Article(id=1248601466785649469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601466106172220, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)06-0476-10, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1678550400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619387575, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1711036800000, pubDateStr=2024-03-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619387575, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619387575, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619387575, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248601466106172220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='6', pageStart='469', pageEnd='558', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619387412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619937245, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603772348420655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601466106172220, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603772348420656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248601466106172220, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=476, endPage=485, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248601467075056449, articleId=1248601466785649469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Meroterpenoids Produced by Fungi, columnId=1248601467007947584, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=Original article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Meroterpenoids are a class of terpenoid-containing hybrid natural products with impressive structures and various bioactivities, which are reflected in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and other aspects, and have become a research hotspot in the field of natural products. Here, meroterpenoids isolated from fungi over the past 5 years are summarized. Their chemical structures and biological activities are summarized according to their biosynthetic origin. This review could provide strong support for developing new meroterpenoid-derived drugs.

, correspAuthors=Wenlan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie SHI, Yue YU, Bing LIU, Wenlan LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248601470950593400, articleId=1248601466785649469, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=真菌来源杂萜类化合物的研究进展, columnId=1196884516783571586, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=研究论文, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

杂萜类化合物是一类含有萜类骨架的杂合型天然产物,具有独特的结构和多样的生物活性,在抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等方面均有所体现,成为天然产物领域的研究热点。笔者综述近5年真菌来源杂萜类化合物的研究进展,基于生源特征归纳了其化学结构和生物活性,将为新型杂萜类药物的开发提供有力支撑。

, correspAuthors=李文兰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*李文兰,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质基础Tel:(0451)84605022
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时杰,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然药物化学

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时杰,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然药物化学

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时杰,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然药物化学

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化合物 结构特点 抗肿瘤活性 半数抑制浓度(IC50)/μmol·L-1
19 6/7/6/5/6/5骨架 CDC25B 13.00[14]
32~34 Andrastin类 CDC25B 20.00[17]
35 Andrastin类 A549、HCT116、SW480 78.63~95.54[18]
40~41 Andrastin类 A549 10.00[19]
42 Andrastin类 HepG2 7.80[20]
104 二氧双环庚烷 SMMC-7721、SW-480 18.80、18.35[33]
105 螺双环 SMMC-7721、SW-480 8.19、14.67[33]
106 Andibenin类 A-549 11.33[33]
108 6/6/5/7/5骨架 SMMC-7721、SW-480 17.49、16.84[33]
125~126 α-吡喃酮二萜 Hs683、B16F10 1.00、1.00[37]
141 Drimane类 22Rv1、Neuro-2a 31.50、24.10[42]
151 Austalide杂萜 DU145、T24 53.00、64.00[45]
152 Austalide杂萜 DU145、T24 73.00、73.00[45]
168 Δ7'双键 HL-60、HO8910 7.54、20.32[50]
182~183 6/6/6/6骨架 SF-268、MCF-7、HepG2、A549 20.00~26.20[56]
195~198 多环骨架 DU145、SW1990、Huh7、PANC-1 4.90~17.10[58]
), ArticleFig(id=1248653103118049585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248601466785649469, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

