Article(id=1248600570899096270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248600564427280576, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)05-0377-08, orderNo=null, doi=null, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1663171200000, receivedDateStr=2022-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1775619173978, onlineDateStr=2026-04-08, pubDate=1709827200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1775619173978, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1775619173978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619173978, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1248600564427280576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='377', pageEnd='468', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1775619172436, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1775619904979, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1248603637019202091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248600564427280576, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1248603637023396396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1248600564427280576, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=377, endPage=384, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1248600571205280470, articleId=1248600570899096270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Progress on Application of Silk Fibroin Nanocarriers in Oncology Drug Delivery System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Silk fibroin is a type of natural polymer that has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and is also easy to modify. It also possesses low cytotoxicity and is non-immunogenic and therefore it is widely used for the delivery of anti-tumor drugs. Most anti-tumor drugs suffer from low solubility, poor pharmacokinetics and high off-target toxicity. Therefore finding and developing appropriate drug delivery systems is urgently requires to solve these problems and improve the treatment of patients. This paper briefly reviews the structure and characteristics of silk fibroin, the preparation and the different types as well as the research progress of silk fibroin nanocarriers for anti-tumor drugs delivery. This paper also summerizes the research progress of silk fibroin nanocarrier application in photodynamic, photothermal and gene therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Based on our summery, silk fibroin has prospects for a broad application as a delivery system of anti-tumor drugs. Therefor it seems that silk fibroin will be a promising and important carrier material for novel formulations of anti-tumor drugs.

, correspAuthors=Baoyue DING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuejun WANG, Mingjuan LI, Jie ZHANG, Huan GAO, Gensheng YANG, Baoyue DING), CN=ArticleExt(id=1248600572220302100, articleId=1248600570899096270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=丝素蛋白纳米载体在抗肿瘤药物递送系统中的应用进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

丝素蛋白(silk fibroin)是一种天然高分子材料,因其具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、结构可修饰性、低细胞毒性以及无免疫原性而被广泛应用于抗肿瘤药物递送。抗肿瘤药物大都具有溶解度低、药物代谢动力学特征差和靶外毒性高的缺点,因此,寻找和使用合适的药物递送系统解决抗肿瘤药物的这些问题已成为当务之急。本文简要综述了丝素蛋白的结构、特点,丝素蛋白纳米载体的制备及其用于抗肿瘤药物递送的类型及研究进展,并综述了丝素蛋白纳米载体应用于光动力治疗、光热治疗以及基因治疗中治疗恶性肿瘤的研究进展。丝素蛋白作为抗肿瘤药物的递送载体具有广阔应用前景和重要意义。

, correspAuthors=丁宝月, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*丁宝月,女,教授 研究方向:肿瘤靶向治疗、药物递送系统和药物新剂型开发 Tel:(0573)8364208
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王雪军,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤靶向治疗

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癌症类型 药物 递送类型 制备方法 功能类型 材料 参考文献
肺癌 SP5-52肽和吉西他滨 纳米粒 去溶剂法 靶向型 丝素蛋白 [37]
生长抑制剂4(ING4)和白介素24(IL24) 纳米粒 静电吸附 常规型 聚乙烯亚胺、丝素蛋白 [38]
肝癌 盐酸多柔比星 微球 乳化交联法 多重响应型 海藻酸钠、丝素蛋白 [39]
ING4和IL-24 纳米粒 静电吸附 常规型 聚乙烯亚胺、丝素蛋白 [38]
氧化铁纳米立方体 水凝胶 超声法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [40]
神经母细胞瘤 长春新碱和多柔比星 水凝胶 超声法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [41]
顺铂 水凝胶 冷冻法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [42]
多柔比星 微球 微流体法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [43]
姜黄素 纳米粒 去溶剂法、物理吸附法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [44]
乳腺癌 5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU) 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [45]
姜黄素 水凝胶 自组装法 常规型 脂质体、丝素蛋白 [46]
他莫西芬 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [47]
姜黄素和5-FU 纳米粒 去溶剂法 靶向型 透明质酸、丝素蛋白 [48]
卡铂 微球 离子凝胶法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [49]
凝血酶 水凝胶 自组装 响应型 胶原蛋白、丝素蛋白 [50]
多柔比星和干扰RNA 纳米粒 静电吸附 常规型 聚乙烯亚胺、丝素蛋白 [51]
