Article(id=1248601952389583800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601950581842932, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)08-0676-11, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689782400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619503351, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1713715200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619503351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619503351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619503351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601950581842932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='657', pageEnd='754', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619502920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775620003727, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248604051202527794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601950581842932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248604051202527795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601950581842932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=676, endPage=686, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601952674796478, articleId=1248601952389583800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Anti-HTLV-1 Virus Transmission and Inhibition of Cell Proliferation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia by Ritonavir and the Mechanism Study, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To observe the inhibitory effect of ritonavir on human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) transmission and malignant proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells, and explore its molecular mechanism. METHODS The proliferation and vitality of ritonavir on various leukemic cells were evaluated by CCK-8 and colony formation assay. The effects of ritonavir on HTLV-1 virus transmission were detected by flow cytometry, dual luciferase reporter gene technique, qPCR and Western blot. The effects of ritonavir on the cell cycle and apoptosis of ATL cells were examined through flow cytometry. RESULTS Ritonavir could inhibit the proliferation of four ATL cell lines and the clonal proliferation of HTLV-1 positive cell lines. The former exhibited a significant dose-effect relationship and had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on HTLV-1 positive cell lines (P<0.05). Additionally, the administration of ritonavir immediately after co-culture of HTLV-1 positive cell lines with JETWT35 cells resulted in a significant down-regulation of red fluorescent protein expression in JETWT35 and inhibited the transmission of HTLV-1 virus into recipient cells (P<0.01). Upon immediate addition of ritonavir to the co-culture system of HTLV-1 positive cell lines and Jurkat cells, there was a notable inhibition of HTLV-1-related gene Tax and other genes mRNA in recipient cells (P<0.01); however, no significant effect was observed when ritonavir was added 12 h after virus transmission. Morever, ritonavir demonstrated a does-dependent inhibition of gp46 expression on the cell membrane of the HTLV-1 positive cell line ATL-T, thereby suppressing the production of HTLV-1 virus (P<0.01). Ritonavir impeded cell progression into G1 phase and facilitated apoptosis, with the apoptosis rate of HTLV-1 positive cell lines being significantly greater than that of HTLV-1 negative cell lines (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Ritonavir exerts inhibitory effects on the production and transmission of HTLV-1 virus by diminishing the activity of WT-Luc virus promoter, suppressing the expression of HTLV-1-related virus genes (Tax, HBZ, Gag, Pol, and Env). Additionally, it inhibits the expression of the HTLV-1-positive membrane surface envelope protein subunit gp46. Futhermore, ritonavir induces apoptosis in ATL cells by arresting cell cycle in the G1 phase, thereby effectively suppressing cell proliferation.

, correspAuthors=Lingling XU, Tiejun ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinxin REN, Ying WANG, Shengyu ZHU, Xinyi ZHANG, Minran WANG, Lingling XU, Tiejun ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601954692255755, articleId=1248601952389583800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=利托那韦抗HTLV-1病毒侵染及抑制成人T细胞白血病细胞增殖机制研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究利托那韦(ritonavir)对人类T细胞白血病病毒1型(human T-cell leukemia virus type-1,HTLV-1)病毒侵染及成人T细胞白血病(adult T-cell leukemia,ATL)细胞恶性增殖抑制作用,并探讨其分子机制。方法 采用CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测ritonavir对多种ATL细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术、双荧光素酶报告基因技术、实时定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)和Western blot检测ritonavir对HTLV-1病毒侵染的影响;流式细胞术检测ritonavir对ATL细胞周期和凋亡的影响。结果 Ritonavir能够抑制4种ATL细胞株的增殖及HTLV-1阳性细胞株的克隆性增殖,前者具有明显的量效关系,且对HTLV-1阳性细胞株的抑制作用更明显(P<0.05)。阳性细胞株与JETWT35细胞共培养后立即加入ritonavir,药物可明显下调后者红色荧光蛋白的表达,抑制HTLV-1病毒侵染到受体细胞(P<0.01)。阳性细胞株和Jurkat细胞共培养体系中立即加入ritonavir后,受体细胞中HTLV-1相关病毒基因Tax等mRNA水平均有抑制作用(P<0.01),而12 h病毒侵染完成后再加入ritonavir,则无这些明显影响。Ritonavir剂量依赖性地抑制阳性细胞株ATL-T细胞表面HTLV-1包膜蛋白亚基gp46的表达,从而抑制HTLV-1病毒的产生和侵染(P<0.01)。Ritonavir将细胞阻滞于G1期,并促进细胞凋亡,且HTLV-1阳性细胞株的凋亡率显著高于阴性细胞株(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 Ritonavir通过降低WT-Luc病毒启动子活力,下调HTLV-1相关病毒基因(TaxHBZGagPolEnv)表达,以及减少阳性细胞表面HTLV-1包膜蛋白亚基gp46表达从而抑制HTLV-1病毒的产生及侵染,并将细胞阻滞于G1期,诱导其凋亡,从多环节有效抑制ATL细胞增殖。

, correspAuthors=徐玲玲, 赵铁军, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*徐玲玲,女,硕士,实验师 研究方向:细胞生物学 Tel:(0579)82282067;
赵铁军,男,博士,教授,博士生导师研究方向:分子细胞生物学 Tel:(0571)88285793
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任欣欣与王莹为共同第一作者

任欣欣,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:分子细胞生物学;

