Article(id=1218297483822809978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)14-1293-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.14.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1688659200000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768394355016, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1721577600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768394355016, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768394355016, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394355016, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218297478793843630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='14', pageStart='1273', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768394353817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394585064, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1293, endPage=1299, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218297484053496703, articleId=1218297483822809978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Overview of Discovery Methods for Drug Combinations and Reflections on Their Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Drug combination therapy is the combination of two or more drugs in the form of "formulas" to achieve the effect of increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity. It has achieved good results in the treatment of various complex diseases and overcoming drug resistance in patients. In the past few decades, Western medicine has gradually increased its efforts in the development of combination drugs and has achieved good results in the discovery and screening techniques of combination drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with the characteristics of “multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways”, is a reliable ingredient library for synergistic drug combinations due to its years of clinical use. This paper summarizes the application of combinatorial drug discovery methods in the past decade, including systems biology, histology, machine learning, and mathematical modeling. It also explains the advantages and shortcomings of each method. It aims to provide new ideas and approaches for identifying potential combinations of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, reducing blind tests and studies, and evaluating the interaction relationships of drug combinations.

, correspAuthors=Bin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Wendi WANG, Wangjing CHAI, Xinyi FAN, Xiaoqi WEI, Shuzhen GUO, Bin LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218297486280672166, articleId=1218297483822809978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=药物组合的发现方法概述及用于中药研究的思考, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

药物组合疗法是将两种或多种药物以“配方”的形式组合给药,达到增效减毒的作用,在各种复杂疾病的治疗、克服患者耐药性等方面获得不错效果。在过去的几十年中,西医对于组合药物的开发力度逐步增大,在组合药物的发现及筛选技术方面取得不错成果。中药具有“多成分、多靶点、多途径”的特点,结合多年的临床用药基础,是协同药物组合的可靠成分库。本研究对近十年来组合药物的发现方法,系统生物学、组学技术、机器学习和数学建模等技术手段在药物组合发现过程中的应用进行归纳整理,说明各方法的优势与不足,旨在为如何进一步对中药中潜在的有效成分组合进行识别、减少盲目试验和研究,对药物组合的相互作用关系进行评估提供新的思路和途径。

, correspAuthors=刘斌, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 刘斌,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药(复方)有效成分(组分)发现与药物创新 Tel:(010)53912129
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王文地,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药(复方)有效成分(组分)发现与药物创新

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王文地,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药(复方)有效成分(组分)发现与药物创新

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China J Chin Mater Med(中国中药杂志), 2014, 39(14):2782-2786., articleTitle=New exploration on effect of characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine components structure on multi-ingredient/component pharmacokinetics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218297497290719429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297483822809978, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=14, pageStart=4257, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=61, authorNames=CORREIA C, FERREIRA A, SANTOS J, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CORREIA C, FERREIRA A, SANTOS J, et al. New in vitro-in silico approach for the prediction of in vivo performance of drug combinations[J]. Molecules, 2021, 26(14):4257. 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方法 设计原理 优点 缺点
