Article(id=1248601551699333610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)07-0579-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.07.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1676563200000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619407820, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1712505600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619407820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619407820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619407820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601546695528820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='561', pageEnd='656', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619406627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619979013, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603947515142525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603947515142526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=579, endPage=588, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601551980351996, articleId=1248601551699333610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Effects of Carbohydrate Components of Fungus S7 on Seed Germination of Dendrobium officinale, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of carbohydrate components of fungus S7 (Tulasnella sp.) on seed germination of Dendrobium officinale. METHODS The polysaccharides of S7 mycelia (MP) and of S7 fermentation broth (FP) were prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. MP and FP were hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid to obtain hydrolysates, MPH and FPH. The monosaccharide composition of MP and FP were determined by PMP-HPLC. MP, FP, MPH, FPH, and the unique and mixed monosaccharide of MP were added to water agar (WA) and 1/2 MS media respectively to study the effects of carbohydrate on the seed germination of Dendrobium officinale. RESULTS The germination rate of WA medium group (WACK1) was (88.65±4.71)%, and seeds germinated to stage 3 (protocorm). Compared with WACK1, adding MP and MPH had no significant effect on germination rate (P>0.05), and seeds could germinate to stage 4 (having one leaf), while adding FPH could significantly reduce germination rate (P<0.05). MP was composed of glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, xylose, mannose, fucose, ribose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 15.05∶1.00∶0.70∶0.35∶0.30∶0.29∶0.13∶0.13. FP was composed of arabinose, galactose, xylose and glucuronic acid in a molar ration of 1.22∶1.00∶0.71∶0.47. Fucose was the unique monosaccharide component of MP. The germination rate and stage 5 (having two leaves) germination rate of 1/2 MS medium group(MSCK) was (98.10±0.46)% and (50.97±4.33)%, respectively. Compared with MSCK, adding 0.20-20 mg·L-1 fucose had no significant effect on germination rate (P>0.05), while significantly increased stage 5 germination rate (P<0.05), which was 1.36-1.47 times that of MSCK. CONCLUSION MP and MPH promote the development of protocorm of D.officinale. Fucose is an active component in MPH that could promote the further differentiation and development of seeds after germination.

, correspAuthors=Xu ZENG, Shunxing GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tongyao CHEN, Xiaomei CHEN, Jianwen YANG, Yuanyuan LI, Xiandan QIU, Airong WANG, Xu ZENG, Shunxing GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601553490301507, articleId=1248601551699333610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=胶膜菌属真菌S7糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 研究胶膜菌属真菌S7(Tulasnella sp.)糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响。方法 通过水提醇沉法制备S7菌丝多糖和发酵液多糖。三氟乙酸水解制备菌丝多糖和发酵液多糖的水解物。利用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法(PMP-HPLC)测定多糖的单糖组成。在水琼脂和1/2 MS培养基中分别添加菌丝多糖及其水解物,发酵液多糖及其水解物,以及菌丝多糖特有单糖组分和混合单糖组分,研究S7糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响。结果 水琼脂培养基对照组(WACK1)萌发率(88.65±4.71)%,种子能萌发至3级(原球茎)。与WACK1相比,添加菌丝多糖及其水解物对萌发率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但种子能萌发至4级(1片叶);添加发酵液多糖水解物能显著降低萌发率(P<0.05)。菌丝多糖由葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸、木糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、核糖和阿拉伯糖组成,摩尔比为15.05∶1.00∶0.70∶0.35∶0.30∶0.29∶0.13∶0.13。发酵液多糖由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成,摩尔比为1.22∶1.00∶0.71∶0.47。岩藻糖是菌丝多糖特有的单糖组分。1/2 MS培养基对照组(MSCK)萌发率和5级萌发率(2片叶)分别为(98.10±0.46)%和(50.97±4.33)%。与MSCK相比,添加0.20~20 mg·L-1岩藻糖对萌发率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但5级萌发率有显著提高(P<0.05),是MSCK的1.36~1.47倍。结论 S7菌丝体多糖及其水解物具有促进铁皮石斛原球茎发育的作用,岩藻糖是S7菌丝多糖水解物中促进种子萌发后进一步分化发育的活性成分。

, correspAuthors=曾旭, 郭顺星, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*曾旭,男,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学 Tel:(010)57833259;
郭顺星,男,博士,研究员,博士生导师 研究方向:菌根生物学 Tel:(010)57833231
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陈彤垚与陈晓梅为共同第一作者

陈彤垚,女,博士研究生 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学;

陈晓梅,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学。

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陈彤垚,女,博士研究生 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学;

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陈彤垚,女,博士研究生 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学;

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陈晓梅,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学。

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陈晓梅,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学。

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Chin J Plant Ecol(植物生态学报), 2012, 36(8): 859-869., articleTitle=Ex situ symbiotic seed germination, isolation and identification of effective symbiotic fungus in Cymbidium mannii (Orchidaceae), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073390154354950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=8, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=KHAMCHATRA N, DIXON K, CHAYAMARIT K, journalName=Agric Nat Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=KHAMCHATRA N, DIXON K, CHAYAMARIT K, et al. Using in situ seed baiting technique to isolate and identify endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi from seeds of a threatened epiphytic orchid, Dendrobium friedericksianum Rchb. f. (Orchidaceae)[J]. 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Guihaia (广西植物), 2017, 37(6): 763-767., articleTitle=Composition of mycorrhizal fungi and symbiotic relationship of Cypripedium yunnanense, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1249073377533694138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, awardId=2021-I2M-1-031, language=CN, fundingSource=中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-031), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1249073377621774524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, awardId=81573526, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金项目资助(81573526), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249073365231801294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073365240189902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, companyId=1249073365231801294, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073365248578511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, companyId=1249073365231801294, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 教育部中草药物质基础与资源利用重点实验室, 北京 100193)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1249073373557493880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=HPLC chromatograms of the derivatives of the standards and the hydrolysis product of polysaccharides

A-blank solution; B-standards; C-MPH; D-FPH; E-WPH; Peak 1-mannose; Peak 2-glucosamine; Peak 3-ribose; Peak 4-rhamnose; Peak 5-glucuronic acid; Peak 6-galacturonic acid; Peak 7-glucose; Peak 8-galactose; Peak 9-xylose; Peak 10-arabinose; Peak 11-fucose.

