Article(id=1248601469012824929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601466106172220, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)06-0511-11, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619388105, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1711036800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619388105, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619388105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619388105, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601466106172220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='469', pageEnd='558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619387412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619937245, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603772348420655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601466106172220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603772348420656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601466106172220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=511, endPage=520, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601470627631978, articleId=1248601469012824929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Effects of Tangeretin on Neuronal Pyroptosis in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway-Mediated Autophagy, columnId=1248601467007947584, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of tangeretin (TAN) on neuronal pyroptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) and its mechanism. METHODS The CIRI model of rats was established by reperfusion after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 h using thread occlusion method. Experiment 1: SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, CIRI group, TAN-5 mg·kg-1, TAN-10 mg·kg-1, TAN-20 mg·kg-1, and positive control edaravone group (EDA-10 mg·kg-1), with 10 rats in each group. The rats in each group were subjected to index detection and pathological sampling 24 hours after reperfusion. Zea Longa method was used to score neurological deficits; the rate of cerebral infarction was detected using the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) method; hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the morphology and structure of brain tissue, and the optimal dosage of TAN was selected; propidium iodide staining (PI) was used to detect the ratio of neuronal focal death; immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the positive expression rate of LC3-Ⅱ in neurons; Western blot was performed for detection of the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins, PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins, and autophagy-related proteins (LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, p62) in brain tissue. Experiment 2: SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, CIRI group, TAN group, and TAN+PI3K inhibitor group (LY294002), with 10 rats in each group. After 24 hours of reperfusion, indicators were tested and pathological samples were taken from each group of rats. Zea Longa method was used to score neurological deficits; TTC staining was used to detect the rate of cerebral infarction; Western blot was used to detect the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins and autophagy-related proteins in brain tissue. RESULTS Compared with the CIRI group, the neurological deficit score, cerebral infarction volume ratio, and pathological damage to brain tissue of rats in each dose group were reduced. The TAN-20 mg·kg-1 was selected as the optimal dose group. Compared with the CIRI group, the rate of pyroptosis of neurons was reduced, and the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins were downregulated, and the positive cell rate of neuron LC3-Ⅱ and the expression of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were reduced, the expressions of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and p62 were increased in TAN-20 mg·kg-1 group. Compared with the TAN-20 mg·kg-1 group, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the changes in the above indicators and reverse the neuroprotective effect of TAN on CIRI rats. CONCLUSION TAN can inhibit neuronal pyroptosis via regulating PI3K/Akt-mediated autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

, correspAuthors=Changming WEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun SUN, Changming WEN, Liyang ZHANG, Jun GAO, Zaixing ZHANG, Di CHEN, Caili SHI, Duanyun LAN, Baochao ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601472766727140, articleId=1248601469012824929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=橘皮素调控PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的自噬对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠神经细胞焦亡的影响, columnId=1196884516783571586, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究橘皮素(tangeretin,TAN)对脑缺血/再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,CIRI)大鼠神经元细胞焦亡的影响及作用机制。方法 采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2 h后再灌注复制CIRI模型。实验1:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、CIRI组、TAN-5 mg·kg-1组、TAN-10 mg·kg-1组、TAN-20 mg·kg-1组、阳性对照药依达拉奉组(EDA-10 mg·kg-1),每组各10只,各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后进行指标检测及病理取材。Zea-Longa法进行神经功能缺失评分;2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)法检测脑梗死比率;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察脑组织形态结构,筛选出TAN最佳给药剂量;碘化丙啶染色(PI)检测神经元焦亡比率;免疫荧光双染检测神经元微管相关蛋白轻链3-Ⅱ(microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ)阳性表达率;Western blot检测脑组织焦亡相关蛋白、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B( phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)通路相关蛋白和自噬相关蛋白(LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、p62)表达。实验2:将SD大鼠随机分为sham组、CIRI组、TAN组、TAN+PI3K抑制剂组(LY294002),每组各10只,各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后进行指标检测及病理取材。Zea-Longa法进行神经功能缺失评分;TTC染色法检测脑梗死比率;Western blot检测脑组织焦亡相关蛋白和自噬相关蛋白表达。结果 与CIRI组相比,各给药剂量组大鼠神经功能缺失评分降低、脑梗死体积比率降低、脑组织病理性损伤减轻,筛选得到TAN-20 mg·kg-1为最佳给药剂量组。与CIRI组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经元细胞焦亡率降低,且焦亡相关蛋白表达下调,神经元LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞率和LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ表达均降低,p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、p62表达升高。与TAN-20 mg·kg-1组相比,PI3K抑制剂LY294002能够抑制上述指标变化,逆转TAN对CIRI大鼠的神经功能保护作用。结论 TAN能够通过调控PI3K/Akt介导的细胞自噬,抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导的神经元细胞焦亡。

, correspAuthors=温昌明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*温昌明,男,主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病诊断与治疗 Tel:(0377)61660870
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孙军,男,硕士,副主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病发病机制与中药干预研究

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孙军,男,硕士,副主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病发病机制与中药干预研究

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孙军,男,硕士,副主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病发病机制与中药干预研究

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1)P<0.05, vs Sham group; 2)P<0.05, vs CIRI group; 3)P<0.05, vs TAN-5 mg·kg-1 group; 4)P<0.05, vs TAN-10 mg·kg-1 group.