传统试错法 全面实验设计 准确有效 成本高、效率低
基于系统生物学的组合药物发现方法 利用组学数据库、机器学习等技术进行预测 不用通过筛选实验,能有效预测药物与生物体间关联 受限于现有的药物靶点及其网络信息
基于计算的组合药物发现方法 采用网络建模算法,实验并计算全局最优解 无偏倚性,克服了生物扰动的影响 实验结果容易受批次、环境等多种因素干扰
其他方法 基于深度学习、数据架构等多种技术构建智
能处方模型
提高临床组合用药有效性及安全性 目前临床应用较窄,缺乏临床真实数据
), ArticleFig(id=1218297491267698779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297483822809978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

组合药物发现方法设计原理与优缺点对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 设计原理 优点 缺点
传统试错法 全面实验设计 准确有效 成本高、效率低
基于系统生物学的组合药物发现方法 利用组学数据库、机器学习等技术进行预测 不用通过筛选实验,能有效预测药物与生物体间关联 受限于现有的药物靶点及其网络信息
基于计算的组合药物发现方法 采用网络建模算法,实验并计算全局最优解 无偏倚性,克服了生物扰动的影响 实验结果容易受批次、环境等多种因素干扰
其他方法 基于深度学习、数据架构等多种技术构建智
能处方模型
提高临床组合用药有效性及安全性 目前临床应用较窄,缺乏临床真实数据
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药物组合的发现方法概述及用于中药研究的思考
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王文地 1 , 柴王静 1 , 范昕怡 2 , 魏小棋 2 , 郭淑贞 2 , 刘斌 1, 3, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(14): 1293-1299
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(14): 1293-1299
药物组合的发现方法概述及用于中药研究的思考
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王文地1, 柴王静1, 范昕怡2, 魏小棋2, 郭淑贞2, 刘斌1, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1 北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
  • 2 北京中医药大学中医学院, 北京 100029
  • 3 国家中医药管理局中药经典名方有效物质发现重点研究室, 北京 102488
  • 王文地,女,博士研究生 研究方向:中药(复方)有效成分(组分)发现与药物创新

通讯作者:

* 刘斌,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药(复方)有效成分(组分)发现与药物创新 Tel:(010)53912129
Overview of Discovery Methods for Drug Combinations and Reflections on Their Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research
Wendi WANG1, Wangjing CHAI1, Xinyi FAN2, Xiaoqi WEI2, Shuzhen GUO2, Bin LIU1, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
  • 2 School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
  • 3 Key Laboratory of Discovery of Effective Substances in Classical Prescriptions of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine,Beijing 102488, China
出版时间: 2024-07-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.005
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药物组合疗法是将两种或多种药物以“配方”的形式组合给药,达到增效减毒的作用,在各种复杂疾病的治疗、克服患者耐药性等方面获得不错效果。在过去的几十年中,西医对于组合药物的开发力度逐步增大,在组合药物的发现及筛选技术方面取得不错成果。中药具有“多成分、多靶点、多途径”的特点,结合多年的临床用药基础,是协同药物组合的可靠成分库。本研究对近十年来组合药物的发现方法,系统生物学、组学技术、机器学习和数学建模等技术手段在药物组合发现过程中的应用进行归纳整理,说明各方法的优势与不足,旨在为如何进一步对中药中潜在的有效成分组合进行识别、减少盲目试验和研究,对药物组合的相互作用关系进行评估提供新的思路和途径。

组合药物  /  系统生物学  /  数学建模  /  中药复方  /  中药有效成分组合

Drug combination therapy is the combination of two or more drugs in the form of "formulas" to achieve the effect of increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity. It has achieved good results in the treatment of various complex diseases and overcoming drug resistance in patients. In the past few decades, Western medicine has gradually increased its efforts in the development of combination drugs and has achieved good results in the discovery and screening techniques of combination drugs. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), with the characteristics of “multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways”, is a reliable ingredient library for synergistic drug combinations due to its years of clinical use. This paper summarizes the application of combinatorial drug discovery methods in the past decade, including systems biology, histology, machine learning, and mathematical modeling. It also explains the advantages and shortcomings of each method. It aims to provide new ideas and approaches for identifying potential combinations of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine, reducing blind tests and studies, and evaluating the interaction relationships of drug combinations.

