Article(id=1248601550466212371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)07-0640-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.07.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688486400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619407525, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1712505600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619407525, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619407525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619407525, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601546695528820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='7', pageStart='561', pageEnd='656', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619406627, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619979013, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603947515142525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603947515142526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601546695528820, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=640, endPage=645, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601551351210520, articleId=1248601550466212371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Analysis of Pharmaceutical Consultation of 72 Patients with Infection in ICU and Introduction of Typical Cases with Clinical Pharmacist's Participation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics of clinical pharmacists' participation in consultation cases of infectious diseasesin the intensive care unit (ICU), summarize the experience and effect and provide reference for promoting the rational use of antiinfection drugs in ICU. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the cases of clinical pharmacists participating in ICU infection consultation from November 2021 to MAY 2023, and the basic data, common etiology, consultation purpose, adoption rate, and prognosis of these cases were statistically summarized. RESULTS Among the 72 consultations, there were 60 patients with positive etiological examination results and 73 strains of virus, including 35 strains of Gram negative bacteria, 28 strains of Gram positive bacteria, and 10 strains of fungi. The top three bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.61%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.72%). The top three clinical consultation purposes were the selection of antibacterial drugs for positive bacterial/fungal culture (47.22%), the adjustment of medication due to poor early protocol (22.22%), and the selection of antibacterial drugs for specific site infections (12.50%). The top three consultation opinions given by pharmacists were 24 cases of adjusting the type of antibacterial drugs, 16 cases of adding antibacterial drugs, and 16 cases of continuing the original antiinfection treatment plan. The consultation opinions were adopted in 62 cases and not adopted in 10 cases, with an adoption rate of 86.11%. Among them, the treatment effectiveness rate of patients with accepted opinions was 74.19%, and that of patients without accepted opinions was 30.00%. The prognosis of patients with accepted opinions was better (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Due to the particularity of ICU patients and the limitation of drug selection, antiinfection treatment is difficult. Clinical pharmacists participate in consultation of ICU infected patients and formulate drug treatment plans can improve the cure rate of infectious diseases, which is of great significance to promote the rational use of antibiotics and improve the prognosis of patients.

, correspAuthors=Chang LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Long HAN, Meixing YAN, Chang LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601551669977632, articleId=1248601550466212371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=临床药师参与72例重症监护室感染患者药学会诊分析及典型病例, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 通过分析临床药师参与重症监护室(Intensive Care Unit,ICU)感染性疾病会诊病例的特点,总结经验和效果,为促进ICU抗感染合理用药提供参考。方法 收集2021年11月至2023年5月临床药师参与ICU感染会诊病例进行回顾性分析,统计归纳这些病例的基本资料、常见病原学、会诊目的、采纳率及病情转归。结果 72例会诊当中,病原学检查结果为阳性的患者共60例,毒株73株,其中革兰阴性细菌35株,革兰阳性细菌28株,真菌10株,排名前三的细菌为铜绿假单胞菌(23.61%) 、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.67%) 、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.72%);临床会诊目的排名前三的为细菌/真菌培养阳性选定抗菌药物(47.22%)、前期方案不佳调整用药(22.22%)、特定部位感染抗菌药物的选择(12.50%);药师给出的会诊意见排名前三的为调整抗菌药物类型24例、加用抗菌药物16例、继续原有抗感染治疗方案16例;会诊意见采纳62例,未采纳10例,采纳率为86.11%,其中意见被采纳患者治疗有效率为74.19%,未被采纳患者为30.00%,意见被采纳组患者预后更好(P<0.05)。结论 ICU患者因特殊性与药物选择的局限性,抗感染治疗困难,临床药师参与ICU感染患者会诊,制订药物治疗方案可以提高感染性疾病的治愈率,对促进抗菌药物的合理应用和患者预后的改善具有重要意义。