, figureFileSmall=LTPK/VDo6v4iwxziU6g8NA==, figureFileBig=uvLxgd5qxKxGd4sBaZhS/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073373624602747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=图1, caption=对照品和多糖水解产物衍生化的HPLC色谱图

A-空白对照;B-混合对照品;C-菌丝多糖水解物;D-发酵液多糖水解物;E-麦麸培养基多糖水解物;峰1-甘露糖;峰2-氨基葡萄糖;峰3-核糖;峰4-鼠李糖;峰5-葡萄糖醛酸;峰6-半乳糖醛酸;峰7-葡萄糖;峰8-半乳糖;峰9-木糖;峰10-阿拉伯糖;峰11-岩藻糖。

, figureFileSmall=LTPK/VDo6v4iwxziU6g8NA==, figureFileBig=uvLxgd5qxKxGd4sBaZhS/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073373771403390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effects of WA medium containing mixed monosaccharides and fucose on protocorm development

A-WACK2; B-WALMix; C-WAMMix; D-WAHMix; E-WALFuc; F-WAMFuc; G-WAHFuc; 1)P<0.05, significant difference compared with WACK2 during the same period.

, figureFileSmall=lt0jrOh8akoPCVahrpKFRA==, figureFileBig=qdXqdPh6WoqUYQ83bjtsFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073373842706563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=图2, caption=WA培养基添加混合单糖和岩藻糖对原球茎发育的影响

A-水琼脂培养基中未添加混合单糖和海藻糖;B-水琼脂培养基中混合单糖浓度32 mg·L-1;C-水琼脂培养基中海藻糖浓度32 mg·L-1;D-水琼脂培养基中混合单糖浓度320 mg·L-1;E-水琼脂培养基中海藻糖浓度320 mg·L-1;F-水琼脂培养基中混合单糖浓度3.2 g·L-1;G-水琼脂培养基中海藻糖浓度3.2 g·L-1;与相同时期的WACK2相比有显著差异, 1)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=lt0jrOh8akoPCVahrpKFRA==, figureFileBig=qdXqdPh6WoqUYQ83bjtsFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073373934981252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Seed germination for day 90 on WA media containing mixed monosaccharides and fucose

A1-A4-under vision; B1-B4-under a stereoscope. Scale bar=0.5 mm. A1 and B1-MSCK; A2 and B2-MSLFuc; A3 and B3-MSMFuc; A4 and B4-MSHFuc.

, figureFileSmall=Rpwpuhf799y9E5xJbddTKA==, figureFileBig=WMUqoO3T30JPxjWTxRwZgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073374002090118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=图3, caption=种子在含岩藻糖的WA培养基上培养90 d的萌发情况

A1~A4-肉眼观察;B1~B4-体视镜观察,标尺=0.5 mm。A1和B1-WACK2;A2和B2-WALFuc;A3和B3-WAMFuc;A4和B4-WAHFuc。

, figureFileSmall=Rpwpuhf799y9E5xJbddTKA==, figureFileBig=WMUqoO3T30JPxjWTxRwZgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073374069198986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Effects of mixed monosaccharides and fucose in 1/2 MS medium on development of protocorm

A-MSCK; B-MSLMix; C-MSMMix; D-MSHMix; E-MSLFuc; F-MSMFuc; G-MSHFuc;1)P<0.05, significant difference compared with MSCK during the same period.

, figureFileSmall=Zvcj6U6RxjA9MetR7VYswg==, figureFileBig=mp0CTyjw8l669H2XJyTd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073374144696461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=图4, caption=1/2 MS培养基添加混合单糖和岩藻糖对原球茎发育的影响

A-1/2MS培养基中未添加混合单糖和海藻糖;B-1/2MS培养基中混合单糖浓度32 mg·L-1;C-1/2MS培养基中海藻糖浓度32 mg·L-1;D-1/2MS培养基中混合单糖浓度320 mg·L-1;E-1/2MS培养基中海藻糖浓度320 mg·L-1;F-1/2MS培养基中混合单糖浓度3.2 g·L-1;G-1/2MS培养基中海藻糖浓度3.2 g·L-1;与相同时期的MSCK相比有显著差异,1)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=Zvcj6U6RxjA9MetR7VYswg==, figureFileBig=mp0CTyjw8l669H2XJyTd3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073374283108496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Seed germination for day 90 on 1/2 MS media containing mixed monosaccharides and fucose

A1-A4-under vision; B1-B4-under a stereoscope, scale bar=0.5 mm. A1 and B1-MSCK; A2 and B2-MSLFuc; A3 and B3-MSMFuc; A4 and B4-MSHFuc.

, figureFileSmall=0Co+NMooWQwunuELBczbQg==, figureFileBig=lKq3lDTRY2r1VqjmU0z2XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073374371188883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=图5, caption=种子在含岩藻糖的1/2 MS培养基上培养90 d的萌发情况

A1~A4-肉眼观察;B1~B4-体视镜观察,标尺=0.5 mm。A1和B1-MSCK;A2和B2-MSLFuc;A3和B3-MSMFuc;A4和B4-MSHFuc。

, figureFileSmall=0Co+NMooWQwunuELBczbQg==, figureFileBig=lKq3lDTRY2r1VqjmU0z2XA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1249073374467657875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Mobile phase and gradient elution for monosaccharide composition analysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
tR/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0.00 83.0 17.0
30.00 84.0 16.0
30.01 87.0 13.0
38.00 87.0 13.0
40.00 84.0 16.0
85.00 84.0 16.0
85.01 83.0 17.0
90.00 83.0 17.0
), ArticleFig(id=1249073374568321177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

单糖组成测定的流动相梯度洗脱条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
tR/min Mobile phase A/% Mobile phase B/%
0.00 83.0 17.0
30.00 84.0 16.0
30.01 87.0 13.0
38.00 87.0 13.0
40.00 84.0 16.0
85.00 84.0 16.0
85.01 83.0 17.0
90.00 83.0 17.0
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376141185179, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Monosaccharide composition and concentrations in D.officinale seed germination medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monosaccharide
composition
ρ/mg·L-1
LMix LFuc MMix MFuc HMix HFuc
Mannose(Man) 0.23 0 2.3 0 23 0
Ribose(Rib) 0.08 0 0.8 0 8 0
Glucuronic acid(GlcA) 0.57 0 5.7 0 57 0
Glucose(Glu) 11.41 0 114.1 0 1 141 0
Galactose(Gal) 0.76 0 7.6 0 76 0
Xylose(Xyl) 0.22 0 2.2 0 22 0
Arabinose(Ara) 0.08 0 0.8 0 8 0
Fucose(Fuc) 0.20 0.20 2.0 2.0 20 20
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376304763038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

