Article(id=1218297484246434695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)14-1347-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.14.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1684684800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768394355117, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1721577600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768394355117, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768394355117, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394355117, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218297478793843630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='14', pageStart='1273', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768394353817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394585064, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1347, endPage=1352, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218297484531647374, articleId=1218297484246434695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Composition and Clinical Application of A Program of Model-Informed Individualized Administration of Vancomycin in Children, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To promote individualized mediaction of vancomycin in pediatric patients by model-informed precision dosing. METHODS The data of vancomycin serum concentration were collected, and the population pharmacokinetics model, which is suitable for Chinese children, was selected through literature search and external validation. The optimal model was embedded into the user-defined module of JPKD software, and a prediction program of individualized medication was established based on maximum a posteriori-Bayesian. This program was applied to individualized dose adjustment for pediatric patients. Case-based clinical practice was used to evaluate the application of this program. RESULTS A total of 32 vancomycin concentration data collected from 22 children with a median age of 6.04 years (44 weeks to 14.58 years) were used for external validation. Comparing the predicted concentration with the measured concentration, the mean prediction error, mean absolute prediction error and mean squared prediction error were (0.098 4±0.141) (0.109±0.133) mg·L-1 and (0.029 0±0.087 2) mg2·L-2, respectively. The results of external validation showed that the selected model had an acceptable predictive performance and was appropriate for the target group in this study. Dosing regimens of vancomycin were adjusted for four pediatric patients based on the predicted results of individualized adjuvant medication program, which led to an effectively improved target attainment situation of vancomycin trough concentration and AUC24 h, significantly convalescent clinical symptoms and inflammatory indicators, while no adverse reactions occurred. CONCLUSION In the current study, a prediction program for individualized medication of vancomycin is successfully established by independent programming and applied to clinical cases. It guarantees the effectiveness and safety of anti-infective therapy for patients.

, correspAuthors=Yang WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun WANG, Maochang LIU, Sichan LI, Gang NIE, Yali TUO, Yang WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218297486410695596, articleId=1218297484246434695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=模型引导的儿童万古霉素个体化用药程序的编制及临床应用, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 应用模型引导的精准用药技术促进万古霉素(Vam)在儿科临床中的个体化治疗。方法 收集患儿用药后Vam血药浓度数据,通过文献检索和外部验证筛选出适用于中国儿童的Vam群体药动学(PPK)模型。将优选模型嵌入JPKD软件的用户自定义模块,建立基于贝叶斯最大后验概率法(MAPB)的个体化用药预测程序。应用该程序辅助临床为患儿提供个体化剂量调整服务。通过案例分析展示本研究编制的个体化用药程序应用效果。结果 本研究共收集了22名患儿的32个Vam血药浓度外部验证数据,患儿年龄中位数为6.04岁(44周~14.58岁)。程序预测浓度与实测浓度相比较,平均预测误差、平均绝对预测误差、平均预测误差平方分别为(0.098 4±0.141) (0.109±0.133) mg·L-1、(0.029 0±0.087 2) mg2·L-2,外部验证结果表明所选模型具有良好的预测性能,适用于本研究目标群体。4名患儿基于个体化用药辅助程序预测结果调整了Vam用药方案,有效提升了Vam的目标谷浓度和AUC24 h达标情况,明显改善了临床症状和炎性指标,且无不良反应发生。结论 本研究通过自主编程建立了Vam个体化用药预测程序,并将该程序应用于临床实际病例,保障了患者抗感染治疗的有效性和安全性。

, correspAuthors=汪洋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 汪洋,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:定量药理学 Tel:(027)82433462
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王俊,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:治疗药物监测

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王俊,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:治疗药物监测

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王俊,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:治疗药物监测

