Article(id=1218297482002486233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)14-1278-05, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.14.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768394354582, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1721577600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768394354582, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768394354582, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394354582, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218297478793843630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='14', pageStart='1273', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768394353817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394585064, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1278, endPage=1282, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218297482262533098, articleId=1218297482002486233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research and Development on the New Drugs of Kidney Disease and Considerations, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To discuss the characteristics of research and development on the new drugs of renal disease and technical considerations envolved. METHODS By investigating the advance of the regulatory agencies home and abroad and the related literature,the nephrotic drugs of the last decade in the market and in research were summerized domestically and overseas,the characteristics of research and key technical points were analyzed and relevant suggestions were put forward. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS Ten new drugs have been approved by China,European Union and United States since 2013. The applications of the new drugs on this field has continued to increase in the recent 5 years, mainly on the chronic kidney disease and IgA nephropathy. To better promote the drug innovation development in this field, the following aspects should be paid attention to: The first is to further strengthen the basic scientific research about the pathogenesis of diseases, and screen the potential new drugs with new target and mechanism, so that make it possible to delay and even reverse the progression of the disease. The second is to better evaluate the patients beneifts by developing scientific and rational clinical outcome assessment tools with the basis of the patients' needs. The third is to choose the representative population by the combination of epidemiology, natural history, the feature of drugs and the aim of clinical trials since the pathology of renal diseases is complicated. The fourth, early management of renal disease is crucial. So it's of great significance to explore, develop and validate the surrogate endpoints since the disease progresses slowly and the investigation often requires both long study cycle of several years or even longer and a larger sample size. The surrogate indicators should be selected prudently. The sponsors are suggested to communicate with the regulatory agency when necessary. The fifth, a sufficent safety study can be very supportive to the general evaluation of benefit-risk balance.

, correspAuthors=Songmei XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chongqi TANG, Na WANG, Jiejing LI, Shuiqiang WANG, Songmei XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218297483164307493, articleId=1218297482002486233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=肾脏疾病药物创新研发进展及思考, columnId=1218297479586567089, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=肾脏疾病领域药物创新研发和评价专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探讨肾脏疾病药物创新研发特点、进展及关键技术考虑。方法 调研国内外药品监管机构监管进展及相关文献,梳理近10年国内外肾脏疾病药物上市及在研药物情况,分析研发特点及关键技术难点,并提出建议。结果与结论 2013年至今,中国及欧美批准肾脏疾病新药10个,近5年该领域新药临床试验申报量持续增长,尤以慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病适应证申报居多。为更好地促进该领域药物创新研发,需关注以下方面:①进一步加强疾病发病机制等基础研究工作,助力筛选并开发新机制、新靶点,具有特异性治疗作用的新药,以期有效延缓乃至逆转疾病进展;②建议以患者需求为出发点,开发科学合理的临床结局评估工具,更好地评价患者获益;③肾脏疾病病因复杂,可考虑结合疾病流行病学及自然病史特征、药物特点及研究目的,选择具有代表性的患者人群;④肾脏疾病早期控制至关重要,但该病进展缓慢,临床终点的考察往往需要长达几年或更长的研发周期和较大的样本量,因此,探索、开发并验证替代指标具有较大的临床意义,但需审慎选择,必要时与监管机构沟通;⑤充分的安全性研究是获益-风险综合权衡的重要支持。

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* 谢松梅,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:新药技术审评 Tel:(010)80995756
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唐崇淇,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:新药技术审评

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来源: http://clinicaltrials.gov/

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来源:国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心 https://www.cde.org.cn

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来源:药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台 http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn

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来源:药物临床试验登记与信息公示平台 http://www.chinadrugtrials.org.cn