多西他赛 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [52]
迷迭香酸 纳米粒 物理吸附 常规型 丝素蛋白 [53]
α-山竹素 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [54]
胃癌 5-FU和二氢卟吩e6 纳米粒 去溶剂法 靶向型 环状五肽、丝素蛋白 [55]
藤黄酸和肿瘤穿透肽iRGD 水凝胶 物理凝胶 靶向型 羟丙基纤维素、丝素蛋白、甘油 [56]
), ArticleFig(id=1248642350315098281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1248600570899096270, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

丝素蛋白作为纳米载体在不同癌症中的应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
癌症类型 药物 递送类型 制备方法 功能类型 材料 参考文献
肺癌 SP5-52肽和吉西他滨 纳米粒 去溶剂法 靶向型 丝素蛋白 [37]
生长抑制剂4(ING4)和白介素24(IL24) 纳米粒 静电吸附 常规型 聚乙烯亚胺、丝素蛋白 [38]
肝癌 盐酸多柔比星 微球 乳化交联法 多重响应型 海藻酸钠、丝素蛋白 [39]
ING4和IL-24 纳米粒 静电吸附 常规型 聚乙烯亚胺、丝素蛋白 [38]
氧化铁纳米立方体 水凝胶 超声法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [40]
神经母细胞瘤 长春新碱和多柔比星 水凝胶 超声法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [41]
顺铂 水凝胶 冷冻法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [42]
多柔比星 微球 微流体法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [43]
姜黄素 纳米粒 去溶剂法、物理吸附法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [44]
乳腺癌 5-氟尿嘧啶(5-FU) 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [45]
姜黄素 水凝胶 自组装法 常规型 脂质体、丝素蛋白 [46]
他莫西芬 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [47]
姜黄素和5-FU 纳米粒 去溶剂法 靶向型 透明质酸、丝素蛋白 [48]
卡铂 微球 离子凝胶法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [49]
凝血酶 水凝胶 自组装 响应型 胶原蛋白、丝素蛋白 [50]
多柔比星和干扰RNA 纳米粒 静电吸附 常规型 聚乙烯亚胺、丝素蛋白 [51]
多西他赛 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [52]
迷迭香酸 纳米粒 物理吸附 常规型 丝素蛋白 [53]
α-山竹素 纳米粒 去溶剂法 常规型 丝素蛋白 [54]
胃癌 5-FU和二氢卟吩e6 纳米粒 去溶剂法 靶向型 环状五肽、丝素蛋白 [55]
藤黄酸和肿瘤穿透肽iRGD 水凝胶 物理凝胶 靶向型 羟丙基纤维素、丝素蛋白、甘油 [56]
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丝素蛋白纳米载体在抗肿瘤药物递送系统中的应用进展
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王雪军 1, 2 , 李明娟 1 , 张洁 1 , 高欢 1 , 杨根生 2 , 丁宝月 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(5): 377-384
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(5): 377-384
丝素蛋白纳米载体在抗肿瘤药物递送系统中的应用进展
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王雪军1, 2, 李明娟1, 张洁1, 高欢1, 杨根生2, 丁宝月1, *
作者信息
  • 1 嘉兴学院医学院, 浙江 嘉兴 314001
  • 2 浙江工业大学药学院, 杭州 310014
  • 王雪军,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:肿瘤靶向治疗

通讯作者:

*丁宝月,女,教授 研究方向:肿瘤靶向治疗、药物递送系统和药物新剂型开发 Tel:(0573)8364208
Progress on Application of Silk Fibroin Nanocarriers in Oncology Drug Delivery System
Xuejun WANG1, 2, Mingjuan LI1, Jie ZHANG1, Huan GAO1, Gensheng YANG2, Baoyue DING1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Medical College, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
  • 2 School of pharmacy, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
出版时间: 2024-03-08
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丝素蛋白(silk fibroin)是一种天然高分子材料,因其具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、结构可修饰性、低细胞毒性以及无免疫原性而被广泛应用于抗肿瘤药物递送。抗肿瘤药物大都具有溶解度低、药物代谢动力学特征差和靶外毒性高的缺点,因此,寻找和使用合适的药物递送系统解决抗肿瘤药物的这些问题已成为当务之急。本文简要综述了丝素蛋白的结构、特点,丝素蛋白纳米载体的制备及其用于抗肿瘤药物递送的类型及研究进展,并综述了丝素蛋白纳米载体应用于光动力治疗、光热治疗以及基因治疗中治疗恶性肿瘤的研究进展。丝素蛋白作为抗肿瘤药物的递送载体具有广阔应用前景和重要意义。

丝素蛋白  /  纳米载体  /  抗肿瘤药物递送系统  /  光动力治疗  /  光热治疗  /  基因治疗

Silk fibroin is a type of natural polymer that has good biocompatibility, biodegradability and is also easy to modify. It also possesses low cytotoxicity and is non-immunogenic and therefore it is widely used for the delivery of anti-tumor drugs. Most anti-tumor drugs suffer from low solubility, poor pharmacokinetics and high off-target toxicity. Therefore finding and developing appropriate drug delivery systems is urgently requires to solve these problems and improve the treatment of patients. This paper briefly reviews the structure and characteristics of silk fibroin, the preparation and the different types as well as the research progress of silk fibroin nanocarriers for anti-tumor drugs delivery. This paper also summerizes the research progress of silk fibroin nanocarrier application in photodynamic, photothermal and gene therapy for the treatment of malignant tumors. Based on our summery, silk fibroin has prospects for a broad application as a delivery system of anti-tumor drugs. Therefor it seems that silk fibroin will be a promising and important carrier material for novel formulations of anti-tumor drugs.

silk fibroin  /  nanocarrier  /  anti-tumor drug delivery system  /  photodynamic therapy  /  photothermal therapy  /  gene therapy
王雪军, 李明娟, 张洁, 高欢, 杨根生, 丁宝月. 丝素蛋白纳米载体在抗肿瘤药物递送系统中的应用进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (5) : 377 -384 .
Xuejun WANG, Mingjuan LI, Jie ZHANG, Huan GAO, Gensheng YANG, Baoyue DING. Progress on Application of Silk Fibroin Nanocarriers in Oncology Drug Delivery System[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (5) : 377 -384 .