培养基中的单糖组分的添加浓度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monosaccharide
composition
ρ/mg·L-1
LMix LFuc MMix MFuc HMix HFuc
Mannose(Man) 0.23 0 2.3 0 23 0
Ribose(Rib) 0.08 0 0.8 0 8 0
Glucuronic acid(GlcA) 0.57 0 5.7 0 57 0
Glucose(Glu) 11.41 0 114.1 0 1 141 0
Galactose(Gal) 0.76 0 7.6 0 76 0
Xylose(Xyl) 0.22 0 2.2 0 22 0
Arabinose(Ara) 0.08 0 0.8 0 8 0
Fucose(Fuc) 0.20 0.20 2.0 2.0 20 20
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376422203552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calibration data of 11 monosaccharides of the S7 mycelia and fermentation broth polysaccharides

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monosaccharide Regression
equation
Linear range
/μg·mL-1
r2
Mannose Y=1 458.2X-23 647 100.30-1 823.64 0.999 2
Glucosamine Y=1 001.1X-7 391.3 100.45-1 826.36 0.999 6
Ribose Y=1 543.6X 100.25-1 822.73 0.999 1
Rhamnose Y=1 206.8X-32 101 99.50-1 809.09 0.999 1
Glucuronic acid Y=1 114.6X-86 524 99.70-1 812.73 0.999 9
Galacturonic acid Y=1 009.7X-34 383 99.65-1 811.82 0.999 5
Glucose Y=1 207.6X-98 685 100.55-1 828.18 0.999 9
Galactose Y=1 219.8X-84 753 100.25-1 822.73 0.999 6
Xylose Y=1 377.3X-76 913 100.35-1 824.55 0.999 9
Arabinose Y=1 457.2X-67 095 99.45-1 808.18 0.999 9
Fucose Y=1 130.5X-76 290 100.00-1 818.18 0.999 2
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376527061155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

菌丝体及发酵液多糖中单糖对照品的标准曲线、相关系数和线性范围

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monosaccharide Regression
equation
Linear range
/μg·mL-1
r2
Mannose Y=1 458.2X-23 647 100.30-1 823.64 0.999 2
Glucosamine Y=1 001.1X-7 391.3 100.45-1 826.36 0.999 6
Ribose Y=1 543.6X 100.25-1 822.73 0.999 1
Rhamnose Y=1 206.8X-32 101 99.50-1 809.09 0.999 1
Glucuronic acid Y=1 114.6X-86 524 99.70-1 812.73 0.999 9
Galacturonic acid Y=1 009.7X-34 383 99.65-1 811.82 0.999 5
Glucose Y=1 207.6X-98 685 100.55-1 828.18 0.999 9
Galactose Y=1 219.8X-84 753 100.25-1 822.73 0.999 6
Xylose Y=1 377.3X-76 913 100.35-1 824.55 0.999 9
Arabinose Y=1 457.2X-67 095 99.45-1 808.18 0.999 9
Fucose Y=1 130.5X-76 290 100.00-1 818.18 0.999 2
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376703221926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Monosaccharide composition analysis of S7 mycelia and fermentation broth the polysaccharides. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monosaccharide
composition
Polysaccharides
S7 Mycelia S7 fermentation broth Wheat Bran Agar
Content/% Molar ratio Content/% Molar ratio Content/% Molar ratio
Mannose 0.72±0.01 0.30 0 0 0 0
Ribose 0.26±0.00 0.13 0 0 0 0
Glucuronic acid 1.78±0.06 0.70 1.13±0.03 0.47 0 0
Glucose 35.66±1.22 15.05 0 0 5.30±0.05 5.38
Galactose 2.37±0.03 1.00 2.21±0.06 1.00 0.98±0.08 1.00
Xylose 0.69±0.02 0.35 1.32±0.04 0.71 3.21±0.25 3.92
Arabinose 0.26±0.01 0.13 2.26±0.08 1.22 2.17±0.08 2.64
Fucose 0.62±0.02 0.29 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376803885226, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

菌丝体及发酵液中多糖的单糖组成分析. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Monosaccharide
composition
Polysaccharides
S7 Mycelia S7 fermentation broth Wheat Bran Agar
Content/% Molar ratio Content/% Molar ratio Content/% Molar ratio
Mannose 0.72±0.01 0.30 0 0 0 0
Ribose 0.26±0.00 0.13 0 0 0 0
Glucuronic acid 1.78±0.06 0.70 1.13±0.03 0.47 0 0
Glucose 35.66±1.22 15.05 0 0 5.30±0.05 5.38
Galactose 2.37±0.03 1.00 2.21±0.06 1.00 0.98±0.08 1.00
Xylose 0.69±0.02 0.35 1.32±0.04 0.71 3.21±0.25 3.92
Arabinose 0.26±0.01 0.13 2.26±0.08 1.22 2.17±0.08 2.64
Fucose 0.62±0.02 0.29 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1249073376967463083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Germination rates of seeds cultured on WA medium containing mixed monosaccharides and fucose.%,n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/d WACK2 WALMix WAMMix WAHMix WALFuc WAMFuc WAHFuc
10 1.58±1.56 3.30±0.98 8.22±5.06 2.59±0.57 3.84±0.45 2.13±0.93 2.44±0.98
20 25.68±1.81 40.28±1.101) 35.34±4.081) 22.22±2.27 38.81±4.561) 41.01±0.991) 27.54±0.58
30 83.07±5.84 91.60±4.87 88.37±5.53 72.12±6.66 87.38±2.79 87.53±1.71 86.01±4.89
40 91.12±0.88 92.13±3.54 93.56±4.33 87.00±1.65 94.47±1.171) 92.97±4.95 93.5±3.01
50 91.15±1.96 91.11±2.38 92.52±2.79 87.59±3.09 93.45±2.99 91.76±2.09 92.63±4.24
60 91.73±1.92 92.61±1.98 94.60±2.38 86.62±1.091) 90.49±3.17 92.46±0.84 92.98±1.99
70 91.98±1.51 93.15±0.49 93.64±1.37 86.71±2.521) 93.55±1.72 93.23±1.06 93.01±1.90
80 92.41±0.95 93.32±2.32 94.90±2.11 86.70±1.201) 91.59±4.41 92.61±3.76 93.34±3.99
90 92.40±4.50 95.68±1.37 94.94±0.30 85.57±1.381) 95.63±0.12 95.18±1.82 92.44±0.69
), ArticleFig(id=1249073377059737774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