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适应证 药品名称 作用机制 研发企业 批准上市国家和组织
慢性肾脏病(CKD,不合并糖尿病) 恩格列净 钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂 勃林格殷格翰 美国、欧盟、中国
达格列净 SGLT-2抑制剂 阿斯利康 美国、欧盟、中国
CKD合并糖尿病 卡格列净 SGLT-2抑制剂 强生 美国、欧盟
非奈利酮 盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂 拜耳 美国、欧盟、中国
免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病 布地奈德缓释胶囊 糖皮质激素 Calliditas Therapeutics AB 美国、欧盟、中国
Sparsentan 内皮素和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂 Travere Therapeutics 美国、欧盟
狼疮肾炎 贝利尤单抗 B细胞刺激因子抑制剂 葛兰素史克 美国、欧盟、中国
伏环孢素 钙调磷酸酶抑制剂 Aurinia 美国、欧盟
吗替麦考酚酯 肌苷一磷酸脱氢酶抑制剂 罗氏 中国
中性粒细胞胞浆自身抗体相关血管炎 Avacopan C5aR抑制剂 ChemoCentryx 美国、欧盟
), ArticleFig(id=1218297487870316788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218297482002486233, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

欧美及中国近10年获批上市肾脏疾病治疗药物总览

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
适应证 药品名称 作用机制 研发企业 批准上市国家和组织
慢性肾脏病(CKD,不合并糖尿病) 恩格列净 钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂 勃林格殷格翰 美国、欧盟、中国
达格列净 SGLT-2抑制剂 阿斯利康 美国、欧盟、中国
CKD合并糖尿病 卡格列净 SGLT-2抑制剂 强生 美国、欧盟
非奈利酮 盐皮质激素受体拮抗剂 拜耳 美国、欧盟、中国
免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病 布地奈德缓释胶囊 糖皮质激素 Calliditas Therapeutics AB 美国、欧盟、中国
Sparsentan 内皮素和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂 Travere Therapeutics 美国、欧盟
狼疮肾炎 贝利尤单抗 B细胞刺激因子抑制剂 葛兰素史克 美国、欧盟、中国
伏环孢素 钙调磷酸酶抑制剂 Aurinia 美国、欧盟
吗替麦考酚酯 肌苷一磷酸脱氢酶抑制剂 罗氏 中国
中性粒细胞胞浆自身抗体相关血管炎 Avacopan C5aR抑制剂 ChemoCentryx 美国、欧盟
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肾脏疾病药物创新研发进展及思考
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唐崇淇 , 王娜 , 李杰静 , 王水强 , 谢松梅 *
中国药学杂志 | 肾脏疾病领域药物创新研发和评价专栏 2024,59(14): 1278-1282
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中国药学杂志 | 肾脏疾病领域药物创新研发和评价专栏 2024, 59(14): 1278-1282
肾脏疾病药物创新研发进展及思考
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唐崇淇, 王娜, 李杰静, 王水强, 谢松梅*
作者信息
  • 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100076
  • 唐崇淇,女,硕士,助理研究员 研究方向:新药技术审评

通讯作者:

* 谢松梅,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:新药技术审评 Tel:(010)80995756
Research and Development on the New Drugs of Kidney Disease and Considerations
Chongqi TANG, Na WANG, Jiejing LI, Shuiqiang WANG, Songmei XIE*
Affiliations
  • Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100076, China
出版时间: 2024-07-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.002
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目的 探讨肾脏疾病药物创新研发特点、进展及关键技术考虑。方法 调研国内外药品监管机构监管进展及相关文献,梳理近10年国内外肾脏疾病药物上市及在研药物情况,分析研发特点及关键技术难点,并提出建议。结果与结论 2013年至今,中国及欧美批准肾脏疾病新药10个,近5年该领域新药临床试验申报量持续增长,尤以慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)、免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病适应证申报居多。为更好地促进该领域药物创新研发,需关注以下方面:①进一步加强疾病发病机制等基础研究工作,助力筛选并开发新机制、新靶点,具有特异性治疗作用的新药,以期有效延缓乃至逆转疾病进展;②建议以患者需求为出发点,开发科学合理的临床结局评估工具,更好地评价患者获益;③肾脏疾病病因复杂,可考虑结合疾病流行病学及自然病史特征、药物特点及研究目的,选择具有代表性的患者人群;④肾脏疾病早期控制至关重要,但该病进展缓慢,临床终点的考察往往需要长达几年或更长的研发周期和较大的样本量,因此,探索、开发并验证替代指标具有较大的临床意义,但需审慎选择,必要时与监管机构沟通;⑤充分的安全性研究是获益-风险综合权衡的重要支持。