恶性肿瘤至今仍然是人类死亡的主要原因之一,恶性肿瘤治疗通常包括手术、放疗和全身化疗[1]。化疗是常用的且被人们广泛接受的治疗恶性肿瘤的方法,但抗肿瘤化疗药物大都具有低溶解度、差的药物代谢动力学特征和靶向性差性的缺点,使用合适的药物递送系统将药物靶向到特定的身体部位可能是解决这些问题的关键[2-3]。纳米递药系统可以通过封装药物或附着治疗药物并且受控释放,以提高其溶解度并改变其生物分布,最终在作用部位更有效地释放药物,同时降低对其他器官的毒性[4]。最早获得FDA批准使用的纳米递药系统是脂质体和胶束等递药系统,相继又出现基于蛋白质和聚合物的纳米递药系统、聚乙二醇缀合物和纳米晶体等[5]
近年来,很多天然高分子材料由于其具有良好的生物相容性、生物可降解性、低细胞毒性以及免疫原性低而在生物医药领域受到广泛关注[6]。丝素蛋白(silk fibroin)是一类无明显生理活性的纤维性结构蛋白质,其特殊的氨基酸成分以及独特的结晶结构引起了科学家们的极大关注[7]。再生丝素蛋白溶液经过各种工艺加工,可以制备成丝素蛋白膜、再生丝素蛋白纤维、生物医用支架、纳米粒和水凝胶等多种形态[8]。凭借其具有一定的水溶性、结构修饰性,优异的生物相容性、生物可降解性,低细胞毒性以及无免疫原性等特点也被广泛应用于药物尤其是抗肿瘤药物的递送[9-10]
丝素蛋白的获取主要有三种途径:桑蚕丝素蛋白、蛛丝丝素蛋白、重组丝素蛋白。桑蚕由丝素蛋白和丝胶蛋白组成,据报道,丝胶蛋白可以引发炎症反应,所以通常将其进行脱胶处理,脱胶后的纤维不溶于水,具有高度有序的β-片状晶体结构,但可以溶解在一定浓度的三元体系或者溴化锂溶液以及氯化钙-甲醇体系中,经离心和透析得到再生丝素蛋白溶液[11-12]。蛛丝纤维是生物相容的,在去除杂质后,通常用作导向生物材料。与桑蚕相比,收获大量蜘蛛以获得天然蜘蛛丝纤维是困难的。从一只蜘蛛身上获得产量在12~137 m之间,远低于一只蚕茧纤维(600~900 m)[13]。除此之外,克隆表达丝素蛋白原宿主生物的基因来生产重组丝素蛋白,也可以为临床使用提供足够的具有定制性能的丝素蛋白生物材料。但是生产出完全复制天然蜘蛛丝无与伦比的机械性能(即高强度、模量、延展性和韧性)的重组丝素蛋白是困难的,原因是无法保证稳定的生产高度重复性,使得丝素蛋白的重组生产显示出局限性。Bowen等[14]研制出了一种更可靠地生产高性能丝素蛋白的途径,几乎完全的保留了天然对应物的主要机械性能,有可能加速研究和开发以前重组蜘蛛丝无法实现的机械要求高的应用。
丝素蛋白由18种氨基酸组成,含量较高的氨基酸有甘氨酸(46%)、丙氨酸(29%)、丝氨酸(12%)。丝素蛋白是由重链(H链)、轻链(L链)和P25蛋白组成[15]。重链和轻链之间通过二硫键连接形成复合体。丝素蛋白的重链具有两亲性,同时含有疏水段和亲水段[16-17]
丝素蛋白二级结构主要有3种构象:无规卷曲、α-螺旋、β-折叠,其中β-折叠又分为平行β-折叠和反平行β-折叠[18]。无规卷曲是热力学上的不稳定结构,反平行β-折叠构象内的肽链链段排列更为整齐,能量处于最低,因此也最稳定。对含无规卷曲和α-螺旋含量较多丝素蛋白溶液施加一定的外部作用,如pH值、金属离子、温度、有机溶剂及剪切拉伸等,会诱导丝素蛋白最终形成更稳定的β-折叠结构[19-20]
丝素蛋白是一种半结晶生物聚合物,由结晶区和无定形区域组成。结晶区有两个突出的结构Ⅰ和Ⅱ[21]。 晶体结构Ⅰ是一个重复单元二肽,具有曲轴形状的分子链。晶体结构Ⅰ既不是α-螺旋结构,也不是β-片状结构,属于正交晶系。与结构Ⅱ相比,结构Ⅰ显示出更高的柔韧性和更快的降解速度,但稳定性差、储存时间短限制了其在生物医学领域的应用。Zhao等[18]制备的丝Ⅰ晶体结构材料在甲醇和乙醇中浸泡1、2、4和8 h后仍能保持稳定的丝Ⅰ晶体结构[22]。丝素蛋白的结晶结构主要由结构Ⅱ组成,结构Ⅱ已经确定由极性反平行β-折叠构成。β-折叠一边是含有甘氨酸的氢侧链,另一边是含有丙氨酸的甲基侧链,每八个氨基酸就会发生结构转变进行重复折叠,与相似的表面堆积在一起[23]
溶解度:丝素蛋白不溶于水,通常溶解在溴化锂、硫氰酸锂、硫氰酸钙或氯化钙的高浓度盐溶液中,盐溶液能够破坏丝素蛋白β-折叠结构中的氢键。丝素蛋白经盐溶液溶解后,对其进行透析以除去电解质,得到丝素蛋白水溶液。为了方便储存,有时也可以将丝素蛋白水溶液冷冻干燥后溶解在六氟异丙醇中,但是六氟异丙醇是一种昂贵且有毒的溶剂,所以常用丝素蛋白水溶液进一步加工制备成所需的药物递送系统[24]