种子在含有混合单糖和岩藻糖的水琼脂(WA)培养基上的萌发率.%,n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/d WACK2 WALMix WAMMix WAHMix WALFuc WAMFuc WAHFuc
10 1.58±1.56 3.30±0.98 8.22±5.06 2.59±0.57 3.84±0.45 2.13±0.93 2.44±0.98
20 25.68±1.81 40.28±1.101) 35.34±4.081) 22.22±2.27 38.81±4.561) 41.01±0.991) 27.54±0.58
30 83.07±5.84 91.60±4.87 88.37±5.53 72.12±6.66 87.38±2.79 87.53±1.71 86.01±4.89
40 91.12±0.88 92.13±3.54 93.56±4.33 87.00±1.65 94.47±1.171) 92.97±4.95 93.5±3.01
50 91.15±1.96 91.11±2.38 92.52±2.79 87.59±3.09 93.45±2.99 91.76±2.09 92.63±4.24
60 91.73±1.92 92.61±1.98 94.60±2.38 86.62±1.091) 90.49±3.17 92.46±0.84 92.98±1.99
70 91.98±1.51 93.15±0.49 93.64±1.37 86.71±2.521) 93.55±1.72 93.23±1.06 93.01±1.90
80 92.41±0.95 93.32±2.32 94.90±2.11 86.70±1.201) 91.59±4.41 92.61±3.76 93.34±3.99
90 92.40±4.50 95.68±1.37 94.94±0.30 85.57±1.381) 95.63±0.12 95.18±1.82 92.44±0.69
), ArticleFig(id=1249073377185566898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Germination rates of seeds cultured on 1/2 MS medium containing mixed monosaccharides and fucose.%,n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/d MSCK MSLMix MSMMix MSHMix MSLFuc MSMFuc MSHFuc
10 43.86±2.79 55.18±7.38 56.65±6.911) 52.07±2.721) 49.26±5.79 37.57±0.99 47.68±1.94
20 96.11±1.51 97.09±2.65 96.18±2.75 89.17±2.191) 95.83±2.06 95.71±0.90 95.04±0.29
30 96.72±1.94 97.32±1.44 95.07±0.76 96.89±1.22 97.10±0.89 97.31±2.22 95.97±0.87
40 96.76±1.17 94.58±2.77 94.74±2.99 98.05±0.11 96.06±2.91 98.38±1.48 96.29±1.08
50 98.47±0.98 97.43±0.87 96.07±4.15 98.46±1.56 98.10±1.32 99.08±0.93 97.51±1.15
60 97.85±0.63 97.81±0.95 98.65±0.48 97.24±1.07 97.93±0.68 99.14±0.09 98.01±0.53
70 98.25±0.77 97.23±1.01 98.32±0.11 97.50±1.10 99.24±0.04 99.06±0.02 98.41±1.19
80 96.93±0.67 98.96±1.12 97.91±0.35 97.87±2.32 97.68±1.95 97.64±1.12 98.57±1.02
90 98.10±0.46 99.16±0.06 99.05±0.42 98.21±1.00 98.75±0.58 98.93±0.47 98.42±1.18
), ArticleFig(id=1249073377265258677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601551699333610, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

种子在含有混合单糖和岩藻糖的1/2 MS培养基上的萌发率.%,n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/d MSCK MSLMix MSMMix MSHMix MSLFuc MSMFuc MSHFuc
10 43.86±2.79 55.18±7.38 56.65±6.911) 52.07±2.721) 49.26±5.79 37.57±0.99 47.68±1.94
20 96.11±1.51 97.09±2.65 96.18±2.75 89.17±2.191) 95.83±2.06 95.71±0.90 95.04±0.29
30 96.72±1.94 97.32±1.44 95.07±0.76 96.89±1.22 97.10±0.89 97.31±2.22 95.97±0.87
40 96.76±1.17 94.58±2.77 94.74±2.99 98.05±0.11 96.06±2.91 98.38±1.48 96.29±1.08
50 98.47±0.98 97.43±0.87 96.07±4.15 98.46±1.56 98.10±1.32 99.08±0.93 97.51±1.15
60 97.85±0.63 97.81±0.95 98.65±0.48 97.24±1.07 97.93±0.68 99.14±0.09 98.01±0.53
70 98.25±0.77 97.23±1.01 98.32±0.11 97.50±1.10 99.24±0.04 99.06±0.02 98.41±1.19
80 96.93±0.67 98.96±1.12 97.91±0.35 97.87±2.32 97.68±1.95 97.64±1.12 98.57±1.02
90 98.10±0.46 99.16±0.06 99.05±0.42 98.21±1.00 98.75±0.58 98.93±0.47 98.42±1.18
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胶膜菌属真菌S7糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响
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陈彤垚 , 陈晓梅 , 杨建文 , 李媛媛 , 邱先丹 , 王爱荣 , 曾旭 * , 郭顺星 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(7): 579-588
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(7): 579-588
胶膜菌属真菌S7糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响
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陈彤垚, 陈晓梅, 杨建文, 李媛媛, 邱先丹, 王爱荣, 曾旭*, 郭顺星*
作者信息
  • 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 教育部中草药物质基础与资源利用重点实验室, 北京 100193
  • 陈彤垚,女,博士研究生 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学;

    陈晓梅,女,博士,研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学。

通讯作者:

*曾旭,男,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学 Tel:(010)57833259;
郭顺星,男,博士,研究员,博士生导师 研究方向:菌根生物学 Tel:(010)57833231
Effects of Carbohydrate Components of Fungus S7 on Seed Germination of Dendrobium officinale
Tongyao CHEN, Xiaomei CHEN, Jianwen YANG, Yuanyuan LI, Xiandan QIU, Airong WANG, Xu ZENG*, Shunxing GUO*
Affiliations
  • Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resource Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2024-04-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.003
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目的 研究胶膜菌属真菌S7(Tulasnella sp.)糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响。方法 通过水提醇沉法制备S7菌丝多糖和发酵液多糖。三氟乙酸水解制备菌丝多糖和发酵液多糖的水解物。利用柱前衍生高效液相色谱法(PMP-HPLC)测定多糖的单糖组成。在水琼脂和1/2 MS培养基中分别添加菌丝多糖及其水解物,发酵液多糖及其水解物,以及菌丝多糖特有单糖组分和混合单糖组分,研究S7糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响。结果 水琼脂培养基对照组(WACK1)萌发率(88.65±4.71)%,种子能萌发至3级(原球茎)。与WACK1相比,添加菌丝多糖及其水解物对萌发率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但种子能萌发至4级(1片叶);添加发酵液多糖水解物能显著降低萌发率(P<0.05)。菌丝多糖由葡萄糖、半乳糖、葡萄糖醛酸、木糖、甘露糖、岩藻糖、核糖和阿拉伯糖组成,摩尔比为15.05∶1.00∶0.70∶0.35∶0.30∶0.29∶0.13∶0.13。发酵液多糖由阿拉伯糖、半乳糖、木糖和葡萄糖醛酸组成,摩尔比为1.22∶1.00∶0.71∶0.47。岩藻糖是菌丝多糖特有的单糖组分。1/2 MS培养基对照组(MSCK)萌发率和5级萌发率(2片叶)分别为(98.10±0.46)%和(50.97±4.33)%。与MSCK相比,添加0.20~20 mg·L-1岩藻糖对萌发率没有显著影响(P>0.05),但5级萌发率有显著提高(P<0.05),是MSCK的1.36~1.47倍。结论 S7菌丝体多糖及其水解物具有促进铁皮石斛原球茎发育的作用,岩藻糖是S7菌丝多糖水解物中促进种子萌发后进一步分化发育的活性成分。