肾脏疾病药物  /  研发进展  /  作用机制  /  思考

OBJECTIVE To discuss the characteristics of research and development on the new drugs of renal disease and technical considerations envolved. METHODS By investigating the advance of the regulatory agencies home and abroad and the related literature,the nephrotic drugs of the last decade in the market and in research were summerized domestically and overseas,the characteristics of research and key technical points were analyzed and relevant suggestions were put forward. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS Ten new drugs have been approved by China,European Union and United States since 2013. The applications of the new drugs on this field has continued to increase in the recent 5 years, mainly on the chronic kidney disease and IgA nephropathy. To better promote the drug innovation development in this field, the following aspects should be paid attention to: The first is to further strengthen the basic scientific research about the pathogenesis of diseases, and screen the potential new drugs with new target and mechanism, so that make it possible to delay and even reverse the progression of the disease. The second is to better evaluate the patients beneifts by developing scientific and rational clinical outcome assessment tools with the basis of the patients' needs. The third is to choose the representative population by the combination of epidemiology, natural history, the feature of drugs and the aim of clinical trials since the pathology of renal diseases is complicated. The fourth, early management of renal disease is crucial. So it's of great significance to explore, develop and validate the surrogate endpoints since the disease progresses slowly and the investigation often requires both long study cycle of several years or even longer and a larger sample size. The surrogate indicators should be selected prudently. The sponsors are suggested to communicate with the regulatory agency when necessary. The fifth, a sufficent safety study can be very supportive to the general evaluation of benefit-risk balance.