, correspAuthors=刘畅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*刘畅,女,博士,副主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:医院药学管理、临床药学 Tel:(0532)6866161
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韩龙,男,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:临床药学研究

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韩龙,男,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:临床药学研究

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Am J Infect Control, 2021, 49(11):1408-1413., articleTitle=Risk factors for nosocomial methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization in a neonatal intensive care unit: a Case-control study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073373242921071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=35, issue=2, pageStart=184, pageEnd=190, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=YANG Y, ZHONG X, ZHANG C L, journalName=Chin Pharm Aff, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Y, ZHONG X, ZHANG C L, et al. Evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists' consultation in the treatment of infectious diseases[J]. Chin Pharm Aff (中国药事), 2021, 35(2):184-190., articleTitle=Evaluation of the effectiveness of clinical pharmacists' consultation in the treatment of infectious diseases, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073373339390070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=49, issue=19, pageStart=2657, pageEnd=2658, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=PAN L F, FAN S J, LIU C N, journalName=山西医药杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=PAN L F, FAN S J, LIU C N, et al. The role of clinical pharmacists in the consultation and treatment of surgical infections[J]. Shanxi Med J(山西医药杂志), 2020, 49(19):2657-2658., articleTitle=The role of clinical pharmacists in the consultation and treatment of surgical infections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1249073373519745142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=57, issue=23, pageStart=2035, pageEnd=2040, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=WU R, WANG M L, ZHU Y, journalName=中国药学杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU R, WANG M L, ZHU Y, et al. Analysis of participation of clinical pharmacist in nutritional consultation for 70 cancer patients[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2022, 57(23):2035-2040., articleTitle=Analysis of participation of clinical pharmacist in nutritional consultation for 70 cancer patients, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1249073363428250487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073363436639096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, companyId=1249073363428250487, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1249073363449222010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, companyId=1249073363428250487, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院, 山东 青岛 266000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1249073369157669873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 病例数/例 占比/%
性别
31 43.06
41 56.94
年龄/岁
≤14 46 63.89
>14 26 36.11
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369237361653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ICU感染患者的一般资料

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项目 病例数/例 占比/%
性别
31 43.06
41 56.94
年龄/岁
≤14 46 63.89
>14 26 36.11
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369346413562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病原菌 株数n(%)
革兰阴性细菌
铜绿假单胞菌 17(23.61)
肺炎克雷伯菌 7(9.72)
大肠埃希菌 3(4.17)
鲍曼不动杆菌 3(4.17)
产气肠杆菌 2(2.78)
龋齿放线杆菌 1(1.39)
嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 1(1.39)
黏质沙雷菌 1(1.39)
真菌
曲霉菌 2(2.78)
耶氏肺孢子菌 2(2.78)
光滑假丝酵母菌 2(2.78)
近平滑念珠菌 2(2.78)
热带假丝酵母菌 1(1.39)
阿沙毛孢子菌 1(1.39)
革兰阳性细菌
金黄色葡萄球菌 12(16.67)
表皮葡萄球菌 5(6.94)
屎肠球菌 3(4.17)
纹带棒杆菌 3(4.17)
人葡萄球菌 2(2.78)
草绿色链球菌 1(1.39)
肺炎链球菌 1(1.39)
星座链球菌 1(1.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369421911035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