王莹,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:分子细胞生物学。

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Viruses, 2011, 3(6): 770-793., articleTitle=New insights into HTLV-1 particle structure, assembly, and Gag-Gag interactions in living cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073251671024125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=104, issue=3, pageStart=181, pageEnd=187, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=MAHIEUX R, journalName=Bull Soc Pathol Exot, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAHIEUX R. Virological aspects of HTLV-1 infection and new therapeutical concepts[J]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot, 2011, 104(3): 181-187., articleTitle=Virological aspects of HTLV-1 infection and new therapeutical concepts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073251780076032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=3, issue=6, pageStart=794, pageEnd=810, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=JONES K S, LAMBERT S, BOUTTIER M, journalName=Viruses, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JONES K S, LAMBERT S, BOUTTIER M, et al. Molecular aspects of HTLV-1 entry: functional domains of the HTLV-1 surface subunit (SU) and their relationships to the entry receptors[J]. Viruses, 2011, 3(6): 794-810., articleTitle=Molecular aspects of HTLV-1 entry: functional domains of the HTLV-1 surface subunit (SU) and their relationships to the entry receptors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073251855573508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=89, issue=1, pageStart=502, pageEnd=511, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=MAEDA Y, TERASAWA H, TANAKA Y, journalName=J Virol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MAEDA Y, TERASAWA H, TANAKA Y, et al. Separate cellular localizations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Env and glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) are required for HTLV-1 Env-mediated fusion and infection[J]. J Virol, 2015, 89(1): 502-511., articleTitle=Separate cellular localizations of human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) Env and glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) are required for HTLV-1 Env-mediated fusion and infection, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073251960431111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=65, issue=9, pageStart=702, pageEnd=707, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=NABESHI H, YOSHIKAWA T, KAMADA H, journalName=Pharmazie, refType=null, unstructuredReference=NABESHI H, YOSHIKAWA T, KAMADA H, et al. Arsenic trioxide induces down-regulation of gp46 via protein oxidation: proteomics analysis of oxidative modified proteins in As2O3-treated HTLV-1-infected cells[J]. Pharmazie, 2010, 65(9): 702-707., articleTitle=Arsenic trioxide induces down-regulation of gp46 via protein oxidation: proteomics analysis of oxidative modified proteins in As2O3-treated HTLV-1-infected cells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073252065288713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=93, issue=16, pageStart=e00413, pageEnd=00419, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=MA G, YASUNAGA J I, OHSHIMA K, journalName=J Virol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA G, YASUNAGA J I, OHSHIMA K, et al. Pentosan polysulfate demonstrates anti-human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 activities in vitro and in vivo[J]. J Virol, 2019, 93(16): e00413-00419., articleTitle=Pentosan polysulfate demonstrates anti-human T-Cell leukemia virus type 1 activities in vitro and in vivo, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073252128203276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=87, issue=2, pageStart=923, pageEnd=934, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=RATCLIFF A N, SHI W, ARTS E J, journalName=J Virol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RATCLIFF A N, SHI W, ARTS E J. HIV-1 resistance to maraviroc conferred by a CD4 binding site mutation in the envelope glycoprotein gp120[J]. J Virol, 2013, 87(2): 923-934., articleTitle=HIV-1 resistance to maraviroc conferred by a CD4 binding site mutation in the envelope glycoprotein gp120, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073252216283663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=62, issue=23, pageStart=6901, pageEnd=6908, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=GAEDICKE S, FIRAT-GEIER E, CONSTANTINIU O, journalName=Cancer Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GAEDICKE S, FIRAT-GEIER E, CONSTANTINIU O, et al. Antitumor effect of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: induction of tumor-cell apoptosis associated with perturbation of proteasomal proteolysis[J]. Cancer Res, 2002, 62(23): 6901-6908., articleTitle=Antitumor effect of the human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitor ritonavir: induction of tumor-cell apoptosis associated with perturbation of proteasomal proteolysis, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1249073247313142177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, awardId=32370147, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目资助(32370147), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1249073247392833955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, awardId=31970173, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目资助(31970173), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1249073247468331430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, awardId=LY21C010001, language=CN, fundingSource=浙江省自然科学基金探索项目资助(LY21C010001), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249073238618349721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073238626738330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, companyId=1249073238618349721, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073238635126939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, companyId=1249073238618349721, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 浙江师范大学生命科学学院, 浙江 金华 321004)]), AuthorCompany(id=1249073238739984541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073238748373150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, companyId=1249073238739984541, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073238752567457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, companyId=1249073238739984541, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 浙大城市学院医学院, 杭州 310015)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1249073243718623567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cell co-culture and drug treatment flowchart

A-flow chart of cell co-culture processing; B-flow chart of drug treatment; CTRL-control; FACS-fluorescence-activated cell sorting.

, figureFileSmall=fBohhVfkPUvPasseTgmkIA==, figureFileBig=utD6uqQRjFBeZwPAzJCUjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073243823481170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图1, caption=细胞共培养及药物处理流程图

A-细胞共培养处理流程图;B-药物处理流程图;CTRL-对照组;FACS-荧光激活细胞分选术。

, figureFileSmall=fBohhVfkPUvPasseTgmkIA==, figureFileBig=utD6uqQRjFBeZwPAzJCUjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073243932533080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of ritonavir on proliferation of HTLV-1 cell lines. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-effects of ritonavir on proliferation in Jurkat, Molt-4, ATL-T and ATL-2 cells measured by CCK-8 assay; B-the IC50 of ritonavir in HTLV-1 uninfected and infected cell lines; C-effects of ritonavir on the proliferation of ATL-T cells by clonal formation rate experiment; 1)P<0.05; 2)P<0.01, vs control group.

, figureFileSmall=Z2MclxKlZD2fQGkpMzqcAg==, figureFileBig=v6kU6eV+rj92LzCDrpYJcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244016419163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图2, caption=利托那韦(ritonavir)对人类 T细胞白血病病毒1型(HTLV-1)细胞株增殖的影响. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-CCK-8法检测ritonavir对成人T细胞白血病细胞Jurkat、Molt-4、ATL-T、ATL-2增殖的影响;B-ritonavir作用于HTLV-1阴性和阳性细胞株的IC50;C-克隆形成率实验检测ritonavir对ATL-T细胞增殖的影响;与对照组相比,1)P<0.05;2)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=Z2MclxKlZD2fQGkpMzqcAg==, figureFileBig=v6kU6eV+rj92LzCDrpYJcg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244100305250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effects of ritonavir on the expression of red fluorescent protein in JETWT35 cells. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-effects of “adding drug immediately” or “adding drug after 12 h” on the expression of red fluorescent protein in JETWT35 cells; B-red fluorescence rate of JETWT35 cells; After 0 h-adding drugs after co-culture for 0 h; After 12 h-adding drugs after co-culture for 12 h, the same as below; 1)P<0.01, vs control group; NS-no significance.