, figureFileSmall=YpDAKT1nSnoRLb9mmv4vJw==, figureFileBig=kU6TPHHn7kFZ0tjDtqxX0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101163500411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图1, caption=橘皮素(TAN)对脑缺血/再灌注损伤(CIRI)大鼠神经功能缺失评分的影响(Zea-Longa). n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

与假手术组相比,1)P<0.05;与脑缺血再灌注损伤组相比,2)P<0.05;与橘皮素5 mg·kg-1组相比,3)P<0.05;与橘皮素10 mg·kg-1组相比,4)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=YpDAKT1nSnoRLb9mmv4vJw==, figureFileBig=kU6TPHHn7kFZ0tjDtqxX0g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101293523841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The effect of TAN on the volume of cerebral infarction in CIRI rats. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

1)P<0.05, vs Sham group; 2)P<0.05, vs CIRI group; 3)P<0.05, vs TAN-5 mg·kg-1 group; 4)P<0.05, vs TAN-10 mg·kg-1 group.

, figureFileSmall=i/X2fHw7PIByKTQDORc6Wg==, figureFileBig=L5gWD083I6hspOkbPR7d4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101373215620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TAN对CIRI大鼠脑梗死体积的影响. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

与假手术组相比,1)P<0.05;与脑缺血再灌注损伤组相比,2)P<0.05;与橘皮素5 mg·kg-1组相比,3)P<0.05;与橘皮素10 mg·kg-1组相比,4)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=i/X2fHw7PIByKTQDORc6Wg==, figureFileBig=L5gWD083I6hspOkbPR7d4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101452907399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Effect of TAN on pathological and morphological changes in brain tissue of CIRI rats (HE,×400), figureFileSmall=bL2b1eTQEqWqmq7yAHqv4Q==, figureFileBig=HaoWlnVGCsBl4d/L8RlvtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101540987785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图3, caption=TAN对CIRI大鼠脑组织病理形态学变化(HE,×400), figureFileSmall=bL2b1eTQEqWqmq7yAHqv4Q==, figureFileBig=HaoWlnVGCsBl4d/L8RlvtA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101620679564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The effect of TAN on neuronal pyroptosis in CIRI rats. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-detection of neuronal pyroptosis by fluorescence staining method; B-the detection of pyroptosis-related protein expression by Western blot; 1)P<0.05, vs Sham group; 2)P<0.05, vs CIRI group.

, figureFileSmall=1jhz+nzy+nMvMoM8OVTnug==, figureFileBig=oF/CzUmIk1p+05cJHgGgjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101721342863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图4, caption=TAN对CIRI大鼠神经元细胞焦亡的影响. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-免疫荧光检测神经元焦亡;B-Western blot检测焦亡相关蛋白表达;与假手术组相比,1)P<0.05;与脑缺血再灌注损伤组相比,2)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=1jhz+nzy+nMvMoM8OVTnug==, figureFileBig=oF/CzUmIk1p+05cJHgGgjQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101805228945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The effect of TAN on the PI3K/Akt pathway and autophagy levels in the brain tissue of CIRI rats. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-detection of LC3-Ⅱ expression positive neurons using immunofluorescence; B-detection of PI3K/Akt pathway and autophagy-related protein expression by Western blot in brain tissue; 1)P<0.05, vs Sham group;2)P<0.05, vs CIRI group.

, figureFileSmall=jWdggfAf3Exq90gURPdbBQ==, figureFileBig=FDoegJsXTF53ZrgIJYDKvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653101905892245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图5, caption=TAN对CIRI大鼠脑组织磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K/Akt)通路及自噬水平的影响. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-免疫荧光检测神经元LC3-Ⅱ阳性表达; B-Western blot检测PI3K/Akt通路和自噬相关蛋白表达;与假手术组相比,1)P<0.05;与脑缺血再灌注损伤组相比,2)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=jWdggfAf3Exq90gURPdbBQ==, figureFileBig=FDoegJsXTF53ZrgIJYDKvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653102019138457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of LY294002 on PI3K/Akt mediated autophagy in brain tissue of CIRI rats. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-TTC staining for detecting cerebral infarction volume; B-neurological deficit score; C-PI3K/Akt pathway and autophagy-related protein expression in brain tissue of rats in each group; 1)P<0.05, vs Sham group;2)P<0.05, vs CIRI group; 3)P<0.05, vs TAN-20 mg·kg-1 group.

