疗可减少Treg和MDSCs向肿瘤的浸润,并增加CD4+T和CD8+T细胞的浸润和活化[18]。放射治疗促进免疫抑制介质的产生,损害效应T细胞的功能[19]。基于物理优势,碳离子是否与质子或光子放疗一样影响免疫治疗,研究者们亦分析了CIRT前后适应性免疫系统的变化。
陈应泰等[20]观察胰腺癌患者CIRT/X线照射后的外周淋巴细胞亚群(peripheral blood lymphocyte,PBL)的变化,发现低剂量照射24 h后T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3+T、CD3+CD4+T、CD3+CD8+T细胞)百分比明显升高,0.05 GyCIRT组比X线照射组效果更显著(P<0.05),且PBL中IFN-γ、mRNA表达升高,证明低剂量照射可减轻肿瘤负荷引起的免疫抑制。Lei等[21]研究了碳离子辐射引起的神经细胞损伤对胸腺和脾脏的长期影响,以1、2、3个月为观察点,体外验证碳离子辐射引起的神经细胞损伤可增强单核细胞和外周免疫T细胞的增殖,体内构建大鼠脑定位碳离子辐射模型观察放疗后小鼠胸腺收缩、细胞凋亡和CD3+CD4CD8+T淋巴细胞的百分比升高,脾脏内细胞凋亡和CD3+T细胞比例增加。相反,Mao等[22]研究显示碳离子辐射引起的胸腺双阳性(CD4+CD8+)T细胞显著减少,单阳性(CD4+CD8或CD4CD8+)T细胞显著增加,并且引起脾脏和外周血单阳和双阳T细胞亚群均显著减少。郭发慧等[23]选择 300 例健康体检者作为对照组,分析了350例接受重离子治疗的恶性肿瘤患者PBL水平变化,结果显示淋巴细胞增殖能力明显受损,CD3+T、CD4+T、CD8+T、B细胞和NK细胞的细胞计数显著降低为特征。总之,目前碳离子对适应性免疫反应的基础研究相对较少,且存在不一致性,这或许与研究之间样本、癌种、碳离子辐射剂量、观察时间节点不同相关,且影响机制还需进一步研究。
为了明确CIRT引起不同免疫反应的机制,不同照射剂量与细胞免疫蛋白表达相关性逐渐被研究。Katsuki等[24]比较了γ射线、常规剂量率碳离子(Conv,1.16 Gy/s)及超高剂量率碳离子(uHDRc-ion,380 Gy/s)对肿瘤细胞免疫相关蛋白表达的影响,结果发现uHDRc-ion组在照射24 h后CRT表达量最高,在照射48 h后3组CRT表达增多一样;γ射线后Pan02细胞中MHC-Ⅰ的表达无增高,c-离子增加了MHC-Ⅰ的表达,且uHDRc-ion诱导的MHC-I表达明显高于Convc-离子;γ射线和Conv-c离子辐照后Pan02细胞PD-L1表达明显升高,而uHDR照射后PD-L1表达下降。该研究首次表明碳离子辐照后癌细胞免疫相关的蛋白表达情况。
sEVs是一种纳米级的囊泡(直径50~200 nm),几乎所有类型的细胞都可以释放sEVs,包括癌细胞[25]。sEVs携带表面肽-主要组织相容性复合物(peptide-major histocompatibility complex,p-MHC),可能直接刺激CD8和CD4T细胞。而肿瘤细胞衍生的sEVs作为天然肿瘤相关抗原(tumor-associated antigens,TAAs)的载体,可以有效地转移到DC并通过再加工、诱导抗原特异性CD8+T细胞活化。Lin等[26]为了明确CIRT后sEVs在肿瘤抗原装载和递送中的作用,对肿瘤细胞进行8Gy照射后离心纯化sEVs,注射于原发肿瘤和肺转移小鼠模型,观察到注射组较对照组肺转移瘤生长减缓(P<0.001)、生存期延长。经流式细胞术分析注射组小鼠淋巴结、脾脏、血液和肿瘤局部CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞均增加,蛋白质组学和生物信息学分析发现sEVs衍生肽CDCP1可刺激CD8+ IFN-γ+T淋巴细胞的增加并激发免疫。
放射治疗除了杀伤原发肿瘤外,对未照射的肿瘤部位和远处转移也能发挥消融作用,这种现象被称为“远隔效应”,与辐照后的免疫调节相关[27]。研究表明,多种肿瘤的放射治疗联合免疫治疗应用与更高免疫效应发生率有关[18]。近年来,CIRT的联合免疫治疗效果引起了人们的关注。