稳定性:载体的稳定性是药物递送系统的重要特征。提取得到的丝素蛋白溶液较多的是无规卷曲、α-螺旋的结构,相对不稳定,但在形成药物递送系统时通过β-折叠结构的富集而聚集和凝胶化,成为稳定结构。Jia等[25]成功制备了包载金纳米粒的丝素蛋白纳米粒SF-Au-NP,SF-Au-NP在pH值为2~11和盐浓度为50~1 000 mmol·L-1的范围内具有显著的胶体稳定性。此外,SF-Au-NP在冷冻干燥后重新悬浮,没有明显聚集。与游离的金纳米粒相比,SF-Au NP表现出更好的细胞相容性,这归因于丝素蛋白固有的非细胞毒性和纳米载体良好的胶体稳定性。
生物相容性:丝素蛋白作为一种生物材料,可为多种细胞提供增殖、分化和黏附,具有优异的生物相容性。Uebersax等[26]考察了4种不同的多孔丝素蛋白支架的生物相容性,将四种不同的丝素蛋白支架植入绵羊胫骨和肱骨松质骨的钻孔缺损中。植入后8周,肉眼和组织学观察到新骨的形成。四种支架均显示炎症细胞浸润低,结缔组织中支架无包封。而且多核异物巨细胞和巨噬细胞可以很好地存在于支架表面上,细胞生长和血管形成在整个支架上是均匀的,表明丝素蛋白支架具有良好的生物相容性。
生物降解性:研究表明[27],丝素蛋白可在生理环境下被α-糜蛋白酶、蛋白酶ⅪⅤ等所分解,且分解后的产物主要是氨基酸,能够为生物体内所吸收利用。当丝素蛋白被制备成水凝胶时,其降解速度主要取决于丝素蛋白的浓度、水凝胶的结晶度和水凝胶孔隙率。丝素蛋白浓度越高、结晶度越低、孔隙率越高,丝素蛋白的降解速率越快。
丝素蛋白化学结构具有与疏水、亲水和带电分子相互作用的潜力,从而成为一种有用的药物递送候选物。丝素蛋白作为递药系统时,通过简单地改变颗粒形成的过程和材料的后处理,可以设计出可控尺寸、稳定性良好的丝素蛋白纳米递药系统[28]。通过增加丝素蛋白上的阴离子官能团,同时改变药物溶液的酸碱度和离子强度, 可以增加丝素蛋白与药物的有效结合。丝素蛋白同时具有对酸碱度变化做出反应的能力,因此可以被用作pH响应型的纳米载体。丝素蛋白也可以包被载药脂质体来控制药物的释放,并在靶部位积聚药物[29]。除此之外,丝素蛋白还可以与聚乳酸-聚乙二醇-聚乳酸共聚物共混制备复合水凝胶,来实现丝素蛋白缓控释给药[30]
丝素蛋白在多种癌症治疗中都取得良好的研究进展,首先笔者总结了常见丝素蛋白纳米载体的制备方法和丝素蛋白作为纳米载体在多种癌症治疗方面的应用。根据丝素蛋白在癌症治疗中递送药物的类型,将丝素蛋白递送载体分为常规型、响应型、靶向型3种类型。
基于丝素蛋白的纳米递送系统可以通过不同的方法制备,每种方法都可以产生具有独特性质的纳米递送系统,如稳定性、改性释放动力学、稳定性和其他特征,这些特征使其在抗肿瘤应用中具有不同的优势。常见应用于抗肿瘤丝素蛋白纳米递送系统有丝素蛋白水凝胶及丝素蛋白纳米粒,见图1。丝素蛋白水凝胶在凝胶过程中,基本上都是由无规卷曲向β-折叠的转变,丝素蛋白凝胶的形成与丝素蛋白浓度、凝胶时间、pH 值、温度、化学交联剂乃至物理力的作用(超声、剪切力)等有关[31]。通过调节丝素蛋白凝胶形成的因素,可以制备出不同凝胶力学性质丝素蛋白水凝胶。丝素蛋白水凝胶的优点是水凝胶中包含大量的水,可以作为药物溶解和扩散的基质,起到缓释作用[32]。常见丝素蛋白纳米粒的制备方式有自组装[33]、盐析法[34]、去溶剂法[35]、超临界法[36]等,自组装的方法简单安全,不需要有毒试剂,但对反应温度较为敏感。乳化法可以获得可控粒径的丝素蛋白纳米粒且成本较低,但容易残留有机溶剂和表面活性剂。去溶剂法相对简单快速,但容易造成有机溶剂残渣的颗粒聚集。超临界法制备的载药纳米粒具有载药量高的优势,但其成本较高,不易操作并且需要额外的步骤来溶解丝素蛋白。
丝素蛋白作为纳米载体在多种癌症治疗方面的应用见表1
相关研究显示,丝素蛋白可以通过不同的制备方式来递送单个抗癌药物。 Montoya等[43]利用微流体技术制备了不同粒径尺寸的载多柔比星丝素蛋白微球,此微球可以被神经母细胞瘤细胞和THP-1来源的巨噬细胞摄取,同时可以增加肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)的分泌。Xie等[57]利用超临界二氧化碳法制备了小于100 nm的载姜黄素丝素蛋白纳米粒,此递药系统可以促进结肠癌细胞内吞,将细胞周期阻滞在G0/G1期和G2/M期,并诱导细胞凋亡,降低姜黄素的毒副作用。Saqr等[52]使用纳米沉淀法制备了装载多西他赛的丝素蛋白纳米粒,与游离药物相比,乳腺癌细胞对载药纳米粒的摄取更强,纳米粒对乳腺癌具有更好的抗肿瘤活性,并且缓释时间可以达到72 h。Fuster等[53]利用高功率超声法制备了载迷迭香酸的丝素蛋白纳米粒,迷迭香酸附着在丝素蛋白表面,可以明显诱导HeLa细胞和MCF-7细胞的凋亡。Pham等[54]利用脱溶法制备了载α-倒捻子素的丝素蛋白纳米粒,α-倒捻子素以分子分散形式包埋在纳米粒中。与游离α-倒捻子素相比,交联的纳米粒将药物的溶解度提高了3倍,还显示了超过3d的缓释特性,并将游离α-倒捻子素的血液毒性降低了90%。Ding等[58]制备了包载雷公藤甲素和雷公藤红素的丝素蛋白纳米粒,与游离药物相比,在低剂量就有很好的抗肿瘤效果,载药纳米粒克服了药物的水溶性差、毒性大的缺点,两种丝素蛋白纳米粒联用比单独治疗载药纳米粒有更好的抗癌效果。