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Evidence-based guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: 2020 update by the division of therapeutic drug monitoring, Chinese pharmacological society[J]. Clin Infect Dis, 2020, 71(Suppl.4): 363-371., articleTitle=Evidence-based guideline for therapeutic drug monitoring of vancomycin: 2020 update by the division of therapeutic drug monitoring, Chinese pharmacological society, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491246727257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=19, issue=3, pageStart=323, pageEnd=330, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=FAN Y X, ZHANG J, journalName=中国感染与化疗杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FAN Y X, ZHANG J. Vancomycin pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics study and individualized administration[J]. 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Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet, 2021, 46(4): 539-546., articleTitle=Population pharmacokinetics and dose optimization of vancomycin in critically ill children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491515162722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1978, volume=24, issue=7, pageStart=1167, pageEnd=1169, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=SHULL B C, HAUGHEY D, KOUP J R, journalName=Clin Chem, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SHULL B C, HAUGHEY D, KOUP J R, et al. A useful method for predicting creatinine clearance in children[J]. Clin Chem, 1978, 24(7): 1167-1169., articleTitle=A useful method for predicting creatinine clearance in children, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491573882981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=623907, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LIU X, WEN H, NIU W, journalName=Front Pharmacol, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU X, WEN H, NIU W, et al. External evaluation of vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models at two clinical centers[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2021, 12: 623907.DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.623907., articleTitle=External evaluation of vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models at two clinical centers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491657769065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=24, issue=2, pageStart=107, pageEnd=116, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=MOFFETT B S, RESENDIZ K, MORRIS J, journalName=J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MOFFETT B S, RESENDIZ K, MORRIS J, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in the pediatric cardiac surgical population[J]. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther, 2019, 24(2): 107-116., articleTitle=Population pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in the pediatric cardiac surgical population, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491737460844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=18, issue=2, pageStart=995, pageEnd=1009, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=WANG Y, GAO P, ZHANG H N, journalName=Iran J Pharm Res, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Y, GAO P, ZHANG H N, et al. How much vancomycin dose is enough for the mrsa infection in pediatric patients with various degrees of renal function?[J]. Iran J Pharm Res, 2019, 18(2): 995-1009., articleTitle=How much vancomycin dose is enough for the mrsa infection in pediatric patients with various degrees of renal function?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491838124144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=36, issue=2, pageStart=79, pageEnd=84, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=LI S C, WANG Y, CHEN Y J, journalName=中国新药与临床杂志, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI S C, WANG Y, CHEN Y J, et al. Using population pharmacokinetic model to investigate effects of drug combination on pharmacokinetics of methotrexate[J]. Chin J New Drugs Clin Rem(中国新药与临床杂志), 2017, 36(2): 79-84., articleTitle=Using population pharmacokinetic model to investigate effects of drug combination on pharmacokinetics of methotrexate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491922010227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=600, pageEnd=609, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=ZHANG Y, WANG T, ZHANG D, journalName=Ther Drug Monit, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Y, WANG T, ZHANG D, et al. Therapeutic drug monitoring coupled with bayesian forecasting could prevent vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in renal insufficiency patients: a prospective study and pharmacoeconomic analysis[J]. Ther Drug Monit, 2020, 42(4): 600-609., articleTitle=Therapeutic drug monitoring coupled with bayesian forecasting could prevent vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity in renal insufficiency patients: a prospective study and pharmacoeconomic analysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297491997507702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=4, pageStart=296, pageEnd=298, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=XUE X Y, ZHOU S J, journalName=药学与临床研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XUE X Y, ZHOU S J. The significance of TDM for guiding individualized anti-infection therapy in intensive care unit patients[J]. Pharm Clin Res(药学与临床研究), 2021, 29(4): 296-298., articleTitle=The significance of TDM for guiding individualized anti-infection therapy in intensive care unit patients, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297492064616568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=77, issue=11, pageStart=835, pageEnd=864, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=RYBAK M J, LE J, LODISE T P, journalName=Am J Health Syst Pharm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RYBAK M J, LE J, LODISE T P, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin for serious methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections: a revised consensus guideline and review by the American society of health-system pharmacists, the infectious diseases society of America, the pediatric infectious diseases society, and the society of infectious diseases pharmacists[J]. 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Predicted results of individual PK parameters and Vam concentrations of 22 pediatric patients based on user-defined model

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ID ρ(Observed)
/mg·L-1
Vd /L CL
/L·h-1
ρ(Predictive)
/ mg·L-1
Prediction error
/mg·L-1
Relative prediction
error
Absolute prediction
error/mg·L-1
Squared prediction
error/mg2·L-2
1 4.05 8.27 4.53 4.11 0.055 0.014 0.055 0.003
2 3.79 16.10 3.95 3.91 0.116 0.031 0.116 0.014
3 2.71 8.71 4.29 2.82 0.112 0.041 0.112 0.012
4 8.71 23.56 2.54 8.64 -0.070 -0.008 0.070 0.005
5 5.67 10.03 4.08 5.74 0.073 0.013 0.073 0.005
6 9.92 12.20 1.50 9.99 0.073 0.007 0.073 0.005
7 8.92 8.03 0.68 8.90 -0.023 -0.003 0.023 0.001
8(a) 8.49 29.82 4.44 8.49 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.000
8(b) 12.31 31.33 4.26 12.29 -0.016 -0.001 0.016 0.000
9 13.38 21.68 2.16 13.41 0.032 0.002 0.032 0.001
10 1.32 3.43 1.72 1.44 0.118 0.089 0.118 0.014
11 9.39 9.82 1.16 9.46 0.075 0.008 0.075 0.006
12(a) 1.11 6.08 3.39 1.22 0.112 0.101 0.112 0.013
12(b) 9.13 20.85 3.86 9.18 0.051 0.006 0.051 0.003
13(a) 4.04 22.01 8.02 4.16 0.123 0.031 0.123 0.015
13(b) 5.4 24.56 8.08 5.50 0.104 0.019 0.104 0.011
14(a) 1.05 3.87 2.24 1.15 0.103 0.098 0.103 0.011
14(b) 4.82 7.69 2.57 4.89 0.073 0.015 0.073 0.005
15 9.28 36.03 3.82 9.26 -0.019 -0.002 0.019 0.000
16(a) 7.21 24.03 3.30 7.17 -0.041 -0.006 0.041 0.002
16(b) 3.28 12.69 3.70 3.41 0.126 0.038 0.126 0.016
16(c) 9.77 21.21 3.52 9.80 0.032 0.003 0.032 0.001
17(a) 2.09 27.41 11.89 2.27 0.179 0.086 0.179 0.032
17(b) 4.41 26.89 11.80 4.50 0.088 0.020 0.088 0.008
18(a) 1.31 3.15 1.65 1.41 0.099 0.076 0.099 0.010
18(b) 3.5 4.02 2.12 3.57 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.005
19(a) 1.97 2.49 1.03 2.08 0.109 0.055 0.109 0.012
19(b) 6.14 1.80 0.82 6.18 0.041 0.007 0.041 0.002
20(a) 3.17 5.70 1.91 3.27 0.104 0.033 0.104 0.011
20(b) 4.16 4.68 1.73 4.22 0.065 0.016 0.065 0.004
21 8.79 2.72 0.77 9.31 0.524 0.060 0.524 0.274
22 1.29 0.81 0.39 1.95 0.655 0.508 0.655 0.430
), ArticleFig(id=1218297490902794316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297484246434695, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