, figureFileSmall=mK+Uu2Mf+cX2SHodFZo6IA==, figureFileBig=QqChl42uLtKE+bCwDurUFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653102073664412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图6, caption=LY294002对CIRI大鼠脑组织PI3K/Akt介导细胞自噬的影响. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-TTC染色检测脑梗死体积;B-神经功能缺失评分;C-Western blot检测脑组织PI3K/Akt通路和自噬相关蛋白表达;与假手术组相比,1)P<0.05;与脑缺血再灌注损伤组相比,2)P<0.05;与橘皮素20 mg·kg-1组相比,3)P<0.05。

, figureFileSmall=mK+Uu2Mf+cX2SHodFZo6IA==, figureFileBig=QqChl42uLtKE+bCwDurUFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653102203687839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The effect of LY294002 on the expression of pyroptosis related proteins in brain tissue of CIRI rats. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

1)P<0.05, vs sham group;2)P<0.05, vs CIRI group; 3)P<0.05, vs TAN-20 mg·kg-1 group.

, figureFileSmall=MVSMH89SCZ4oIgL9kJaWKg==, figureFileBig=Etqj7Y8WjqRrGoAZNfR90g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1248653102270796706, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601469012824929, language=CN, label=图7, caption=LY294002对CIRI大鼠脑组织焦亡相关蛋白表达的影响. n=6,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

与假手术组相比,1)P<0.05;与脑缺血再灌注损伤组相比,2)P<0.05;与橘皮素20 mg·kg-1量组相比,3)P<0.05。

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橘皮素调控PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的自噬对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠神经细胞焦亡的影响
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孙军 a , 温昌明 a, * , 张丽阳 b , 高军 a , 张在行 a , 陈笛 a , 时彩丽 c , 兰端云 d , 张保朝 a
中国药学杂志 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 511-520
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中国药学杂志 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 511-520
橘皮素调控PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的自噬对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠神经细胞焦亡的影响
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孙军a, 温昌明a, *, 张丽阳b, 高军a, 张在行a, 陈笛a, 时彩丽c, 兰端云d, 张保朝a
作者信息
  • 河南省南阳市中心医院, a.神经内科; b.优诊室门诊; c.护理部; d.内分泌科, 河南 南阳 473009
  • 孙军,男,硕士,副主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病发病机制与中药干预研究

通讯作者:

*温昌明,男,主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病诊断与治疗 Tel:(0377)61660870
Effects of Tangeretin on Neuronal Pyroptosis in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway-Mediated Autophagy
Jun SUNa, Changming WENa, *, Liyang ZHANGb, Jun GAOa, Zaixing ZHANGa, Di CHENa, Caili SHIc, Duanyun LANd, Baochao ZHANGa
Affiliations
  • a.Neurology Department; b.Outpatient Department of Superior Consulting Room; c.Nursing Department; d.Endocrine Department, Henan Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang 473009, China
出版时间: 2024-03-22
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目的 探究橘皮素(tangeretin,TAN)对脑缺血/再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,CIRI)大鼠神经元细胞焦亡的影响及作用机制。方法 采用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2 h后再灌注复制CIRI模型。实验1:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、CIRI组、TAN-5 mg·kg-1组、TAN-10 mg·kg-1组、TAN-20 mg·kg-1组、阳性对照药依达拉奉组(EDA-10 mg·kg-1),每组各10只,各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后进行指标检测及病理取材。Zea-Longa法进行神经功能缺失评分;2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(TTC)法检测脑梗死比率;苏木素-伊红(HE)染色观察脑组织形态结构,筛选出TAN最佳给药剂量;碘化丙啶染色(PI)检测神经元焦亡比率;免疫荧光双染检测神经元微管相关蛋白轻链3-Ⅱ(microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3-Ⅱ,LC3-Ⅱ)阳性表达率;Western blot检测脑组织焦亡相关蛋白、磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B( phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)通路相关蛋白和自噬相关蛋白(LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ、p62)表达。实验2:将SD大鼠随机分为sham组、CIRI组、TAN组、TAN+PI3K抑制剂组(LY294002),每组各10只,各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后进行指标检测及病理取材。Zea-Longa法进行神经功能缺失评分;TTC染色法检测脑梗死比率;Western blot检测脑组织焦亡相关蛋白和自噬相关蛋白表达。结果 与CIRI组相比,各给药剂量组大鼠神经功能缺失评分降低、脑梗死体积比率降低、脑组织病理性损伤减轻,筛选得到TAN-20 mg·kg-1为最佳给药剂量组。与CIRI组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经元细胞焦亡率降低,且焦亡相关蛋白表达下调,神经元LC3-Ⅱ阳性细胞率和LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ表达均降低,p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、p62表达升高。与TAN-20 mg·kg-1组相比,PI3K抑制剂LY294002能够抑制上述指标变化,逆转TAN对CIRI大鼠的神经功能保护作用。结论 TAN能够通过调控PI3K/Akt介导的细胞自噬,抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导的神经元细胞焦亡。

脑缺血/再灌注损伤  /  橘皮素  /  细胞焦亡  /  自噬  /  磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B通路

OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of tangeretin (TAN) on neuronal pyroptosis in rats with cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury (CIRI) and its mechanism. METHODS The CIRI model of rats was established by reperfusion after occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 2 h using thread occlusion method. Experiment 1: SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, CIRI group, TAN-5 mg·kg-1, TAN-10 mg·kg-1, TAN-20 mg·kg-1, and positive control edaravone group (EDA-10 mg·kg-1), with 10 rats in each group. The rats in each group were subjected to index detection and pathological sampling 24 hours after reperfusion. Zea Longa method was used to score neurological deficits; the rate of cerebral infarction was detected using the 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) method; hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the morphology and structure of brain tissue, and the optimal dosage of TAN was selected; propidium iodide staining (PI) was used to detect the ratio of neuronal focal death; immunofluorescence double staining was used to detect the positive expression rate of LC3-Ⅱ in neurons; Western blot was performed for detection of the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins, PI3K/Akt pathway-related proteins, and autophagy-related proteins (LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ, p62) in brain tissue. Experiment 2: SD rats were randomly divided into sham group, CIRI group, TAN group, and TAN+PI3K inhibitor group (LY294002), with 10 rats in each group. After 24 hours of reperfusion, indicators were tested and pathological samples were taken from each group of rats. Zea Longa method was used to score neurological deficits; TTC staining was used to detect the rate of cerebral infarction; Western blot was used to detect the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins and autophagy-related proteins in brain tissue. RESULTS Compared with the CIRI group, the neurological deficit score, cerebral infarction volume ratio, and pathological damage to brain tissue of rats in each dose group were reduced. The TAN-20 mg·kg-1 was selected as the optimal dose group. Compared with the CIRI group, the rate of pyroptosis of neurons was reduced, and the expressions of pyroptosis-related proteins were downregulated, and the positive cell rate of neuron LC3-Ⅱ and the expression of LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ were reduced, the expressions of p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and p62 were increased in TAN-20 mg·kg-1 group. Compared with the TAN-20 mg·kg-1 group, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 inhibited the changes in the above indicators and reverse the neuroprotective effect of TAN on CIRI rats. CONCLUSION TAN can inhibit neuronal pyroptosis via regulating PI3K/Akt-mediated autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.

cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury  /  tangeretin  /  pyroptosis  /  autophagy  /  PI3K/Akt pathway
孙军, 温昌明, 张丽阳, 高军, 张在行, 陈笛, 时彩丽, 兰端云, 张保朝. 橘皮素调控PI3K/Akt信号通路介导的自噬对脑缺血/再灌注损伤大鼠神经细胞焦亡的影响. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (6) : 511 -520 .
Jun SUN, Changming WEN, Liyang ZHANG, Jun GAO, Zaixing ZHANG, Di CHEN, Caili SHI, Duanyun LAN, Baochao ZHANG. Effects of Tangeretin on Neuronal Pyroptosis in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway-Mediated Autophagy[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (6) : 511 -520 .
缺血性脑卒中是一种严重危害人体健康的急性脑血管疾病,具有高发病率、高病死率以及高致残率特点[1]。目前,临床上,通常以静脉溶栓和血栓切除方式予以脑缺血性卒中患者治疗。然而,在缺血性脑组织恢复血液供应后可能会进一步重脑组织损伤,这一系列的过程被称作脑缺血再灌注损伤(cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury,CIRI)[2]。多项研究表明[3-5],CIRI的病理机制复杂多样,包括炎症反应、自噬以及细胞焦亡等,深入研究CIR病理过程将有助于指导临床用药。焦亡是以炎症反应为特征的细胞程序性死亡,在CIRI中发挥重要作用。多项研究证实[6-7],在CIRI大鼠脑组织中存在神经元细胞焦亡,而通过药物或是基因干预后抑制神经元细胞焦亡能够明显改善脑缺血再灌注导致的神经功能损伤,表明抑制神经元细胞焦亡可能是临床治疗CIRI的重要途径之一。但是,目前有关CIRI神经元细胞焦亡发生的具体调控机制尚不完全清楚。
自噬最初是被认为是细胞的一种自我保护机制,能够通过清除受损的细胞器、非功能性蛋白质以及病原微生物等并递送至溶酶体中消化降解,并将回收营养物质供细胞和组织再利用,从而发挥神经保护作用[8]。研究发现,在CIRI中适度激活自噬能够明显改善缺血对脑组织造成的神经元损伤[9]。但是,自噬的过度激活同样会加重脑缺血后神经元损伤[10],提示自噬在CIRI中可能发挥“双刃剑”作用。虽然自噬在CIRI中的作用一直存在争议,但是自噬水平的高低与CIRI神经元损伤具有密切的关联。多项研究已证实[11-12],在CIRI大鼠模型中,通过调控自噬水平能够抑制缺血再灌注诱导的神经元细胞焦亡,进而改善神经功能损伤,表明细胞自噬可能是神经元细胞焦亡发生的重要调控机制之一。因此,以自噬-焦亡的调控机制为靶点的研究将对于脑卒中新药开发具有重大意义。
橘皮素(tangeretin,TAN)是柑橘类果皮中最丰富的多甲氧基黄酮之一,具有广泛的药理活性。多项研究表明[13-15],TAN具有抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌以及神经保护等药理作用。新近研究发现[16],TAN能够通过缓解胆碱能缺陷,减少神经毒性淀粉样β肽的异常积累,进而改善缺血性脑损伤。Yang等[17]研究证实,TAN能够通过抑制脑组织炎症反应,从而发挥CIRI大鼠神经保护作用。但是,目前有关TAN对CIRI神经元细胞焦亡的影响及调控机制尚不清楚。为此,本研究从磷脂酰肌醇3激酶/蛋白激酶B(phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)介导的自噬途径探究TAN对CIRI大鼠神经元细胞焦亡的影响,旨在为TAN临床用于治疗缺血性脑卒中提供理论基础。
雄性,SPF级,SD大鼠,周龄6周,体质量(200±10)g,购自于北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司[SCXK(京)2019-0017]。所有大鼠均放置于清洁级实验动物房内饲养,动物房内温度(25±2)℃,环境相对湿度45%~60%,12 h/12 h昼夜交替光照,适应性喂养1周。本动物实验符合替代、减少、优化基本原则,且经过河南省南阳市中心医院实验动物伦理委员会审批(批号:LLSC2020-10-002)。
橘皮素(化合物纯度≥99.7%,美国Target Molecule公司);戊巴比妥钠(德国Merck公司,货号:4390-16-3);2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride,TTC)试剂(武汉华翔科洁生物技术有限公司,货号:298-96-4);苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin eosin,HE)染色试剂盒、碘化丙啶(propidium iodide,PI)染色检测试剂盒、BCA蛋白质浓度检测试剂盒、山羊抗兔二抗、山羊抗鼠二抗、ECL发光液、β-actin抗体(上海碧云天生物技术,货号:C0105S、C1082、P0011、A0208、A0216、P0018S、AF0003);PI3K抑制剂(LY294002)(北京兰博利德商贸有限公司,货号:L1346-10 mg);轻链微管蛋白3(microtubule-associated proteins light chain 3,LC3)抗体、p62抗体、神经元核抗原(neuronal nuclei,NeuN)抗体、半胱氨酸蛋白酶-1(cysteine-requiring aspartate protease-1,caspase-1)抗体、消皮素D(gasderminD,GSDMD)抗体、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)抗体、IL-18抗体、p-PI3K抗体、PI3K抗体、p-Akt抗体、Akt抗体(美国Cell Signaling Technology公司,货号:4108、23214、24307、39754、83383、12242、57058、67775、4249、4060、4685)。