但由于肿瘤的肿瘤内异质性导致不同的药物敏感性,单一药物不能达到理想的治疗效果,因此丝素蛋白近年来也被用来递送具有协同作用的药物。Wu等[59]利用超声分散法制备了包被盐霉素纳米粒和紫杉醇纳米粒的水凝胶(Sal-ptx-np-gel),水凝胶具有载药均匀、无肿胀、可注射的性质。Sal-ptx-np-gel增加了盐霉素的最大耐受剂量。此外,Sal-Ptx-NP-Gel在体内对局部区域肿瘤的治疗和肿瘤干细胞的抑制均有较好的效果。
溶酶体靶向和破坏是一种很有前途的癌症化疗药物传递和转运策略。溶酶体比其他任何亚细胞器都更具有酸性(pH值约5.5),理想的溶酶体靶向剂应该是pH敏感、具有良好的生物相容性和亲水性[60]。丝素蛋白具有对pH变化作出反应的内在能力,无需化学修饰就可用于溶酶体释放系统。在低pH的环境中,丝素蛋白失去了其整体的酸性表面性质和负净电荷,被包载的药物从载体中释放出来。Tan等[61]利用碳酸钙和丝素蛋白设计的纳米粒(ACC-DOX-SF)转运到肿瘤细胞的溶酶体后暴露于酸性环境中,纳米粒子逐渐降解成更小的颗粒,最终分解成Ca2+和CO2,从破裂的溶酶体中释放的DOX积聚在细胞核中,可以有效地杀死肿瘤细胞。ACC-DOX-SF纳米粒子在体内外表现出优异的生物相容性,并显著降低了游离药物的副作用,改善了药物的过早释放和低效的细胞摄取问题。Zou等[62]利用丝素蛋白、硒纳米颗粒、芬戈利莫和七肽制备出一种PH响应型纳米药物递送系统FTY720@SF-SeNPs用于治疗甲状腺癌。体外药物释放实验表明,纳米载体可以在酸性微环境中更加有效释放芬戈利莫。体外和体内研究表明,FTY720@SF-SeNPs具有良好的生物相容性和体外血液相容性,且对甲状腺癌具有较高的细胞摄取选择性和抗肿瘤活性。
由于谷胱甘肽浓度的差异,氧化还原电位被认为是区分肿瘤组织和正常组织的可行生物标记。与健康组织相比,一些肿瘤组织被发现具有高度的还原性和缺氧性,细胞内谷胱甘肽的浓度比正常细胞至少高四倍。这为开发用于靶向细胞内药物的氧化还原反应药物载体提供了基础。与通常设计用于在溶酶体中释放药物的pH响应型载体不同,氧化还原反应系统可以在胞质和细胞核中分解和释放药物。且二硫键易于被谷胱甘肽快速裂解,通常用于获得氧化还原敏感性[63]。Herold等[64]设计了一个氧化还原型的丝素蛋白纳米载体,将细胞抑制药物特异性共价结合到重组蛛丝素蛋白上,丝素蛋白中半胱氨酸的存在可使其设计成为氧化还原敏感型的载体,从而实现触发控制的药物释放。重组丝素蛋白颗粒不会引起非特异性免疫反应,也不会导致炎症,可以用于治疗癌症或其他急性或慢性疾病。
温度作为一种内部或外部刺激,是最常研究的药物传递刺激之一。环境温度改变时,可引起温敏材料的溶解度、晶型或构型等方面发生变化而触发药物释放[65]。Zhang等[66]提出了一种可控的温敏型药物传递微载体,结合丝素蛋白反蛋白石支架和温度敏感的聚-(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)(PNIPAM)水凝胶用于肿瘤治疗。由于PNIPAM的温度响应性,多柔比星从微载体中释放的过程可以通过给予外部温度刺激来触发,这不仅减少了药物的浪费并提高了其利用率,而且增强了肿瘤治疗的安全性。
单响应的递药方式,有时不能根据患者的需求和不同的生理环境灵活调整释放时间和剂量,这种情况,需要通过反复触发来按需给药。Wang等[67]用丝素蛋白(支撑膜)、热敏型/pH敏感型微凝胶(响应剂)和磁性纳米粒子(局部加热源)制备复合膜。当薄膜暴露于交变磁场时,磁性纳米颗粒产生热量,诱导微凝胶的收缩和模型药物的释放。当磁场关闭时,没有磁性纳米颗粒的加热,微凝胶会膨胀到原来的大小并阻止药物的释放。此外,由于微凝胶在酸性pH条件下的体积相变温度(VPTT)比生理条件下更低,药物的释放速率也更高。因此该递送系统有望用于空间选择性癌症治疗。Chen等[68]采用乳化交联法成功制备了海藻酸钠改性的丝素蛋白微球。实验结果显示,微球具有pH敏感性和温度敏感性, 且微球溶胀率可满足动脉栓塞剂的要求。研究者将盐酸阿霉素作为模型药物,成功地负载到丝素蛋白微球中并进行体外释药研究,微球显示出良好的可控释药性能。研究表明,海藻酸钠改性的丝素蛋白微球有望成为一种潜在的可生物降解的动脉栓塞剂用于肝癌治疗。