基于自定义模型对22名患儿的个体药动学参数和Vam浓度的预测结果

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ID ρ(Observed)
/mg·L-1
Vd /L CL
/L·h-1
ρ(Predictive)
/ mg·L-1
Prediction error
/mg·L-1
Relative prediction
error
Absolute prediction
error/mg·L-1
Squared prediction
error/mg2·L-2
1 4.05 8.27 4.53 4.11 0.055 0.014 0.055 0.003
2 3.79 16.10 3.95 3.91 0.116 0.031 0.116 0.014
3 2.71 8.71 4.29 2.82 0.112 0.041 0.112 0.012
4 8.71 23.56 2.54 8.64 -0.070 -0.008 0.070 0.005
5 5.67 10.03 4.08 5.74 0.073 0.013 0.073 0.005
6 9.92 12.20 1.50 9.99 0.073 0.007 0.073 0.005
7 8.92 8.03 0.68 8.90 -0.023 -0.003 0.023 0.001
8(a) 8.49 29.82 4.44 8.49 0.004 0.000 0.004 0.000
8(b) 12.31 31.33 4.26 12.29 -0.016 -0.001 0.016 0.000
9 13.38 21.68 2.16 13.41 0.032 0.002 0.032 0.001
10 1.32 3.43 1.72 1.44 0.118 0.089 0.118 0.014
11 9.39 9.82 1.16 9.46 0.075 0.008 0.075 0.006
12(a) 1.11 6.08 3.39 1.22 0.112 0.101 0.112 0.013
12(b) 9.13 20.85 3.86 9.18 0.051 0.006 0.051 0.003
13(a) 4.04 22.01 8.02 4.16 0.123 0.031 0.123 0.015
13(b) 5.4 24.56 8.08 5.50 0.104 0.019 0.104 0.011
14(a) 1.05 3.87 2.24 1.15 0.103 0.098 0.103 0.011
14(b) 4.82 7.69 2.57 4.89 0.073 0.015 0.073 0.005
15 9.28 36.03 3.82 9.26 -0.019 -0.002 0.019 0.000
16(a) 7.21 24.03 3.30 7.17 -0.041 -0.006 0.041 0.002
16(b) 3.28 12.69 3.70 3.41 0.126 0.038 0.126 0.016
16(c) 9.77 21.21 3.52 9.80 0.032 0.003 0.032 0.001
17(a) 2.09 27.41 11.89 2.27 0.179 0.086 0.179 0.032
17(b) 4.41 26.89 11.80 4.50 0.088 0.020 0.088 0.008
18(a) 1.31 3.15 1.65 1.41 0.099 0.076 0.099 0.010
18(b) 3.5 4.02 2.12 3.57 0.072 0.021 0.072 0.005
19(a) 1.97 2.49 1.03 2.08 0.109 0.055 0.109 0.012
19(b) 6.14 1.80 0.82 6.18 0.041 0.007 0.041 0.002
20(a) 3.17 5.70 1.91 3.27 0.104 0.033 0.104 0.011
20(b) 4.16 4.68 1.73 4.22 0.065 0.016 0.065 0.004
21 8.79 2.72 0.77 9.31 0.524 0.060 0.524 0.274
22 1.29 0.81 0.39 1.95 0.655 0.508 0.655 0.430
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模型引导的儿童万古霉素个体化用药程序的编制及临床应用
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王俊 , 刘茂昌 , 李思婵 , 聂刚 , 庹亚莉 , 汪洋 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(14): 1347-1352
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(14): 1347-1352
模型引导的儿童万古霉素个体化用药程序的编制及临床应用
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王俊, 刘茂昌, 李思婵, 聂刚, 庹亚莉, 汪洋*
作者信息
  • 华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药剂科, 武汉 430016
  • 王俊,女,硕士,主管药师 研究方向:治疗药物监测

通讯作者:

* 汪洋,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:定量药理学 Tel:(027)82433462
Composition and Clinical Application of A Program of Model-Informed Individualized Administration of Vancomycin in Children
Jun WANG, Maochang LIU, Sichan LI, Gang NIE, Yali TUO, Yang WANG*
Affiliations
  • Department of Pharmacy, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430016, China
出版时间: 2024-07-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.011
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目的 应用模型引导的精准用药技术促进万古霉素(Vam)在儿科临床中的个体化治疗。方法 收集患儿用药后Vam血药浓度数据,通过文献检索和外部验证筛选出适用于中国儿童的Vam群体药动学(PPK)模型。将优选模型嵌入JPKD软件的用户自定义模块,建立基于贝叶斯最大后验概率法(MAPB)的个体化用药预测程序。应用该程序辅助临床为患儿提供个体化剂量调整服务。通过案例分析展示本研究编制的个体化用药程序应用效果。结果 本研究共收集了22名患儿的32个Vam血药浓度外部验证数据,患儿年龄中位数为6.04岁(44周~14.58岁)。程序预测浓度与实测浓度相比较,平均预测误差、平均绝对预测误差、平均预测误差平方分别为(0.098 4±0.141) (0.109±0.133) mg·L-1、(0.029 0±0.087 2) mg2·L-2,外部验证结果表明所选模型具有良好的预测性能,适用于本研究目标群体。4名患儿基于个体化用药辅助程序预测结果调整了Vam用药方案,有效提升了Vam的目标谷浓度和AUC24 h达标情况,明显改善了临床症状和炎性指标,且无不良反应发生。结论 本研究通过自主编程建立了Vam个体化用药预测程序,并将该程序应用于临床实际病例,保障了患者抗感染治疗的有效性和安全性。

万古霉素  /  模型引导的精准用药  /  儿童  /  个体化治疗  /  临床应用

OBJECTIVE To promote individualized mediaction of vancomycin in pediatric patients by model-informed precision dosing. METHODS The data of vancomycin serum concentration were collected, and the population pharmacokinetics model, which is suitable for Chinese children, was selected through literature search and external validation. The optimal model was embedded into the user-defined module of JPKD software, and a prediction program of individualized medication was established based on maximum a posteriori-Bayesian. This program was applied to individualized dose adjustment for pediatric patients. Case-based clinical practice was used to evaluate the application of this program. RESULTS A total of 32 vancomycin concentration data collected from 22 children with a median age of 6.04 years (44 weeks to 14.58 years) were used for external validation. Comparing the predicted concentration with the measured concentration, the mean prediction error, mean absolute prediction error and mean squared prediction error were (0.098 4±0.141) (0.109±0.133) mg·L-1 and (0.029 0±0.087 2) mg2·L-2, respectively. The results of external validation showed that the selected model had an acceptable predictive performance and was appropriate for the target group in this study. Dosing regimens of vancomycin were adjusted for four pediatric patients based on the predicted results of individualized adjuvant medication program, which led to an effectively improved target attainment situation of vancomycin trough concentration and AUC24 h, significantly convalescent clinical symptoms and inflammatory indicators, while no adverse reactions occurred. CONCLUSION In the current study, a prediction program for individualized medication of vancomycin is successfully established by independent programming and applied to clinical cases. It guarantees the effectiveness and safety of anti-infective therapy for patients.

