Article(id=1248601951190017013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601950581842932, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)08-0657-07, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691337600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619503066, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1713715200000, pubDateStr=2024-04-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619503066, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619503066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619503066, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601950581842932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='8', pageStart='657', pageEnd='754', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619502920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775620003727, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248604051202527794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601950581842932, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248604051202527795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601950581842932, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=657, endPage=663, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601951479423991, articleId=1248601951190017013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Progress in Research on Major Metabolic Enzymes from Intestinal Bacteria in the Transformation of Natural Drug Metabolism, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Natural drugs have been used in clinic for thousands of years in China, with complete and systematic theories, and are the treasure of the Chinese nation. Among them, flavonoids, polysaccharides, iridoid glycosides, saponins and other natural drugs have been proved to have curative effects on many diseases. Generally, the bioavailability of natural drugs absorbed in the intestine after oral administration is relatively low. As one of the ecosystems regulating the host's adaptation to the environment, the gut microbiota has a two-way effect on the host's internal and external environment, which is usually closely related to the efficacy of natural drugs. In order to understand the mechanism of the effect of drugs that are difficult to absorb, the exploration of targeting the gut microbiota has become a new strategy in recent years. The metabolism of natural drugs is often achieved through the enzymes produced by the gut microbiota, which is closely related to its efficacy and safety. The research of metabolic transformation by the gut microbiota is still limited. So in this review, we mainly discussed the characteristics of major metabolic enzymes derived from gut microbiota and the research progress in the metabolism and transformation of natural drugs, aiming to enrich the information on the metabolism mechanism of natural drugs under the action of gut microbiota and provide evidence for proving that gut microbiota is part of the regulation axis of other organs. It also provides some scientific reference for deepening the understanding and cognition of the metabolism and transformation of natural drugs under the action of intestinal bacteria.

, correspAuthors=Yan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengmeng BU, Jiachun HU, Jiandong JIANG, Yan WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601953018733564, articleId=1248601951190017013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=肠道菌来源主要代谢酶在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

多年来,天然药物如黄酮类、多糖类、环烯醚萜苷类和皂苷类等已被证实对多种疾病具有良好的疗效。一般来说,天然药物口服后在肠道内的生物利用度比较低。而肠道菌群作为调节宿主适应环境的生态系统之一,与宿主所处的内、外在环境之间存在着双向影响作用,通常对天然药物的药效起到关键的调控作用。特别是近年来靶向肠道菌群的新策略研究,为理解难吸收药物的药效作用机制提供了新的思路。肠道菌群与天然药物代谢之间的媒介往往是肠道菌编码的各种酶,通过酶的催化作用肠道菌可将口服类药物代谢并与其疗效及安全性紧密相关,而目前围绕天然药物在肠道菌作用下的代谢转化研究仍然有限。因此,笔者着重讨论肠道菌来源的主要代谢酶的特征以及它们在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展,以丰富肠道菌作用下天然药物的代谢机制,以期为肠道菌作为参与机体其他器官功能调控轴中的一员提供直接的证据,并为深入理解肠道菌作用下天然药物代谢转化及药理学意义提供科学参考。