combination drug  /  systems biology  /  mathematical modeling  /  TCM formulae  /  combination of active ingredients in TCM
王文地, 柴王静, 范昕怡, 魏小棋, 郭淑贞, 刘斌. 药物组合的发现方法概述及用于中药研究的思考. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1293 -1299 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.005
Wendi WANG, Wangjing CHAI, Xinyi FAN, Xiaoqi WEI, Shuzhen GUO, Bin LIU. Overview of Discovery Methods for Drug Combinations and Reflections on Their Application in Traditional Chinese Medicine Research[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1293 -1299 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.005
随着疾病复杂机制的不断揭示和深入研究,药物组合疗法以其协同增效、改善患者耐药性、提高依从性、降低药物成本和副作用的优点,成为了一种关键的治疗策略。在治疗心血管疾病、抗癌、抗感染等方面都收到了不错的临床反馈,在治疗并发症和合并症上也具有独特优势[1-3]
传统上,药物组合的发现依赖于临床经验基础上的加减,缺乏全面性、安全性。随之,全面试错法成为了药物组合发现的主流方法,通过全面实验设计,尝试所有可能的药物组合,是最准确有效的组合药物筛选方法。然而,该方法具有时间和经济成本高、研究效率低的弊端。随着计算机技术和生物信息学的发展,药物组合的发现向着高通量、高效率的方向转变,如基于系统生物学组合药物发现方法利用组学数据库[4]、机器学习[5]等技术,对具有协同作用的药物组合进行识别[6-7]。基于计算的组合药物发现方法是另一种新型技术,采用网络建模算法,通过计算矩阵[8]开展试验与建模分析,在参数搜索空间范围内对各个药物及药物间的作用进行诠释,在组合药物发现中展现出了巨大的应用前景。
截至目前,已有逾四百种组合化学药物通过FDA审批并投入使用[9]。随着化学药物组合的飞速发展、临床各种副作用或耐药性的重重考验,天然药物的协同效应受到更多研究者的青睐。中药作为大型药物组合数据库,在数千年的临床应用中被证实具有卓越疗效。随着中药化学成分的逐步明确,如何筛选出针对该药明确疗效的协同作用药物组合成为中药研究者们面临的新的挑战。
本实验对国内外药物组合的设计方法及应用进行综述,对各设计方法的设计原理、优缺点及优化思路进行梳理,结合中药复方的独特价值,分析探讨中药药物组合预测方法与优化、全面量化药物协同作用、体外体内实验综合验证等中医药学的发展新方向,有利于现代中药新药研发新模式和新方法的建立,支撑中药有效成分组合研究。
传统试错法是研究中最常见,也是最准确有效的组合药物筛选方法。在研究中,通过全面实验设计,采用高通量筛选的办法,无偏倚地尝试所有可能的药物组合,判断药物间的相互作用及强弱程度[10]。Wali等[11]通过测试768种成对药物组合,筛选对三阴性乳腺癌细胞具有抗增殖和凋亡活性的两药组合。Grinera等[12]测定了酪氨酸激酶抑制剂——伊布替尼与近500种药物组合的量效矩阵,确定弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤的潜在治疗组合。传统试错法是时间、劳动力和成本的综合考验,为确定9种药物在3种浓度范围内的最佳药物组合和药物剂量,传统试错法必须测试19 683种组合,体系庞大,难以实现。