, figureFileSmall=Ty4HW+rzsKt5oBLwdcw/7A==, figureFileBig=HtdR/gIuX42K4E9VIOHHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244188385639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Ritonavir对JETWT35细胞中红色荧光蛋白表达的影响. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-ATL-T与JETWT35共培养,立即加入药物组或12 h后加入药物组对JETWT35细胞中红色荧光蛋白表达的影响;B-JETWT35细胞中的红色荧光率;After 0 h-立即加入药物组; After 12 h-12 h后加入药物组(下同);与对照组相比,1)P<0.01;NS-无统计学差异。

, figureFileSmall=Ty4HW+rzsKt5oBLwdcw/7A==, figureFileBig=HtdR/gIuX42K4E9VIOHHzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244297437551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Ritonavir down-regulates the proportion of JETWT35 cells infected with HTLV-1. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-Co-culture system of ATL-T and JETWT35 cells;B-Co-culture system of ATL-2 and JETWT35 cells;1)P<0.01, vs control group; NS-no significance; PE-phycoetythrin.

, figureFileSmall=dzjDLizz38J94Mx3BMfbOw==, figureFileBig=XY6IXQF2BikICXr2Hx7HZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244389712241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Ritonavir下调被HTLV-1侵染的JETWT35细胞比例. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-ATL-T与JETWT35细胞共培养体系;B-ATL-2与JETWT35细胞共培养体系;与对照组相比,1)P<0.01; NS-无统计学差异;PE-橙色偏红的荧光。

, figureFileSmall=dzjDLizz38J94Mx3BMfbOw==, figureFileBig=XY6IXQF2BikICXr2Hx7HZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244515541365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Ritonavir blocks the process of HTLV-1 infecting Jurkat cells. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-Co-culture system of ATL-T and JETWT35 cells; B-Co-culture system of ATL-2 and JETWT35 cells; 1)P<0.01, vs control group; NS-no significance.

, figureFileSmall=UyQd+TF9YU0ntQCIOpSuMw==, figureFileBig=17vxnmMvoEzsd4yrY3K2Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244599427448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Ritonavir抑制HTLV-1侵染Jurkat细胞. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-ATL-T与JETWT35细胞共培养体系;B-ATL-2与JETWT35细胞共培养体系;与对照组相比, 1)P<0.01; NS-无统计学差异。

, figureFileSmall=UyQd+TF9YU0ntQCIOpSuMw==, figureFileBig=17vxnmMvoEzsd4yrY3K2Hg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073244683313532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Ritonavir down-regulates the transcription levels of the viral genes in the Jurkat co-cultured with the HTLV-1 infected cell lines. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-Co-culture system of ATL-T and JETWT35 cells; B-Co-culture system of ATL-2 and JETWT35 cells; 1)P<0.01, vs control group; NS-no significance.

, figureFileSmall=di1pv7Q3UTxffaPuOzbYfw==, figureFileBig=x/T4/y6V+HXkDbmStvhv+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246340063615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Ritonavir下调与HTLV-1阳性细胞共培养的Jurkat中病毒基因的转录水平. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-ATL-T与JETWT35细胞共培养体系;B-ATL-2与JETWT35细胞共培养体系;与对照组相比,1)P<0.01; NS-无统计学差异。

, figureFileSmall=di1pv7Q3UTxffaPuOzbYfw==, figureFileBig=x/T4/y6V+HXkDbmStvhv+Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246465892739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Effect of ritonavir on the expression of gp46 in ATL-T cells. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-effects of ritonavir on the expression of total gp46 in cells; B-effects of ritonavir on the expression of gp46 on cell surface; 1)P<0.01, vs control group.

, figureFileSmall=FPZyD36r5An6oYFJBI6iDg==, figureFileBig=Jj6L7+CawBEsKMIfD1c6cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246604304776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图7, caption=Ritonavir对ATL-T细胞表面gp46表达的影响. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-ritonavir对细胞内总gp46表达的影响;B-ritonavir对细胞表面gp46表达的影响;与对照组相比,1)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=FPZyD36r5An6oYFJBI6iDg==, figureFileBig=Jj6L7+CawBEsKMIfD1c6cA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246679802251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Effect of ritonavir on the cell cycle distribution of Jurkat and ATL-2 cells. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01, vs control group.

, figureFileSmall=5LMp+LkGCuO9DBYhtbJUUg==, figureFileBig=ZCSweTfJBK8Tl56IXOyEnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246801437072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Ritonavir对Jurkat、ATL-2细胞周期分布的影响. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

与对照组相比, 1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=5LMp+LkGCuO9DBYhtbJUUg==, figureFileBig=ZCSweTfJBK8Tl56IXOyEnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246868545937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Effect of ritonavir on apoptosis of Jurkat, ATL-T, and ATL-2 cells. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-effects of different concentrations of ritonavir on apoptosis of Jurkat,ATL-T,and ATL-2 cells; B-statistical chart of Jurkat,ATL-T,and ATL-2 apoptosis rates; 1)P<0.01, vs control group.

, figureFileSmall=FIhiw52e91Dd4kUEi3MXPA==, figureFileBig=MbewiwZXNMwAbLBTvm1imA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073246939849109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=图9, caption=Ritonavir对Jurkat、ATL-T、ATL-2细胞凋亡的影响. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-不同浓度的ritonavir对Jurkat、ATL-T、ATL-2凋亡的影响;B-Jurkat、ATL-T、ATL-2凋亡率统计图;与对照组相比,1)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=FIhiw52e91Dd4kUEi3MXPA==, figureFileBig=MbewiwZXNMwAbLBTvm1imA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073247006957976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

HTLV-1 related gene primer sequence

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer forward Primer reverse
Tax TCTCACACGGCCTCATACAG ATATTTGGGGCTCATGGTCA
HBZ TGTTTCGATGCCTGCCTGTG GGATAATAGCCCGTCCACCA
Gag CTTTGCTCCTCCCTCGTG TTGCTGGTATTCTCGCCTTA
Pol CCTCCTGCCCCGCTTACT GTTGTGGTTGCCCCTTGC
Env TGGCGGAGGCTATTATTCAG TTGAGGCGTGACACTTCTTG
18S AACCCGTTGAACCCCATT CCATCCAATCGGTAGTAGCG
), ArticleFig(id=1249073247086649755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601952389583800, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HTV-1相关基因引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene Primer forward Primer reverse
Tax TCTCACACGGCCTCATACAG ATATTTGGGGCTCATGGTCA
HBZ TGTTTCGATGCCTGCCTGTG GGATAATAGCCCGTCCACCA
Gag CTTTGCTCCTCCCTCGTG TTGCTGGTATTCTCGCCTTA
Pol CCTCCTGCCCCGCTTACT GTTGTGGTTGCCCCTTGC
Env TGGCGGAGGCTATTATTCAG TTGAGGCGTGACACTTCTTG
18S AACCCGTTGAACCCCATT CCATCCAATCGGTAGTAGCG
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利托那韦抗HTLV-1病毒侵染及抑制成人T细胞白血病细胞增殖机制研究
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任欣欣 1 , 王莹 1 , 朱圣宇 2 , 张馨逸 2 , 王旻然 2 , 徐玲玲 1, * , 赵铁军 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(8): 676-686
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(8): 676-686
利托那韦抗HTLV-1病毒侵染及抑制成人T细胞白血病细胞增殖机制研究
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任欣欣1, 王莹1, 朱圣宇2, 张馨逸2, 王旻然2, 徐玲玲1, *, 赵铁军2, *
作者信息
  • 1 浙江师范大学生命科学学院, 浙江 金华 321004
  • 2 浙大城市学院医学院, 杭州 310015
  • 任欣欣,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:分子细胞生物学;