nephrotic drug  /  research and development  /  mechanism of action  /  consideration
唐崇淇, 王娜, 李杰静, 王水强, 谢松梅. 肾脏疾病药物创新研发进展及思考. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1278 -1282 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.002
Chongqi TANG, Na WANG, Jiejing LI, Shuiqiang WANG, Songmei XIE. Research and Development on the New Drugs of Kidney Disease and Considerations[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1278 -1282 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.002
肾脏疾病是指肾脏功能或结构发生异常的一系列疾病。肾脏疾病的常见发病机制包括免疫学发病机制、凝血与纤溶异常、脂质异常、肾脏纤维化及缺血缺氧等,其中,免疫学发病机制包括补体及补体调节蛋白作用、细胞介导炎症与炎症介质作用、反应性氧化代谢产物的作用等。功能性的肾脏检查包括实验室(尿和肾功能)和免疫学检查,形态学检查包括影像学及核素、病理及组织活检,肾脏疾病检查为诊断学提供重要依据[1]。肾脏损伤到一定程度会发展成慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)。CKD是指各种原因引起的肾损害,和/或肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)低于60 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2大于3个月以上,并对健康造成影响的一类疾病[2]。CKD患者肾功能下降初期大多无明显症状,随着肾单位不可逆的丢失和GFR下降,将出现包括死亡、致残、肾衰竭多种不良转归。最近报道显示全球CKD发病率相对稳定或有所改善。2017年时中国成人CKD患者已达1.32亿[3]。2013年全球疾病负担数据库报告表明,CKD是自1990年以来少数显示死亡率增加的疾病,预测到2040年,它将成为全球第五大死亡原因[4]。然而,临床尚缺乏有效治疗药物。近年,肾脏疾病已成为全球药物研发热点领域。为鼓励和促进该领域药物创新研发,本文梳理了国内外肾脏疾病药物上市和在研情况,基于该领域药物研发进展及特点,就相关药物创新及临床试验设计关键技术难点提出思考及建议。
通过美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)、欧洲药品监督管理局(EMA)和中国国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)官网,查询近10年国内外肾脏疾病上市药物情况可知,截至2023年12月,欧美国家及中国共计有10个化学药品及治疗用生物制品新药上市(表1)。其中,美国批准肾脏疾病新药9个,中国批准新药6个。此外,CKD并发症领域获批药物9个,包括多个治疗肾性贫血、高磷血症的药物。
2013—2023年,全球CKD领域新药Ⅲ期临床试验数量近年持续增长(图1)。我国近年肾脏疾病药物研发也呈增长趋势(图2~3)。近5年国内申报临床试验并获得批准的肾脏疾病创新药约108个,其中近两年有67个(图3)。在这些创新药申报中,有半数以上为1类创新药,以CKD(25个)、IgA肾病(22个)为药物研发主流,其次为狼疮肾炎(14个)、糖尿病合并CKD(12个)。其他肾脏疾病领域申报数量均在10个以内,图4中的“其他”还包括尿失禁、急性肾损伤、多囊肾等。
结合上述对国内申报临床试验的适应证分布情况,对肾脏疾病药物主要领域研发的进展情况总结如下。
在CKD合并/不合并糖尿病领域,药物主要通过改善代谢、血流动力学、炎症及纤维化达到治疗目的。就目前的在研药物情况来看,进入到Ⅲ期临床试验阶段的药物作用机制包括激动胰高血糖素样肽1、降低醛固酮、白介素6和内皮素水平。其中,新型高选择性醛固酮受体拮抗剂和醛固酮合成酶抑制剂均可降低醛固酮分泌。在胰高血糖素样肽1激动剂单药基础上,还开发了与葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素多肽双靶点,以及与胰高血糖素受体拮抗剂三靶点的治疗方法,其中单药治疗代表药物为司美格鲁肽。其他药物尚处于早期临床研究阶段,具体包括可溶性鸟苷酸环化酶激动剂、CC基序趋化因子受体2抑制剂、黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制剂、白介素33拮抗剂、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶1/4抑制剂、C5抑制剂、甲氧嘧啶衍生物、转化生长因子-β抑制剂。
IgA肾病药物研发方向分为B细胞、补体和内皮素受体抑制以及糖皮质激素布地奈德。在B细胞抑制剂中,相关靶点包括增殖诱导配体和CD38。其中,代表药物泰它西普为B淋巴细胞刺激因子/增殖诱导配体双靶点融合蛋白。在补体抑制剂中,相关靶点覆盖B因子、D因子、C5、甘露糖结合凝集素相关丝氨酸蛋白酶-2、C5/H因子。代表药物为B因子抑制剂Iptacopan,目前已在FDA获批用于治疗阵发性睡眠性血红蛋白尿症。