ALC-V8S型小动物呼吸机(上海奥尔科特生物技术有限公司);BX53型光学显微镜(日本Olympus公司);BX43型荧光显微镜(日本Olympus公司);H-2050R-1型离心机(湖南湘仪实验室仪器开发有限公司);LD-96A型酶标仪(山东莱恩德智能科技有限公司);FX-7202型心电图机(日本福田公司);Gel dox XR+型凝胶成像系统(美国Bio-Rad公司)。
利用线栓法闭塞大鼠大脑中动脉构建CIRI模型[18],缺血2 h后拔出线栓实现脑组织再灌注,缝合皮肤,再灌注24 h后,依据Zea-Longa法进行大鼠神经功能缺失评分。假手术组大鼠进行相同手术操作,并插入线栓,不结扎。实验1:将SD大鼠随机分为假手术组(sham)、CIRI组、TAN-5 mg·kg-1组、TAN-10 mg·kg-1组、TAN-20 mg·kg-1[17]、阳性对照药依达拉奉组(EDA-10 mg·kg-1),每组各10只。TAN各剂量组和EDA组大鼠均于再灌注时即刻腹腔注射对应药物干预。Sham组和CIRI组大鼠均于再灌注时腹腔注射等量的生理盐水,以上各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后,质量分数1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠,取血、断头,取脑组织,保存备用。通过相关指标检测及病理学观察筛选TAN最佳给药剂量组。实验2:将SD大鼠随机分为sham组、CIRI组、TAN组、TAN+PI3K抑制剂组(LY294002),每组各10只。TAN组大鼠于再灌注时即刻腹腔注射20 mg·kg-1 TAN;TAN+LY294002组大鼠于再灌前30 min腹腔注射5 mg·kg-1LY294002,后再灌注时即刻腹腔注射20 mg·kg-1 TAN;Sham组和CIRI组大鼠腹腔注射等量的生理盐水。以上各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后,随机选取6只大鼠采用质量分数1%戊巴比妥钠麻醉大鼠,取血、断头,取脑组织,用于实验指标检测。
各组大鼠于再灌注24 h后,采用5分制标准的Zea-Longa[19]法进行大鼠神经功能缺失评分,神经功能缺失评分≥1分,则判定模型构建成功,评分分值越高表示神经功能缺失越严重。
各组大鼠均于再灌注24 h后处死,取脑组织,冷冻后,制备以冠状面连续切片,厚度约2 mm,之后行TTC染色,并通过Image Pro Plus 6.0软件进行脑组织梗死体积分数测定。
10%多聚甲醛固定脑组织标本、脱水、透明石蜡包埋,制备组织切片,切片厚度约3~5 μm,之后行HE染色、封片后于400倍显微镜下观察海马区域和脑皮质部位组织病理学变化。
切片制备同HE染色法,行PI染色及神经元染色,之后按照检测试剂盒说明书进行操作,显微镜下,每张切片随机选取5个视野,计算各组大鼠脑组织神经元凋亡率(公式1)。其中PI染色阳性细胞呈红色,神经元NeuN抗体染色呈亮绿色。
神经元细胞焦亡率(%)=PI-NeuN阳性细胞数/NeuN阳性细胞总数×100%
将各组大鼠脑组织切片放入磷酸盐缓冲液(phosphate buffered saline,PBS)中清洗,经体积分数0.2% TritionX-100透化5 min,PBS缓冲液清洗后质量分数10%的BSA溶液封闭60 min,阻断非特异性反应,去除切片上残留的BSA后,行双重免疫荧光染色,室温条件下分别孵育LC3-Ⅱ抗体(1∶200)和NeuN抗体(1∶200)4 h,去除一抗后避光条件下孵育荧光素酶标记的山羊抗小鼠或山羊抗兔二抗2 h,PBS缓冲液清洗后,DPAI进行细胞核染色5 min,最后滴加抗荧光淬灭剂,避光条件下荧光显微镜下观察并拍照。
取适量的脑组织加入蛋白裂解液进行组织匀浆,4 ℃、12 000 r·min-1,离心半径R=6 cm,离心10 min。吸取上清液即为总蛋白,BCA法测定蛋白质浓度,蛋白质变性后进行凝胶电泳,每个泳道蛋白上样量为30 μg,SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳后,行湿转转膜至PVDF膜上,5% BSA封闭60 min,TBST洗膜,加入一抗LC3(1∶500)、p62(1∶1 000)、p-PI3K(1∶500)、PI3K(1∶1 000)、p-Akt(1∶500)、Akt(1∶1 000)、caspase-1(1∶500)、GSDMD(1∶500)、IL-1β(1∶500)、IL-18(1∶500)、β-actin(1∶5 000),4 ℃,孵育过夜;TBST洗膜3×10 min/次,加入山羊抗兔或山羊抗鼠二抗(1∶5 000),室温下,孵育60 min,TSBT洗膜每次3×10 min,滴加显影液对目的蛋白进行可视化处理,并采用Image Pro Plus 6.0软件进行蛋白质条带灰度值半定量分析。
Graphpad prism6.0软件进行统计学数据处理。数据以均数±标准差($\stackrel{-}{x}$±s)表示,数据满足正态分布且方差齐性,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,组间两两比较采用LSD-t检验,以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
与sham组相比,CIRI组大鼠神经功能缺失评分显著增加(P<0.05)(图1)。与CIRI组相比,TAN各剂量组和EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经功能缺失评分均显著降低(均P<0.05)。与TAN-5 mg·kg-1组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1和EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经功能缺失评分均显著降低(均P<0.05),TAN-M组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与TAN-10 mg·kg-1组相比,EDA-mg·kg-1组大鼠神经功能缺失评分显著降低(P<0.05),TAN-20 mg·kg-1组无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与TAN-20 mg·kg-1组相比,EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经功能缺失评分无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