杂萜化合物的抗肿瘤活性

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化合物 结构特点 抗肿瘤活性 半数抑制浓度(IC50)/μmol·L-1
19 6/7/6/5/6/5骨架 CDC25B 13.00[14]
32~34 Andrastin类 CDC25B 20.00[17]
35 Andrastin类 A549、HCT116、SW480 78.63~95.54[18]
40~41 Andrastin类 A549 10.00[19]
42 Andrastin类 HepG2 7.80[20]
104 二氧双环庚烷 SMMC-7721、SW-480 18.80、18.35[33]
105 螺双环 SMMC-7721、SW-480 8.19、14.67[33]
106 Andibenin类 A-549 11.33[33]
108 6/6/5/7/5骨架 SMMC-7721、SW-480 17.49、16.84[33]
125~126 α-吡喃酮二萜 Hs683、B16F10 1.00、1.00[37]
141 Drimane类 22Rv1、Neuro-2a 31.50、24.10[42]
151 Austalide杂萜 DU145、T24 53.00、64.00[45]
152 Austalide杂萜 DU145、T24 73.00、73.00[45]
168 Δ7'双键 HL-60、HO8910 7.54、20.32[50]
182~183 6/6/6/6骨架 SF-268、MCF-7、HepG2、A549 20.00~26.20[56]
195~198 多环骨架 DU145、SW1990、Huh7、PANC-1 4.90~17.10[58]
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化合物 结构特点 抗菌活性 最低抑菌浓度(MIC)/μg·mL-1
129~130 α-吡喃酮杂萜 Bacillus subtilisSalmonella typhiVerticillium dahlia Kleb、Phytophthora parasiticaGibberella saubinetii 12.50~50.00[39]
134~139 α-吡喃酮杂萜 Micrococcus luteaKlebsiella pneumoniae、Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusStreptococcus faecalis 6.25~100.00[41]
176 裂环α-吡喃酮环 植物病原菌青枯菌 8.00[53]
180 十八碳二烯酸 角斑病菌、迟钝爱德华菌 0.25、0.5[55]
209~215 裂苯基杂萜 Phytophthora infestansAlternaria solaniRhizoctonia solanFusarium oxysporum 8.00~128.00[62]
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杂萜化合物的抗菌活性

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化合物 结构特点 抗菌活性 最低抑菌浓度(MIC)/μg·mL-1
129~130 α-吡喃酮杂萜 Bacillus subtilisSalmonella typhiVerticillium dahlia Kleb、Phytophthora parasiticaGibberella saubinetii 12.50~50.00[39]
134~139 α-吡喃酮杂萜 Micrococcus luteaKlebsiella pneumoniae、Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureusStreptococcus faecalis 6.25~100.00[41]
176 裂环α-吡喃酮环 植物病原菌青枯菌 8.00[53]
180 十八碳二烯酸 角斑病菌、迟钝爱德华菌 0.25、0.5[55]
209~215 裂苯基杂萜 Phytophthora infestansAlternaria solaniRhizoctonia solanFusarium oxysporum 8.00~128.00[62]
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真菌来源杂萜类化合物的研究进展
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时杰 1, 2 , 余玥 3 , 刘冰 4 , 李文兰 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 研究论文 2024,59(6): 476-485
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中国药学杂志 | 研究论文 2024, 59(6): 476-485
真菌来源杂萜类化合物的研究进展
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时杰1, 2, 余玥3, 刘冰4, 李文兰1, *
作者信息
  • 1 哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 2 北京大学药学院天然与仿生药物国家重点实验室, 北京 100191
  • 3 北京市科学技术研究院, 北京 100089
  • 4 哈尔滨商业大学药物工程技术研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076
  • 时杰,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然药物化学

通讯作者:

*李文兰,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质基础Tel:(0451)84605022
Research Progress of Meroterpenoids Produced by Fungi
Jie SHI1, 2, Yue YU3, Bing LIU4, Wenlan LI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Pharmacy, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
  • 3 Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China
  • 4 Engineering Research Center for Medicine, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
出版时间: 2024-03-22
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杂萜类化合物是一类含有萜类骨架的杂合型天然产物,具有独特的结构和多样的生物活性,在抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等方面均有所体现,成为天然产物领域的研究热点。笔者综述近5年真菌来源杂萜类化合物的研究进展,基于生源特征归纳了其化学结构和生物活性,将为新型杂萜类药物的开发提供有力支撑。

杂萜类化合物  /  真菌  /  生物活性  /  生物合成

Meroterpenoids are a class of terpenoid-containing hybrid natural products with impressive structures and various bioactivities, which are reflected in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and other aspects, and have become a research hotspot in the field of natural products. Here, meroterpenoids isolated from fungi over the past 5 years are summarized. Their chemical structures and biological activities are summarized according to their biosynthetic origin. This review could provide strong support for developing new meroterpenoid-derived drugs.