    王莹,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:分子细胞生物学。

通讯作者:

*徐玲玲,女,硕士,实验师 研究方向:细胞生物学 Tel:(0579)82282067;
赵铁军,男,博士,教授,博士生导师研究方向:分子细胞生物学 Tel:(0571)88285793
Anti-HTLV-1 Virus Transmission and Inhibition of Cell Proliferation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia by Ritonavir and the Mechanism Study
Xinxin REN1, Ying WANG1, Shengyu ZHU2, Xinyi ZHANG2, Minran WANG2, Lingling XU1, *, Tiejun ZHAO2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
  • 2 School of Medicine, Hangzhou City University, Hangzhou 310015, China
出版时间: 2024-04-22
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目的 研究利托那韦(ritonavir)对人类T细胞白血病病毒1型(human T-cell leukemia virus type-1,HTLV-1)病毒侵染及成人T细胞白血病(adult T-cell leukemia,ATL)细胞恶性增殖抑制作用,并探讨其分子机制。方法 采用CCK-8和克隆形成实验检测ritonavir对多种ATL细胞增殖的影响;流式细胞术、双荧光素酶报告基因技术、实时定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)和Western blot检测ritonavir对HTLV-1病毒侵染的影响;流式细胞术检测ritonavir对ATL细胞周期和凋亡的影响。结果 Ritonavir能够抑制4种ATL细胞株的增殖及HTLV-1阳性细胞株的克隆性增殖,前者具有明显的量效关系,且对HTLV-1阳性细胞株的抑制作用更明显(P<0.05)。阳性细胞株与JETWT35细胞共培养后立即加入ritonavir,药物可明显下调后者红色荧光蛋白的表达,抑制HTLV-1病毒侵染到受体细胞(P<0.01)。阳性细胞株和Jurkat细胞共培养体系中立即加入ritonavir后,受体细胞中HTLV-1相关病毒基因Tax等mRNA水平均有抑制作用(P<0.01),而12 h病毒侵染完成后再加入ritonavir,则无这些明显影响。Ritonavir剂量依赖性地抑制阳性细胞株ATL-T细胞表面HTLV-1包膜蛋白亚基gp46的表达,从而抑制HTLV-1病毒的产生和侵染(P<0.01)。Ritonavir将细胞阻滞于G1期,并促进细胞凋亡,且HTLV-1阳性细胞株的凋亡率显著高于阴性细胞株(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论 Ritonavir通过降低WT-Luc病毒启动子活力,下调HTLV-1相关病毒基因(TaxHBZGagPolEnv)表达,以及减少阳性细胞表面HTLV-1包膜蛋白亚基gp46表达从而抑制HTLV-1病毒的产生及侵染,并将细胞阻滞于G1期,诱导其凋亡,从多环节有效抑制ATL细胞增殖。

利托那韦  /  人类T细胞白血病病毒1型  /  病毒侵染  /  增殖  /  成人T细胞白血病

OBJECTIVE To observe the inhibitory effect of ritonavir on human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) transmission and malignant proliferation of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) cells, and explore its molecular mechanism. METHODS The proliferation and vitality of ritonavir on various leukemic cells were evaluated by CCK-8 and colony formation assay. The effects of ritonavir on HTLV-1 virus transmission were detected by flow cytometry, dual luciferase reporter gene technique, qPCR and Western blot. The effects of ritonavir on the cell cycle and apoptosis of ATL cells were examined through flow cytometry. RESULTS Ritonavir could inhibit the proliferation of four ATL cell lines and the clonal proliferation of HTLV-1 positive cell lines. The former exhibited a significant dose-effect relationship and had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on HTLV-1 positive cell lines (P<0.05). Additionally, the administration of ritonavir immediately after co-culture of HTLV-1 positive cell lines with JETWT35 cells resulted in a significant down-regulation of red fluorescent protein expression in JETWT35 and inhibited the transmission of HTLV-1 virus into recipient cells (P<0.01). Upon immediate addition of ritonavir to the co-culture system of HTLV-1 positive cell lines and Jurkat cells, there was a notable inhibition of HTLV-1-related gene Tax and other genes mRNA in recipient cells (P<0.01); however, no significant effect was observed when ritonavir was added 12 h after virus transmission. Morever, ritonavir demonstrated a does-dependent inhibition of gp46 expression on the cell membrane of the HTLV-1 positive cell line ATL-T, thereby suppressing the production of HTLV-1 virus (P<0.01). Ritonavir impeded cell progression into G1 phase and facilitated apoptosis, with the apoptosis rate of HTLV-1 positive cell lines being significantly greater than that of HTLV-1 negative cell lines (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION Ritonavir exerts inhibitory effects on the production and transmission of HTLV-1 virus by diminishing the activity of WT-Luc virus promoter, suppressing the expression of HTLV-1-related virus genes (Tax, HBZ, Gag, Pol, and Env). Additionally, it inhibits the expression of the HTLV-1-positive membrane surface envelope protein subunit gp46. Futhermore, ritonavir induces apoptosis in ATL cells by arresting cell cycle in the G1 phase, thereby effectively suppressing cell proliferation.