, correspAuthors=王琰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*王琰,女,博士,教授 研究方向:药物代谢、药动学与药物分析研究 Tel:(010)50927018
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卜萌萌,女,博士,助理研究员 研究方向:药物代谢研究

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肠道菌来源主要代谢酶在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展
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卜萌萌 , 胡家淳 , 蒋建东 , 王琰 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(8): 657-663
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(8): 657-663
肠道菌来源主要代谢酶在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展
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卜萌萌, 胡家淳, 蒋建东, 王琰*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050
  • 卜萌萌,女,博士,助理研究员 研究方向:药物代谢研究

通讯作者:

*王琰,女,博士,教授 研究方向:药物代谢、药动学与药物分析研究 Tel:(010)50927018
Progress in Research on Major Metabolic Enzymes from Intestinal Bacteria in the Transformation of Natural Drug Metabolism
Mengmeng BU, Jiachun HU, Jiandong JIANG, Yan WANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
出版时间: 2024-04-22
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多年来,天然药物如黄酮类、多糖类、环烯醚萜苷类和皂苷类等已被证实对多种疾病具有良好的疗效。一般来说,天然药物口服后在肠道内的生物利用度比较低。而肠道菌群作为调节宿主适应环境的生态系统之一,与宿主所处的内、外在环境之间存在着双向影响作用,通常对天然药物的药效起到关键的调控作用。特别是近年来靶向肠道菌群的新策略研究,为理解难吸收药物的药效作用机制提供了新的思路。肠道菌群与天然药物代谢之间的媒介往往是肠道菌编码的各种酶,通过酶的催化作用肠道菌可将口服类药物代谢并与其疗效及安全性紧密相关,而目前围绕天然药物在肠道菌作用下的代谢转化研究仍然有限。因此,笔者着重讨论肠道菌来源的主要代谢酶的特征以及它们在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展,以丰富肠道菌作用下天然药物的代谢机制,以期为肠道菌作为参与机体其他器官功能调控轴中的一员提供直接的证据,并为深入理解肠道菌作用下天然药物代谢转化及药理学意义提供科学参考。

代谢酶  /  肠道菌  /  药物代谢  /  天然药物

Natural drugs have been used in clinic for thousands of years in China, with complete and systematic theories, and are the treasure of the Chinese nation. Among them, flavonoids, polysaccharides, iridoid glycosides, saponins and other natural drugs have been proved to have curative effects on many diseases. Generally, the bioavailability of natural drugs absorbed in the intestine after oral administration is relatively low. As one of the ecosystems regulating the host's adaptation to the environment, the gut microbiota has a two-way effect on the host's internal and external environment, which is usually closely related to the efficacy of natural drugs. In order to understand the mechanism of the effect of drugs that are difficult to absorb, the exploration of targeting the gut microbiota has become a new strategy in recent years. The metabolism of natural drugs is often achieved through the enzymes produced by the gut microbiota, which is closely related to its efficacy and safety. The research of metabolic transformation by the gut microbiota is still limited. So in this review, we mainly discussed the characteristics of major metabolic enzymes derived from gut microbiota and the research progress in the metabolism and transformation of natural drugs, aiming to enrich the information on the metabolism mechanism of natural drugs under the action of gut microbiota and provide evidence for proving that gut microbiota is part of the regulation axis of other organs. It also provides some scientific reference for deepening the understanding and cognition of the metabolism and transformation of natural drugs under the action of intestinal bacteria.

metabolic enzyme  /  gut microbiota  /  drug metabolism  /  natural drug
卜萌萌, 胡家淳, 蒋建东, 王琰. 肠道菌来源主要代谢酶在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (8) : 657 -663 .
Mengmeng BU, Jiachun HU, Jiandong JIANG, Yan WANG. Progress in Research on Major Metabolic Enzymes from Intestinal Bacteria in the Transformation of Natural Drug Metabolism[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (8) : 657 -663 .
