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Article(id=1248600571654066452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248600564427280576, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)05-0392-06, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689350400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619174158, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1709827200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619174158, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619174158, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619174158, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248600564427280576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='377', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619172436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619904979, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603637019202091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248600564427280576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603637023396396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248600564427280576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=392, endPage=397, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248600571939279139, articleId=1248600571654066452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress in Research on Methyltransferase-like Protein Family in Cancer Diseases, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Methyltransferase-like proteins (METTL) are a kind of enzyme proteins that exist widely in human body, with a binding domain of nucleic acids, proteins, and other small molecules. METTL catalyzes methylation using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a substrate. Methylation is one of the important modifications of proteins and nucleic acids and is one of the important topics in epigenetic. Members of the METTL family are considered to be methyltransferases in the methylation of nucleic acids and proteins, and understanding the mechanisms by which these potential enzymes act can help understand their functions and substrate specificity. With the development of research, it has been found that METTL family is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumor diseases, and its relationship with tumor diseases is clarified. It can be used as a target of molecular therapy and plays an important role in tumor prognosis. In this review, the classification, mechanism of action and relationship between METTL family and tumor were reviewed in order to provide new ideas and new targets for tumor pathogenesis and diagnosis and treatment.

, correspAuthors=Yuehui YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingsi GUO, Xinyang LI, Yuehui YANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248600573130461551, articleId=1248600571654066452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=甲基转移酶样蛋白家族在肿瘤疾病中的相关研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

甲基转移酶样蛋白(methyltransferase-like protein,METTL)是人体内普遍存在的一种酶类蛋白,具有核酸、蛋白质和其他小分子的结合域,通常以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)为底物,催化甲基化过程。甲基化是蛋白质和核酸的重要修饰之一,也是表观遗传学的重要研究内容之一。METTL家族成员被认为是核酸和蛋白质甲基化过程中的甲基转移酶,了解这些潜在酶起作用的机制,有助于认识它们的功能和底物的特异性。随着研究的深入,发现METTL家族在多种肿瘤疾病中表达异常,明确其与肿瘤疾病的关系,可作为分子治疗的靶点,并对肿瘤的预后具有重要的作用。本文从METTL蛋白家族的分类,作用机制以及与肿瘤的关系等方面进行综述,以期为肿瘤的诊治提供新思路和新靶点。

, correspAuthors=杨跃辉, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*杨跃辉,女,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:医院药学相关药事管理,静脉药物集中配置和医院制剂 Tel:(024)96615-71103
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郭静思,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:甲基化在肿瘤细胞中的机制研究

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郭静思,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:甲基化在肿瘤细胞中的机制研究

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郭静思,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:甲基化在肿瘤细胞中的机制研究