ritonavir  /  human T-cell leukemia virus type-1  /  viral transmission  /  proliferation  /  adult T-cell leukemia
任欣欣, 王莹, 朱圣宇, 张馨逸, 王旻然, 徐玲玲, 赵铁军. 利托那韦抗HTLV-1病毒侵染及抑制成人T细胞白血病细胞增殖机制研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (8) : 676 -686 .
Xinxin REN, Ying WANG, Shengyu ZHU, Xinyi ZHANG, Minran WANG, Lingling XU, Tiejun ZHAO. Anti-HTLV-1 Virus Transmission and Inhibition of Cell Proliferation of Adult T-Cell Leukemia by Ritonavir and the Mechanism Study[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (8) : 676 -686 .
成人T细胞白血病(adult T-cell leukemia,ATL)是由人类T细胞白血病病毒1型(human T-cell leukemia virus type-1,HTLV-1)感染引起的侵袭型T细胞恶性肿瘤[1]。该病毒是首个被发现的人类逆转录病毒,感染后可引起严重的神经系统性疾病及癌症等[2-3]。ATL潜伏期长,发病机制复杂,目前并无公认的治愈ATL的方法或药物[4]。现阶段临床上主要的治疗方法有常规化疗、一线抗病毒疗法及异基因造血干细胞移植等,其中一线抗病毒疗法备受关注。目前现行常规抗病毒治疗多采用齐多夫定(zidovudine,AZT)与干扰素α(interferon-α,INF-α)联用的方法,且该方法现已纳入欧洲和美国的护理标准。该疗法虽能明显改善患者的临床症状、延长生存期,但仍存在对某些亚型(如淋巴瘤型治疗生存率接近0)无效、耐药性强、对病毒的靶向性不强等缺陷[5],因此,寻求新的疗效好、靶向性强的抗病毒药物势在必行。
HTLV-1主要通过病毒学突触或细胞导管和受体细胞接触来实现有效的病毒传播[6],因此,抑制成熟病毒粒子的产生和侵染成为现阶段抗病毒药物开发的研究重点。利托那韦(ritonavir)是1996年被美国食品药品监督管理局(Food and Drug Administration,FDA)批准上市的一种人类免疫缺陷病毒(human immunodeficiency virus,HIV)天冬氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,通过抑制HIV蛋白酶对HIV Gag、Gag-Pol蛋白前体进行切割,从而使HIV颗粒保持在未成熟的状态,抑制成熟具有传染性HIV病毒颗粒的产生,减缓HIV在细胞中的蔓延,延迟感染和疾病发展[7]。近年来不少研究表明,ritonavir能诱导多种肿瘤细胞(乳腺癌[8]、胰腺癌[9]等)凋亡及周期阻滞,从而发挥抗肿瘤作用。此外,2021年11月美国FDA紧急授权辉瑞公司研发的新型抗病毒药物帕克洛维(paxlovid)用于治疗新型冠状病毒感染(corona virus disease 2019,COVID-19),2022年2月中国国家药监局应急特别批准Paxlovid进口注册,用于COVID-19的临床治疗[10]。Paxlovid即为ritonavir和奈玛特韦(nirmatrelvir)两种抗病毒药物组合包装而成的小分子新冠病毒治疗药物,可以有效抑制新冠病毒在体内的复制,并对多种变异株表现出抗病毒活性[11],作为首个口服新冠病毒治疗新药,目前正在全球临床研究和疫情防控中发挥着极其重要的作用。
HTLV-1与HIV都作为与人类疾病相关的逆转录病毒,其蛋白酶的结构和功能具有相似性,已有研究推测未来ritonavir应用于HTLV-1治疗具有一定的可行性[12],但相关研究鲜有报道。本研究选用多种ATL细胞为研究对象,采用CCK-8、克隆形成实验检测了ritonavir对HTLV-1细胞增殖的影响,并通过流式细胞术、Western blot、实时定量聚合酶链反应(qPCR)和双荧光素酶报告基因技术深入探究了ritonavir抑制HTLV-1病毒粒子产生和侵染的分子机制,采用流式细胞术检测了ritonavir对HTLV-1细胞周期及凋亡的影响。该研究成果探讨了ritonavir杀伤ATL细胞的具体机制,以期为抗HTLV-1特异性靶向药物的开发提供理论依据。
药品:ritonavir(美国Apex bio公司,CAS:155213-67-5,批号:A820311337769,有效期至2025年5月,分子式为C37H48N6O5S2,相对分子质量为720.9,纯度为99%)。
细胞:未感染HTLV-1病毒的T细胞株,文中简称为HTLV-1阴性细胞株,如Jurkat和Molt-4,感染HTLV-1病毒简称为HTLV-1阳性细胞株,如ATL-T、ATL-2细胞株。其中,JETWT35、Jurkat、Molt-4、ATL-T细胞株为本实验室保存,ATL-2细胞株为日本京都大学馈赠。
试剂:LTX/Plus转染试剂、Mitomycin C(美国Sigma公司,批号分别为CN2481212、0000121182);GAPDH抗体(武汉三鹰生物技术有限公司,批号:00083126);Anti-HTLV-1 gp46抗体(美国Santa Cruz公司,批号F0420);双荧光素酶报告基因试剂盒(美国Promega公司,批号:0000449801);CCK-8试剂盒(美国Apex bio公司,批号:K1D1B11133EF5E);细胞周期与细胞凋亡检测试剂盒(上海碧云天生物科技有限公司,批号:033022220428)。
仪器:实时荧光定量PCR仪(美国Thermo fisher公司);倒置荧光显微镜(日本Olympus公司);CytoFLEX S流式细胞仪(美国Beckman公司);iMark酶标仪(美国Bio-Rad公司);管式发光检测仪(德国Berthold公司)。
细胞复苏后,用含有体积分数10%FBS、体积分数1%双抗的RPMI-1640完全培养基在37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2的培养箱中培养,取对数生长期细胞进行消化传代。