对于中药复方中有效成分间的组合研究而言,实现全面实验同样困难重重。Kawashima等[13]对半夏泻心汤的七味中药中4种有效成分小檗碱、黄芩苷、甘草甜素、人参皂苷开展体内药物组合研究,设置单组分给药组、两两配伍组及4组分共同给药组,同时考察药物组合及配比剂量,探寻具有显著改善结肠炎作用的药物组合。结果显示,在各单组分组的治疗中未发现任何效果,在组合给药组的治疗中,4组分共同给药组及甘草甜素加人参皂苷组合改善了结肠炎。由此可见,中药复方可通过单一化学成分间组合具备疗效,极大地削弱了中药复方的复杂性,进一步突出了传统中药复方的研究潜力。然而,仅以药味中几个成分作为分析对象具有局限性,中药复方中药味多且各药味成分复杂,通过传统试错法测定各个组合几乎是不可能完成的任务。因此,寻找新的高效准确的组合预测方法具有重要意义。
通过研究疾病背后复杂的分子调控网络,发现网络代偿、互补和替代关系,整合疾病关键节点和药物作用靶点,是获得有效、安全药物组合的可靠途径[14-15]。Zhao等[16]采用机器学习方法,将药物组合的靶蛋白和作用途径、治疗效果和副作用等信息作为特征对,为每个特征对分配富集分数,通过整合并比较药物组合中的特征对与1984—2010年FDA批准的药物组合的特征对信息,成功预测新的药物组合。结果显示,在排名最高的有效组合预测中69%有文献支持。
除了对现有的组合进行拟合外,Huang等[17]设计了一种系统计算工具Drug Combo Ranker,结合药物和疾病的基因组学数据,将具有共同作用机制的药物划分为同一药物网络群落并标注该类药物的功能靶标,并构建患者的疾病特异性信号网络,识别出靶标富集在疾病信号网络的互补信号模块中的药物组合,对靶向不同信号网络模块的抗癌药物组分进行匹配(图1),在肺腺癌和内分泌受体阳性乳腺癌的应用上获得不错的治疗效果。
为了利用更广泛的数据,Wang等[18]研发DeepDDS平台,进一步将化学结构纳入输入数据中,通过图卷积网络学习药物特征,发现原子特征的相关矩阵,揭示了药物的重要化学亚结构,捕获药物化学数据和基因表达谱的特征,从而有效地编码分子拓扑信息,预测给定癌细胞系的协同药物组合,在知名制药企业阿斯利康发布的独立测试仪上,DeepDDS的预测精度超过16%。Stathias等[19]设计研发了一个通过整合药物和疾病特征识别胶质母细胞瘤的协同组合平台SynergySeq,通过整合来自癌症基因组图谱和基于网络的集成细胞签名库信息,计算每个药物与疾病的不一致性以及药物间的一致性预测可能存在协同的药物。值得一提的是,该方法有可能整合单细胞测序数据,或是进一步以患者特异性的方式预测组合,具有极大的研发空间和应用前景。
在进一步优化采用机器学习的药物组合研究中,一方面,研究者考虑到生物学数据集的复杂程度,规则化模型参数,减少模型过拟合的可能;另一方面,研究者采用如梯度树提升等模型改良方法,利用其迭代优化的特性,在预测过程中逐步弥补未成功预测到的样本点,提升集成系统的预测准确率[20]。Yu等[21]基于靶标蛋白和药物ATC编码信息构建了L1正则化的逻辑回归模型,对药对进行药效预测,该方法能较好地拟合上已知的药物-药物对,然而对于不具有ATC编码的新候选化合物组合仍具有一定挑战性。Liu等[22]对不同来源的药物和蛋白网络进行高效率的整合,得到药物相似性网络、蛋白相似性网络和药物-蛋白相互作用网络,对得到的网络使用随机游走方法提取药物组合的特征数据,以此训练梯度树提升模型,对新的药物组合进行预测。结果显示,预测的表现与其数据集中的药物数目紧密相关,采用越多的药物,构建的网络越完整,预测结果越准确。考虑到疾病涉及的组织细胞的不同,Zhang等[23]提出了一种新的深度学习方法MGAE-DC,可以学习跨细胞系药物组合的共同特征,提高泛化性能,用于预测跨细胞系药物组合间的相互效应。该方法中多通道图形自动编码器(MGAE)网络的多个通道不仅可预测协同组合,而且可预测加和组合或拮抗组合。