vancomycin  /  model-informed precision dosing  /  children  /  individualized therapy  /  clinical application
王俊, 刘茂昌, 李思婵, 聂刚, 庹亚莉, 汪洋. 模型引导的儿童万古霉素个体化用药程序的编制及临床应用. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1347 -1352 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.011
Jun WANG, Maochang LIU, Sichan LI, Gang NIE, Yali TUO, Yang WANG. Composition and Clinical Application of A Program of Model-Informed Individualized Administration of Vancomycin in Children[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1347 -1352 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.011
万古霉素(vacomycin, Vam)在临床常被用于治疗革兰阳性菌感染,尤其是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA)感染的一线用药[1]。随着Vam的广泛使用,对其中介敏感甚至耐药的金葡菌株的检出屡见报道,这种最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)值漂移现象无疑增加了Vam临床治疗的困难性[2]。通过对Vam进行浓度监测和个体化治疗,确保其在患者体内的暴露水平处于预期范围内,不仅可以提高疗效、避免不良反应,对于延缓细菌耐药也极为重要。
近年来,模型引导的精准用药(model-informed precision dosing, MIPD)已成为个体化治疗的研究趋势。它将药动学(pharmacokinetics,PK)和药效学(pharmacodynamics,PD)研究相结合,通过数学模型和模拟技术为不同病理生理环境下的患者设计最佳给药方案,以便药物能及早达到PK/PD靶标,这对于抗感染治疗来说十分适用。然而,受专业要求等因素的限制,该技术目前尚未在临床得以广泛应用[3]。本研究利用开源性的Java PK for Desktop (JPKD)软件,将MIPD技术应用于Vam个体化治疗的临床实践中,为Vam精准用药和MIPD临床推广提供参考。
根据文献报道的关于儿童和新生儿患者Vam群体药动学(population pharmacokinetics,PPK)模型(公式1~4)的外部验证结果,本研究选用以下2种模型作为JPKD内置计算模型。
儿童群体(28 d~18岁)[4]:
Vd=13.3× W e i g h t 11.75 0.79× e η V d
CL=1.23× W e i g h t 11.75 0.87× C L C R 91.175 0.67×eηCL
其中,CLCR(mL·min-1·1.73 m - 2)是按Shull公式计算的儿童肌酐清除率[5]
新生儿群体(0~28 d)[6-7]:
Vd=63.6×( W e i g h t 70 e η V d
CL=7.86× W e i g h t 70 0.75× e G F R 84 0.9×[ 1 1 + P M A 50 - 0.285]×eηCL
其中,eGFR(mL·min-1·1.73 m - 2)是按Schwartz公式计算的新生儿肾小球滤过率,PMA(周)是月经后年龄。
本研究采用开源性的软件JPKD program(Version 3.1, http://pkpd.kmu.edu.tw/jpkd)作为基础开发平台。参考上述PPK模型(公式1~4),在JPKD软件用户自定义模块(User-defined bayesian model, UDBM)进行程序编程,代码如下:
儿童群体(28 d~18岁):
Vd=13.3*(Weight/11.75)^0.79;
sd(Vd)=0.67*Vd;
CL=1.23*(Weight/11.75)^0.87*[(0.035*age+0.236)*100*88.4/CRE/91.175]^0.67;
sd(CL)= 0.54*CL
新生儿群体(0~28 d):
Vd=63.6*( Weight /70);
sd(Vd)=0.255*Vd;
CL=7.86*(Weight/70)^0.75*(eGFR/84)^0.9*[PMA^0.285/(PMA^0.285+3.05)];
sd(CL)=0.174*CL
2个模型通用浓度预测和剂量调整公式:
Cs=Dose*[1-exp(-CL/Vd*Tin)]/Tin/CL/[1-exp(-CL/Vd*Tau)]*exp(-CL/Vd*Ts)
Ct=Dose*[1-exp(-CL/Vd*Tin)]/Tin/CL/[1-exp(-CL/Vd*Tau)]*exp[-CL/Vd*(Tau-Tin)]
Dose=Ct*Tin*CL*[1-exp(-CL/Vd*Tau)]/[1-exp(-CL/Vd*Tin)]/exp[-CL/Vd*(Tau-Tin)]
其中,Tin是输注时间;Cs是采样浓度;Ct是稳态谷浓度;Tau为给药间隔。