与sham组相比,CIRI组大鼠脑梗死体积显著增加(P<0.05)(图2)。与CIRI组相比,TAN各剂量组和EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠脑梗死体积均显著缩小(均P<0.05)。分别与TAN-5 mg·kg-1、TAN-10 mg·kg-1组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1组和EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠脑梗死体积均显著降低(均P<0.05),TAN-5 mg·kg-1与TAN-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠脑梗死体积无显著性差异(P>0.05)。与TAN-20 mg·kg-1组相比,EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠脑梗死体积无显著性差异(P>0.05)。
sham组大鼠神经元细胞排列紧密,形态结构规整,胞体无明显的空泡现象(图3)。CIRI组大鼠神经元细胞核明显固缩且核仁裂解,排列紊乱,胞体结构缩小变形,可见大量的神经元坏死碎片。TAN-5 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经元细胞核固缩胞体变形,有部分神经元细胞坏死。TAN-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠可见部分胞体空泡变形,神经元密度有所增加,坏死细胞明显减少,形态结构损伤较CIRI组大鼠有所好转。TAN-20 mg·kg-1组和EDA-10 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经元细胞排列规则,仅有少量的胞体变形和神经元细胞坏死,神经元损伤程度较TAN-5 mg·kg-1组和TAN-10 mg·kg-1组明显好转。结合HE病理学染色、神经功能缺失评分以及脑梗死体积结果,TAN-20 mg·kg-1组的药效最佳,被筛选确定为最佳给药剂量组。因此,后续研究将以TAN-20 mg·kg-1组进行相关药理学机制研究。
与sham组相比,CIRI组大鼠神经元细胞焦亡指数显著增加,且脑组织细胞焦亡相关蛋白(cleaved-caspase-1/pro-caspase-1、GSDMD-N/GSDMD、IL-1β、IL-18)表达均显著升高(均P<0.05)(图4)。与CIRI组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1组大鼠神经元细胞焦亡指数、脑组织细胞焦亡相关蛋白表达均显著降低(均P<0.05)。
与sham组相比,CIRI组大鼠脑组织p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt表达均显著降低(均P<0.05),自噬标志性蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ表达显著升高、p62表达显著降低,自噬水平明显升高(均P<0.05)(图5)。与CIRI组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1组大鼠脑组织p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt表达均显著升高(均P<0.05),自噬标志性蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ表达显著降低、p62表达显著升高,自噬水平明显降低(均P<0.05)。
与TAN-20 mg·kg-1组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1+LY294002组大鼠神经缺失评分显著升高,脑梗死体积增加,p-PI3K/PI3K、p-Akt/Akt、p62表达均显著降低,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ表达显著升高(均P<0.05)(图6)。
与TAN-20 mg·kg-1组相比,TAN-20 mg·kg-1+LY294002组大鼠脑组织焦亡相关蛋白(cleaved-caspase-1/pro-caspase-1、GSDMD-N/GSDMD、IL-1β、IL-18)表达均显著升高(均P<0.05)(图7)。提示,抑制细胞过度自噬能够降低CIRI大鼠神经细胞焦亡,改善其神经功能。
近年来,脑卒中在中国的发病率呈逐渐升高态势,已经给社会造成了极大的危害。据统计,脑卒中是2019年全球心脑血管疾病致残和致死的第三大原因,缺血性脑卒中在所有新发卒中中占比最大[20]。因此,积极治疗脑卒中对改善患者生命健康具有重大意义。目前,临床上通常采取静脉溶栓和血栓切除方式进行该病治疗,但是由于上述治疗方式治疗窗窄,且存在“无复流”现象,可能会加重脑神经元损伤[21]。近年来,伴随单药及有效单体研究的发展,已有多种中药单体逐步进入临床并应用于脑卒中治疗。TAN是从果实橘皮中提取得到的一种天然活性单体化合物,具有广泛的药理学作用。多项研究证实[16,22],TAN能够通过抗炎、抗氧化等途径发挥神经功能保护作用。新近研究发现[17],TAN能够改善CIRI大鼠神经元损伤,发挥神经功能保护效应。但是,目前有关TAN发挥抗CIRI神经元损伤的保护机制尚不完全清楚。大脑中动脉闭塞是构建缺血性脑卒中动物模型的首选,可以有效的模拟人类脑缺血中涉及的关键病理机制[23]。通过是否给予大脑再灌注将其划分为短暂性和永久性脑缺血损伤模式,被认为治疗人类缺血性脑卒中临床试验的关键。本研究首先通过阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉2 h后再灌注复制CIRI模型,即为短暂性大脑中动脉梗塞(transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, tMCAO)大鼠模型,以模拟临床上缺血性脑卒中患者及时接受溶栓或是手术治疗,使得脑血管血流恢复通畅。观察TAN对其保护作用。结果显示,与CIRI组相比,腹腔注射TAN不同给药剂量组均能降低大鼠神经功能缺失评分和脑梗死体积比率,改善脑组织病理性损伤。缺血性脑卒中患者在接受及时的干预治疗后,并完全消除脑血管梗塞的病理生理过程是与tMCAO大鼠模型极为相似[24]。本研究通过对tMCAO大鼠再灌注时即刻腹腔注射TAN一方面在再灌注时即刻给药能够最大程度地改善再灌注恢复血流对脑组织的损伤,另一方面腹腔注射给药方式具有效价强度高、生物利用度高,且起效快等特点要明显优于口服给药[25],这与临床上急性脑梗死患者多采取静脉注射给药从而达到快速溶栓,恢复血流,改善神经功能损伤相一致。综合神经功能缺失评分、脑梗死体积比率及脑组织病理性改变,筛选得到TAN-H(20 mg·kg-1)为最佳给药剂量组。因此,后续研究将以TAN-H组进行相关药理学机制研究。