人类肠道微生物组的多样性是机体能量代谢、免疫调节等各种生理活动的保障,与宿主的健康息息相关[1]。靶向肠道菌群的相关研究有助于加强对病理机制和药物(口服)在机体代谢过程的认识。众所周知,肝脏是药物在体内代谢的主要器官,但对于口服药物(尤其是难吸收的天然药物)而言,其进入机体后最早接触的是肠道及其微生物组,甚至是肠道微生物组编码的代谢酶[2],并在此发生药物与肠道菌之间的双向调节作用。天然化合物作为近年来新药发现和开发的主要来源[3],因此肠道菌群对天然化合物的代谢转化及药效机制研究越来越重要。天然药物与肠道菌群的相互作用主要包括两个方面:药物对肠道菌群结构与功能的改变;肠道菌(通过其表达的代谢酶)对天然药物的代谢转化[4-5]。越来越多的研究表明,肠道菌依赖其分泌的代谢酶对天然药物进行代谢转化[6-8],其中主要代谢酶包括水解酶、还原酶、转移酶、裂解酶等,催化反应类型以水解、还原为主,其他反应类型为辅[9-10]。鉴于肠道菌来源的代谢酶对阐明天然药物的药代、药效及机理具有重要意义,以及对肠道菌来源的主要代谢酶的表征尚不十分完善。笔者将着重讨论肠道菌来源的主要代谢酶在天然药物代谢转化中的研究进展,以期为口服难吸收药物的药代和药效机制提供新的研究思路,丰富肠道菌与天然药物的互作机制。
碳水化合物活性酶(CAZy)数据库(http://www.cazy.org/)将水解酶分为 15 个科,其中糖苷水解酶家族成员有100多个。该家族酶可催化去糖基化或去酯基化修饰[11-12]。这类酶目前为多种疾病的潜在治疗靶点[13-14]。这里重点介绍研究最广泛的糖苷水解酶家族和α/β水解酶折叠超家族及其对天然苷类化合物的代谢机制。
糖苷水解酶家族(O-糖基水解酶,EC 3.2.1.x)广泛存在于植物、真菌、细菌、动物器官中。该家族酶可催化单糖或碳水化合物与苷元之糖苷键的水解。其中β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-D-吡喃葡糖苷-葡糖苷水解酶,E.C.3.2.1.21)为糖苷水解酶家族GH1、GH3、GH5、GH9 和 GH30 成员之一[15-16],是一种从糖苷和寡糖中释放非还原性末端葡糖基残基的酶,这类酶包括葡聚糖 1,4-β-葡萄糖苷酶(3.2.1.58)、葡糖基神经酰胺酶或葡糖脑苷酶(3.2.1.45)等。此外,它通常还表现出β-D-半乳糖苷酶(3.2.1 23)、β-D-岩藻糖苷酶(3.2.1.38)等酶的催化活性[17-18]
目前已有研究表明,环烯醚萜苷类化合物可被肠道菌表达的β-葡萄糖苷酶水解,转化为相应的糖苷配基,通常这些转化产生的次级产物糖苷配基是这类化合物被肠道吸收和发挥疗效的活性成分[19-20]。例如,栀子豉汤的抗抑郁研究证实了抑郁症发生时肠道菌中β-葡萄糖苷酶的活性可被抑制[21-22]。给药后,编码β-葡萄糖苷酶的菌丰度显著上调,如双歧杆菌属,放线菌属等。栀子豉汤成分被β-葡萄糖苷酶转化为京尼平活性成分,进而发挥抗抑郁作用[14]。此外,天然产物虎杖苷主要来自中草药虎杖,具有对血脂的调节作用。研究表明虎杖苷的去糖基化产物白藜芦醇是其发挥药效的重要生物活性成分,而肠道菌来源的β-葡萄糖苷酶是虎杖苷的关键代谢酶[23-24]。其中酶的 Gln19、His120、Glu 178、Asn 222、Glu 355、Glu 409与虎杖苷之间存在氢键的相互作用,其催化效率达70%左右[25]。虽然目前肠道菌来源的β-葡萄糖苷酶对天然药物代谢转化的研究报道十分有限,但鉴于环烯醚萜苷类化合物作为多种传统中药的生物活性成分或前体,广泛分布于茜草科、玄参科、龙胆科、忍冬科、唇形科等多种植物中,与多种疾病(如抑郁症、高血脂等)密切相关[26-27]。因此,此类糖苷水解酶对天然药物的代谢转化研究具有广阔的前景。例如,三七皂苷、人参皂苷、龙胆苦苷和野菜香苷等天然化合物均含有糖苷键,其中一些天然化合物已被证实可被非肠道菌来源的β-葡萄糖苷酶转化[28]。在肠道益生菌上异源表达上述β-葡萄糖苷酶可能会增加含糖苷键的天然药物在肠道中的转化能力和多样性,为研究天然药物(如环烯醚萜苷类)在肠道菌作用下的药效作用机制、提高其转化效率以及药物与益生菌联合用药提供一定的科学价值。