铁皮石斛  /  胶膜菌属  /  菌丝多糖  /  岩藻糖  /  种子萌发

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of carbohydrate components of fungus S7 (Tulasnella sp.) on seed germination of Dendrobium officinale. METHODS The polysaccharides of S7 mycelia (MP) and of S7 fermentation broth (FP) were prepared by water extraction and alcohol precipitation. MP and FP were hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid to obtain hydrolysates, MPH and FPH. The monosaccharide composition of MP and FP were determined by PMP-HPLC. MP, FP, MPH, FPH, and the unique and mixed monosaccharide of MP were added to water agar (WA) and 1/2 MS media respectively to study the effects of carbohydrate on the seed germination of Dendrobium officinale. RESULTS The germination rate of WA medium group (WACK1) was (88.65±4.71)%, and seeds germinated to stage 3 (protocorm). Compared with WACK1, adding MP and MPH had no significant effect on germination rate (P>0.05), and seeds could germinate to stage 4 (having one leaf), while adding FPH could significantly reduce germination rate (P<0.05). MP was composed of glucose, galactose, glucuronic acid, xylose, mannose, fucose, ribose and arabinose in a molar ratio of 15.05∶1.00∶0.70∶0.35∶0.30∶0.29∶0.13∶0.13. FP was composed of arabinose, galactose, xylose and glucuronic acid in a molar ration of 1.22∶1.00∶0.71∶0.47. Fucose was the unique monosaccharide component of MP. The germination rate and stage 5 (having two leaves) germination rate of 1/2 MS medium group(MSCK) was (98.10±0.46)% and (50.97±4.33)%, respectively. Compared with MSCK, adding 0.20-20 mg·L-1 fucose had no significant effect on germination rate (P>0.05), while significantly increased stage 5 germination rate (P<0.05), which was 1.36-1.47 times that of MSCK. CONCLUSION MP and MPH promote the development of protocorm of D.officinale. Fucose is an active component in MPH that could promote the further differentiation and development of seeds after germination.