系统生物学和组学技术对理解疾病的复杂性提供了巨大帮助,对于阐明中草药对的机制也奠定了坚实基础。Li等[24]基于距离的互信息模型(DMIM)方法,提出了跨草药-生物分子-疾病多层网络的“共模块”概念,用于识别许多中药复方中各药味间的关系,以探索草药配方的潜在组合机制。该方法纳入了3 865种中药复方构建草本网络,并以六味地黄丸为例进行验证,预测结果与六味地黄丸的临床表现显示出高度的表型相似性,该方法还成功预测出新的抗血管生成草药成分——牡荆皂苷和替莫皂苷A~Ⅲ以及具有协同作用的药对——川芎和红花。Li等[25]基于前期的工作基础,提出了“网络靶点-网络药理学”概念和方法,将疾病特异性生物分子网络视为靶标,将疾病表型和草药化合物映射到生物分子网络中,然后通过计算、分析和预测其相互作用的机制,发现有效化合物及其组合,阐明草药配方与疾病或中医综合征之间的机制关系,并开发合理的中药药物设计。Liu等[26]基于网络药理学的方法,结合分子对接和体外验证,筛选出槲皮素、木犀草素和川芷素作为潜在的候选药物,JUN、TP53和ESR1是潜在的治疗靶点。Zhou等[27]基于网络药理学的研究模式,提出一种对中药成分和作用靶点针对性精简的“2R网络药理学”研究模式,极大优化了研究的精确度和复杂程度。采用液质联用技术,对中药复方水提物的入血成分进行鉴定,通过ADMET性质分析,筛选优势成分,借助转录组测序技术确定核心调节信号通路,缩减靶点范围,进而对有效成分组合及作用机制进行探究。
随着组学技术的快速发展,一种基于整体理论与还原论相结合的新型系统科学——“方剂组学”由Duan等[28]提出,通过系统地研究复方草药的组合,从悠久的临床实践和文献中分析方剂治疗的最佳模式设计,通过整合关于基因、蛋白质和代谢相互作用的不同规模的组学数据,揭示了方剂在不同组学水平上的复杂关系,阐述了联合疗法的不同机制和动态特征,在受控阵列设计中使用疗效更高但不良反应更少的合理药物组合。基于方剂组学的理念,Wang等[29]对中药配方雄黄靛蓝治疗早幼粒细胞白血病的机制进行研究,在该复方的有效成分中识别到靛蓝素、丹参酮ⅡA协同增强主要成分四硫化四砷触发的再定位和癌蛋白的泛素化,从而垂直影响并导致PML-RAR-α的降解,共同发挥协同增效的作用。Liu等[30]在方剂组学基础上,总结方剂的靶点分布,系统地开发了多样化的阵列设计联合疗法模式,根据目标、路径和网络上命中的不同时空分布,定义了垂直、水平、聚焦、攻城和动态阵列,通过多个靶点、途径间的重建或重新连接寻找具有协同或加性功效的合理药物组合,同时减少副作用。
基于系统生物学的组合药物发现方法无论在西医还是中医的组合药物治疗上均取得不错反馈,且该方法可以不用通过筛选实验,利用现有的药物靶点信息和疾病分子互作网络、化合物间的结构相似性等进行预测。但仍然受限于当前药物靶点不完全清楚、现有互作网络并非完整的情况,且分子网络中不能反映每个靶点作用的主次和强弱,难以模拟出药物组合在生物体内扰动的真实情境,且药物协同作用有时也会表现出剂量和时间依赖性,这将进一步混淆药物开发,使得预测结果甚至出现相反的情况。因此,基于实验为基础的组合药物发现方法仍然是十分必要的。
为了减少筛选有效药物组合的实验次数,节约经济和时间成本,研究者建立了一些基于计算的组合药物发现方法。这类方法采用网络建模算法将药物对于生物的作用机制视作“黑匣子”,通过系统的组合实验,以实验得到的关键性疾病指标结果为输出值,以方案中的各个药物和各剂量水平为输入值,开展建模,在参数搜索空间范围内对各个药物及药物间的作用进行诠释,寻找全局最优解。
Weiss等[31]应用随机搜索算法结合反馈系统控制(feedback system control,FSC)技术,对9种血管内皮细胞抑制药物进行4个剂量水平的迭代测试,最终确定了厄洛替尼、RAPTA-C和BEZ-235的最佳药物组合(图2)。该组合与体外等效的各单药剂量相比,分别降低至原剂量的五分之一、十一分之一和六分之一,极大提高了各单药效率。研究表明,药物间的相互作用与剂量可以通过二阶方程较好地呈现,对于选定最佳药物组合具有极大的适用空间。然而,这种方法的局限性是随机搜索算法缺乏对组合空间的彻底评估,容易在局部最优处收敛,得到非全局最优的组合,并且当优化参数要被修改或目标函数发生变化时,它们需要重复实验,且迭代也需要多次实验加持。如何能在一次实验中尽可能多地获取信息、如何量化药物贡献和药物相互作用、考虑实验批次间的差异性是该药物组合方法需要克服的难点。