近年来,多种癌细胞被发现有很多过表达的受体或信号,这为靶向递送药物、减小药物毒副作用提供了基础。
αvβ3整合素受体在肿瘤组织和肿瘤血管中过表达,iRGD肽是一种基于二硫键循环的肽,它能够与αvβ3整合素受体结合。Zhang等[56]通过物理混合羟丙基纤维素、丝素蛋白和甘油,构建了一种新的热敏可注射丝素蛋白水凝胶。该水凝胶负载iRGD和藤黄酸纳米颗粒,延长了iRGD的滞留时间,促进了纳米颗粒向肿瘤深部的渗透,从而起到了有效的抗肿瘤作用,且没有明显的副作用。lyp1是从噬菌体展示肽库中筛选出的环状非肽。其主要受体为p32/gC1q-R/HABP1蛋白,在肿瘤细胞和线粒体表面高度过表达。Zhang等[69]制备了lyp -1功能化的载槲皮素的丝素蛋白纳米颗粒,对多种生物因子(酸性pH、活性氧和谷胱甘肽)表现出特异性的响应,能特异性地在肿瘤组织中积累,有效地抑制乳腺癌的生长和肺转移,从而延长4 T1异种癌小鼠的生存期。CD44在许多类型的肿瘤中过表达。透明质酸(hyaluronic acid, HA)是一种具有d -葡萄糖醛酸和n -乙酰- d -葡萄糖胺重复单元的线性多糖,已被鉴定为CD44的天然配体。Huang等[48]制备了HA功能化的载姜黄素、5-FU的丝素蛋白纳米粒,该纳米粒具有优异的稳定性和pH/过氧化氢/谷胱甘肽/透明质酸酶响应性药物释放能力。HA介导的功能化纳米粒可提高其在4T1细胞和4T1异种肿瘤组织中的体内外内化效率,进一步对乳腺癌细胞的增殖、生存和迁移表现出协同抑制作用。Luo等[38]将靶向肽HCBP1偶联到聚乙烯亚胺改性的丝素蛋白上构建了一种靶向的递药系统,其递药系统可以包载生长抑制剂4(ING4)和白细胞介素24(IL-24),实验结果显示,其给药体系可以有效的转染到肝癌细胞中并抑制肝癌细胞的增殖。
丝素蛋白作为纳米载体在抗肿瘤治疗中的应用主要包括传统的化疗和新型的光学治疗以及基因治疗。在化疗应用方面,丝素蛋白作为药物载体包载化疗药物(如多柔比星、紫杉醇),构成纳米给药系统,其主要通过静脉注射的方式给药,通过血液循环使药物到达肿瘤部位,从而起到抗肿瘤的作用,但这种治疗方式容易导致肿瘤细胞的外排转运蛋白过度表达进而产生耐药性。近些年来,新型的光学治疗和基因治疗因不易引起耐药性,得到更广泛的研究和应用[70]。光学治疗主要包括光动力治疗 (photodynamic therapy,PDT)和光热治疗(photothermal therapy,PTT),因其侵袭性小、选择性高而被广泛研究应用。而相比于化疗,基因治疗具有靶点明确、选择性好、能够特异性调控各种致病基因的表达,且无耐药性的优点,具有良好的临床应用前景。在本章节中,将对近些年丝素蛋白作为纳米载体在光动力治疗、光热治疗和基因治疗方面的抗肿瘤应用进行综述。
光动力疗法是借助于光敏剂通过特定波长的光照射产生局部氧化应激以杀死癌细胞,从而导致致命损伤并导致肿瘤坏死。光动力治疗中常用的光敏剂有二氢卟吩e6(Ce6)、锌酞菁(ZnPc)、吲哚菁绿(ICG)、玫瑰红(RB)、氧化锌(ZnO), 二氧化钛(TiO2)。光敏剂由于在生理介质中的溶解度低,靶向性差的原因限制了光动力治疗的使用[71]。丝素蛋白作为光动力治疗的递送载体的优势在于其表面存在各种氨基酸和活性基团,容易进行化学修饰实现与光敏剂的偶联,提高光敏剂的溶解度,同时其各种氨基酸和活性基团还可以与功能型多肽连接,提高治疗的靶向性。
Mao等[55]利用丝素蛋白包载5-FU形成纳米粒,并在纳米粒的表面偶联上靶向肽cRGDfk和光敏剂二氢卟吩e6,形成多功能靶向纳米递药系统。细胞实验显示,该给药系统可以使αvβ3整合素受体过度表达的胃癌细胞中的活性氧(ROS)浓度升高并导致细胞死亡。在体内结合光动力治疗的实验表明,在胃癌小鼠模型中,该给药系统具有理想的肿瘤靶向性,并且有显著的抗肿瘤作用。在另一项治疗胰腺癌的研究中[72],用丝素蛋白包载多柔比星和二价锰离子形成载药纳米粒,并在丝素蛋白表面偶联光敏剂藻蓝蛋白(Phycocyanin,PC),以构建肿瘤微环境(酸性PH、过氧化氢、谷胱甘肽)响应型的纳米递送系统PC-Mn@Dox-NPs。实验结果显示,PC-Mn@Dox-NPs可以有效地释放多柔比星和二价锰离子,释放的多柔比星不仅可以抑制肿瘤细胞的生长,还可以产生大量H2O2,升高的H2O2通过二价锰离子介导的Fenton样反应分解为高度有害的羟基自由基和氧。此外,生成的氧参与了光动力疗法,并产生了丰富的单线态氧,达到协同抗胰腺癌的目的。细胞实验显示,PC-Mn@Dox-NPs在635 nm激光照射下胰腺癌细胞的存活率仅为8.2%,体内实验表明,静脉注射给药后, PC-Mn@Dox-NPsz小鼠组在所有组中肿瘤体积最小,显示了很好的协同抗胰腺癌效果。