α/β水解酶折叠超家族成员主要包括羧酸酯酶和脂肪酶两大类,二者对酰基链的长短有不同的催化偏好。前者对水溶性酯类亲和力更高,优先水解芳香族或脂肪族酰基短链的酯键,产生醇和羧酸盐;后者则与之相反,更倾向于疏水性底物[29]。该家族酶的保守五肽基序(GXSXG)、β-sheet数量、底物特异性以及高级结构相似性等特征都是对其进行分类的依据[30],基于此,ESTHER 数据库(http://bioweb.ensam.inra.fr/esther)将该家族酶分为4个区块:Block C、H、L、X[31]。目前已被收录的细菌来源的羧酸酯酶细菌有136 个,仍有大量的羧酸酯水解酶仍未被表征[32-34]。目前对此类酶的表征多集中在非肠道菌来源的家族成员,而NCBI数据库(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)收录了大量的肠道菌编码的α/β水解酶,但对肠道菌来源的α/β水解酶及其对天然药物转化的相关研究仍然较少。
2018年,有关研究[35-36]从肠道菌群角度阐明了逍遥丸主要活性成分芍药内酯苷和芍药苷的抗抑郁机制,发现芍药内酯苷或芍药苷经口服后可改变大鼠肠道菌群的结构——表达羧酸酯酶的菌属丰度上调,如粪肠球菌,乳酸杆菌,双歧杆菌等,均可将上述成分转化为抗抑郁活性成分苯甲酸;如加入羧酸酯酶抑制剂后,芍药苷、芍药内酯苷的代谢被明显抑制。该家族酶的催化口袋底部通常与酶表面之间的距离大约为20~25 Å,这为水解底物提供了发生转化的可能。通过β5链的亲核turn区攻击酯键的羰基碳原子,酶可将底物水解,释放醇和羧酸盐。该家族酶的催化机制和活性位点高度保守,具有经典的Ser-His-Asp 催化三联体及丝氨酸蛋白酶的催化特征,属丝氨酸蛋白酶家族[32,37]。芍药苷和芍药内酯苷是白芍的主要成分,属双环单萜苷类化合物,广泛存在于毛茛科,芍药科等植物。芍药苷、芍药内酯苷作为抗抑郁中药逍遥丸的主要活性成分,具有传统中药普遍存在的口服生物利用度低的共性特征[38-39];而羧酸酯酶催化芍药苷、芍药内酯苷的水解并释放抗抑郁活性物质,是研究天然药物基于“肠-脑”代谢通路治疗中枢系统疾病机制的重要例证,为中药复方逍遥丸和逍遥散发挥药效的作用机制提供了新的见解和直观的证据,也为肠道菌群作为“肠-脑对话”的“桥梁”提供了理论支持。
硝基还原酶是肠道菌表达的一类重要的代谢酶。根据对氧的敏感程度,硝基还原酶被分为两大类: 氧不敏感型(TypeⅠ)和氧敏感型(TypeⅡ)。Ⅰ型硝基还原酶以大肠杆菌硝基还原酶A组(nitroreductase group A,NfsA)和B组(nitroreductase group B,NfsB)为代表;Ⅱ型硝基还原酶如铁氧还蛋白、NADP1还原酶和P450还原酶等[40]。细菌硝基还原酶可有效地将硝基芳香前药物转化为细胞毒性形式,在细胞靶向消融中有诸多应用[41]。硝基还原酶的活性位点周围往往还存在一些高度保守的氨基酸残基,但NfsA的活性位点比 NfsB 的更开放[42]。此外,二者的电子供体也存在差异:NfsA的电子供体通常为NADPH,而B组酶可同时利用NADH和NADPH。这两组酶通常为同型二聚体(亚基2.7×104~2.4×104),FMN为其辅因子,可催化硝基芳香族化合物的还原反应,具有广泛的底物特异性,均可被双香醇和对羟苯甲酯抑制[43-44]