meroterpenoid  /  fungi  /  biological activity  /  biosynthesis
时杰, 余玥, 刘冰, 李文兰. 真菌来源杂萜类化合物的研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (6) : 476 -485 .
Jie SHI, Yue YU, Bing LIU, Wenlan LI. Research Progress of Meroterpenoids Produced by Fungi[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (6) : 476 -485 .
天然产物及其衍生物在新药研发中发挥重要作用,是临床药物最重要的来源之一。其中,杂萜类化合物因其独特的化学结构和多样的生物活性,受到广泛关注。如泛醌-10、维生素E、长春花碱、四氢大麻醇和杀鱼菌素B-4等都属于杂萜类化合物[1]。杂萜类化合物是由聚异戊烯途径(萜)和其他生物合成途径(非萜类部分)混杂偶联产生[2],广泛存在于细菌、真菌、植物和动物等多种生物中。其中,真菌是其主要生产者。多种真菌来源的杂萜类化合物已成为临床药物或先导化合物(图1)。例如,免疫抑制剂霉酚酸(mycophenolic acid)、抗菌和抗血管生成的烟曲霉素(fumagillin)、胆固醇酰基转移酶-2抑制剂啶南平A(pyripyropene A)、乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制剂土震素B(territrem B)、抗生素壳二孢呋喃酮(ascofuranone)、驱动蛋白Eg5抑制剂terpendole E和胰脂肪酶抑制剂褐盖韧革菌内酯(vibralactone)等[3]
Geris和Simpson综述了1968—2009年间杂萜类化合物的分离、结构、活性及生物合成[4];Matsuda等[5]综述了2016年以前杂萜类的生物合成研究;Awakawa等[6]综述了2016—2022年参与杂萜类生物合成的关键酶。2016年后,大量具有不同化学结构和生物活性的真菌杂萜类化合物被报道。因此,本文综述近5年新颖杂萜类化合物的化学结构和生物活性。真菌来源杂萜按其生物合成途径可以分为聚酮-异戊二烯来源、莽草酸-异戊二烯来源和其他来源[7]
大多数的真菌杂萜由聚酮-萜途径演化而来。其中聚酮部分主要是聚酮合酶(polyketide synthase, PKS)合成的前体,如3,5-二甲基苔色酸(DMOA)。
DMOA类杂萜骨架来源于简单的3,5-二甲基苔色酸,主要从曲霉属和青霉属真菌中分离获得。本文综述的该类杂萜根据其骨架特征,主要分为以下3类:austin、andrastin和terretonin[8](图2)。austin类A环具有特征性的氧杂螺环;andrastin类多具有6/6/6/5四环骨架;terretonin类则具有D环为内酯环的6/6/6/6四环骨架。
DMOA类杂萜骨架多样,生物起源在不同菌株中存在许多共同点,例如,生物合成过程多经历中间体I-1[7-8](图3)。大量同位素标记实验证明了由I-1转化成为上述杂萜骨架的过程(图3)。I-1中法尼基双键和聚酮双键的亲电加成反应得到桥环中间体I-2。I-2在聚酮片段上发生羟基化修饰或缩环重排等反应,分别生成中间体I-3、I-4和I-5。I-3经过Baeyer-Villiger (B-V)反应以及碳骨架的断裂重排得到氧杂螺环austin类杂萜(1~10);I-4经过氧化、还原、酯化等后修饰反应生成一系列andrastin类杂萜(11~42);I-5经羟基化以及分子内脱水反应得到内酯I-6,后经Retro-Claisen C-C 键断裂反应以及氧化还原修饰后得到terretonin N (55)。