Dendrobium officinale  /  Tulasnella sp.  /  mycelia polysaccharide  /  fucose  /  seed germination
陈彤垚, 陈晓梅, 杨建文, 李媛媛, 邱先丹, 王爱荣, 曾旭, 郭顺星. 胶膜菌属真菌S7糖类成分对铁皮石斛种子萌发的影响. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (7) : 579 -588 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.003
Tongyao CHEN, Xiaomei CHEN, Jianwen YANG, Yuanyuan LI, Xiandan QIU, Airong WANG, Xu ZENG, Shunxing GUO. Effects of Carbohydrate Components of Fungus S7 on Seed Germination of Dendrobium officinale[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (7) : 579 -588 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.003
兰科植物的种子在自然条件下是以“共生萌发”的方式萌发的,即种子先与特定的真菌建立共生关系,由真菌为种子萌发提供营养物质,这期间植物是完全异养的[1-2]。能够与兰科植物种子共生萌发的真菌被称为“萌发菌”。胶膜菌属(Tulasnella)是兰科植物主要的萌发菌类群之一[3-4]。已有研究报道,胶膜菌属萌发菌能通过产生植物激素促进兰科植物种子萌发和幼苗生长[5-6];体外实验中,香草酸等胶膜菌属真菌S7 (Tulasnella sp.)的菌丝体代谢产物能促进铁皮石斛种子萌发和原球茎发育[7]
微生物多糖影响植物种子萌发的报道较多。成团泛菌脂多糖促进紫花苜蓿种子萌发、幼苗生长及结瘤[8]。乳酸菌胞外多糖显著提高逆境胁迫下水稻种子的发芽势、发芽率等指标,促进幼苗根系生长[9]。香菇多糖和内生真菌(Bionectria pityrodes)多糖均能显著提高药用植物苦荞种子的出苗率,并促进幼苗生长[10-11]。近年出现了一些低分子糖类成分影响植物种子萌发的报道:果糖、葡萄糖等浸种能有效缓解盐胁迫对玉米种子萌发的抑制作用[12];海藻糖浸种能缓解盐胁迫对甜瓜种子的伤害,显著提高萌发率并促进幼苗生长[13];蔗糖浸种能明显改善蚬壳花椒种子萌发早期的生理状态,显著提高萌发率[14];壳寡糖浸种能显著提高低温下花生种子的萌发能力[15];有关萌发菌糖类代谢产物对兰科植物种子萌发作用的研究尚未见报道。
铁皮石斛(Dendrobium officianle)是中药铁皮石斛的唯一基原植物[16]。课题组前期报道了真菌S7及其代谢产物有促进铁皮石斛种子萌发及原球茎发育的作用[7,17]。在此基础上,本实验进一步研究了S7菌丝体和发酵液多糖对铁皮石斛种子萌发的作用,以期发现S7促萌发作用的活性物质。
铁皮石斛蒴果购自浙江金华市。蒴果表面消毒后收集无菌种子,4 ℃保存。菌株S7分离自金钗石斛(Dendrobium nobile)[18],由中国医学科学院药用植物研究所生物技术中心保藏。
11个单糖对照品均购于上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,分别是:D-核糖(Rib,98%),D-甘露糖(Man,99%),D-半乳糖(Gal,99%),D-半乳糖醛酸一水合物(GalA,97%),D-葡萄糖(Glc,98%),D-葡萄糖醛酸(GlcA,98%),D-木糖(Xyl,98%),D-阿拉伯糖(Ara,98%),D-氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐(GlcN,99%),L-鼠李糖一水合物(Rha,99%),L-岩藻糖(Fuc,98%)。
菌株S7的保藏菌种,经PDA平板活化,转接至麦麸液体培养基,24~26 ℃振荡暗培养21 d。培养结束后,用80~100目尼龙网过滤,分离菌丝体和发酵液。菌丝体经蒸馏水冲洗,冷冻干燥。每升培养基大约可获得8.0 g干燥菌丝体和0.9 L发酵液[17]
菌丝体先以20倍甲醇提取3次,残渣再以20倍去离子水提取3次;合并水提取液,减压浓缩至无醇味,加入无水乙醇至醇浓度80%,4 ℃放置过夜;醇沉物用水溶解,Sevage法脱蛋白,水溶液减压浓缩后冷冻干燥,制得菌丝多糖(MP)[19]。发酵液减压浓缩至无醇味,按前述方法醇沉、脱蛋白、冷冻干燥,制得发酵液多糖(FP)。以干燥菌丝体和发酵液体积计算,MP和FP得率分别为6.2%和0.45%。按制备FP的方法制备麦麸液体培养基多糖(WP)。以培养基体积计,WP得率0.14%。
分别称取MP,FP和WP适量,加水溶解,配置成20 mg·mL-1的样品溶液,平行备样3份。取1.0 mL多糖溶液,加4.0 mL无水乙醇混匀,4 ℃静置4 h,3 000 r·min-1离心15 min;弃去上清液,沉淀加水溶解定容至25 mL,为样品溶液。以D-葡萄糖为对照品,苯酚-硫酸法测定MP、FP和WP的多糖含量[20]
分别称取MP,FP和WP适量,加水溶解,配置成20 mg·mL-1的样品溶液,平行备样3份,MP和WP分别稀释10倍和4倍进行葡萄糖含量测定。取1.0 mL多糖溶液,加4.0 mL无水乙醇混匀,4 ℃静置4 h,3 000 r·min-1离心15 min;弃去上清液,沉淀加水溶解定容至25 mL,为样品溶液。以D-葡萄糖为对照品,苯酚-硫酸法测定MP、FP和WP的多糖含量[20]
分别称取Man、GlcN、Rib、Rha、GlcA、GalA、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara和Fuc对照品200 mg,精密称定,加水溶解,定容至10 mL,制成11个单一对照品母液。用11个单一对照品母液配制5个系列浓度的混合对照品溶液,溶液中各对照品终浓度依次为0.10、0.50、1.00、1.50和1.82 mg·mL-1,用于线性关系、精密度和稳定性考察。用Man、Rib、GlcA、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara和Fuc的单一对照品母液配制各对照品终浓度为1.00 mg·mL-1的混合对照品溶液,用于加样回收试验考察准确性。
分别称取MP、FP和WP适量,加水溶解配置成20 mg·mL-1的样品溶液,平行备样5份。再加入等体积3 mol·L-1三氟乙酸(TFA)溶液,充氮气(N2)封管,110 ℃水解4 h;水解液加适量甲醇蒸干,除去TFA,制得3种多糖水解物:MPH、FPH和WPH[20]
柱前衍生高效液相色谱法(PMP-HPLC)分析多糖的单糖组成,并测定各单糖组分的含量[21-22]。衍生化试剂:1-苯基-3-甲基-5-吡唑啉酮(1-phenyl-3-menthyl-5-pyrazolone,PMP)。
11个单一对照品母液和系列浓度的混合对照品溶液各取50 μL,加50 μL 0.6 mol·L-1 NaOH溶液和100 μL 0.5 mol·L-1 PMP甲醇溶液,涡旋混匀,70 ℃避光反应80 min。反应液冷却后加100 μL 0.3 mol·L-1 HCl溶液中和,再加水至2.0 mL,以等体积氯仿萃取3次,合并水相,定容至2 mL,为对照品测定溶液。取50 μL水按前述方法制备空白溶液。多糖水解物MPH、FPH和WPH,按前述方法依次进行衍生化、中和、萃取和定容,为样品测定溶液。对照品和样品测定溶液及空白溶液,经0.22 μm滤膜过滤,用于HPLC分析。