狼疮肾炎治疗药物的开发集中于免疫抑制剂,作用方向包括B细胞、T细胞、树突状细胞、细胞因子、补体途径、细胞内信号转导通路、浆细胞、新生儿Fc受体。B细胞相关治疗靶点包括CD20、淋巴细胞刺激因子、CD38。代表药物包括CD20单克隆抗体奥妥珠单抗以及淋巴细胞刺激因子贝利尤单抗。T细胞相关靶点包括钙调磷酸酶、酪氨酸激酶、CD40、CD40L、CD80/86、CD6-ALCAM。树突状细胞靶点为抗血树突状细胞抗原2。细胞因子治疗靶点包括Ⅰ型干扰素受体、白介素23、白介素17A。补体途径靶点包括C5和B因子。浆细胞中的治疗靶点为免疫蛋白酶体抑制剂。泽布替尼为布鲁顿酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,是影响细胞内信号转导通路研发中的代表药物。
急性肾损害领域通常采用多种治疗联合,如改善血流动力学、增加氧气运输、减少氧化应激反应、改善细胞修复和抗纤维化,抗炎以及抗细胞凋亡等。目前药物研发主要聚焦的作用机制为抗炎和改善血流动力学。
目前,肾脏疾病的发病机制尚不完全清除,通常由多种作用机制、多致病通路所致。其中,免疫介导通路研发的肾脏疾病药物较为集中,其发病机制和靶点相对清晰。而CKD是由各种原因引起的慢性肾脏结构和功能障碍,发病机制较为复杂,且糖尿病肾病和非糖尿病肾病在病因、病理生理、病情进展等方面都存在较大区别。多年来,肾脏疾病药物创新难度高,临床需求明确。因此,迫切需要加强该疾病领域的基础科学研究,进一步了解发病机制特点,筛选并开发针对疾病病因具有特异性治疗作用的新药,以期有效延缓乃至逆转疾病进展。同时,肾脏疾病的流行病学、自然病史和生物学标志物研究等对于推进药物创新至关重要,也是鼓励药物研发所需要努力的方向。
目前,“以患者为中心”的药物研发理念已成为当前药物研发的重点关注内容。在推进以患者为中心的临床试验的过程中,建议关注特定肾脏疾病患者对日常生活产生负面影响的一些症状需求,如疲劳、水肿、体重增加等,以及影响患者对未来治疗信心的一些重要因素,比如致残、瘫痪等问题,从而明确新的研发目标并满足患者的实际需求。2023年6月改善全球肾脏病预后组织(Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes,KDIGO)发布的《维持性透析患者并发症的诊断和管理共识》中提到了标准化的患者报告量表。认为该量表在确定患者最严重症状方面发挥着重要作用,但不应该单独使用[5]。有文献资料指出,标准化的患者报告量表大致分为通用指标或针对疾病的指标[6]。通用指标评估与各种健康状况相关的各个健康方面,如SF-36、患者健康问卷-9、EuroQol-5Q和PROMIS工具。针对CKD的患者报告结局量表(PROM)包括透析症状指数和终末期肾病(ESRD)症状检查表移植模块。一些PROM包含通用组分和针对疾病的组分,如肾病生活质量-36(KDQOL-36)工具[6]。此外,需关注原有有效治疗和加入新治疗方案之间的衔接情况,比如患者是否能接受停止原有有效治疗而尝试新的治疗方案。
肾脏疾病种类多、病因复杂且病理生理及疾病进展特征等差异较大。研究人群的选择应基于药物作用机制、作用强度特点选择适宜的目标人群。因此,通常针对疾病发病机制特点且符合药物作用强度的均质人群较易显示出药物疗效。同时,当选择一类肾脏疾病时,如肾病综合征,还应考虑其中不同病因人群的占比及代表性是否符合临床实际。
然而,目前因缺乏肾脏疾病领域的流行病学研究、自然病史研究,使得该领域药物临床试验在研究人群选择、研究周期等设计上存在困难和挑战。因此,建议进一步加强肾脏疾病流行病学和自然病史研究,根据研究目标以及终点选择、生物标志物的情况,采用一些富集策略完善研究队列,如预后型富集和预测型富集等,以助于后续结果分析评价。同时,试验设计时可针对目标人群的不同亚组进行分层分析以充分评价。此外,可根据药物作用强度特点,尽可能在临床试验中科学合理地纳入相对广泛的研究人群。鼓励采用包括人工智能等新技术新方法对大数据分析、挖掘,从而为研究人群的选择提供依据。
传统的肾脏疾病临床终点是评价药物疗效的金标准,但往往需要大样本、数年至数十年的随访时间,可能会影响肾脏疾病药物研发的速度和学科进展。因此,探索、开发并验证替代指标具有较大的临床意义。目前业界研究较多的替代指标为估算的肾小球滤过率(eGRF)斜率、蛋白尿变化等,具体分析情况如下。
2012年美国国家肾脏基金会、美国食品药品监督管理局和欧洲药品管理局合作赞助的科学研讨会提出,2~3年内eGFR下降30%~40%是可接受的替代指标。由于干预的早期治疗效果不同于后期治疗效果,因此该终点不适用于靶向肾脏疾病早期(基线eGFR较高)和有血流动力学效应导致eGFR下降“急性影响”的药物。2018年后续的科学讨论会提出,尿白蛋白或eGFR斜率可作为临床试验的替代指标,特别是在CKD的早期阶段。根据文献资料,对eGFR斜率的考虑为:①在Ⅲ期随机对照临床试验中,eGFR斜率可以作为是一个有效的替代性指标,比时间-事件终点更有意义;②急性效应可能使治疗效果的解释复杂化;应评估急、慢性变化不同阶段的斜率以及总的斜率;③至少接受治疗2年的eGFR斜率可以可靠预测临床终点[7]。对于尿蛋白的考虑为:①在中度至重度白蛋白尿患者的Ⅲ期随机对照临床试验中,早期白蛋白尿变化可以是一个合理的可能或有效的替代指标;②适用于以白蛋白尿升高为特征的疾病,以及减少白蛋白尿被认为是主要干预措施;③适用于eGFR下降的高风险人群,如基线尿白蛋白肌酐比值(UACR)>300 mg·g-1的糖尿病肾病(DKD);④治疗效果可在6个月内检测出来[7]。目前布地奈德缓释胶囊和Sparsentan是目前仅有的两个以蛋白尿作为替代指标获得美国、欧盟和中国附条件批准上市的IgA肾病药物,但同时持续研究了该药治疗更长周期的临床终点疗效以支持其获得完全批准。