迄今,已报道的austin类杂萜约有100个[9]。近5年从Penicillium sp.和Aspergillus sp.中分离得到10个新的austin类杂萜1~10[9-12]。其中,furanoaustinol (1)[10]和penicianstinoid E (10)[9]在AB环间形成1个五元醚环,从而拥有了新颖的6/5/6/6/6/5稠合六环骨架;penicianstinoid A (6)的C1'-C2'碳碳双键被氧化成羰基[12]。penicianstinoid C (8)中D环重排,形成6/6/6/5四环骨架及两个螺环结构[9];penicianstinoid D (9)中A环经氧化重排,形成独特的6/6/6/6四环骨架。新颖austin类杂萜的发现扩充了该类化合物的骨架类型,进一步丰富结构多样性。austin类杂萜通过氧化裂解、迁移、脱羧和环化等进一步修饰形成austin相关杂萜11~23[13-14]。amestolkolides A-D (11~14)具有独特的6/7/6/5/6五环骨架,15和21~23分别具有5/7/6/5/6/6、6/7/6/6/6/5、6/7/6/5/6/5/4和7/6/5/6/5/4多环骨架。此外,还得到一些austin类杂萜的前体24~31[15-16]。asperaustins A-C (24~26)分别具有独特的5/6/6/6/5五环骨架、螺内酯环和七元内酯环,27~29分别具有6/5/6/6/5/6、6/5/6/6/5/5和6/5/6/5/5/6六环骨架。austin类杂萜结构见图4
目前已报道andrastin类杂萜有30余个,均来自青霉属[17]。近5年,又发现31个andrastin类杂萜32~63[17-23],结构见图5。除具有典型andrastin类6/6/6/5骨架的化合物35~63外,Cheng等[17]Penicillium sp. SCSIO 41512中获得了新颖的penicimeroterpenoids A-C (32~34)。其中,11具有独特的6/5/6/6/7五环骨架,33和34则具有6/5/6/6/4的五环系统,推测是由D环氧化重排产生。其他新颖的andrastin类杂萜还包括:D环氧化重排形成的janthinoid A (40)[19]、C23带有半缩酮结构的化合物45和第一个通过C7和C15成醚形成四氢呋喃结构的化合物46,以及杂合了gregatin A或苯酚衍生物的isopenicins A-C (56~58)[22]
近年来,在曲霉菌中发现了39个新颖的terretonin杂萜及其衍生物(64~102)[24-30],结构见图6。64~93具有典型的6/6/6/6四环骨架且D环为内酯环。78~81在terretonin骨架的C6和C7具有特征性邻二羟基。Liu等[31]A. terreus Thom中分离出含螺二氧戊环聚合物spiroterreusnoids A-F (94~99),包含DMOA和2,3-丁二醇部分。Tang等[32]A. terreus GZU-31-1中分离出A环发生重排的新颖terretonin类化合物aspermeroterpenes A (100),以及terretonin类同系物101和102。100具有高度密集的5/3/6/6/6/5六环骨架。以上结构中,65、66和70具有顺式稠合A/B环,67、79和91具有顺式稠合C/D环骨架,在DMOA杂萜类化合物中较为罕见。
DMOA杂萜除以上3类外,还有andibenin等结构类型。Li等[33]Emericella sp. TJ29中分离到emeridones A-F (103~108)(图7)。103是第一个具有刚性6/6/5/6四环骨架和两个内酯环的杂萜。104和105分别具有罕见的二氧双环庚烷和螺双环结构。106和107则属于andibenin类杂萜,具有6/6/5/6/5五环骨架。Andibenin类具有氧杂螺环和特征性的桥环结构。
基因组测序成本的降低和生物信息学的发展,为发掘DMOA杂萜提供了新的技术手段。Zhang等[34]经过生物信息学分析在巴西青霉(P. brasilianum WZXY-m122-9)基因组中发现DMOA杂萜类基因簇中存在丰富的后修饰基因,提示可能产生新颖杂萜类分子,并从中分离到结构新颖的brasilianoids A-F (109~114)(图7)。其中,109和114在A环上形成γ-内酯环。110和111则具有第一次发现的7/6/6/5/5五环骨架。Qi等[35]从土曲霉(A. terreus)中获得terreusterpenes A-D (115~117)(图7),具有与andrastin类杂萜不一样的6/6/6/5四环骨架,117具有4-羟基-3-甲基-内酯的特征片段。