以每孔3 000个细胞接种于96孔板中,不含细胞的培养基组为空白对照组,Jurkat细胞和Molt-4细胞分别加入终浓度为0、10、15、30、40、50 μmol·L-1的ritonavir,ATL-T细胞和ATL-2细胞分别加入0、10、15、20、30、40 μmol·L-1的ritonavir,每组3复孔。常规培养0、24、48 h后,每孔加入10 μL CCK-8试剂,培养4 h后,酶标仪450 nm波长下测量光密度(OD)值,计算IC50值。ATL-T接种后培养过夜待细胞贴壁,加入ritonavir(20 μmol·L-1),孵育12~14 d,出现细胞克隆后,弃去培养基,甲醇固定并用结晶紫染色后拍照。
将ATL-T和JETWT35细胞按体积比1∶3进行混合,每孔1.6×105个接种于48孔板中培养2 h,待细胞基本贴壁后,对照组加入相应浓度的二甲基亚砜(DMSO)继续培养60 h,立即加入药物组加入10 μmol·L-1 ritonavir;12 h后加入药物组待细胞培养12 h后,再加入同等浓度药物(图1)。药物统一处理48 h后收集细胞,2 000 r·min-1离心2 min,弃上清,用PBS重悬,流式细胞仪检测荧光强度。
将ATL-T、ATL-2细胞接种于6孔板中,并用100 μg·mL-1 Mitomycin C(MMC)处理ATL-T细胞1 h,从而排除HTLV-1供体细胞对报告基因结果的影响。将Jurkat细胞接种于24孔板中,并用LTX/Plus转染试剂转染HTLV-1启动子报告基因质粒WT-Luc,LTX-Plus-质粒浓度按照1∶2∶1的比例进行转染。将经过MMC处理的ATL-T与转染了WT-Luc的Jurkat以1∶1共培养,然后按“1.4”项下分组加药处理后收集细胞,双荧光素酶报告基因检测各组细胞中荧光素酶的活性。
加药处理后收集细胞,用Trizol试剂提取细胞总RNA(全程冰上操作),将RNA逆转录为cDNA,PCR仪定量检测,引物由生工生物工程(上海)有限公司设计并合成,引物序列见表1
细胞经药物处理后加入RIPA裂解液,冰上裂解15 min后提取总蛋白。12 500 r·min-1离心10 min收集上清液,BCA定量后经电泳分离蛋白,半干电转法将蛋白转移至PVDF膜,再用5%的脱脂奶粉室温封闭2 h,一抗、二抗孵育后取出PVDF膜并用PBST清洗,ECL化学发光检测条带。
将ATL-T、ATL-2细胞密度调整为1×105 mL-1接种于12孔板中,加入终浓度为20 μmol·L-1的ritonavir处理细胞48 h。收集细胞并计数,每组取1×105个细胞加入Anti-HTLV-1 gp46抗体,室温孵育15 min。用PBS缓冲液洗涤细胞2次,再加入山羊抗鼠IgG(594荧光标记二抗),室温孵育15 min。流式细胞仪检测细胞表面红色荧光的染色情况,并统计分析。
收集细胞后加入体积分数70%乙醇固定细胞。次日1 000 r·min-1离心2 min弃乙醇,PBS洗涤后收集细胞。每管加入10 μL RNase A和25 μL PI染色液,37 ℃避光水浴30 min后上机,Flow Jo软件检测DNA含量。
以1×105 mL-1的密度将细胞接种于12孔细胞培养板中,分别加入10、20 μmol·L-1的ritonavir处理,每组3复孔,孵育48 h后收集细胞。避光条件下加入5 μL的FITC和PI,室温下避光孵育15 min,流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。
所有实验至少进行3次重复,采用Graphpad Prism 8.0软件对结果进行统计分析和作图,结果报告为$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s,组间统计比较采用t检验,以P<0.05表示在统计学上具有显著性差异,以P<0.01表示在统计学上具有极显著性差异。
采用CCK-8法检测不同浓度的ritonavir在48 h内对HTLV-1阴性细胞株(Jurkat、Molt-4)和HTLV-1阳性细胞株(ATL-T、ATL-2)增殖活性的影响。结果见图2A,10~50 μmol·L-1 ritonavir对多种ATL细胞株增殖都存在抑制作用,且该抑制作用呈现一定的时间和剂量依赖性。统计分析可知,ritonavir对Jurkat、Molt-4、ATL-2、ATL-T 的半数抑制浓度IC50分别为:40.23,51.70,29.93,36.84 μmol·L-1,与Jurkat、Molt-4相比,ritonavir对ATL-T、ATL-2具有更为明显的抑制作用,且存在统计学差异(P<0.05)(图2B)。表明ritonavir对多种不同来源的ATL细胞增殖均存在显著抑制,但其对HTLV-1阳性细胞的抑制作用更为明显。因此,后续选择将ATL-T、ATL-2作为主要的研究对象,进一步探索ritonavir抗HTLV-1病毒粒子产生和侵染的分子机制。
为了再次确认ritonavir对HTLV-1阳性细胞株生长的抑制作用,本研究采用了克隆形成实验。结果见图2C,与DMSO处理的对照组相比,ritonavir处理组的ATL-T细胞克隆数显著减少(P<0.01),表明ritonavir能明显抑制HTLV-1阳性细胞株的克隆性增殖。
JETWT35是经过改造的Jurkat报告细胞系,该细胞转染了一个含有HTLV-1病毒蛋白Tax反应元件的报告基因质粒。在HTLV-1感染及Tax表达情况下,Tax反应元件被活化,从而诱导其下游红色荧光蛋白tdTomato的表达[13]。采用ATL-T和JETWT35细胞共培养实验检测ritonavir对HTLV-1病毒粒子侵染的影响,结果见图3,“立即加入药物组”能抑制JETWT35中红色荧光蛋白的表达(P<0.01)。而“12 h后加入药物组”对红色荧光蛋白的表达无明显影响(P>0.05),这表明ritonavir可抑制细胞与细胞接触介导的HTLV-1侵染,而病毒侵染完成后药物则对Tax反应元件活化无影响。
为进一步验证ritonavir对JETWT35细胞中荧光蛋白表达的影响,本研究运用流式细胞术检测JETWT35细胞中的荧光强度。ATL-T、ATL-2与JETWT35细胞共培养实验组中,“立即加入药物组”皆能显著抑制JETWT35细胞中红色荧光的表达(P<0.01),12 h后加入药物则无影响(P>0.05),这一结果表明ritonavir仅能抑制HTLV-1侵染受体细胞这一过程,而在病毒侵染完成后再加入药物则无影响,见图4