光热疗法利用激光照射近红外光吸收剂产生的热量在特定靶位杀死癌细胞,由于良好的生物安全性而迅速发展。光热治疗中的光吸收剂,也称为光热剂,能够将近红外光的能量聚焦在肿瘤上,诱导局部热破坏,并对健康组织的不利影响降至最低。目前,已经广泛开发了四种主要类型的光热试剂,包括贵金属纳米结构、过渡金属硫族化合物和氧化物、碳基材料和有机化合物[73-74]。在光热治疗中,光热剂通常具有光热稳定性差、光热转换效率低等缺点。而丝素蛋白由于良好的生物相容性和结构可修饰性,其可以通过自组装的方式包载光热剂,在光热剂的表面形成纳米纤维,提高了光敏剂的稳定性。与单独的光热剂相比,丝素蛋白纳米给药系统表现出增强的光热效应,提高了光热转换效率。
Chen等[36]利用超临界流体技术制备了一种包载ICG的丝素蛋白纳米粒ICG-SF,ICG-SF具有PH响应性和近红外响应性。细胞实验显示,在808nm的激光照射(5 min)下,含有20 mg·L-1 ICG的ICG-SF分别与乳腺癌细胞和宫颈癌细胞培养24 h后,2种细胞几乎完全消融。之后研究人员建立了乳腺癌小鼠模型,在激光照射下,与游离的ICG组以及其他对照组相比,ICG-SF治疗组的小鼠肿瘤温度最高,且这个温度已经超过了诱导不可逆组织损伤所需的损伤阈值。同时与其他组相比,ICG-SF治疗组小鼠的肿瘤尺寸显著减小。除此之外,所有组别的组织中都没有发现任何非典型组织学特征的迹象,这表明ICG-SF具有高度的生物相容性。Yang等[75]用一锅法来制备递送金纳米粒的Gd官能团化的丝素蛋白纳米粒Gd:AuNPs@SF,其具有良好的生物相容性和光热稳定性以及可靠的MR/CT双峰成像能力。细胞实验表明,在808nm的激光照射下,Gd:AuNPs@SF对胰腺癌细胞表现出显著的光热毒性。随后对胰腺癌荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤部位温度变化进行分析,在808nm的激光照射下,Gd:AuNPs@SF治疗组的肿瘤部位温度从30℃升至47.9 ℃,而对照组(PBS+激光)的温度仅从30 ℃升至39.4 ℃,Gd:AuNPs@SF治疗组的肿瘤部位温度增加了17.9 ℃,几乎是对照组的1.9倍(9.4 ℃),这表明Gd:AuNPs@SF在体内具有良好的光热转换能力,足以消融肿瘤细胞。由此可见,在针对恶性肿瘤的光热疗法中,丝素蛋白具有提供精确诊断和治疗的潜力。
在癌症的基因治疗中,外源核酸的引入旨在阻断参与肿瘤发生、肿瘤生长和转移的功能蛋白的表达。高效的基因治疗需要将基因药物传递到细胞核或细胞质中,替换或调节缺陷基因。与小分子化疗药物不同,核酸药物是高极性大分子,因此,一些细胞内屏障如细胞膜和内体膜显著降低了其治疗效率。在近些年的癌症基因治疗研究中,常用来递送基因药物的载体分为病毒载体和非病毒载体。虽然已有病毒载体获得FDA的批准,但病毒载体仍面临各种挑战,包括细胞毒性、免疫反应、致瘤性、载药量和生产问题。尽管非病毒载体显示出比病毒载体更低的转染效率,但就安全性问题而言,它们优于病毒载体。基于纳米技术的非病毒递送系统的优势在于载体和核酸之间的络合不受待递送核酸大小的限制[76-77]。在基因治疗中,丝素蛋白作为纳米载体的优势在于除了自身无毒性以及递送高效性,还可以提高基因药物的稳定性防止其在核酸酶的存在下快速降解,达到理想的抗肿瘤效果。
Norouzi等[51]制备了聚乙烯亚胺修饰的丝素蛋白纳米粒,用于多柔比星和存活蛋白干扰RNA的共递送。研究发现,存活蛋白作为一种抗凋亡剂,在乳腺癌细胞中高度表达,抑制细胞的凋亡。干扰RNA可以抑制存活蛋白的表达来诱导癌细胞凋亡,增强其对化疗药物的敏感性。体内研究结果表明,共递送多柔比星和存活蛋白干扰RNA的丝素蛋白纳米粒处理的小鼠肿瘤体积显著减少,肿瘤抑制率为84.19%。且与游离药物组相比,共递送纳米粒处理的小鼠的体重减轻较少,表明共递送纳米粒的全身细胞毒性和对正常组织的毒副作用降低。Song 等[78]用盐析的方法制备了丝素蛋白-PEI纳米粒(SPPs)和磁性-丝素蛋白-PEI纳米粒(MSPPs),两种纳米粒都可以将c-myc反义寡核苷酸(ODNs)递送到乳腺癌细胞中,并显著抑制癌细胞生长。与SPPs相比,添加磁性材料的MSPPs表现出更低的表面电荷。