聚酮杂萜除以DMOA作为前体来源外,还有以法尼基化吡喃酮(farnesylated pyrone)为前体的其他类型杂萜118~139[36-41](图7),多具有吡喃酮结构。其中,asperversins A-B (118~119)具有A环氧化重排形成的5/6/6/6四环骨架[36];emerones A-C(129~131)分别具有特征性的5/7/6/6骨架、十元环和去甲甾萜骨架[39];chevalone F (132)和11-hydroxychevalone E (133)则具有γ-吡喃酮[40]
非典型骨架的聚酮杂萜及其衍生物140~150已经被报道[42-44](图7),包括drimane化合物及其衍生物141~144,具有特征性6/6/5三环骨架。Li等[44]Epicoccum sp. YUD17002中分离得到epiterenoids A-C (147~149)和illudalane衍生物150。147~149中法尼基焦磷酸(farnesyl pyrophosphate,FPP)来源的萜类部分经环化、乙基化和氧化等一系列反应形成,具有包含四氢呋喃环的5/6/4/5/5稠合五环骨架,四氢呋喃环为结构增添新颖性(图7)。
近年来,还发现了由母体6-金合欢基-5,7-二羟基-4-甲基苯酞(6-farnesyl-5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylphthalide)环化和氧化修饰而来的austalide杂萜151~155[45-46](图7)。151和152具有5/6/6/6/6/5/5七环骨架,首次发现其中含有四氢呋喃环;153~155分别具有5/6/6/6/6五环和5/6/6/6四环骨架。
随着分离和鉴定技术的发展,新颖的杂萜类化合物不断涌现。Liu等[47]Cytospora rhizophorae A761中发现4个半萜杂合酚类化合物cytosporins A-D(156~159),具有前所未有的七元或八元环骨架,为首次发现的二苯甲酮-萜烯杂合家族。Zhang等[48]P. funiculosum GWT2-24中获得chrodrimanins A-B (160~161)和类似物162~163(图7),初次发现苯并环己酮和萜烯部分组成的五环骨架。这些结构丰富了杂萜的骨架类型,使结构更具有多样性。
莽草酸途径是生物界广泛存在的一条重要代谢途径,萜类中间体可以与莽草酸途偶联形成新颖杂萜。链格孢属真菌(Alternaria sp.)能够产生一类特有的环己烯酮-倍半萜(alternarenes)衍生物,主要骨架类型包含三环烯型(tricycloalternarenes,TCAs)。TCAs杂萜为莽草酸途径来源,近年来6个该类化合物(164~169)被分离[49-50](图8)。Chen等[51]Guignardia mangiferae中分离到倍半萜与莽草酸偶联的杂萜mangiterpenes A-C (170~172)和173(图8),其中,172和173具有螺环骨架。
色氨酸经脱羧、氧化、还原、重排等过程后转变成吲哚生物碱类中间体,与萜类中间体结合得到吲哚杂萜。目前真菌来源的氨基酸杂萜基本上为吲哚-二萜衍生物[7]。Deng等[30]从曲霉中分离得到1个异戊烯化色氨酸衍生物terrtryptop (174)(图8),具有不寻常的(E)-肟基团。
除聚酮、莽草酸以及氨基酸途径来源外,还有其他杂合途径形成的杂萜化合物,其骨架也具有独特性。近年来,发现了草酸相关的杂萜decaturenol A (175)[52]和oxalicine C (176)[53],176是具有裂环α-吡喃酮环的草酸生物碱的第1个实例(图8)。
一些新发现的杂萜177~194虽然没有阐明其来源途径[54-57](图8),但具有吡喃、吡啶等片段或其他前所未有的结构,为杂萜增添了新颖性。stachybotrychromenes A-C (177~179)的结构特点为苯并吡喃主链连接1个类异戊二烯侧链[54];180代表了前所未有的与十八碳二烯酸骨架杂化的acorane型倍半萜烯[55];photeroids A-B (182~183)代表了第1类稠合6/6/6/6四环骨架的酚倍半萜杂萜类化合物[56]。Zhao等[57]报道了9个新的异戊二烯基环己烯型杂萜类化合物184~192和2个新的异戊二烯基苯甲酸型杂萜类化合物193和194(图8)。188是第1个带有环状碳酸酯的异戊二烯基环己烯型杂萜类化合物。