ICU患者检出的病原菌分布情况

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病原菌 株数n(%)
革兰阴性细菌
铜绿假单胞菌 17(23.61)
肺炎克雷伯菌 7(9.72)
大肠埃希菌 3(4.17)
鲍曼不动杆菌 3(4.17)
产气肠杆菌 2(2.78)
龋齿放线杆菌 1(1.39)
嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌 1(1.39)
黏质沙雷菌 1(1.39)
真菌
曲霉菌 2(2.78)
耶氏肺孢子菌 2(2.78)
光滑假丝酵母菌 2(2.78)
近平滑念珠菌 2(2.78)
热带假丝酵母菌 1(1.39)
阿沙毛孢子菌 1(1.39)
革兰阳性细菌
金黄色葡萄球菌 12(16.67)
表皮葡萄球菌 5(6.94)
屎肠球菌 3(4.17)
纹带棒杆菌 3(4.17)
人葡萄球菌 2(2.78)
草绿色链球菌 1(1.39)
肺炎链球菌 1(1.39)
星座链球菌 1(1.39)
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369501602814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
会诊目的 病例数/例 占比/%
细菌/真菌培养阳性选定抗菌药物 34 47.22
前期方案不佳,调整用药 16 22.22
特定部位感染抗菌药物的选择 9 12.50
不明原因发热 5 6.94
要求使用特殊级抗菌药物 4 5.56
是否停药或降阶梯 4 5.56
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369560322051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ICU医生提出会诊申请目的的分布情况

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会诊目的 病例数/例 占比/%
细菌/真菌培养阳性选定抗菌药物 34 47.22
前期方案不佳,调整用药 16 22.22
特定部位感染抗菌药物的选择 9 12.50
不明原因发热 5 6.94
要求使用特殊级抗菌药物 4 5.56
是否停药或降阶梯 4 5.56
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369635819526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
会诊意见 采纳
情况
次数
/次
预后/例 有效率
/%
χ2 P
显效 有效 无效
调整抗菌药物类型 采纳 22 11 4 7 68.18 0.273 0.602
未采纳 2 1 0 1 50.00
加用抗菌药物 采纳 13 6 3 4 69.23 4.747 0.029
未采纳 3 0 0 3 0.00
继续原有抗感染治疗方案 采纳 14 9 1 4 71.43 3.810 0.051
未采纳 2 0 0 2 0.00
调整抗菌药物用法用量 采纳 7 1 5 1 85.71 0.076 0.782
未采纳 3 1 1 1 66.67
减用抗菌药物 采纳 4 3 1 0 100.00 - -
降阶梯 采纳 2 0 2 0 100.00 - -
合计 采纳 62 30 16 16 74.19 7.736 0.005
未采纳 10 2 1 7 30.00
), ArticleFig(id=1249073369719705609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601550466212371, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

临床药师给出的会诊建议及医生采纳情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
会诊意见 采纳
情况
次数
/次
预后/例 有效率
/%
χ2 P
显效 有效 无效
调整抗菌药物类型 采纳 22 11 4 7 68.18 0.273 0.602
未采纳 2 1 0 1 50.00
加用抗菌药物 采纳 13 6 3 4 69.23 4.747 0.029
未采纳 3 0 0 3 0.00
继续原有抗感染治疗方案 采纳 14 9 1 4 71.43 3.810 0.051
未采纳 2 0 0 2 0.00
调整抗菌药物用法用量 采纳 7 1 5 1 85.71 0.076 0.782
未采纳 3 1 1 1 66.67
减用抗菌药物 采纳 4 3 1 0 100.00 - -
降阶梯 采纳 2 0 2 0 100.00 - -
合计 采纳 62 30 16 16 74.19 7.736 0.005
未采纳 10 2 1 7 30.00
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临床药师参与72例重症监护室感染患者药学会诊分析及典型病例
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韩龙 , 闫美兴 , 刘畅 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(7): 640-645
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(7): 640-645
临床药师参与72例重症监护室感染患者药学会诊分析及典型病例
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韩龙, 闫美兴, 刘畅*
作者信息
  • 青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院, 山东 青岛 266000
  • 韩龙,男,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:临床药学研究

通讯作者:

*刘畅,女,博士,副主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:医院药学管理、临床药学 Tel:(0532)6866161
Analysis of Pharmaceutical Consultation of 72 Patients with Infection in ICU and Introduction of Typical Cases with Clinical Pharmacist's Participation
Long HAN, Meixing YAN, Chang LIU*
Affiliations
  • Women and Children's Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
出版时间: 2024-04-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.010
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目的 通过分析临床药师参与重症监护室(Intensive Care Unit,ICU)感染性疾病会诊病例的特点,总结经验和效果,为促进ICU抗感染合理用药提供参考。方法 收集2021年11月至2023年5月临床药师参与ICU感染会诊病例进行回顾性分析,统计归纳这些病例的基本资料、常见病原学、会诊目的、采纳率及病情转归。结果 72例会诊当中,病原学检查结果为阳性的患者共60例,毒株73株,其中革兰阴性细菌35株,革兰阳性细菌28株,真菌10株,排名前三的细菌为铜绿假单胞菌(23.61%) 、金黄色葡萄球菌(16.67%) 、肺炎克雷伯菌(9.72%);临床会诊目的排名前三的为细菌/真菌培养阳性选定抗菌药物(47.22%)、前期方案不佳调整用药(22.22%)、特定部位感染抗菌药物的选择(12.50%);药师给出的会诊意见排名前三的为调整抗菌药物类型24例、加用抗菌药物16例、继续原有抗感染治疗方案16例;会诊意见采纳62例,未采纳10例,采纳率为86.11%,其中意见被采纳患者治疗有效率为74.19%,未被采纳患者为30.00%,意见被采纳组患者预后更好(P<0.05)。结论 ICU患者因特殊性与药物选择的局限性,抗感染治疗困难,临床药师参与ICU感染患者会诊,制订药物治疗方案可以提高感染性疾病的治愈率,对促进抗菌药物的合理应用和患者预后的改善具有重要意义。

临床药师  /  重症监护室  /  感染治疗  /  药学会诊

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics of clinical pharmacists' participation in consultation cases of infectious diseasesin the intensive care unit (ICU), summarize the experience and effect and provide reference for promoting the rational use of antiinfection drugs in ICU. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the cases of clinical pharmacists participating in ICU infection consultation from November 2021 to MAY 2023, and the basic data, common etiology, consultation purpose, adoption rate, and prognosis of these cases were statistically summarized. RESULTS Among the 72 consultations, there were 60 patients with positive etiological examination results and 73 strains of virus, including 35 strains of Gram negative bacteria, 28 strains of Gram positive bacteria, and 10 strains of fungi. The top three bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (23.61%), Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.72%). The top three clinical consultation purposes were the selection of antibacterial drugs for positive bacterial/fungal culture (47.22%), the adjustment of medication due to poor early protocol (22.22%), and the selection of antibacterial drugs for specific site infections (12.50%). The top three consultation opinions given by pharmacists were 24 cases of adjusting the type of antibacterial drugs, 16 cases of adding antibacterial drugs, and 16 cases of continuing the original antiinfection treatment plan. The consultation opinions were adopted in 62 cases and not adopted in 10 cases, with an adoption rate of 86.11%. Among them, the treatment effectiveness rate of patients with accepted opinions was 74.19%, and that of patients without accepted opinions was 30.00%. The prognosis of patients with accepted opinions was better (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Due to the particularity of ICU patients and the limitation of drug selection, antiinfection treatment is difficult. Clinical pharmacists participate in consultation of ICU infected patients and formulate drug treatment plans can improve the cure rate of infectious diseases, which is of great significance to promote the rational use of antibiotics and improve the prognosis of patients.