为了克服这些挑战,Jaynes等[32]提出在FSC基础上采用分数阶乘设计研究药物组合。在6种抗病毒药物的组合中成功剔除了对抗病毒药效贡献低的TNF-α,并对药物间相互作用进行分析,确定了IFN-β、IFN-γ和阿昔洛韦高水平,IFN-α和利巴韦林低水平是最佳药物组合。Ding等[33]在该研究基础上针对Jaynes筛选出的5种抗病毒药物在3个剂量水平下的进一步分析,采用一种新的复合分数阶乘设计,包括16次运行的分数阶乘设计和18次运行的正交阵列,确定了利巴韦林和阿昔洛韦的药物组合。结果表明,该方法是因子筛选和深入分析所需的组合数量最少的方法,通过分数阶乘设计的药物矩阵实验可预测药物间的各种组合情况。
Al-Shyoukh等[34]考察对比了两个神经网络结构和两个线性回归模型的拟合方法,包括单层多层感知器、级联神经网络、线性回归交互模型和二次模型,进一步验证分数阶乘设计的可靠性。研究选择了3种针对不同信号通路的抗癌药物,实际测量了所有512种药物组合反应的ATP水平,并对不同模型中的80个点进行了拟合。结果表明,4个模型均可以高保真度地预测对所有512种组合的响应,预测的ATP水平与其相应的实验测量值之间的相关系数均高于0.9。对于回归模型,二次模型比交互作用模型表现更好,表明这些细胞对所使用的药物组合的反应呈非线性。Rashid等[35]选用二阶多项式方程作为数学模型,开发了一个二次表型优化平台——QPOP,将QPOP应用于硼替佐米耐药的多发性骨髓瘤细胞系,以识别114种已批准的候选药物中全局最优的药物组合。对药物组合的治疗结果进行分析,排名靠前的药物组合被认为具有协同作用,采用Chou-Talalay模型进行验证,成功确定了共同优化治疗效果的药物组合。在研究中,同时考虑到药效和毒性,将输出定义为小鼠的总生存率减去对癌细胞的细胞活力影响。同时,研究分体外细胞实验、小鼠体内实验和临床研究3个阶段优化药物组合,表现出随着药物组合的开发,针对不同的生物系统进一步验证有效药物组合的重要性。
相比机器学习方法,基于计算的组合药物发现方法不需训练数据集和测试数据集,只需对模型参数进行求解。同时,基于计算的组合药物发现方法无须了解疾病的发病机制,具有无偏倚的特性,在组合药物发现中展现出了巨大的应用前景。然而,通过对文献梳理发现,基于计算的组合药物发现方法在中草药的研究中应用较少。多数研究证实,许多中药的单一成分是不具备活性的,但通过组合可能产生活性。因此,合理地将各味中药本视为一个化学成分集合,通过计算的手段寻找有效的药物组合在中草药研究中具有明显的应用潜力。
随着当前组合药物的飞速发展,各种药物组合数据库可供研究者们开发使用。临床上,针对组合药物的推荐方法也得到进一步研究完善,基于人工智能的临床辅助用药相关平台愈加智能,并在方法学上具有可行性。Shi[36]以中医药传统古籍《伤寒论》《金匮要略》等作为数据集,通过语言预训练模型,推荐智能处方,准确率高达92.2%。在化学药物领域,Zhang[37]提出一种算法考虑基于异构信息网络学习药物组合关系特征完成了组合药物推荐。Deng[38]进一步考虑到患者的个体化特征,采用一种基于时序注意力机制和多信息融合的药物组合推荐模型,成功设计并实现了化学药物组合推荐决策平台。
中医药作为传统医学的代表,其有效性和安全性在全球范围内获得认可[39]。由于其具有“多成分-多靶点”的作用特点,中药及其复方在多种复杂疾病的治疗上崭露头角[40]。较单一成分药物而言,中药能更加系统地预防和治疗各种疾病,是候选联合药物的可靠成分库[41]。为促进中医药在国际上的发展,现代研究对中药配伍进行了3个层次的深入探索,分为药材间的配伍、药效部位的配伍[42]和有效成分的配伍[43]。基于数据挖掘对有效中药组合进行识别的方法,被广泛应用于多种复杂疾病的治疗[44-45]。利用中医传承辅助平台,对处方间的关联规则进行识别,并对潜在药对进行网络药理学分析,成为了一种有效的新中药组方的发现方法。此外,数据挖掘方法还可以辅助说明药物不同剂量配比的科学性[46]