本研究于本年内在华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院重症医学科和骨科住院并接受Vam治疗的患儿中,开展模型引导的Vam个体化用药。排除未进行肾功能检测和血药浓度监测的患儿。观察并记录患儿在Vam个体化用药前后的症状、体征和炎性指标的变化,包括:C反应蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)、降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、血沉(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、血/痰/分泌物培养等。本研究经华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院伦理委员会审核通过,并获得患儿家属的知情同意。
Vam的初始用药方案由临床医生根据药品说明书和患儿的病情决定,常规推荐剂量为40 mg·kg-1·d-1,q8h给药,或每次500 mg,q6h给药,均持续静脉滴注约1 h。患儿在接受Vam治疗48 h后,在下一次给药前、后30 min分别采集血样,监测谷浓度和峰浓度。Vam的浓度测定采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱法,定量范围为0.9~117.3 mg·L-1 [8]。根据《中国万古霉素治疗药物监测指南(2020更新版)》,推荐新生儿/儿童患者的Vam谷浓度维持在5~15 mg·L-1,AUC0~24 h的目标范围在400~650 mg·h·L-1 [1]
在JPKD用户界面录入患儿信息(体重、肌酐清除率或肾小球滤过率、月经后年龄)和初始Vam血药浓度,根据自定义模型和Bayesian最大后验概率法计算出患儿的药动学参数,包括表观分布容积(Vd)和清除率(CL),AUC0~24 h由公式AUC0~24 h=Dose/CL计算得到。根据上述浓度预测和剂量调整公式,估算患儿在不同剂量方案时所能达到的稳态谷浓度,从而为临床推荐合适的给药方案。临床医生根据推荐剂量调整患儿的给药方案,并于调整剂量48 h后再次监测Vam浓度。考察剂量调整后Vam谷浓度达标情况。
将实测浓度与预测浓度进行比较,计算平均预测误差(mean prediction error, MPE)、平均绝对预测误差 (mean absolute prediction error, MAE)、平均预测误差平方 (mean squared prediction error, MSE),以考察模型预测的准确度与精密度[9]
在本研究期间,共获得22名患儿的32个Vam血药浓度数据。这些患儿的年龄中位数为6.04岁(44周~14.58岁),体重中位数为23 kg(3.09~81 kg),血肌酐浓度中位数为30.9 μmol·L-1(19.1~53.5 μmol·L-1)。根据患儿的基本信息和自定义模型公式,通过Bayesian反馈得到各患儿的个体药动学参数和预测的稳态谷浓度,见表1。据此计算出该自定义模型的MPE、MAE和MSE分别为(0.098 4±0.141)(0.109±0.133)mg·L-1、(0.029 0±0.087 2)mg2·L-2,表明所选模型对Vam稳态谷浓度的预测值与实测值接近,模型具有良好的预测性能,适用于当前儿童群体。
临床药师对4名患儿进行了个体化用药方案指导,过程见图1
病例一:重症患者的及时剂量调整。病史摘要:患者,男,8岁,87 cm,13 kg,诊断:①溺水;②重症肺炎;③急性呼吸衰竭。①剂量方案:入院第3天(D3)给予Vam初始剂量0.17 g,q8h,即39.2 mg·kg-1·d-1;D6调整剂量0.19 g,q6h,即58.5 mg·kg-1·d-1。②Vam的TDM结果:首次峰谷浓度分别为14.10和1.31 mg·L-1;调药后峰谷浓度分别为18.17和3.50 mg·L-1。③生化、影像结果及临床症状:用药前PCT=14.5 ng·mL-1,痰培养MRSA(Vam敏感,MIC=1 mg·L-1);调药前hs-CRP=26.6 mg·L-1,PCT=24.52 ng·mL-1,NEU%=78.9%,高热;调药后hs-CRP=2.46 mg·L-1,PCT=1.1 ng·mL-1,NEU%=45.1%,无发热。④病历简述:患儿溺水并经心肺复苏抢救后入院,伴气管插管及呼吸机辅助通气。入院后先后给予头孢美唑、万古霉素+美罗培南抗感染治疗,但反复高热,PCT明显升高,肺部CT示肺实变,痰培养示MRSA。调整Vam剂量后,再无发热,炎症指标较前降低,胸片示肺部病灶大部分吸收。D9由ICU转入呼吸科继续治疗。
病例总结:该患儿病情危重,在使用Vam后感染未得到有效控制。临床药师根据药动学模型和Bayesian反馈法计算出该患者Vam的个体药动学参数分别为Vd=3.55 L,CL=1.68 L·h-1,AUC24 h=303.57 mg·h·L-1。在用药的第3天就建议医生将Vam剂量由先前的39.2 mg·kg-1·d-1调整为58.5 mg·kg-1·d-1;同时预测该剂量下的谷浓度为4.25 mg·L-1,AUC24 h=452.38 mg·h·L-1。由于剂量调整及时,该患儿病情迅速得到控制,并于3 d后转出ICU。
病例二:肥胖患儿的个体化剂量调整。病史摘要:患者,男,12.08岁,160 cm,81 kg,诊断:中枢神经系统感染。①剂量方案:D1给予Vam初始剂量0.5 g,q6h,即24.7 mg·kg-1·d-1;D5调整剂量1.0 g,q6h,即49.4 mg·kg-1·d-1;②Vam的TDM结果:首次峰谷浓度分别为7.88和2.09 mg·L-1;调药后峰谷浓度分别为15.97和4.41 mg·L-1;③生化、影像结果及临床症状:用药前hs-CRP<0.84 mg·L-1,PCT=0.06 ng·mL-1,脑脊液白细胞=每升444×106个,频繁高热;调药后hs-CRP=1.33 mg·L-1,PCT=0.09 ng·mL-1,脑脊液白细胞=每升190×106个,发热较前改善;④病历简述:患儿于外院抗感染治疗(去甲万古+美罗培南),效果欠佳,仍有高热、头晕。入院后给予万古霉素+美罗培南,仍反复高热,偶有头晕,D3出现神志嗜睡。调整Vam剂量后第2天,发热频次较前减少,热峰下降。D7由ICU转出到神经内科继续治疗。