高效液相色谱仪:Waters 2996 photodiode Array Detector,Waters 2707 Autosampler,Waters 600 Controller。色谱柱:Luna C18(2)(100 Å,4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm,Phenomenex)。流动相:A相为0.1 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.7);B相为乙腈。流动相洗脱梯度见表1。柱温30 ℃。流速1.0 mL·min-1。进样量10 μL。检测波长260 nm。
不同浓度的混合对照品测定溶液分别进样,制备标准曲线。单糖浓度为1.00 mg·L-1的混合对照品测定溶液,连续测定6次,根据对照品峰面积计算相对标准偏差(RSD),考察仪器的精密度。单糖浓度为1.00 mg·L-1的混合对照品溶液,按对照品测定溶液的制备方法平行制备6份混合对照品测定溶液进行测定,根据对照品峰面积计算RSD,考察方法的精密度。单糖浓度为1.00 mg·L-1的混合对照品测定溶液,室温放置,分别于0、4、8、16、24、48 h进样,根据对照品峰面积计算RSD,考察样品的稳定性。
按样品测定溶液的制备方法平行制备5份MP测定溶液,测定各对照品在样品中的峰面积,考察样品的重复性。MP有8个单糖组分。向50 μL MP水溶液中加入50 μL含8个单糖对照品的混合对照品溶液,按样品测定溶液的制备方法,平行制备5份样品测定溶液,测定各对照品的含量,计算加样回收率(%)和RSD,考察样品的准确性。
多糖MP、FP和WP分别加水溶解,0.22 μm微孔滤膜过滤除菌后加入水琼脂(WA)培养基,根据前期筛选结果,3种多糖的最适添加浓度分别为:80 mg·L-1、2.0 g·L-1和0.62 g·L-1。多糖水解物MPH、FPH和WPH按上述方法处理,加入WA培养基。培养基中多糖水解物浓度与相应多糖一致。对照组为WACK1。
根据MP单糖组成分析结果,配制混合单糖(Mix)和岩藻糖(Fuc)溶液,0.22 μm过滤除菌后分别加入WA培养基和1/2 MS培养基。添加了Mix和Fuc的培养基均有3个浓度,分别相当于培养基中MP终浓度为32 mg·L-1(LMix和LFuc)、320 mg·L-1(MMix和MFuc)和3.2 g·L-1(HMix和HFuc)。添加组分及浓度见表2。对照组为MSCK和WACK2。
萌发实验在直径9 cm的培养皿上进行。用无菌水分散种子,快速吸取种子混悬液铺洒在培养基平板上,播种量每皿100~150粒,重复6皿。培养条件:光照周期12 h/12 h(光/暗),光照强度1 500~2 000 lx,培养温度24~26 ℃。观察周期90 d。从第10天开始,每10 d观察1次,记录各萌发级别的种子数量,计算萌发率。
种子萌发级别及分级标准[17,23]:0级,未见种胚膨大,种子未萌发;1级,种胚吸水膨大,未突破种皮;2级,种胚突破种皮;3级,出现具有顶端分生组织的原球茎;4级,出现第一片叶;5级,出现第二片叶。
萌发率计算方法见公式1~2
总萌发率(%)=2级及2级以上萌发的种子数量/播种量×100%
3级萌发率(%)=3级萌发的种子数量/播种量×100%
4级和5级萌发率计算方法同3级萌发率。
用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行分析。两组间比较采用t检验,P<0.05为存在显著性差异。实验结果以“均值±标准差”的形式表示。
WACK1组种子70 d出现3级萌发,形成原球茎,90 d时萌发率和3级萌发率分别是(88.65±4.71)%和(0.24±0.41)%。原球茎能继续分化发育是种子萌发形成幼苗的前提。观察期内WACK1组没有出现4级萌发的种子,即原球茎尚未发育至形成叶片。
3个多糖组的种子均能正常萌发,90 d时萌发率与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。MP组种子萌发后的发育速度比对照组快,50 d出现3级萌发,比对照组提前了20 d;80 d出现4级萌发;90 d时3级和4级萌发率分别是(5.99±4.65)%和(7.26±4.68)%,与对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.05)。FP和WP组种子均在60 d出现3级萌发,90 d时3级萌发率分别是(0.52±0.45)%和(2.56±1.52)%;观察期内两组均没有出现4级萌发的种子。
3个多糖水解物组中只有MPH组种子能正常萌发,90 d时萌发率(88.08±0.25)%,与对照组相比无显著差异(P>0.05)。该组种子萌发后的发育速度也比对照组快,分别在40 d和80 d时出现3级和4级萌发,90 d时3级和4级萌发率分别是(5.94±2.29)%和(5.10±0.73)%。FPH和WPH组种子萌发率始终显著低于对照组(P<0.05),90 d时萌发率分别为(2.73±3.10%)和(5.29±1.66)%;观察期内两组均没有出现3级萌发的种子。
由此可见,MP和MPH促进了萌发后种子的分化发育,原球茎可发育至4级;FPH和WPH抑制种子萌发。
空白对照(1A),混合对照品溶液的单糖分离良好,出峰顺序与参考文献一致(图1B)[21]。以峰面积为纵坐标,对照品溶液浓度为横坐标,计算线性回归方程和线性范围,回归方程的相关系数(r2)均在0.999以上(表3),线性关系良好。
仪器精密度试验中对照品色谱峰面积的RSD为0.13%~0.87%;方法精密度试验中对照品色谱峰面积的RSD为0.41%~0.97%;稳定性试验中对照品色谱峰面积的RSD为0.11%~0.97%。
重复性试验中Man、Rib、GlcA、Glc、Gal、Xyl、Ara和Fuc等 8个对照品色谱峰面积的RSD为1.07%~4.50%;准确度试验中对照品的加样回收率90.88%~109.08%,各对照品的RSD为0.79%~2.73%。以上结果表明,本研究建立的PMP-HPLC检测单糖对照品的方法准确可靠。
MP、FP和WP的多糖含量分别为(52.74±1.04)%、(25.60±0.49)%和(14.92±0.09)%。MP由Glc、Gal、GlcA、Xyl、Man、Fuc、Rib和Ara组成(图1C),其中Glc是含量最丰富的组分,含量(35.66±1.22)%。FP由Ara、Gal、Xyl和GlcA组成(图1D),其中Ara和Gal含量最高,分别为(2.26±0.08)%和(2.21±0.06)%。WP由Glc、Xyl、Ara和Gal组成(图1E),其中Glc含量最高,为(5.30±0.05)%。HPLC法测定结果见表4。单糖组成分析结果表明,Fuc是MP特有的单糖组分。
根据表4的结果计算,MP、FP和WP的各单糖组分总含量分别为42.36%、6.92%和11.66%。据此推测3个多糖含有较多非碳水化合物类物质或难溶于水的杂质。比较两种测定方法的结果,MP和WP的HPLC法结果分别是苯酚-硫酸法结果的80%和78%,结果之间的差距较小,而FP两种方法的测定结果差距大,说明FP所含杂质对测定结果有较大影响。
为了验证MPH促进萌发后的种子分化发育的作用和探讨MP特有组分Fuc对种子萌发过程的影响,本实验根据MP单糖组分配比配制了含Glc、Gal、GlcA、Xyl、Man、Fuc、Rib和Ara的混合单糖溶液以及Fuc溶液,分别加入WA培养基和1/2 MS培养基,进行种子萌发实验。
WACK2组种子70 d出现3级萌发,90 d时出现4级萌发,此时的萌发率、3级和4级萌发率分别是(92.41±0.95)%、(2.65±1.38)%和(0.72±1.26)%,观察期内未出现5级萌发的种子(表5图2A)。
WALMix组种子20 d萌发率是对照组的1.57倍(P<0.05),50 d出现3级萌发,比对照组提前了20 d,出现4级萌发的时间与对照组一致;90 d萌发率与对照组相比没有显著差异(P>0.05),3级萌发率是对照组的2.12倍(P<0.05),4级萌发率与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)(图2B)。WAMMix组种子90 d萌发率、3级和4级萌发率与对照组相比均没有显著差异(图2C)。WAHMix组种子90 d萌发率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),没有出现4级萌发(图2D)。由此可见,WA培养基含相当于32 mg·L-1 MP的混合单糖能促进萌发种子的分化发育,显著提高萌发种子中原球茎的比例;相当于3.2 g·L-1 MP的混合单糖能抑制种子萌发,抑制原球茎发育。