关于替代指标验证的问题,目前研究主要显示所采用的替代指标与临床结局相关,还缺乏干预对替代指标和临床结局影响具有因果关系的充分证据。另外,应注意的是,主要疗效终点选择是动态变化的,随着新机制的开发和新靶点药物药效的增强,以及临床试验开展所提供的药效学指标与临床终点的相关性证据增多,替代指标或临床终点以及相应的评价周期都可能随之调整,但需审慎选择,必要时与监管机构沟通。
由于传统的生物标志物,如白蛋白尿、GFR、肌酐的敏感性和特异性不足,已无法适用于肾脏损伤的早期诊断。新的标志物如β2微球蛋白、β微量蛋白、中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白和肾损伤分子-1等有助于识别早期肾脏损伤,并可增加GFR估算的准确性[8]。开发新型生物标志物有助于更好地对患者进行风险分层、分级管理和个体化治疗,对改善预后具有重要意义。目前需要的理想的生物标志物应能反映损伤的具体部位(如肾小球、肾间质或肾小管)、疾病的发病机制(如炎症、纤维化)、疾病的进展过程(如GFR下降或尿白蛋白升高)以及并发症的风险(如心血管疾病、终末期肾病或死亡)。然而,实际开发中仍存在诸多问题,如生物标志物的研究证据主要来源于对发病机制的探索,而肾脏疾病进展原因非常复杂,体外试验和动物模型证据力度有限,大多数临床试验仅能描述生物标志物的变化,难以发现其与预后之间的相关性证据。未来可以借助人工智能技术,依托多中心的大样本临床随访队列,开发综合性、多维度的疾病进展临床预测模型,为开发新型生物标志物提供线索。同时,建议研发人员充分收集新型生物标志物的研究证据,及时与监管机构沟通支持相关研发和监管决策。
肾脏疾病药物研发需根据药物特点、终点指标选择合适的暴露周期,特别是CKD需要有足够的药物暴露时长以充分评估药物的安全性。考虑到肾脏疾病药物一般是叠加于多种基础治疗药物之上,药物研发前期应结合药物作用特点、非临研究数据评估是否存在药物相互作用的可能,必要时早期开展药物相互作用研究,为后续药物剂量和安全性的评价提供支持。另外,当出现肾功能下降等不良事件时需要详细分析上述变化与药物的相关性,包括是否为疾病进展所致还是药物引起,关注停药后能否好转等以帮助科学分析对预后的影响及可逆性。如确为不良反应,则应评价其潜在风险并提供有效的干预措施,并进一步评价药物的获益风险[9]。对抗体类药物关注免疫原性的研究,从药动学、药效学进行充分评估。
随着人口老龄化和生活方式的改变,肾脏疾病正在成为严重威胁人类健康的常见病,临床疾病负担较重的慢性进展性疾病,严重影响患者生活质量。病程持续进展,可致死亡、残疾、肾衰等多种不良转归。且该病发病率高,但有效治疗手段缺乏,亟待有效延缓疾病进展的药物。如何早期发现肾脏疾病,有效降低肾脏疾病的发病率、致残率和致死率仍是全球面临的重大挑战。肾脏疾病新药研发需要加强疾病流行病学、自然病史研究及发病机制等基础研究,才能从根本上有助于推动该领域新药研发。同时,应基于目标疾病和病因特点对临床研究设计关键要素进行科学选择。其中,肾脏疾病患者生活质量差,除关注临床终点的改善、疾病进程的减缓外,还应关注对患者生活质量的改善,因此,需要不断推动“以患者为中心”的设计理念在肾脏疾病药物研发中落地,鼓励持续倾听患者的观点,收集患者体验数据,从而了解未满足的临床需求和重要的临床结局,开发临床结局评估工具,以助于更好地评估药物疗效。最后,随着新机制的开发和新靶点药物药效的增强,更多的临床试验将为替代指标和临床结局之间的因果关系提供更多证据。这些方面的努力将共同有助于推动肾脏疾病药物的创新研发。
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2024年第59卷第14期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.002
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-07-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
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    国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100076

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* 谢松梅,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:新药技术审评 Tel:(010)80995756
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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