病例总结:该患儿BMI=31.6 kg·m-2,为肥胖患者,估算的肾小球滤过率(eGFR)数值为162.27 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2,存在肾功能亢进,Vam在其体内代谢速度快于普通患儿。临床药师会诊后,根据其药动学参数Vd=27.65 L,CL=11.95 L·h-1,AUC24 h=167.36 mg·h·L-1,建议将Vam当前剂量(2 g·d-1)进一步提高至1.0或1.2 g,q6h给药,对应的预测谷浓度和AUC24 h分别可达到4.54和5.45 mg·L-1、334.73和401.67 mg·h·L-1。临床医生出于安全性考虑,选择了1.0 g,q6h的给药方案。患儿在剂量调整后,发热症状和炎性指标均得到缓解。之后再次监测Vam谷浓度为4.41 mg·L-1,与预测值相比,偏差仅为2.9%。
病例三:低年龄患儿的个体化用药。病史摘要:患者,女,0.75岁,75 cm,7 kg,诊断:颈部软组织感染。①剂量方案: D2给予Vam初始剂量0.09 g,q8h,即38.6 mg·kg-1·d-1;D6调整剂量0.1 g,q6h,即57.1 mg·kg-1·d-1;②Vam的TDM结果:首次峰谷浓度分别为10.43和1.97 mg·L-1;调药后峰谷浓度分别为13.64和6.14 mg·L-1;③生化、影像结果及临床症状:用药前hs-CRP=44.5 mg·L-1,PCT=0.16 ng·mL-1, WBC=每升17.56×109个,铁蛋白=302.99 ng·mL-1,脓液培养:粪肠球菌(Vam敏感,MIC=1 mg·L-1);调药后hs-CRP=1.83 mg·L-1,PCT=0.12 ng·mL-1,脓液培养:阴性;④病历简述:患儿左侧颈部包块儿,穿刺可见脓液,偶有高热至40 ℃,外院抗感染治疗(苯唑西林、头孢西丁、替考拉宁)无明显好转。入院后给予万古霉素+美罗抗感染治疗,同时,患儿双肺呼吸音粗,床旁胸片提示两肺小病灶肺炎,补诊支气管肺炎。第3天患儿频繁呕吐,出现发热。第5天胸片示右肺尖实变;复查颈部CT仍提示左侧咽后间隙及甲状腺峡部、左叶异常密度影,多考虑感染并脓肿形成,行颈部脓肿切排术。第6天调整Vam剂量后,患儿体温稳定,复查炎症指标较前明显下降,无呕吐。D10降阶梯为哌拉西林他唑巴坦继续治疗。
病例总结:该患儿年龄偏小并感染重,长时间的抗菌药物治疗并未使其症状得以改善。临床药师利用JPKD软件为该患儿计算出的Vam药动学参数分别为Vd=4.17 L,CL=1.26 L·h-1,AUC24 h=214.29 mg·h·L-1。为了进一步提高治疗效果和预防产生耐药菌,药师建议将Vam剂量提高至57.1 mg·kg-1·d-1;并预测Vam谷浓度可达到5.47 mg·L-1。医生采纳了药师建议,并于5个剂量后再次复查谷浓度为6.14 mg·L-1,达到目标范围,与预测值相比偏差为-10.9%。
病例四:反复感染患儿的药物浓度控制。病史摘要:患者,男,11.33岁,155 cm,51.5 kg,诊断:中枢神经系统感染,上呼吸道感染。①剂量方案: D2给予Vam初始剂量0.5 g,q6h;D11调整剂量0.6 g,q6h;②Vam的TDM结果:首次峰谷浓度分别为10.18和3.36 mg·L-1;第2次峰谷浓度:8.1和4.04 mg·L-1;调药后谷浓度为5.4 mg·L-1;③生化、影像结果及临床症状:用药前hs-CRP=3.38 mg·L-1,PCT=0.26 ng·mL-1,脑脊液白细胞每升44×106个,间断发热,胸片:双肺肺炎,颅脑MRI:可能由慢血流导致双侧额顶叶局部脑表面少许线样T2 FLAIR高信号;调药前hs-CRP=19 mg·L-1,IL-6(脑脊液)=618.71 pg·mL-1;脑脊液白细胞每升13×106个,胸片:肺部病灶大部分吸收,颅脑MRI:存在慢血流;调药后hs-CRP=4.91 mg·L-1,PCT=0.04 ng·mL-1,细胞因子正常,无发热、抽搐;④病历简述:患儿因“间断发热1周,1 d内意识丧失2次”入院,当日又因频繁抽搐、意识障碍加重,告病危并转入ICU。随后予以气管插管及呼吸机辅助通气治疗,头孢曲松+万古霉素抗感染治疗。患儿生命体征逐渐稳定,无发热、抽搐,胸片示肺部病灶较前吸收,病情好转。D7医生根据TDM结果临时加量给予一次Vam(0.5 g),并撤离呼吸机。但D8病情发生反复,再次出现高热与抽搐, CRP、脑脊液细胞因子IL-6较前升高,复查颅脑MRI仍提示慢血流。连续2次TDM,Vam谷浓度(3.36和4.04 mg·L-1)均不达标,遂调整Vam剂量。之后患儿病情再次稳定,无发热、抽搐,意识状态较前好转,炎性指标大致正常。D17由ICU转入神经内科继续治疗。
病例总结:在该患儿用药前期,医生根据TDM结果,经验性调整Vam剂量,但仍未使其谷浓度达标,病情发生反复。临床药师为该患儿计算出Vam的药动学参数为Vd=29.09 L,CL=7.89 L·h-1,AUC24 h=253.49 mg·h·L-1。为了使Vam谷浓度控制在目标范围内,避免在患儿体内暴露量不足影响治疗效果,建议提高Vam剂量至0.6 g,q6h,预计可使谷浓度达到5.88 mg·L-1。医生采纳了药师建议,调药后患儿病情稳定,再次复查谷浓度为5.4 mg·L-1,达到目标浓度范围。