clinical pharmacist  /  ICU  /  infection treatment  /  pharmaceutical consultation
韩龙, 闫美兴, 刘畅. 临床药师参与72例重症监护室感染患者药学会诊分析及典型病例. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (7) : 640 -645 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.010
Long HAN, Meixing YAN, Chang LIU. Analysis of Pharmaceutical Consultation of 72 Patients with Infection in ICU and Introduction of Typical Cases with Clinical Pharmacist's Participation[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (7) : 640 -645 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.010
重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)是医院感染发生率最高的科室[1],感染发生率显著高于普通病房,研究显示,医院感染的平均发生率为7.84%,而ICU医院感染的平均发生率超过20%,最常见的感染是原发性血流感染、呼吸机相关性肺炎、尿路感染和手术部位感染[2],因此ICU感染管理工作是医院感染预防以及控制重点[3-4]。随着国家医改政策的不断深入和医院药学的不断发展,临床药学已改变传统的“以药养医”模式,临床药师到临床为患者提供直接的药学服务,以会诊的方式参与到临床抗感染方案的制定[5],为患者制定个体化的给药建议来促进抗菌药物的合理使用[6]
针对重症患者复杂的疾病和药物治疗,临床药师会诊成为了临床治疗工作的一部分[7],本文通过临床药师参与的ICU感染性疾病会诊病例的特点,总结经验和效果,为促进ICU抗感染患者合理用药提供参考,以期提高患者治愈率。
收集2021年11月至2023年5月我院临床药师参与会诊的72例ICU感染患者的病历资料。
我院为“全国临床药师学员培训中心”,持证专职临床药师15名,包含抗感染、儿科、ICU等10个临床专业方向,皆为国内一流医院重点专业进修毕业,具有丰富的临床实战经验,同时取得带教师资证书的临床药师为8名,ICU配有专职负责临床药师,团队具备较强临床胜任力。
使用Excel软件,建立数据表。收集患者基本资料、临床诊断、感染部位、病原菌检出情况、治疗过程中血常规、C-反应蛋白(creactive protein,CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、中性粒细胞百分比、体温及体征变化、胸部CT、抗菌药物使用变化情况、会诊目的、会诊采纳率及治疗效果等进行分析。
参考《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》[8]及《内科学·呼吸与危重症医学科分册》[9]的方法进行评价,分为显效、有效和无效。显效:症状、体征、实验室检查及病原学检查均恢复或达到正常水平;有效:病情好转,以上指标出现改善;无效:感染情况无明显好转或加重。有效率计算见公式1。
有效率(%)= (显效例数+有效例数)/总例数×100%
采用SPSS 21.0统计软件进行数据分析,计量资料以 M( IQR)表示,组间比较采用独立样本Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以例数或百分数表示,采用χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
ICU感染患者的一般资料见表1,72例患者年龄范围为2个月~90岁,中位年龄8.5(54.08)岁。