195~219的发现丰富了杂萜化合物的结构[58-63](图8)。Eutypellacytosporins A (195)是cytosporin D和decipienolide A的杂合体[58];199~201在C13-C14键上连接了3个含氧环[59];203具有噻唑结构[60];205和206具有螺环结构[61];209和210具有新颖的6-6/5融合环骨架[62];216具有6/6/6/5/5/5六环骨架,217和218具有6/6/6/6/6/6六环骨架[63]
具有多环骨架和含氧环的杂萜多报道具有抗炎活性。如3、12、29、100~102、110、111、170~173对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的RAW 246.7小鼠巨噬细胞中一氧化氮(NO)的产生表现出不同程度的抑制作用[11,13,16,32,34,51],半数抑制浓度(IC50)在1.6~42.3 μmol·L-1之间。其中,172是通过阻断NF-κB信号通路和抑制炎症介质的表达而发挥抗炎作用[51]。抗炎活性评价表明,具有萜烯结构的175在20 μg·mL-1的浓度下抑制IL-10诱导的CD163表达[52],异戊二烯基环己烯型杂萜类化合物186和188以剂量依赖的方式抑制促炎细胞因子TNF-α和IL-6的产生[57]
andrastin类杂萜(32~35、40~42和56)能够通过抑制癌细胞的增殖和转移发挥抗肿瘤作用[17-20,22]。其中,化合物41抗人肺癌细胞(A549)的增殖和转移作用与临床一线药物依托泊苷的效果相当[19]。此外,具有五元环或螺环多环骨架的杂萜(19、104~106、108、125、126、141、151~154、168、182、183、195~198)对人或小鼠的癌细胞具有不同程度的细胞毒性[14,33,37,42,45,46,50,56,58](表1)。进一步研究表明,四氢呋喃环可以增强151和152对癌细胞的抑制作用[45]。与其他杂萜的结构比较,168的Δ7'双键应该是赋予细胞毒性的关键官能团[50]
阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种进行性认知障碍,目前尚无有效的治疗方法。研究表明,具有BACE1和AChE抑制活性的多靶点药物对AD的治疗起着重要作用。具有6/6/6/6四环骨架和特征结构的杂萜化合物为开发新的BACE1抑制剂提供重要药源分子,65、66、70、115、116和117对BACE1表现出显著的抑制活性[24,35],IC50分别为3.3、5.9、31.7、5.98、11.42和1.91 μmol·L-1;117、123和150具有AChE抑制活性[35,36,44],IC50分别为8.86、13.6和(4.91±0.27) μmol·L-1。116和117具有五元内酯环,123具有七元内酯环,这些结构可能是杂萜发挥活性的关键。而且具有螺二氧戊环结构的94~99显示出抑制BACE1(IC50为5.86~27.16 μmol·L-1)和AChE(IC50为22.18~32.51 μmol·L-1)的潜力[31],提示螺二氧戊环结构可能有利于杂萜类化合物对BACE1和AChE抑制活性。比较94和95活性数据发现,顺式稠合C/D环连接可以提高抑制BACE1活性,但不会促进AChE抑制活性。
具有吡喃酮结构杂萜多具有抗菌活性。129、130、134~139、176、180、209~215对多种细菌和真菌表现出抑制作用[39,41,53,55,62](表2)。180对角斑病菌和迟钝爱德华菌显示出抑制活性[55](表2),推测十八碳二烯酸骨架是其发挥作用的药效团。这些杂萜将为新型农药的发现提供候选分子。