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基因名 全名 作用目标
METTL1 tRNA [guanine-N(7)-]-methyltransferase m7G (tRNA, mRNA, miRNA)
METTL2(METTL2A/B) tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2; methyltransferase-like protein 2 m3C (tRNA)
METTL3 N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunit m6A (mRNA)
METTL4 N(6)-adenine-specific methyltransferase METTL4 m6A (DNA)/m6Am (snRNA)
METTL5 rRNA N6-adenosine-methyltransferase METTL5 m6A (rRNA)
METTL6 tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL6 m3C (tRNA)
METTL8 mRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8 m3C (mRNA)
METTL14 N6-adenosine-methyltransferase noncatalytic subunit m6A m6A (mRNA)
METTL15 12S rRNA N4-methylcytidine (m4C) methyltransferase m4C (rRNA)
METTL16 RNA N6-adenosine-methyltransferase METTL16 m6A (ncRNA, pre-mRNA, mRNA)
METTL19 Probable tRNA [uracil-O(2)-]-methyltransferase 2'-O-methyluridine (tRNA)
METTL25B Ribosomal RNA adenine dimethylase domain containing 1 m6A (rRNA)
), ArticleFig(id=1248642347018375178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248600571654066452, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肿瘤细胞中修饰DNA/RNA的甲基转移酶样蛋白种类[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
基因名 全名 作用目标
METTL1 tRNA [guanine-N(7)-]-methyltransferase m7G (tRNA, mRNA, miRNA)
METTL2(METTL2A/B) tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL2; methyltransferase-like protein 2 m3C (tRNA)
METTL3 N6-adenosine-methyltransferase catalytic subunit m6A (mRNA)
METTL4 N(6)-adenine-specific methyltransferase METTL4 m6A (DNA)/m6Am (snRNA)
METTL5 rRNA N6-adenosine-methyltransferase METTL5 m6A (rRNA)
METTL6 tRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL6 m3C (tRNA)
METTL8 mRNA N(3)-methylcytidine methyltransferase METTL8 m3C (mRNA)
METTL14 N6-adenosine-methyltransferase noncatalytic subunit m6A m6A (mRNA)
METTL15 12S rRNA N4-methylcytidine (m4C) methyltransferase m4C (rRNA)
METTL16 RNA N6-adenosine-methyltransferase METTL16 m6A (ncRNA, pre-mRNA, mRNA)
METTL19 Probable tRNA [uracil-O(2)-]-methyltransferase 2'-O-methyluridine (tRNA)
METTL25B Ribosomal RNA adenine dimethylase domain containing 1 m6A (rRNA)
), ArticleFig(id=1248642347102261263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248600571654066452, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甲基转移酶样蛋白名 全名 作用目标
METTL9 Methyltransferase-like protein 9 Unknown
METTL10 EEF1A lysine methyltransferase 2 Lysine (EEF1A)
METTL11A N-terminal Xaa-Pro-Lys N-methyltransferase 1 N-terminal
METTL11B Alpha N-terminal protein methyltransferase 1B N-terminal
METTL12 Citrate synthase-lysine N-methyltransferase CSKMT, mitochondrial Lysine (citrate synthase)
METTL13 eEF1A lysine and N-terminal methyltransferase eEF1A lysine and N-terminal methyltransferase
METTL18 Histidine protein methyltransferase 1 homolog Histidine
METTL20 Electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase Lysine (ETFβ)
METTL21A Protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A Lysine (HSPA)
METTL21B EEF1A lysine methyltransferase 3 Lysine (EEF1A)
METTL21C Protein-lysine methyltransferase METTL21C Lysine (VCP)
METTL21D Protein-lysine methyltransferase METTL21D Lysine (VCP)
METTL21E Protein-lysine methyltransferase METTL21E Lysine (VCP)
METTL22 Methyltransferase-like protein 22 Lysine (Kin17)
METTL23 MRT44 Methyltransferase-like protein 23 Unknow
), ArticleFig(id=1248642347181953046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248600571654066452, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

肿瘤细胞中修饰蛋白质的甲基转移酶样蛋白种类[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甲基转移酶样蛋白名 全名 作用目标
METTL9 Methyltransferase-like protein 9 Unknown
METTL10 EEF1A lysine methyltransferase 2 Lysine (EEF1A)
METTL11A N-terminal Xaa-Pro-Lys N-methyltransferase 1 N-terminal
METTL11B Alpha N-terminal protein methyltransferase 1B N-terminal
METTL12 Citrate synthase-lysine N-methyltransferase CSKMT, mitochondrial Lysine (citrate synthase)
METTL13 eEF1A lysine and N-terminal methyltransferase eEF1A lysine and N-terminal methyltransferase
METTL18 Histidine protein methyltransferase 1 homolog Histidine
METTL20 Electron transfer flavoprotein beta subunit lysine methyltransferase Lysine (ETFβ)
METTL21A Protein N-lysine methyltransferase METTL21A Lysine (HSPA)
METTL21B EEF1A lysine methyltransferase 3 Lysine (EEF1A)
METTL21C Protein-lysine methyltransferase METTL21C Lysine (VCP)
METTL21D Protein-lysine methyltransferase METTL21D Lysine (VCP)
METTL21E Protein-lysine methyltransferase METTL21E Lysine (VCP)
METTL22 Methyltransferase-like protein 22 Lysine (Kin17)
METTL23 MRT44 Methyltransferase-like protein 23 Unknow
), ArticleFig(id=1248642347249061917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248600571654066452, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甲基转移酶样蛋白名 全名 作用目标
METTL7A Methyltransferase-like protein 7A unknown
METTL7B Methyltransferase-like protein 7B unknown
METTL17 Methyltransferase-like protein 17, mitochondrial unknown
METTL25 Methyltransferase-like protein 25 unknown
METTL26 Methyltransferase-like protein 26 unknown
METTL27 Methyltransferase-like protein 27 unknown
), ArticleFig(id=1248642347353919524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248600571654066452, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