会诊前,72例感染患者均进行了病原菌检测,送检标本主要包括血液、尿液、胸水、痰液、分泌物、肺泡灌洗液和大便等。重症患者感染病原菌分布情况见表2,结果为阳性的患者60例,有8例患者培养出2种以上不同病原菌,故菌株数共73株,其中革兰阳性细菌28株、革兰阴性细菌35株、真菌10株。排名前三的细菌为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)、肺炎克雷伯菌。
72例会诊均由临床医生向临床药学科提出申请,申请单中医生的会诊目的总结后共分为六类,见表3,排名前三的为细菌/真菌培养阳性选定抗菌药物、前期方案不佳调整用药、特定部位感染抗菌药物的选择。
72例会诊中,临床药师给出的会诊意见被分为六大类,见表4,其中调整抗菌药物类型24例、加用抗菌药物16例、继续原有抗感染治疗方案16例、调整抗菌药物用法用量10例、减用抗菌药物4例、降阶梯2例。
临床药师会诊意见采纳62例,未采纳10例,采纳率为86.11%,根据患者治疗后症状、体征、实验室检查及病原学检查的变化统计综合判断患者预后情况,经过分析,意见被采纳患者治疗有效率为74.19%,未被采纳患者为30.00%,见表4,与未采纳意见组相比,意见采纳组患者预后更好,两者具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。
患者男,44岁,以“左侧肢体无力伴恶心呕吐5 h”主诉于2022年10月22日入院,既往体健,否认药物过敏史,初步诊断为“右侧基底节出血、脑室出血、重症肺炎”等,行气管插管呼吸机辅助通气,使用头孢曲松3 g,qd抗感染治疗。10月30日肺部CT提示弥漫性病变,肺泡灌洗液培养出MRSA,尿培养见敏感的热带假丝酵母菌,CRP 103.91 mg·L-1并伴有发热,临床药师参与会诊。药师结合患者实验室、影像学检查结果及临床表现,考虑患者感染较重,建议加用万古霉素 0.5 g,q6h给药对抗MRSA[10],滴速不宜过快,用药过程监护患者肾功;因患者病情较重,存在免疫力低下,侵入性操作较多,导致继发真菌感染[11],建议加用氟康唑200 mg,qd(首剂 400 mg)给药疗程2周,治疗药敏结果敏感的热带假丝酵母菌[12],该药物在尿液中浓度较高,可达血浆药物浓度的90%。因氟康唑可导致咪达唑仑、芬太尼等血药浓度增高,建议定时进行镇痛、镇静评分,调整给药剂量。11月14日患者微生物培养为正常菌群生长,生命体征平稳,无发热及头痛,睡眠明显改善,准予出院。
患者男,69岁,以“精神异常、少尿、喘憋15 h”主诉于2023年1月31日入院,既往有高血压、高血糖病史,否认药物过敏史,CRP 59.51 mg·L-1,PCT 0.24 ng·mL-1,影像学提示肺部感染,初步诊断为“肾功能不全,心力衰竭,肺部感染”等,气管内插管机械通气,使用头孢哌酮舒巴坦4 g,q12h抗感染治疗,2月19日高热39 ℃,PCT 1.10 ng·mL-1,白细胞计数13.58×109·L-1,CRP 82.51 mg·L-1,痰液中培养出纹带棒杆菌,尿液中培养出屎肠球菌、铅黄肠球菌,胃液培养出酵母菌属,请临床药师参与会诊。药师结合患者流行病学史、实验室及影像学检查结果、生命体征,以及白细胞、CRP、PCT数值均升高,考虑当前感染未能控制,因计算患者当前肌酐清除率为22 mL·min-1,建议加用肾损害较低的利奈唑胺注射液600 mg,q12h覆盖阳性菌[13],对抗药敏结果敏感的屎肠球菌和纹带棒杆菌[14],氟康唑 200 mg,qd对抗酵母菌属,给药过程注意监测患者的肝肾功能[15]、血常规(血小板计数)。2月24日患者再次高热 39.2 ℃,PCT 1.18 ng·mL-1,白细胞计数17.98×109·L-1,CRP 138.97 mg·L-1,尿培养示屎肠球菌、铜绿假单胞菌,痰培养示纹带棒杆菌、龋齿放线杆菌,再次请临床药师参与会诊。药师根据微生物培养结果,建议升级抗生素,由头孢哌酮舒巴坦升级为美罗培南对抗药敏结果敏感的铜绿假单胞菌,并覆盖龋齿放线杆菌,根据当前肌酐清除率(34 mL·min-1),美罗培南给药剂量为1 g,q12h,延长美罗培南输注时间,联合利奈唑胺抗感染治疗。2月29日患者神志清,经鼻高流量吸氧,心律齐,无发热,呼吸平稳,转至当地医院继续治疗。