Koppel等[45]于2015年发现了天然药物小檗碱(难吸收)在肠道的吸收机制,这是首次发现肠道菌可调控植物来源的天然产物在肠道的吸收。肠道菌硝基还原酶(nitroreductase,NR)可将小檗碱(berberine,BBR)转化为可吸收形式二氢小檗碱(dhBBR),后者在肠道吸收率比小檗碱高5~10倍。2022年,又通过结构生物学方法鉴定了负责转化BBR的dhBBR的硝基还原酶为NfsB,而不是NfsA。NfsB-BBR复合物的晶体结构显示,小檗碱可进入NfsB的活性口袋,其共轭面几乎与FMN辅因子平行[46]。NfsB高度保守的Phe70及Phe199是小檗碱转化的关键催化残基。这项研究对理解个体化用药的临床表现差异化提供了理论依据,肠道菌群的个体差异导致肠道菌群的硝基还原酶的丰度存在不同,进而影响小檗碱的血药浓度,对临床的个体化治疗具有一定的指导意义。尽管小檗碱的药动学性质不好,口服后难吸收,但是,作为我国原创天然药物的典型例证药物之一,小檗碱治疗高脂血症的有效性和安全性已经在国内外几十家独立的医疗机构得到了佐证。而肠道菌的研究作为打开小檗碱(难吸收)多种药效和作用机理研究“黑箱”的“钥匙”,正在逐步揭示慢病发生发展的“异病同源”的科学规律,以及小檗碱可用于治疗各种慢性疾病如高脂血症、2型糖尿病等[47-50]的“异病同治”的科学内涵。
肠道来源的偶氮还原酶是肠道中参与外源代谢和药物活化的一种重要酶,但目前对肠道微生物组与偶氮化合物的代谢机制仍知之甚少[51]。偶氮还原酶广泛存在于细菌和真核生物中,根据对氧气的需求,偶氮还原酶被分为需氧和厌氧型。另一方面,根据对辅因子的需求,偶氮还原酶还可被分为非黄素独立型和黄素依赖型。此类酶以NADH或NADPH作为催化的还原剂,通过双向乒乓机制将H+转移到FMN活性位点,然后催化偶氮化合物的偶氮键(—N=N—)的还原裂解,生成中间产物肼;再重复该还原过程,最终将其转化为芳香胺[52]
近年来越来越多的证据显示,人的肠道菌也可编码偶氮还原酶[53],其中偶氮还原酶AzoRs是第一个被证明可催化偶氮前药转化为偶氮化合物的酶[54]。具有偶氮还原酶活性的主要肠道菌包括肠球菌、埃希氏菌、芽孢杆菌、梭状芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌等多个菌属[55],目前笔者未见相关研究报道其对天然药物的代谢转化。仅有关于现今临床上常用的偶氮药物,如奥萨拉嗪和柳氮磺胺嘧啶被肠道菌的偶氮还原酶催化裂解还原成活性形式,以达到治疗炎症性肠病(IBD)的目的[56]。目前天然偶氮化合物苋菜红可用于筛选偶氮还原酶及其来源的肠道菌,如粪肠杆菌(AZO-Ef)、禽肠杆菌(AZO-Ev)、大肠杆菌(AZO-Ec)和蜡样芽孢杆菌(AZO-Bc)对苋菜红都存在好氧还原作用[55],为筛选编码偶氮还原酶的肠道菌提供了理论依据。而天然偶氮化合物在自然界中也普遍稳定存在,从原核生物到植物等[57]。迄今为止,研究人员已分离出了多达百种的偶氮天然产物,因此,肠道菌及其偶氮还原酶对天然偶氮化合物转化的研究仍有巨大的空间,未来可能为新药的开发和筛选提供更多可能。
强心苷还原酶的发现与临床上用于治疗心衰和心颤的天然药物地高辛密切相关[58]。肠道菌lentaEggerthella对地高辛的催化还原作用由其编码的两种酶完成,分别为强心苷还原酶1(Cgr1)和强心苷还原酶2(Cgr2)[59]。Cgr1属细胞色素c3超家族(Pfam14537),为膜蛋白,可将Cgr2锚定在膜上。Cgr1仅参与膜对接而不是直接还原地高辛。Cgr2是直接还原地高辛的还原酶,为一种氧敏感型且需要黄素腺嘌呤二核苷酸(FAD)和[4Fe-4S]簇的富马酸还原酶,Cgr1-Cgr2复合物催化地高辛α,β不饱和丁内酯的还原[60]。低剂量的地高辛可抑制心肌细胞的Na+/K+ATP酶,导致Na+外排和Ca2+的内流,进而实现治疗效果[61-63];除地高辛外,分布于我国西部地区的多年生草本植物蓝侧金盏花的活性物质为毒毛旋花子苷元,也可通过经典的抑制Na+/K+ATP酶活性机制治愈兔恙螨病[64]。目前肠道微生物组定量分析已证明Cgr2酶在人群中广泛存在并具有高度保守性,对强心苷元类化合物高度特异[65]。由此可见,强心苷还原酶的这一系列特性是机体防止摄入植物毒素的关键所在,是机体解毒的一种重要机制。这也是除肠道菌可将天然药物转化为活性物质的功能之外,以上研究也为肠道菌及其编码酶在机体防御外来毒素抵抗提供了重要例证,这也揭示了肠道菌有可能还扮演了机体“第一道免疫防线”的功能角色。