肿瘤细胞中修饰其他生物分子的甲基转移酶样蛋白种类[7]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
甲基转移酶样蛋白名 全名 作用目标
METTL7A Methyltransferase-like protein 7A unknown
METTL7B Methyltransferase-like protein 7B unknown
METTL17 Methyltransferase-like protein 17, mitochondrial unknown
METTL25 Methyltransferase-like protein 25 unknown
METTL26 Methyltransferase-like protein 26 unknown
METTL27 Methyltransferase-like protein 27 unknown
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甲基转移酶样蛋白家族在肿瘤疾病中的相关研究进展
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郭静思 , 李馨阳 , 杨跃辉 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(5): 392-397
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(5): 392-397
甲基转移酶样蛋白家族在肿瘤疾病中的相关研究进展
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郭静思, 李馨阳, 杨跃辉*
作者信息
  • 中国医科大学附属盛京医院药学部, 沈阳 110004

    • 郭静思,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:甲基化在肿瘤细胞中的机制研究

通讯作者:

*杨跃辉,女,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:医院药学相关药事管理,静脉药物集中配置和医院制剂 Tel:(024)96615-71103
Research Progress in Research on Methyltransferase-like Protein Family in Cancer Diseases
Jingsi GUO, Xinyang LI, Yuehui YANG*
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
出版时间: 2024-03-08
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摘要
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甲基转移酶样蛋白(methyltransferase-like protein,METTL)是人体内普遍存在的一种酶类蛋白,具有核酸、蛋白质和其他小分子的结合域,通常以S-腺苷甲硫氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine,SAM)为底物,催化甲基化过程。甲基化是蛋白质和核酸的重要修饰之一,也是表观遗传学的重要研究内容之一。METTL家族成员被认为是核酸和蛋白质甲基化过程中的甲基转移酶,了解这些潜在酶起作用的机制,有助于认识它们的功能和底物的特异性。随着研究的深入,发现METTL家族在多种肿瘤疾病中表达异常,明确其与肿瘤疾病的关系,可作为分子治疗的靶点,并对肿瘤的预后具有重要的作用。本文从METTL蛋白家族的分类,作用机制以及与肿瘤的关系等方面进行综述,以期为肿瘤的诊治提供新思路和新靶点。

甲基转移酶样蛋白  /  甲基化修饰  /  N-6腺苷酸甲基化  /  肿瘤治疗

Methyltransferase-like proteins (METTL) are a kind of enzyme proteins that exist widely in human body, with a binding domain of nucleic acids, proteins, and other small molecules. METTL catalyzes methylation using S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) as a substrate. Methylation is one of the important modifications of proteins and nucleic acids and is one of the important topics in epigenetic. Members of the METTL family are considered to be methyltransferases in the methylation of nucleic acids and proteins, and understanding the mechanisms by which these potential enzymes act can help understand their functions and substrate specificity. With the development of research, it has been found that METTL family is abnormally expressed in a variety of tumor diseases, and its relationship with tumor diseases is clarified. It can be used as a target of molecular therapy and plays an important role in tumor prognosis. In this review, the classification, mechanism of action and relationship between METTL family and tumor were reviewed in order to provide new ideas and new targets for tumor pathogenesis and diagnosis and treatment.