患者男,5个月,以“咳嗽5 d,喘息2 d”主诉于2023年5月6日入急诊,2日后入ICU,影像学提示肺部感染,初步诊断为“重症肺炎”,使用头孢噻肟钠50 mg·kg-1 q12h联合利奈唑胺 10 mg·kg-1 q8h抗感染治疗,后喘憋持续加重,5月15日心率每分钟180次,呼吸每分钟35~40次,反复高热(39.0 ℃),感染指标进行性升高,CRP 58.5 mg·L-1,PCT 16.01 ng·mL-1,血培养、痰培养、胸水培养均为耐甲氧西林MRSA,请临床药师参与会诊。药师综合患儿临床表现不佳且利奈唑胺已使用6 d,考虑MRSA为致病菌且未能有效控制,建议更换抗生素为万古霉素10 mg·kg-1 q6h给药,该药物为亲水性抗菌药物,在胸水和血液中分布较利奈唑胺更高,用药期间进行血药浓度监测,确保谷浓度在5~15 mg·L-1之间[16];头孢噻肟钠为时间依赖性抗菌药物,建议调整给药频次为q8h,注意及时监测患儿感染指标,根据后续临床表现及时调整药物,医生采纳会诊意见。5月22日患儿血培养无细菌生长,体温正常,呼吸机辅助通气,CRP 1.4 mg·L-1,PCT 0.629 ng·mL-1,转入普通病房。
ICU患者以危重症为主,病情变化迅速,随着抗菌药物、机械通气及各种生命通路的应用,病原菌的感染率和耐药率远高于医院病原菌的平均耐药水平[17-18],临床不合理使用抗菌药物现象较为普遍,导致病原菌耐药性进一步增强[19],临床药师的介入则会极大改善不合理用药情况。ICU患者易并发不同程度的医院感染[20],结合本文会诊发现的病原菌看,ICU仍以革兰阴性细菌感染居多,阴性菌35株,阳性菌28株,真菌10株,但不排除真菌培养难度高导致假阴性的情况,如毛霉菌等。会诊中发现的最常见病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌,但未检出耐碳青霉烯的铜绿假单胞菌和耐万古霉素的MRSA,减少了抗菌药物联合使用的情况,多黏菌素、替加环素等其他特殊级药物得以保护,这与我院严格的特殊使用级抗菌药物审核有关,此项工作也是临床药师的工作职责。
从临床申请药师会诊的目的中分析得出,临床更倾向于在微生物培养出阳性结果后寻求临床药师的指导,其次为前期方案不佳邀请用药指导,而当使用中的抗菌药物是否停药或者降阶梯治疗时,临床更倾向于自行处置,较少询问药师意见,本次会诊数据中仅发现4例,药物的降阶梯以及停用对于抗感染治疗同等重要,在临床药师日常医嘱审核中常发现抗菌药物疗程不足或过长,以及高级抗菌药物降阶梯时机选择不合理等现象,这提示临床药师针对该类问题要强化与临床的反馈机制,在抗菌疗程问题上适时申请药师会诊,使药物停用更具合理性。
药师走向临床参与药物治疗,是直接体现药师价值的一种方式[21],有文献[22]报道,临床药师在不同医疗机构参与抗感染会诊的总体有效率可达到74.71%~92.31%,本文通过对72例ICU抗感染会诊病例进行归纳总结,药师经过专业性的判断给出的会诊意见可分为6类,其中调整抗菌药物的类型、加用抗菌药物是药师给出的主要会诊意见,而这也反应了重症感染患者药物调整的共性问题,即当前感染无法得到现有抗菌药物的有效控制,需要寻求药师进行专业性指导,如头孢曲松更换为头孢哌酮舒巴坦,哌拉西林他唑巴坦的基础上加用万古霉素等,以此控制感染改善患者预后。会诊意见采纳情况,采纳组62例,占86.11%,抗感染有效率为74.19%;未采纳10例,有效率仅为30.00%,两者具有统计学差异,数据显示,临床药师参与会诊进行专业的用药指导可以改善患者的预后。剖析10例未采纳的会诊意见,主要问题为医生与药师的意见出现分歧,提示药师需持续加强个人专业技术能力并与临床保持有效沟通,出现争议点时充分发挥专业技能[23],根据循证药学合理调整药物治疗,共同制定最佳治疗方案。