杂萜在抗虫、免疫调节、抗病毒方面均发挥着重要作用。6、7、8和10对棉铃虫初孵幼虫具有生长抑制活性[9,12],IC50为100~200 μg·mL-1,同时,6和7对秀丽隐杆线虫显示出抑制活性[12],半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为9.4和38.2 μg·mL-1。47和53能够显著降低细胞脱粒(IC50分别为40.4和14.8 μmol·L-1),优于阳性对照氯雷他定(IC50为92.5 μmol·L-1),并呈剂量依赖性减少组胺的释放和TNF-α的产生,有望成为抗过敏先导化合物[21]。80和89能够显著抑制ConA诱导的小鼠T细胞增殖[25],在10 μmol·L-1时175对HT22海马神经细胞中内质网(ER)应激诱导的细胞死亡表现出保护作用[52]。219对伪狂犬病病毒表现出有效的抗病毒活性(IC50为3.35 μmol·L-1)[63],与其二甲基环丁醇结构有关。
除以上活性外,杂萜在降脂、抑制浮游生物以及降糖等多个方面显示出活性。109能够以剂量依赖的方式显著刺激HaCaT细胞中丝聚蛋白和胱天蛋白酶-14的表达[34],有望成为治疗皮肤疾病的先导化合物。21~23以剂量依赖性方式降低3T3-L1脂肪细胞中甘油三酯的积累[14],其IC50分别为(21.0±0.4) (37.0±0.3)和(29.0±0.1) μmol·L-1。164~167对3种海洋浮游植物(Chattonella marina, Heterosigma akashiwoProrocentrum donghaiense)具有抑制作用[49],其中166抑制率最高,在100 μg·mL-1时抑制率为78.5%,对海洋浮游动物(Artemia salina)有毒性作用。205~208对α-葡萄糖苷酶有抑制作用[61],IC50分别为0.50、0.66、0.058、0.20 mmol·L-1(阳性对照acarbose的IC50为0.47 mmol·L-1)。205和206中的螺环结构,可能是其发挥活性的关键。
本文整理了2018年至今54篇研究论文中报道的219个杂萜,并基于生源特征在结构特点和生物活性等方面进行了综述。这些杂萜化合物可以根据其基本骨架分为聚酮-萜类和非聚酮-萜类,文中描述的大多数真菌杂萜化合物(73%)是聚酮-萜类途径来源(图9A)。不同的合成途径和后修饰酶带来了杂萜化合物的结构多样化和复杂性,而这些新发现的杂萜化合物极大地丰富了天然产物数据库。新颖的结构赋予了杂萜多样的生物活性,主要表现在抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗AD和抗菌等多个方面。本文讨论这些杂萜化合物中45%具有生物活性(图9B),丰富的生物活性表明杂萜化合物具有广阔的应用前景。
近年来,杂萜类化合物研究取得了良好的进展,但也面临着一些问题,例如大多数新化合物未能发现其生物活性,这也是天然产物化学研究中普遍存在的问题,新技术的发展应用以及学科间交叉融合为解决这个问题带来了希望。基于人工智能算法的活性预测工具的出现为天然产物活性筛选提供了指引;表面等离子共振(SPR)、等温量热滴定(ITC)等分子互作技术显著提升了体外活性筛选效率,为问题的解决提供了新的工具,也将为杂萜类化合物更深入的研究提供强有力的支撑。
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2024年第59卷第6期
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  • 接收时间:2023-03-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-03-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-12
基金
中央支持地方高校改革发展资金人才培养项目资助
作者信息
    1 哈尔滨商业大学药学院, 哈尔滨 150076
    2 北京大学药学院天然与仿生药物国家重点实验室, 北京 100191
    3 北京市科学技术研究院, 北京 100089
    4 哈尔滨商业大学药物工程技术研究中心, 哈尔滨 150076

通讯作者:

*李文兰,女,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药药效物质基础Tel:(0451)84605022
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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