methyltransferase-like protein  /  methylation modification  /  N-6 methyladenosine  /  tumor treatment
郭静思, 李馨阳, 杨跃辉. 甲基转移酶样蛋白家族在肿瘤疾病中的相关研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (5) : 392 -397 .
Jingsi GUO, Xinyang LI, Yuehui YANG. Research Progress in Research on Methyltransferase-like Protein Family in Cancer Diseases[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (5) : 392 -397 .
正文
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肿瘤严重影响了人类的健康,随着现代医学的进一步发展,不断创新的靶向药和治疗技术,对肿瘤的发生发展产生了一定抑制作用,但是还存在很多局限性,需要突破和解决。从甲基化的角度出发,探究甲基化相关蛋白在肿瘤中的作用机制,为肿瘤药物的研发和使用提供多方面的参考。
甲基化修饰是表观遗传学修饰的一种,细胞内的DNA、RNA和蛋白质均受其调控[1-2]。近年来,肿瘤细胞的甲基化修饰被广泛研究,在肿瘤的发生发展、治疗和预后中发挥着重要的作用,但是其具体的调节机制,以及对肿瘤的影响还需进行更深入的研究[3]。甲基转移酶催化DNA、RNA、蛋白质和其他生物分子甲基的转移,最近研究已经认识到甲基转移酶修饰组蛋白等蛋白质中特定残基的功能的重要性[4],并且越来越多的人开始深入研究转录后修饰的RNA分子[5]。甲基转移酶样蛋白(methyltransferase-like protein,METTL)家族在不同的肿瘤疾病中所结合的位点也不尽相同,所以了解其作用机制与底物的特异性,有助于为肿瘤疾病的诊疗提供新方向。笔者主要介绍METTL家族的主要成员以及在不同肿瘤中的作用机制。
1 METTL家族概论
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METTL蛋白将甲基转移到核酸、蛋白质、脂质和其他小分子上,随后在各种细胞过程中发挥重要作用。本课题组研究METTL家族,是因为这些甲基转移酶已经被证明可以修饰DNA/RNA核苷和蛋白质残基,导致基因表达或表型的改变,对生物体的生物进程有深远的影响[6]。然而到目前为止,仍有几个METTL家族成员的精确目标和功能没有被研究清楚。有研究表明[7],根据修饰的分子类型特点,可将METTL家族分为3种类型:一类是修饰DNA/RNA,一类是修饰蛋白质,以及修饰尚未可知的其他生物分子类型。本研究将按照这一原则,对METTL家族成员进行分类整理。
1.1 修饰DNA/RNA
DNA甲基化是在甲基转移酶的作用下(DNA Methyltransferase, DNMT)基因组结合一个甲基基团。DNA甲基化异常会使表观遗传学改变,基因启动子区的甲基化异常是抑癌基因和其他基因失活的主要原因之一[8]。有研究表明敲除METTL4的RNAi,会让细胞的周期停滞在G1期,进而预测METTL4可能参与DNA的甲基化[9]。
RNA甲基化修饰与DNA甲基化修饰过程,是一种可逆的调控基因表达修饰的过程。RNA甲基化修饰是真核生物中最常见的一种修饰,在RNA功能调节中发挥重要的作用,参与各种生物过程。确定RNA修饰,有助于发现RNA结构的复杂性和功能的多样性[10]。RNA的内部修饰包括:N-6腺苷酸甲基化(N-6 methyladenosine,m6A),N-1腺苷酸甲基化(m1A),胞嘧啶羟基化(m5C)。m6A甲基化修饰由一系列甲基化转移酶、去甲基转移酶和相关的蛋白等共同参与的过程[11]。研究发现,m6A受甲基复合体(METTL3、METTL14、WTAP)、去甲基转移酶(FTO、ALKBH5)、结合蛋白(YTHDF1、YTHDF2、YTHDF3、YTHDC1、YTHDC2)等协同控制(图1)[12]。
多个METTL家族参与RNA甲基化修饰:METTL3和METTL14作为复合体负责RNA中N6-甲基腺苷(m6A)的形成[13];METTL1催化7-甲基鸟苷(m7G)在RNA中的形成[14];METTL16是RNA甲基化的甲基转移酶[15];同时发现METTL5,METTL16和METTL25B也调节m6A的甲基化作用(表1)[16]。
1.2 修饰蛋白质
有研究报道,通过免疫印记检测发现,METTL9与钙连接蛋白前体(calnexin precursor, CANX)相互作用,由于CANX可以调节内质网的钙浓度,并协助蛋白质的折叠,可以推测METTL9是一种修饰蛋白质的甲基转移酶[17]。最近也有研究发现METTL10和METTL11A可能是蛋白的甲基转移酶[18-19],这些新发现突出表明METTL家族是一个新型的家族,其中许多具有潜在的核苷甲基转移酶活性。然而对于很多家族成员来说,尚不清楚它们与哪些蛋白相互作用,或者是否可以单独作用。在最近的人类蛋白质组分析中,只有部分家族成员被研究[20],其他的家族成员整理见表2。
1.3 修饰其他生物分子