从本文举例的3个典型案例中可以发现ICU感染患者的共性问题常为PCT、CRP等感染指标持续升高,同时伴有高热不退、影像学的改变等,此类患者在痰液和血液中常培养出致病病原菌,临床药师给出的会诊意见会结合患者流行病学史及当前生命体征、实验室检查、影像学检查结果,以及抗菌药物的药动学、药效学特点,根据病原菌种类及药敏试验结果尽可能选择针对性强、窄谱、安全、价格适当的抗菌药物,药物剂量通常选择范围的高限,给出专业的药师会诊意见,比如肾损患者选择利奈唑胺、耐头孢哌酮舒巴坦的铜绿假单胞菌升级为敏感的美罗培南、存在免疫力低下且侵入性操作较多患者加用氟康唑、血培养及胸水培养为MRSA时将利奈唑胺调整为万古霉素等,通过药物及时的调整使患者转危为安,体现了临床药师的作用和价值。
临床药师在参与会诊时应结合ICU抗感染的特点,加强临床药学会诊服务的关注点,如①关注肝肾功能:患者常伴有肝损害、肾损害的症状,需建议选用肝损或肾损较弱的药物,同时叮嘱临床持续监测该类患者的肝、肾功能,并且依据损害程度及时调整药物剂量或频次;②关注给药速度:ICU患者常需使用特殊级抗菌药物,而此类药物对滴速要求更高,如美罗培南延长输注时间可提高疗效,万古霉素则滴速不宜过快避免出现不良反应等;③关注药物相互作用:ICU患者用药多,需关注药物之间的反应,如正在使用丙戊酸钠的患者则不建议使用美罗培南,避免降低丙戊酸钠的血药浓度;正在使用咪达唑仑、芬太尼等镇静、镇痛药物的患者,会诊时需谨慎使用与其有相互作用的药物如伏立康唑、克拉霉素等,确需使用时要关注患者的临床表现,及时给予评分适当调整给药剂量;④预防真菌感染:ICU患者免疫功能低下,常行导管插管,且长期使用抗生素、激素类药物易诱发真菌感染,此类患者应建议及早进行真菌感染预防,同时也提示要关注抗生素的用药疗程不宜过长,根据临床表现及早停药;⑤关注药物分布:ICU患者感染时常出现多发部位,如肺炎、脓毒血症、脑膜炎、尿路感染等,会诊时需关注各类药物的特性给出正确会诊意见,如大环内酯类药物因无法通过血脑屏障无法治疗支原体脑膜炎,卡泊芬净因尿液浓度分布过低无法用于念珠菌的尿路感染等。本文从ICU患者的特点、医生申请药师会诊的目的、药师给出会诊的意见和采纳率以及患者最终的预后情况等多个方面对ICU的患者感染及用药调整进行了数据分析和深度剖析,提示我们重症感染患者的特殊性以及临床药师参与治疗的必要性,但本研究样本量有限,临床药师会诊能力和主观判断都对结论造成一定的局限性,需进一步开展相关工作和总结分析。
综上所述,临床药师参与ICU感染患者会诊后的总有效率为68.06%,与ICU患者基础疾病复杂,导致抗感染治疗无法得到有效控制有关,会诊意见采纳的患者与未采纳患者的有效率具有显著性差异,表明临床药师在ICU的特殊环境当中对患者用药方案制定具有重要意义,临床药师参与制订药物治疗方案可以提高感染性疾病的治疗效果,促进临床合理用药,减少耐药菌的产生,药师需持续提高自身业务水平,加强临床用药监管,加深临床沟通,当出现不确定用药方案临床需及时申请药师参与,共同提供药物治疗服务,提高ICU患者的总体有效率。
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2024年第59卷第7期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.07.010
  • 接收时间:2023-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-04-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-05
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    青岛大学附属妇女儿童医院, 山东 青岛 266000

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*刘畅,女,博士,副主任药师,硕士生导师 研究方向:医院药学管理、临床药学 Tel:(0532)6866161
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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