转移酶是另一类代谢药物的酶。转移酶包括甲基转移酶、羟基转移酶、O-GlcNAc转移酶及糖基转移酶等多种形式[66-67],其中的肽糖基转移酶(peptide glycosyltransferase,EntS)能够以迭代顺序解离的方式将聚糖转移到肽上,可催化多种糖基化反应,如Glc/Gal(-O)SerThr,Glc/Gal(-S)Cys以及Glc/Gal(β)Glc/Gal(-O/S)Ser/Thr/Cys等多种糖基化方式,糖基化修饰后的短肽在体外一般具有抗菌活性[68]。肠道菌去甲基化酶对类黄酮化合物代谢的报道较多。多甲氧基黄酮(polymethoxyflavones,PMFs)是广泛存在于沙姜根茎和柑橘类果皮中的类黄酮生物活性物质,具有抗癌、抗炎、抗诱变、抗过敏及神经保护等多种功效[69]。其中,5-去甲基橙黄酮(5-OHSin)是去甲基化PMFs修饰的形式之一,在肠道中的代谢产物主要有两种:5,3'-二去甲基Sin和5,4'-二去甲基Sin[70]。负责去甲基化修饰的酶是由人肠道布劳特氏菌MRG-PMF1编码的PMFs去甲基化酶实现的。该酶属Co-corrinoid甲基转移酶系统,可将PMFs转化为多种去甲基化代谢物,如大黄素、芹菜素、高良姜素、山柰酚、木犀草素和槲皮素等去甲基化代谢物[71]。蒽醌类化合物大黄素对各种癌症、动脉粥样硬化、神经退行性疾病、糖尿病、急性胰腺炎、脂肪肝等多种疾病都有预防和治疗作用[72]。天然黄酮醇高良姜素则具有很强的抗炎能力,而一些慢性疾病如糖尿病、癌症、心血管疾病等都伴有炎症[73]。类黄酮槲皮素则具有多种生理功能,如降血压、血脂、血糖;抗氧化、抗病毒、抗癌、抗炎、神经和心脏保护等多种作用[74]。基于以上一系列去甲基化产物的多种生物学功能,肠道菌来源的去甲基化酶对多甲氧基黄酮类化合物的研究,对阐释多甲氧基黄酮的广谱药理作用和药效作用机制具有重大意义。尤其是目前天然药物的衍生物在新药开发中的占比日益增多,以及黄酮类化合物对脂质代谢、动脉粥样硬化保护、抗氧化等多种生理功能,基于肠道菌及其转移酶的黄酮类化合物代谢物的开发和应用具有相当大的竞争优势和巨大的利润空间。
2011年,Wang等[75]通过代谢组学方法,比较了动脉硬化症患者与健康人血浆代谢产物的差异,发现了心血管疾病患者肠道细菌的特异性代谢产物三甲胺-N-氧化物(TMAO)异常增加。TMAO在促进巨噬细胞胆固醇积累和泡沫细胞形成中起着关键作用。TMAO的进一步分析阐明了其代谢途径。肠道细菌通过分解红肉或动物内脏中的磷脂酰胆碱/胆碱、L-肉碱或甜菜碱来产生三甲胺(TMA)。被吸收到血液中的肠道TMA被肝脏FMO3进一步转化为TMAO,FMO3是黄素单加氧酶家族的成员。TMAO生成的初始和限速的主要步骤之一是肠道菌将胆碱转化为TMA,转化胆碱的代谢酶是胆碱-TMA裂解酶(CutC)(编号:Ddes_1357)及其激活酶(choline trimethylamine-lyase activating enzyme,CutD)(Ddes_1358)[76],CutD是CutC的辅酶,CutC/CutD属于裂解酶家族。其中CutD是一种自由基SAM酶,以单体形式存在,包含保守的CX3CX2C基序(可与[4Fe-4S]结合),可辅助激活CutC。CutC以二聚体形式存在,为C—N键裂解型甘酰基自由基酶(GRE),在严格厌氧条件下才可将胆碱转化为TMA和乙醛。CutC的部分活性位点高度保守;除此以外,与三甲基胺基团底物也存在其他的相互作用静电、疏水等[77]。有研究证实了89个哺乳动物的粪便样本中均存在肠道菌编码的CutC,而杂食动物和食肉动物的CutC基因丰度较草食动物更高[78]。