本研究使用双荧光素酶报告基因实验进一步验证ritonavir是否具有抑制HTLV-1侵染的功能。结果见图5,经过MCC处理的HTLV-1阳性细胞株ATL-T、ATL-2与转染了HTLV-1启动子报告基因质粒WT-Luc的Jurkat细胞共培养后发现,在单独Jurkat组中,ritonavir对WT-Luc的活力无影响;而在实验组,共培养后立即加入ritonavir能显著下调HTLV-1侵染Jurkat后激活的WT-Luc活力(P<0.01),而共培养12 h后再加入药物则无明显影响(P>0.05)。该结果进一步表明,ritonavir能显著抑制HTLV-1病毒粒子的侵染,而侵染完成后则无影响。
将MMC处理后的HTLV-1阳性细胞株ATL-T、ATL-2和HTLV-1阴性细胞株Jurkat细胞共培养,分别以“立即加入药物”“12 h后加入药物”处理共培养体系,进一步通过qPCR检测ritonavir对受体细胞Jurkat中HTLV-1相关病毒基因的表达情况。“立即加入药物组”对Jurkat细胞中的TaxHBZGagPolEnv的表达均有抑制作用(P<0.01),而“12 h后加入药物”对上述基因的表达则无明显影响(P>0.05)。该结果表明ritonavir通过降低病毒基因的表达以抑制HTLV-1病毒粒子的产生和侵染,见图6
HTLV-1病毒的侵染是由病毒包膜糖蛋白(envelope glycoprotein)的表面亚基gp46与宿主细胞表面受体相互作用后启动的[14],为了进一步揭示ritonavir对HTLV-1病毒侵染的分子机制,本研究采用Western blot实验检测ritonavir对细胞内总gp46表达的影响。结果见图7A,ritonavir对细胞内总gp46的含量无影响。阳性细胞株表面HTLV-1病毒包膜蛋白亚基gp46与靶细胞表面受体相互作用介导的膜融合是HTLV-1病毒复制的重要环节。为了进一步探究ritonavir是否通过作用于HTLV-1阳性细胞株表面的gp46蛋白,从而抑制HTLV-1病毒的侵染,本研究分别用10、20 μmol·L-1 ritonavir处理ATL-T细胞48 h,通过流式细胞仪检测细胞表面gp46的表达。结果见图7B,ritonavir抑制ATL-T细胞表面gp46的表达,且具有剂量依赖性(P<0.01)。结果表明ritonavir可能是通过影响细胞表面HTLV-1包膜蛋白亚基gp46的表达以抑制HTLV-1病毒的侵染。
Jurkat、ATL-2细胞经不同浓度ritonavir处理的细胞周期分布结果见图8。结果显示,Jurkat细胞经0、10、20 μmol·L-1的ritonavir处理后的G1分别为50.0%、50.2%和54.5%,ATL-2细胞经0、10、20 μmol·L-1的ritonavir处理后的G1分别为50.8%、58.5%和67.9%,和Jurkat细胞相比,ATL-2的G1期细胞显著增加(P<0.05),且该作用呈现一定的药物剂量依赖性。结果表明ritonavir将ATL细胞株周期阻滞在G1期,通过影响细胞的周期进程从而抑制细胞增殖,且对HTLV-1阳性细胞株周期阻滞效果更显著。
为了探究ritonavir抑制ATL细胞生长是否与诱导细胞凋亡相关,本研究对ritonavir处理后的细胞进行AnnexinV/PI染色,流式细胞术分析细胞凋亡分布比例。结果见图9,10 μmol·L-1的ritonavir对Jurkat、ATL-T和ATL-2的凋亡诱导率分别为5.03%、10.49%和9.34%,20 μmol·L-1的ritonavir对Jurkat、ATL-T和ATL-2的凋亡诱导率分别为8.36%、19.32%和27.08%。和Jurkat细胞相比,ritonavir对ATL-T和ATL-2细胞的凋亡诱导率明显提高,呈时间-剂量依赖性(P<0.01),该结果表明ritonavir能诱导ATL细胞株凋亡,且对阳性细胞株效果更显著。提示ritonavir可通过诱导ATL细胞凋亡从而抑制细胞的增殖,阻碍ATL的发生发展。
ATL是一种极难治愈的T细胞恶性增殖性血液疾病,人类T细胞白血病病毒1型HTLV-1为其病原体。据统计,目前全球有两千多万HTLV-1病毒携带者,该病毒潜伏期长,发病机制复杂,且近年来发病率逐年上升[15]。ATL临床亚型多种多样,发病机制复杂,极难治愈,目前针对ATL的抗病毒疗法仍存在很大的局限性,如常规化疗的耐药性强、副作用大等缺陷直接影响了治疗效果[16]。因此,寻求新的更为安全有效的抗病毒药物势在必行。ritonavir作为抗HIV病毒的蛋白酶抑制剂,具有优异的药代动力学特征。临床上低剂量ritonavir还常被作为其他蛋白酶抑制剂的增强剂,如添加到针对丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染的联合疗法中破坏细胞色素P450 3A4酶(cytochrome P-450 3A4,CYP3A4)的氧化能力,阻止CYP3A4对其他抗病毒蛋白酶抑制剂药物的氧化代谢,还可通过P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)和多药耐药相关蛋白(multidrug resistance-associated protein,MRP)外排通道限制细胞转运和其他蛋白酶抑制剂的外排,从而达到良好的抗病毒效果[17-18]。由美国辉瑞公司研发的新型抗病毒药物Paxlovid(由Nirmatrelvir和ritonavir组成),通过抑制新冠病毒自身编码中剪切和加工RNA的主要蛋白酶3CLpro阻止病毒复制,目前正在全球疫情防控中发挥巨大作用[19]。近年也有报道ritonavir可通过抑制NF-κB的活化诱导原代ATL细胞凋亡[20],但关于ritonavir是否直接靶向HTLV-1病毒尚未研究。为进一步证实ritonavir的抗病毒作用,本研究选用ATL细胞株作为研究对象,通过双荧光素酶报告基因技术、qPCR和Western blot等检测其对HTLV-1病毒侵染的影响。结果显示ritonavir能明显抑制HTLV-1病毒的产生及侵染,与此同时,流式细胞术还提示ritonavir阻滞细胞于G1期,并促进其凋亡,且对阳性细胞株的效果显著高于阴性细胞株,结合本研究实验结果,推测ritonavir可能直接靶向HTLV-1病毒,具有成为潜在抗ATL药物的可能。