然而,中药研究的另一个重大挑战在于明确物质基础。多项研究发现,对中药活性粗提物进一步提取分离,会导致其原有活性丧失[47]。这种损失源于协同效应的存在,即两种或两种以上的成分需要共同存在,才能展现出完整的生物活性。因此,探明中药中多种活性成分间错综复杂的交互关系、寻找具有显著协同效应的有效成分组合是中药现代化研究的必经之路。结合系统生物学的方法、学习组学的网络思维和策略,研究者们提出了“网络药理学”“网络中医学”“方剂组学”等系列概念,对经方、验方及常用药对通过靶点、通路或网络的命中进行研究,揭示“方-成分-靶点-疾病”间的关系[48]。网络药理学的出现在整体水平上为中药活性组分的筛选提供了重要的参考依据[49]。即便如此,该方法仍难以揭示成分之间的相互作用,尤其是研究具有协同作用的活性成分组合。
使用基于计算的组合药物发现方法,为应对这一挑战提供了一种新思路。这种基于数学矩阵的表型优化方法,可以通过二阶方程建立的抛物面精准确定全局最优药物组合参数[32]。与全因子实验相比,它显著降低了研究成本和复杂性,大大缩短前期筛选时间,提高药物研发效率。此外,基于计算的组合药物发现方法可以独立于药物作用机制等信息,是一种更准确、无偏、高阶的药物组合和剂量优化方法[50]。筛选中药有效成分间协同起效组合,兼具明确的成分和多靶点、多途径联合作用的特点,不仅能极大简化给药方式,对于探究确切的作用机制也具有显著优势。由此可见,从单味药出发,以有效组分为研究对象,结合计算机技术等药物组合预测方法,寻找单味药中可能的药物组合物,不失为中医药学的发展和研究的新思路和有效途径。然而,需要指出的是,虽然基于计算的方法不需要深入了解各成分的具体作用机制,但在实际应用中仍需要考虑药物的副作用、化学性质等因素。此外,基于计算的方法也需要不断地进行验证和优化,以提高预测准确性和可靠性。
药物组合研究是一项耗时、具有挑战性且复杂的任务。现代研究中,西医更倾向于具有明确分子靶点的药物组合研发。随着计算等方法学的纳入,组合药物的研究从单靶点范式转变为多靶点范式。在这种范式中,组合药物适用于治疗由多个途径引起的疾病,或是通过组合扰动不同敏感性的靶点来提高治疗效率。例如,将胆固醇吸收抑制剂依折麦布和HMG-CoA抑制剂辛伐他汀进行组合,在抑制胆固醇内源合成的同时,抑制胆固醇的外来吸收,达到强效治疗高胆固醇血症患者的作用[51]。联用药物在治疗并发症和合并症上也具有独特优势,例如,将HMG-CoA抑制剂阿托伐他汀和钙离子拮抗剂氨氯地平联合使用,可用于同时有高血压与高血脂患者的治疗[52]。虽然,现代研究突破了实验设计上的壁垒,但由于缺乏临床的可靠数据,在对大多数数据库疾病模块进行检索的过程中发现,多数药物组合研究仍限制于癌症、感染、高脂血症等少数疾病的治疗之中。
如今,从药物组合的发现方法到组合药物的效果评价方法,都更好地基于系统生物学、计算机法和体外方法进行优化。当然,也面临许多不足与挑战,本研究对近十年来药物组合的设计方法进行整理,见表1。对于现有的筛选药物组合的方法而言,全面实验设计指导试错法虽然能够提高准确性,其可能造成的巨大经济负担难以忽视;基于生物学网络的筛选方法,特征性强,但由于各平台提供的数据集良莠不齐、数据来源不一,往往会导致结果偏差。因此,不依赖于生物网络完整表征的基于计算的生物搜索算法,其优势尤为突出,包括基于已知输入输出关系和期望表型的线性组合的统计方法和无模型生物搜索算法。其中,无模型生物搜索算法基于先前的结果生成要测试的新的候选组合,将药物在迭代过程中逐步优化。然而,实验结果容易受批次、环境等多种因素干扰,对结果的准确性和稳定性有较大影响,因此对相关结果的数据处理方法改进是重要挑战之一。此外,如何结合化学结构等信息全面分析实验结果中不同药物组合的活性预测结果可能是组合预测研究的新方向[53]。在临床方面,虽然已经建立了药物组合推荐决策平台,但多数仅支持单人交互式药物组合推荐,亟须建立用药数据管理、文本和异构网络药理机制挖掘、临床用药结果等多角度、一体化药物组合推荐平台,进一步提升临床用药推荐的合理性、有效性和安全性。