而天然药物BBR及其还原产物dhBBR则被证实是CutC/CutD的抑制因子,可通过氢键、范德华力、pi-烷基和烷基之间的相互作用与CutC的活性位点结合,进而抑制CutC的活性,从而降低肠道中TMA及TMAO的生物合成[79]。这一发现从酶学角度阐明了天然药物BBR在肠道菌的介导下,以维生素样的形式调节肠道菌胆碱-TMA-TMAO代谢通路,并改善动脉粥样硬化症的分子机制,丰富了BBR作为多靶点药物理论的依据,更深入地理解了BBR药理学特点。同时也丰富了肠道菌和BBR相互作用的新方式,为肠道菌与天然药物的双向影响作用提供了新的佐证,也为寻求更安全有效、标本兼治的慢病防治药物提供了重要的新理论依据。
我国原创天然药物具有体系庞大,安全性好、疗效确切等优点,越来越多的证据也显示出了这类药物对慢病独特优势[80-83]。由于天然药物普遍难吸收,故肠道及肠道菌作被认为是与口服天然药物最早接触和产生联系的 “器官”;此外,慢性病具有多病因和病理机制复杂的特点,而目前用于慢病治疗的天然药物多靶点药效作用机制尚需不断阐明。因此,围绕肠道菌及其编码酶的药物代谢研究意义深远,对肠道菌作用下的临床个性化治疗和“异病同治”理论具有一定的指导意义。而针对肠道菌及其编码酶的研究也为重组益生菌的开发提供了理论依据。此外,肠道菌群与机体各器官之间调控轴的存在也促使肠道菌成为药物开发的潜在靶点且具有广阔的研究前景。另外,由于天然产物是目前新药开发的主要来源之一,结合肠道菌及其编码的药物代谢酶与口服天然药物转化形式的多样性和多种的药理特点,肠道菌及其编码酶已逐步显示出在新药开发领域潜在的优势。综上所述,肠道菌来源的代谢酶是肠道菌介导某些天然药物转化的重要部分,是肠道菌和某些天然药物代谢之间的重要媒介,将对人们了解天然药物(中药)药效作用机制研究产生深远影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82173888)
  • 北京市重点实验室项目资助(Z141102004414062)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-007)
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-028)
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2024年第59卷第8期
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-07
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-04-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-07
基金
国家自然科学基金项目资助(82173888)
北京市重点实验室项目资助(Z141102004414062)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-007)
中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-028)
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    中国医学科学院药物研究所, 天然药物活性物质与功能国家重点实验室, 北京 100050

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*王琰,女,博士,教授 研究方向:药物代谢、药动学与药物分析研究 Tel:(010)50927018
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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