Vam的体内暴露水平与临床结局密切相关,因而早在2009年美国感染病协会就发布了Vam国际共识指南,推荐监测其谷浓度来提高疗效。近年来,越来越多的研究表明,相较于谷浓度,AUC24 h/MIC与Vam的临床疗效及肾毒性相关性更强,推荐以AUC24 h/MIC为靶标进行剂量调整[2]。然而,在临床实践中由于AUC24 h不易获取,目前各医疗机构还是以谷浓度为常规监测指标。本研究通过MIPD技术指导Vam个体化用药,首先利用Bayesian反馈法估算患者的Vam清除率,再根据一级药动学公式计算AUC24 h,这也是2020版中国Vam治疗药物监测指南中推荐的AUC24 h计算方式[1]
MIPD技术是在TDM数据基础上,以定量药理学模型为依托,模拟药物在患者体内的暴露水平,从而为患者制定最佳给药策略。既往研究表明,MIPD指导下的剂量调整相较于常规治疗,可使Vam谷浓度的达标概率由42%提高到80%,同时还可以减少不必要的体内暴露,显著降低肾毒性发生率(7% vs. 19%),缩短患者住院天数[10]
MIPD的技术难点在于目标群体药动学模型的选择。不适用的模型会给出不准确的计算结果和不恰当的剂量建议,从而导致治疗失败。本研究选用的模型是从文献已报道的Vam PPK模型中筛选出的。通过比对候选模型的外部验证结果[6],选出在中国儿童群体中预测误差最小的模型,并经实际病例数据的再次验证,证实所选模型适用于本院儿童群体。随后,借助临床决策支持系统JPKD,就可以为临床患者制订个体化的用药方案。
MIPD常被用于特殊病理和生理特征患者的个体化剂量调整。首先是重症患者。重症患者因为血管通透性增加、肾血流灌注增多等因素影响,肾小球滤过率增加[11]。在儿童危重患者中发生肾功能亢进的现象较为普遍[4,11]。Vam主要经肾小球滤过排出,因而在常规剂量下,Vam可能会因为在体内暴露量不足而影响疗效。有研究指出,可以将危重儿童患者的Vam剂量从15 mg·kg-1,q8h给药增加到15 mg·kg-1,q6h或20 mg·kg-1,q8h给药,即60 mg·kg-1·d-1 [4]。在超说明书用药的情况下,既要提高治疗效果,又要避免不必要的体内暴露增加肾脏负担,重症患儿对Vam个体化用药的需求就尤为迫切。如在病例四中,该患儿的eGFR就达到了159.4 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2,针对该名肾功能亢进患儿,临床药师则通过MIPD技术为该患儿推荐了使谷浓度达标的最低有效剂量。
其次是肥胖患儿。既往的药动学研究表明,Vam的Vd随着实际体重的增加而增加,但是在BMI≥30 kg·m-2的肥胖患者中,这种增加不是等比例的线性增长[12]。如果按照肥胖患儿的实际体重计算给药剂量,很有可能导致Vam在体内暴露过量而引发肾毒性风险。有研究提出,2 g·d-1的Vam常规剂量对于肥胖患者来说可能是不够的,推荐日剂量维持在4~5 g可使AUC24 h/MIC ≥ 400的概率达到93% [2]。美国感染协会推荐给肥胖儿童的Vam负荷剂量为基于总体重计算的20 mg·kg-1,对成人的最大推荐剂量为3 g·d-1,并指出当经验剂量超过4 g·d-1时应尽早和频繁监测AUC24 h以调整剂量[12]。由此可见,要使Vam的体内暴露量达标而又不引发肾毒性,肥胖患儿的剂量方案并不容易确定。在案例二中,该患儿的初始给药剂量为24.7 mg·kg-1·d-1,对应谷浓度为2.09 mg·L-1,远低于目标谷浓度范围下限。临床药师通过MIPD技术对患儿进行剂量模拟和调整,用药剂量达到成人推荐剂量的2倍,使谷浓度得到提升并接近目标范围,不仅快速缓解了患儿病情,也无不良反应发生。
本研究的局限性在于:首先,需要多次给药达稳态后才能应用JPKD软件进行剂量调整;其次,JPKD只能做单点Bayesian反馈,即不能采用单个病人的多个浓度点进行Bayesian反馈,准确性方面可能会逊色于SmartDose软件;最后,当患儿肾功能变化过快时也将影响预测准确性。
本研究将MIPD技术应用于儿科患者Vam个体化用药临床实践,不仅展示了如何通过JPKD软件的自定义模式编写临床决策支持程序,还通过临床真实案例分析验证了该方法的准确性和实用性。本研究可以为医疗机构临床药师和医生开展个体化药学服务提供参考。
  • 湖北省卫生健康科研基金项目(WJ2019F007)
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2024年第59卷第14期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.011
  • 接收时间:2023-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-07-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-22
基金
湖北省卫生健康科研基金项目(WJ2019F007)
作者信息
    华中科技大学同济医学院附属武汉儿童医院药剂科, 武汉 430016

通讯作者:

* 汪洋,男,硕士,副主任药师 研究方向:定量药理学 Tel:(027)82433462
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgyxzz/CN/10.11669/cpj.2024.14.011
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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