Ando等[4]利用C3H/He小鼠模型评估了CIRT联合DC治疗的抗转移作用,结果显示单独静脉(IV)和瘤内(IT)注射DC无抗肿瘤作用,但联合CIRT可显著抑制肺转移。与CIRT处理的NR-S1细胞共培养后,DC中CD40和IL-12的表达水平显著升高。同时,CIRT治疗NR-S1细胞的外钙网蛋白水平显著增加。这些结果表明,局部CIRT联合IVDC通过外钙网蛋白表达和DC成熟来增强肿瘤细胞的免疫原性,从而刺激抗肿瘤免疫,减少肺转移。Takahashi等[28]为了研究CIRT联合双重免疫检查点阻断疗法(抗PD- L1和抗CTLA-4抗体)是否能同时抑制局部和远处部位肿瘤,将小鼠骨肉瘤细胞系(LM8)接种于C3H小鼠的2条后腿并分组。结果显示联合治疗组中,64%的小鼠未照射的肿瘤消退,而单纯双免组中仅有20%的小鼠未照射肿瘤有反应。联合治疗组照射肿瘤中CD8+/GzmB+浸润淋巴细胞(TILs)、CD4+TILs增加,未照射肿瘤中仅CD4+TILs增加。单纯双免组、CIRT组、联合治疗组小鼠中位生存期分别为32.5、35.0及51.0天。表明CIRT可以增强双免治疗、介导免疫反应对远处转移性骨肉瘤抑制作用。Hartmann等[29]建立了一个双侧肿瘤小鼠模型,然后选择性照射原发肿瘤,观察CTLA-4为基础的放射免疫治疗对双侧肿瘤的作用。结果显示,联合治疗组NK细胞和肿瘤相关巨噬细胞簇被激活,TNF和IL-1应答基因的表达上调,与CTLA4阻断剂联合使用后,受辐射小鼠的远端肿瘤中naïve T细胞的激活频率更高。因此,CIRT联合CTLA4抑制剂的放射免疫治疗重塑了肿瘤浸润性免疫细胞组成,甚至可以诱导未照射肿瘤的完全消融。
碳离子射束由于Bragg峰而具有良好的剂量分布,与传统的放射治疗相比,点扫描束流配送系统能在更小的靶区内提供更高的剂量。截至2016年,超过2万例患者的CIRT是基于传统的二维(2D)成像验证技术系统。然而,碳离子射束剂量分布对解剖变化很敏感,影像技术与直线加速器整合形成的影像引导放射治疗(image-guided radiation therapy,IGRT)的引入,对于减少治疗过程中的不确定性意义突出,特别是对于大分割和自适应放疗(adaptive radiotherapy,ART)。CIRT因现有2D成像验证技术的局限性,对三维(3D)图像引导系统的需求日益增加[30]。临床实践中,分别接受CIRT和光子放疗2种方式的患者,治疗前后其肿瘤的核磁(3D)影像学参数亦存在差异[31]。现将传统放疗及CIRT中用到的2D及3D/4D成像系统汇总比较(表1)。
CIRT是一种先进的放疗方式,也需要先进的影像引导技术来保证其优势。多图像技术融合是未来CIRT的发展方向,这就需要加快3D/4D成像技术在CIRT中心的普及[32]。影像学技术在保证CIRT精确性、优化体积-剂量计划的同时,促使辐射生物学研究及临床应用进一步推广。
综上所述,CIRT高RBE特性和精确的剂量分布优化了肿瘤杀伤效果,通过增强肿瘤细胞免疫原性、招募和激活非特异性免疫细胞从而正向调节先天性免疫反应。同时,不同剂量CIRT可引起T细胞数量及功能的上升,不同程度加强适应性免疫反应,为联合免疫治疗提供基础。这样良好的免疫调节作用机制尚未明确,或许基于CIRT引起肿瘤细胞相关免疫蛋白的表达、释放。此外,CIRT后引起部分免疫器官受损、外周免疫细胞减少,负向调节免疫反应,还需要更多的辐射生物安全试验提供理论依据。目前,开展CIRT研究存在一些限制:1)与X射线相比,CIRT治疗的成本较高,联合免疫用药费用更高,限制研究广泛开展;2)研究多限于临床前试验,临床参考价值受影响;3)碳离子点扫描的束流配送系统由于其自身的特殊性,对治疗计划中的不确定性尤为敏感,影响临床结果,还需开发更高效的束流分布算法。目前,国内多地正在筹建CIRT中心,希望更多患者从中获益。
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2025年第52卷第14期
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doi: 10.12354/j.issn.1000-8179.2025.20250781
  • 接收时间:2025-06-11
  • 首发时间:2026-04-09
  • 出版时间:2025-07-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-11
  • 修回日期:2025-08-07
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    1甘肃省武威肿瘤医院放疗六科(甘肃省武威市733000)
    2放疗一科
    3胃肠外科

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陈威佐 
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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