细胞焦亡是近年来神经元细胞死亡方式研究的热点,在CIRI神经损伤中发挥重要作用。依据细胞焦亡发生机制的不同,可将其分为经典型细胞焦亡方式和非经典型细胞焦亡方式。以caspase-1介导的经典型细胞焦亡在CIRI中被广泛研究。研究发现,激活前体capase-1(pro-caspase-1),诱导其发生剪切形成活化型caspase-1(cleaved-caspase-1),继而诱导焦亡执行蛋白GSDMD形成具有细胞毒性的GSDMD-N,并使其募集至细胞膜上形成焦亡小孔,促进炎症因子IL-1β和IL-18表达,并最终诱导细胞焦亡[26]。多项研究表明,在CIRI大鼠中存在细胞焦亡的发生,采取药物或是基因干预后能够明显抑制细胞焦亡改善CIRI神经元损伤[6,27]。本研究结果显示,与CIRI组相比,TAN-H组大鼠脑组织神经元焦亡率显著降低,且焦亡相关蛋白cleaved-caspase-1/pro-caspase-1、GSDMD-N/GSDMD、IL-1β、IL-18表达均显著降低,表明TAN能够通过抑制神经元细胞焦亡,发挥CIRI脑损伤保护作用。自噬是广泛存在于真核细胞中,对于维持细胞内环境稳态,保障生命活动的正常进行具有重大意义。多项研究表明[28-30],CIRI后自噬水平被显著激活,且其存在于多种脑细胞中如神经元、胶质细胞及脑微血管细胞等,但是有关自噬在CIRI中发挥的作用一直存在争议。有大量研究发现[31-32],通过抑制自噬能够明显减轻CIRI,提示自噬在CIRI中可能发挥的是损伤性作用。但是,也有多项研究表明[33-34],激活自噬能够明显减轻CIRI,提示自噬在CIRI中可能发挥的是保护作用。然而,针对自噬在CIRI的双重作用可能是与CIRI脑部受损区域、缺血程度及阶段、药物干预的时间及给药方式等多种因素相关。本研究结果显示,与CIRI组相比,TAN-H组大鼠神经元LC3-Ⅱ阳性表达率明显升高,且自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-Ⅰ表达降低,p62表达升高,提示TAN能够通过抑制CIRI大鼠神经元过度自噬,改善脑神经损伤。PI3K/Akt是细胞自噬重要的调控途径,能够负向调控自噬水平,在CIRI扮演重要作用[35]。Shan等[10]研究发现,补阳还五汤能够通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路抑制细胞自噬,继而发挥CIRI大鼠神经保护作用。Guo等[36]研究证实,TAN可以通过激活PI3K/Akt信号传导抑制毛果芸香碱诱导的癫痫大鼠神经功能损伤。本研究结果显示,与CIRI组相比,TAN-H组大鼠脑组织PI3K/Akt信号通路被显著激活,自噬水平明显降低,表明TAN能够通过激活PI3K./Akt介导的细胞自噬改善CIRI。
自噬被认为是焦亡发生的重要调控机制。研究表明,适度增强自噬水平能够通过清除受损的细胞器,抑制氧化应激和炎症反应介导的细胞焦亡发生,从而改善CIRI[37]。但是,也有研究证实,自噬的过度激活会加重神经元细胞凋亡,坏死[38]。Zhang等[39]研究也证实,瓜蒌桂枝颗粒能够通过激活PI3K/Akt信号通路,抑制细胞焦亡,发挥CIRI神经保护作用,而给予PI3K抑制剂LY294002处理后能够阻断瓜蒌桂枝颗粒对神经元焦亡的作用,加重脑缺血再灌注后神经损伤,表明PI3K/Akt是CIRI后神经元细胞焦亡发生的重要调控通路。为进一步明确PI3K/Akt通路介导的自噬在TAN抑制CIRI神经元细胞焦亡中的作用。本研究通过对TAN-H组大鼠腹腔注射PI3K抑制剂LY294002,观察TAN-H对CIRI大鼠神经功能的影响。结果显示,与TAN-H组相比,LY294002能够抑制PI3K/Akt通路,诱导神经元过度自噬,进而加重神经元细胞焦亡,增大脑梗死体积,加重神经功能损伤,逆转TAN对CIRI大鼠的保护作用。
综上所述,本研究通过探讨TAN对CIRI大鼠神经元细胞焦亡的影响及其作用机制。结果显示,TAN能够通过调控PI3K/Akt介导的细胞自噬,抑制脑缺血再灌注诱导的神经元细胞焦亡(图8)。以上研究初步揭示了TAN对CIRI的治疗作用,为其临床开发与应用提供了可能性。但是,本研究也存在一定的局限性,即未能从细胞层面阐述TAN对低氧/复氧诱导的神经元细胞焦亡的影响及其作用机制。为此,本研究后续将利用细胞与分子生物学技术探究筛选不同剂量TAN对低氧/复氧诱导的神经元细胞焦亡的影响,体外阐明TAN对CIRI的保护作用。
  • 河南省重点研发与推广专项资助(192102310349)
  • 南阳市科技攻关计划项目资助(KJGG2018082)
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  • 接收时间:2023-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-12
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河南省重点研发与推广专项资助(192102310349)
南阳市科技攻关计划项目资助(KJGG2018082)
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    河南省南阳市中心医院, a.神经内科; b.优诊室门诊; c.护理部; d.内分泌科, 河南 南阳 473009

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*温昌明,男,主任医师 研究方向:脑血管病诊断与治疗 Tel:(0377)61660870
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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