据报道,METTL7A是一种完整的膜蛋白,METTL7B被证明与线粒体膜蛋白密切相关,而且两者同源度很高[7]。METTL17已经被证明在物理和功能上与雌性激素受体(ER)等相互作用,并作为共激活剂,调节他们的转录活性[21]。然而目前很少有人知道METTL25,METTL26和METTL27,虽然这3个预测具有特征的7个β-链结构METTL基因序列和SAM的活性,但是3个蛋白的机制尚未完全阐明,其他家族成员整理如下(表3)。
2 METTL家族与肿瘤的关系
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目前已知的METTL家族包括至少34个成员,在肿瘤的进展中发挥着不同的角色,其中METTL3、METTL14、METTL7参与调节肺癌[22],肝癌[23]和结肠癌的侵袭和转移[24]。很多家族成员被研究证实与肿瘤有密切的关系,可以作为新特异的分子生物标志物,被用于癌症的早期预防和治疗。
2.1 肺癌
肺癌是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在全球范围内,180万确诊患者中,大约140万人死于肺癌。非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)是肺癌的1个主要亚型(约85%),5年存活率低于15%[25]。METTL7B参与了细胞周期进程的调节,对NSCLC的发展至关重要,可能作为NSCLC的潜在治疗靶点。研究表明,应用定量qRT-PCR,对比非癌的正常组织,METTL7B在临床肺癌组织中表达上调。在METTL7B缺失时,细胞周期蛋白下调,细胞周期素依赖性激酶4抑制剂上调,表明G0/G1转换可能受到抑制,并用流式细胞仪得到证明,所以METTL7B通过调节细胞周期进程促进肿瘤的发生[26]。
在肺癌的研究中,METTL3作为经典的甲基复合体,可以选择性地调控某些mRNA的表达水平,如增加肿瘤基因EGFR、TAZ、MAPKAPK2和DNMT3A的mRNA表达,从而增强肺癌的增殖侵袭能力[27]。另一项的肺癌研究中,miR-33a可以直接抑制METTL3mRNA的3'UTR的表达,进而下调肿瘤基因EGFR、TAZ、MAPKAPK2和DNMT3A相关蛋白质的表达(图2)[28]。
通过qRT-PCR和Western blot检测METTL14的mRNA和蛋白在癌变组织中表达量较癌旁正常组织高,METTL14可能参与了肺癌的发展过程,并与预后密切相关,为肺癌的预后提供了新依据,有望成为肺癌治疗的新靶点[29]。
2.2 肝癌
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)是最常见的肝癌,占85%左右[30]。Chen等[31]发现,METTL3可作为促癌基因,通过m6A/YTHDF2途径使SOCS2mRNA降解,进而促进细胞增殖侵袭。也有研究发现[32],METTL14通过依赖m6A方式,增加miR-126水平,抑制HCC的转移(图3)。这提示在肝癌中,METTL3促进癌细胞的增殖转移,而METTL14能够抑制癌细胞的增殖转移,但是在肺癌等多种癌症中两者是以结合的方式共同促进肿瘤的转移和侵袭,这值得进一步研究讨论。另一项研究[33]发现,METTL18表达水平升高与HCC的预后不良和晚期临床病理特征有关,但是具体作用机制尚未得到讨论。
2.3 胃癌
METTL蛋白家族与胃癌(gastric cancer, GC)息息相关,研究其机制有助于胃癌的诊断和治疗。作为P53的一个下游基因METTL9,会导致肿瘤因子等重要基因失活[34]。虽然到目前为止,METTL16在GC中的研究缺少相关报道,但是与METTL16相关的2个基因MAT2A和MALAT1被证明与GC相关。MAT2A和MALAT1在GC高表达,下调会抑制GC增殖、迁移,促进凋亡[35-36]。也有研究表明,对比正常组织,METTL9在人类鳞状胃癌组织中表达增高,METTL9是抑制胃癌腹膜播散的一个合适的分子靶点,也可以作为一种特性标志物阻止胃癌的发生[37]。
2.4 宫颈癌
宫颈癌是女性常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在晚期有高侵袭性和转移性的倾向。越来越多的研究发现,METTL家族与宫颈癌的发生发展密切相关。有研究发现,过表达METTL11A可以促进宫颈癌细胞的侵袭和转移。转录组测序数据的差异基因表达分析表明,ELK3在METTL11A沉默的宫颈癌细胞中被下调,这在蛋白质和mRNA水平上得到了进一步验证。功能实验发现,METTL11A是以ELK3依赖的方式促进宫颈癌细胞的迁移,这提示METTL11A可能是潜在的生物标志物和宫颈癌的治疗靶点[38]。同时发现METTL3在宫颈癌中表达下调,与肿瘤的大小、分期、分化、转移及复发呈负相关,预后不良,促进细胞增殖,但是具体的机制还有待研究[39]。
2.5 其他肿瘤