在体外磁场的作用下,MSPPs可以在短时间(20 min)内使乳腺癌细胞实现ODNs的高摄取率(超过70%),进而实现了ODNs的靶向递送。在肝癌基因治疗的研究中[79],Qu等构建了RGD三肽修饰的共递送ING4和IL-24基因药物的腺病毒纳米递送系统。由于全身给药后其在肝脏中大量积聚,高剂量腺病毒导致严重的肝毒性。为了提高其转染效率和降低毒副作用,研究者用低相对分子质量的PEI来修饰丝素蛋白,然后通过静电相互作用将其涂覆在腺病毒上形成CASF/Ad复合物。实验结果显示,与裸腺病毒递送系统相比,CASF/Ad复合物对肝癌细胞和肝组织正常细胞的转染效率显著提高,其可以诱导肝癌细胞凋亡,但对肝组织正常细胞无明显毒性,减少了腺病毒的使用剂量,为肝癌提供了一种新的基因治疗思路。
丝素蛋白是一种天然的高分子材料,由于其良好的生物相容性、生物降解性,已被研究成为递送各种抗肿瘤药物的纳米载体,药物类型包括小分子化疗药物、光敏剂以及基因药物等。在抗肿瘤研究中,丝素蛋白常在温和条件下制备成载药纳米粒和水凝胶。丝素蛋白纳米给药系统的生物降解速率可以通过改变丝素蛋白的浓度、结晶度等来调节。除此之外,由于丝素蛋白表面存在各种氨基酸和活性基团,我们可以对其进行修饰赋予递送系统新的功能。
尽管丝素蛋白的优异性能使其成为一种有前途的抗肿瘤药物载体,但仍存在许多未解决的问题。在不同物种或同一物种不同个体之间提取得到的丝素蛋白存在差异,所以准确预测丝素蛋白纳米给药系统的药物释放动力学是困难的,但基因工程改造的丝素蛋白有望克服这个问题。每种丝素蛋白纳米给药系统的制备方法都有优缺点,且丝素蛋白在制备成纳米给药系统时,不能精准控制丝素蛋白结构的变化,必须继续开发新的制造技术以满足特定的需求。常规型丝素蛋白纳米给药系统存在治疗效率低和毒性大的问题,而靶向型和功能性的丝素蛋白纳米给药系统研究相对较少,需要将丝素蛋白与其他材料结合制备成复合材料来尽可能提高抗肿瘤治疗效率。除此之外,丝素蛋白纳米给药系统真正在临床上的应用还是很少,其对癌症的研究还止步于动物实验,用于临床应用还有一定的距离。我们需要对丝素蛋白材料的结构、性能进行更深入的研究,才能使丝素蛋白纳米给药系统在抗肿瘤领域发挥更广泛的应用。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(81872220)
  • 浙江省基础公益技术研究计划项目资助(LGD21H300001)
  • 浙江省基础公益技术研究计划项目资助(LGD20H300001)
  • 浙江省基础公益技术研究计划项目资助(LGF20H300012)
  • 青海省重点研发与转化计划项目资助(2021-SF-C20)
  • 嘉兴市科技计划项目资助(2019AY32009)
  • 嘉兴市科技计划项目资助(2019AY32012)
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2024年第59卷第5期
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  • 接收时间:2022-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-04-08
  • 出版时间:2024-03-08
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  • 收稿日期:2022-09-15
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(81872220)
浙江省基础公益技术研究计划项目资助(LGD21H300001)
浙江省基础公益技术研究计划项目资助(LGD20H300001)
浙江省基础公益技术研究计划项目资助(LGF20H300012)
青海省重点研发与转化计划项目资助(2021-SF-C20)
嘉兴市科技计划项目资助(2019AY32009)
嘉兴市科技计划项目资助(2019AY32012)
作者信息
    1 嘉兴学院医学院, 浙江 嘉兴 314001
    2 浙江工业大学药学院, 杭州 310014

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*丁宝月,女,教授 研究方向:肿瘤靶向治疗、药物递送系统和药物新剂型开发 Tel:(0573)8364208
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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