90 d时3个岩藻糖组种子萌发率均与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)(表5)。WAHFuc组种子分别在60 d和80 d出现3级和4级萌发,均比对照组提前了10 d;90 d时3级萌发率是对照组的2.46倍(P<0.05),4级萌发率与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)(图2,图3中A4和B4)。WALFuc和WAMFuc组种子90 d时3级和4级萌发率均与对照组没有显著差异(P>0.05)(图3中A2、B2、A3和B3)。由此可见,WA培养基含20 mg·L-1岩藻糖能促进萌发种子的分化发育,显著提高萌发种子中原球茎的比例;岩藻糖降低浓度后失去上述作用。
MSCK组种子20 d出现原球茎(3级萌发)和第一片叶(4级萌发),40 d出现第二片叶(5级萌发),90 d萌发率(98.10±0.46)%(表6),5级萌发率(50.97±4.33)%(图4A)。
MSMMix和MSHMix 组种子10 d萌发率分别是对照组的1.29倍和1.19倍(P<0.05)(表6)。MSMMix组出现5级萌发种子的时间与对照组一致,MSLMix和MSHMix组的则分别比对照组晚了10 d和20 d。90 d时3个混合单糖组萌发率与对照组相比均没有显著差异(P>0.05),MSLMix和MSMMix组5级萌发率分别是对照组的1.47倍和1.62倍(P<0.05),MSHMix 组5级萌发率与对照组相比没有显著差异(P>0.05)(图4B~D)。由此可见,1/2 MS培养基含相当于32~320 mg·L-1 MP的混合单糖能促进原球茎发育,显著提高5级萌发种子的比例;混合单糖的浓度提高至相当于3.2 g·L-1 MP时仍未表现出抑制种子萌发和原球茎发育的作用。与在WA培养基上的作用相比,混合单糖在1/2 MS培养基上促进萌发后种子分化发育的作用更明显。
3个岩藻糖组种子出现5级萌发的时间与对照组一致;90 d时种子萌发率与对照组相比均没有显著差异(P>0.05)(表6,图5),5级萌发率均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),是对照组的1.36~1.47倍(图4E~G)。由此可见,1/2 MS培养基含0.20~20 mg·L-1岩藻糖能促进原球茎发育,显著提高5级萌发种子的比例。岩藻糖在1/2 MS培养基上促进萌发后种子分化发育的作用更明显,这与混合单糖的表现一致。
单糖[12]、双糖[13-14]、寡糖[15,24]和多糖等糖类成分均能影响植物种子萌发,其中多糖的来源丰富,包括昆虫多糖[25],藻类多糖[26-27],细菌细胞壁多糖和胞外多糖[8-9,28],真菌子实体及菌丝体多糖和发酵液多糖[10-11,19],以及中药材多糖等[29-30]。用于上述研究的种子都能独立萌发,主要是水稻、玉米等农作物,以及少量药用植物。鲜有多糖完全水解物影响种子萌发的研究报道。
兰科植物的种子不能独立萌发,必须与真菌共生萌发。萌发菌从兰科植物种子的胚柄端入侵,定殖在原球茎皮层细胞中并形成菌丝圈(pelotons),这标志着共生关系的建立[31-32]。根据Dearnaley等[33]提出的兰菌根养分转运模型,在包含健康成熟菌丝圈的植物细胞中,植物通过生物膜从真菌获取氮、磷和碳营养;在包含衰老菌丝圈的植物细胞中,植物通过消化真菌菌丝吸收氮、磷和碳营养。本研究中,萌发菌S7的菌丝多糖(MP)和MP水解物(MPH)有促进铁皮石斛原球茎发育的作用,发酵液多糖(FP)和FP水解物(FPH)没有这一作用。结合兰菌根养分转运模型推测,铁皮石斛原球茎细胞可以消化并利用S7菌丝体降解产生的水溶性糖类物质。
岩藻糖是MP的单糖组分之一。铁皮石斛种子在含0.20~20 mg·L-1岩藻糖的1/2MS培养基上培养90 d时,种子萌发率与对照组没有差异,但5级萌发率比对照组提高了36%~47%。该结果提示,岩藻糖促进原球茎发育的作用机制可能与其提高培养基营养无关。岩藻糖是一种功能性单糖,植物根系分泌的岩藻糖可参与调节根际微生物多样性[34]。岩藻糖常见于植物或微生物多糖中[35]。黑木耳、杏鲍菇、平菇和紫丁香蘑等真菌多糖的单糖组分中含有岩藻糖[36-40]。Takashima等[41]报道,细胞壁的碳水化合物组分中是否含有岩藻糖,对锈菌纲(Urediniomycetes)真菌的次级分类有重要意义。据笔者了解,截至目前,尚未见兰科植物种子萌发菌多糖的单糖组分研究报道,以及岩藻糖促进兰科植物原球茎发育的研究报道。
有关兰科植物萌发菌糖类成分的研究报道很少。小菇属(Mycena)真菌是腐生型兰科植物天麻的萌发菌[42]。Zheng[43]报道了天麻萌发菌HL-003的菌丝体多糖主要由半乳糖和鼠李糖组成,半乳糖含量超过90%;发酵液多糖主要由半乳糖和阿拉伯糖组成,半乳糖含量超过80%;菌丝体多糖体外抗氧化能力比发酵液多糖更强。该作者没有研究HL-003多糖对天麻种子萌发的影响。目前已发现胶膜菌属真菌是多种地生型和附生型兰科植物的萌发菌,包括白及、杓兰、硬叶兰以及多种石斛属植物等[6,44 -46]。课题组前期研究已发现,萌发菌S7小分子代谢产物香草酸和苯甲醇等有加快铁皮石斛种子萌发和促进原球茎发育的作用[7]。本研究发现,S7菌丝体多糖(MP)的单糖组分岩藻糖是促进种子萌发后原球茎进一步分化发育的活性成分。这一结果丰富了我们对萌发菌促萌发活性物质基础的认识,并为兰科植物萌发菌作用机制的研究提供了新的思路。根据本研究结果,MP的主要单糖组分是葡萄糖,其相对含量占8个单糖组分总含量的80%以上,这与HL-003菌丝体多糖的完全不同,提示出萌发菌细胞壁可溶性多糖的单糖成分可能是种子识别特殊类群萌发菌的化学标记物质。
本研究报道了岩藻糖促进原球茎发育作用的浓度范围。此范围内的3个处理组之间5级萌发率没有显著差异。由于实验设计的原因,本研究未能发现岩藻糖作用的最低和最高浓度。后续研究中应在现有浓度范围的基础上,进一步降低和提高浓度,以确定岩藻糖作用的浓度范围。
  • 中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-031)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(81573526)
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.003
  • 接收时间:2023-02-17
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-17
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中国医学科学院医学与健康科技创新工程项目资助(2021-I2M-1-031)
国家自然科学基金项目资助(81573526)
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    中国医学科学院北京协和医学院药用植物研究所, 教育部中草药物质基础与资源利用重点实验室, 北京 100193

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*曾旭,男,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药用植物菌根生物学 Tel:(010)57833259;
郭顺星,男,博士,研究员,博士生导师 研究方向:菌根生物学 Tel:(010)57833231
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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