HTLV-1是最早发现的与人类恶性肿瘤相关的逆转录病毒,该病毒与HIV等其他逆转录病毒类似,是一种包膜病毒,病毒表面含有源自宿主细胞膜的包膜。HTLV-1病毒5'LTR启动子起始编码核心蛋白(Gag)、逆转录酶(Pol)和包膜蛋白(Env)等外源逆转录病毒中常见的结构基因以及HTLV-1病毒特有的pX区域[21-22]。pX区位于3'LTR与Env之间,编码TaxRexHBZ等一系列重要的调节基因及p12等辅助基因。多年来研究表明,Tax在病毒致癌早期通过转录激活HTLV-1 LTR启动子活力来增强病毒mRNA合成,从而促进病毒的转录与复制。Tax还是多条重要细胞信号通路如PI3K/AKT等激活剂,促进ATL细胞增殖与HTLV-1的致癌转化[23],但约有60%的ATL细胞丧失了Tax表达。而HBZ却是唯一一个在所有ATL病人样品中持续表达的病毒编码基因,它可抑制经典NF-кB信号通路[24-25],激活TGF-β/Smad信号通路[26],其AD结构域通过与多种转录因子结合的方式参与调控细胞内信号通路,与Tax一起协同促进HTLV-1的感染。病毒结构蛋白Gag作为多蛋白前体,能在HTLV-1蛋白酶的作用下裂解成多个功能结构域(基质:p19、衣壳:p24、核衣壳:p15),这些结构域能加速HTLV-1病毒的组装与出芽[27]。Pol蛋白编码3种酶:逆转录酶、RNase H和整合酶,催化逆转录病毒感染的全过程[28]Env蛋白在HTLV-1病毒侵染过程中起核心作用,它与宿主细胞表面受体结合,触发病毒和宿主细胞膜融合,从而介导病毒侵染[14]。因此,HTLV-1病毒蛋白对病毒侵染至关重要,本研究通过实验证实,ritonavir可降低WT-Luc病毒启动子活力,并且下调HTLV-1相关病毒基因(TaxHBZGagPolEnv)的表达,能够有效阻断HTLV-1在T细胞中的传播,而共培养12小时病毒侵染完成后则效果不佳,表明ritonavir在病毒生成及早期传播进入受体细胞阶段发挥关键作用,上述研究将为今后运用ritonavir实现抗病毒治疗提供线索。
病毒包膜糖蛋白(Env)在由高尔基体运送至细胞膜的过程中,被宿主细胞蛋白酶切割成表面糖蛋白gp46和跨膜糖蛋白gp21[29],gp46与宿主细胞表面受体葡萄糖转运蛋白-1(glucose transporter-1,GLUT-1)、神经纤毛蛋白-1(neuropilin-1,NRP-1)及硫酸乙酰肝素蛋白多糖(heparan sulfate proteoglycans,HSPGs)结合后,由gp21启动其与宿主细胞膜和融合,从而实现病毒的传播。过表达GLUT-1后,Env前体蛋白的剪切水平会受到一定程度的抑制,从而使得gp46在细胞表面的分布减少,最终导致病毒侵染受到抑制[30]。治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病的药物三氧化二砷(As2O3),通过抑制HTLV-1 gp46的表达,从而对gp46诱导的HTLV-1感染细胞和靶细胞之间合胞体的形成产生抑制作用,证实gp46可成为病毒传播的重要靶标[31]。戊聚糖多磷酸盐(pentosan polysulfate,PPS)通过抑制HTLV-1阳性细胞MT-2和MT-4细胞表面HTLV-1 gp46表达和合胞体生成,从而抑制HTLV-1病毒粒子的产生[32]。HIV病毒结构功能和HTLV-1相似,2007年经美国FDA批准用于HIV感染患者的小分子药物马拉韦罗(maraviroc),是辅助受体细胞表面趋化因子受体5(C-C chemokine receptor type 5,CCR5)拮抗剂,通过结合CCR5的疏水跨膜域,非竞争性地阻止了gp120(与HTLV-1 gp46功能类似)与CCR5的相互作用,进而抑制病毒附着和进入受体细胞[33]。本研究同样发现,ritonavir能显著抑制ATL-T细胞表面gp46的表达,且呈现剂量依赖,推测ritonavir可能通过影响阳性细胞表面HTLV-1包膜糖蛋白亚基gp46的表达进而抑制病毒粒子的侵染,gp46未来将成为临床治疗ATL的有效靶点。
据报道,ritonavir能够抑制周期蛋白CyclinD1和周期蛋白依赖性激酶(cyclin-dependent kinase,CDK)2、4、6的表达,从而使得乳腺癌细胞周期阻滞在G1[8]。Batchu等[9]发现,在胰腺癌细胞中ritonavir不仅通过下调CDK4的表达并上调其对应的CDK抑制因子p21Cip/WAF1的表达使细胞G1期阻滞,还通过抑制视网膜细胞瘤蛋白(retinoblastoma protein,RB)的磷酸化下调转录因子E2F-1(细胞周期从G1期向S期转化所必需的转录因子)的活性,从而阻断周期进程。另外,ritonavir通过上调凋亡相关蛋白Caspase-7、Caspase-9的表达和下调抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2的表达促进胰腺癌细胞凋亡[34]。本研究同样发现,ritonavir将细胞阻滞于G1期,并促进细胞凋亡,且HTLV-1阳性细胞株的生长抑制、周期阻滞及凋亡率皆显著高于阴性细胞株,推测该药物可直接靶向病毒,通过降低病毒基因表达抑制ATL细胞的生长。但ritonavir作为具有抗HTLV-1潜质的抗肿瘤药物,其阻滞细胞周期及诱导ATL细胞株凋亡的分子机制还有待进一步探究。
综上,ritonavir能显著抑制ATL细胞增殖,抑制HTLV-1病毒粒子的产生和侵染,并阻滞其周期,诱导其凋亡,其机制可能通过降低病毒基因表达、抑制gp46膜泡运输过程、周期及凋亡调控等多环节发挥作用。结果提示,ritonavir具有成为潜在抗肿瘤药物的可能,具有继续深入研究的价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(32370147)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(31970173)
  • 浙江省自然科学基金探索项目资助(LY21C010001)
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2024年第59卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2023-07-20
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-20
基金
国家自然科学基金项目资助(32370147)
国家自然科学基金项目资助(31970173)
浙江省自然科学基金探索项目资助(LY21C010001)
作者信息
    1 浙江师范大学生命科学学院, 浙江 金华 321004
    2 浙大城市学院医学院, 杭州 310015

通讯作者:

*徐玲玲,女,硕士,实验师 研究方向:细胞生物学 Tel:(0579)82282067;
赵铁军,男,博士,教授,博士生导师研究方向:分子细胞生物学 Tel:(0571)88285793
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