随着机制的研究深入,甲基化修饰在胶质瘤中的作用越来越广泛。有研究表明,胶质瘤的m6A的表达量降低,过表达METTL3的基因可以有效抑制胶质瘤的增殖与迁移能力,增加肿瘤的凋亡[40]。大肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)患者会对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)产生耐药性,当METTL3上调可以调节癌症相关成纤维细胞(cancer-associated fibroblasts,CAFs)来源的外泌体miR-181d-5p,并且微处理器蛋白DGCR8以m6A依赖性方式在miR-181d-5P的表达中起重要的作用。miR-181d-5P的过表达靶向神经钙蛋白(neurocalcin-delta,NCALD)抑制5-FU的敏感性,基于这些数据,推测m6A甲基化修饰上调CAFs来源的外泌体中miR-181d-5P,靶向CRC中的NCALD抑制化疗敏感性[41]。这些发现强调了m6A/DGCR8/miR-181d-5p/NCALD信号传导的重要性,这可能有助于开发治疗CRC的新药。另一研究发现,在鼻咽癌细胞中,METTL3通过增强EZH2蛋白的表达,EZH2抑制抑癌基因的表达,促进肿瘤的凋亡[42]。因此,深入研究癌症的发展机制,阐明METTL蛋白调节癌症的发病机理,对癌症诊疗具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。
3 总结与展望
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了解肿瘤进展的分子机制是开发肿瘤治疗策略的先决条件,为此,人们越来越努力地破译肿瘤甚至是晚期癌症的分子基础。然而,很多调控肿瘤侵袭性生长和转移的基本机制在很大程度上是未知的。METTL家族是一个多样化的甲基转移酶群体,可以使核苷酸、蛋白质和小分子发生甲基化,最具特色的家族成员METTL3和METTL14二聚体形成一个m6A RNA甲基转移酶,在癌症进展中发挥着既定的作用。m6A修饰是一种重要的表观遗传修饰,其作用十分广泛。其中,METTL3作为m6A修饰的核心甲基转移酶,已经证明与多种疾病的发生发展有关,并且目前对METTL3的研究也较多较深入,在肝细胞癌,胃癌等多种肿瘤中都有研究,这提示METTL3可能是调控肿瘤发生发展的关键蛋白。同样更多问题也需要进一步探索,比如METTL3通过甲基化方式促进哪些蛋白表达异常,有没有相关基因调控METTL3的表达,METTL3与m6A结合有没有依赖其他分子,作为肿瘤药物结合的潜在靶点,能不能特异性地调控METTL3的表达水平,从而抑制肿瘤增殖。
在不同的肿瘤疾病中一个蛋白靶标不同的基因,而且同一个蛋白在不同癌症中既有上调、也有下调情况:如METTL3在肺癌中表达上调,但是在宫颈癌中表达下调,这也是研究METTL家族最重要的一点,另外在肝癌中,METTL3高表达,但METTL14低表达,所以了解甲基转移酶样蛋白的表达情况,有助于分析肿瘤发生机制,为药物的开发提供新思路。
METTL蛋白家族成员在不同癌细胞中异常表达,作用机制也不同,调控通路中上下游基因也有可能不同,了解METTL蛋白在肿瘤中作用的潜在靶点,对设计相应靶点的抑制剂及肿瘤药物的优化具有重要作用。了解肿瘤发生发展机制和分子作用的靶点,有助于癌症治疗方案的开发。与此同时,甲基化酶的异常表达会导致癌症在内的多种疾病,但目前对它与癌症之间的关系所知甚少,当然,关于METTL家族成员在肿瘤中发挥的作用机制也需要进一步探究。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82104449)
  • 中国医科大学盛京医院“345人才工程”项目资助(M0677)
  • 中国博士后科学基金项目资助(2021M703607)
文献
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2024年第59卷第5期
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  • 接收时间：2023-07-15
  • 首发时间：2026-04-08
  • 出版时间：2024-03-08
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  • 收稿日期：2023-07-15
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(82104449)
中国医科大学盛京医院“345人才工程”项目资助(M0677)
中国博士后科学基金项目资助(2021M703607)
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    中国医科大学附属盛京医院药学部, 沈阳 110004

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*杨跃辉,女,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:医院药学相关药事管理,静脉药物集中配置和医院制剂 Tel:(024)96615-71103
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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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