坚持复杂医疗方案的公共卫生模式已成为临床用药的发展新趋势[54]。如何量化药物的协同作用,也是组合药物筛选过程中的关键问题。目前研究中广泛应用的几种药物协同作用拟合数学模型,包括Highest Single Agent(HSA)模型、Loewe Additivity模型、Bliss Independence模型、Chou-Talalay模型等[55-56]。不同的协同作用评价模型对应着不同的计算原理,Loewe Additivity模型将药物的非相互作用效应定义为单一药物与自身联合使用,即剂量等效原理;Bliss Independence模型将药物的非交互作用效果定义为两个药物独立发挥作用,即乘法生存原则,HSA模型则认为当药物组合在单成分效用的基础上产生额外的效应时,即为协同的交互作用。这3个原则共同构成了几乎所有后续协同框架的基础[57]。由于缺乏关于最佳协同框架的共识,已经开发了几个软件包,包括SynergyFinder、Combenefit、CalcuSyn等,用于计算多个协同指标。研究发现,SynergyFinder和Combenefit之间高达36%的组合存在不同的预测,这可能由于不同原理对不同机制间的敏感性不同[58]。因此,在研究中需要考虑多种协同作用评分模型,提高重复性,以进行更全面的协同作用评估[59]
此外,越来越多的研究证明,药物组合的开发需要跨越不同的生物系统,强调采用体内及临床实验对优化结果进行进一步验证的重要性[60]。另一方面,仅涉及体外实验对发现药物协同作用的潜在机制具有局限性,需要从多角度研究组合药物协同的合理性。例如,通过成分的药动学参数的显著改变和体内药效学物质成分的变化去说明[61]。对药物组合的体内性能进行评估,对于理解和阐明组合药物的本质也至关重要,值得研究者们重点关注[62]
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(82174206)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023-JYB-KYPT-15)
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2024年第59卷第14期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.005
  • 接收时间:2023-07-07
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-07-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-07
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(82174206)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023-JYB-KYPT-15)
作者信息
    1 北京中医药大学中药学院, 北京 102488
    2 北京中医药大学中医学院, 北京 100029
    3 国家中医药管理局中药经典名方有效物质发现重点研究室, 北京 102488

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* 刘斌,男,教授,博士生导师 研究方向:中药(复方)有效成分(组分)发现与药物创新 Tel:(010)53912129
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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