Article(id=1218297479297160110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)14-1283-05, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.14.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1709654400000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768394353937, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1721577600000, pubDateStr=2024-07-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768394353937, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768394353937, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394353937, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218297478793843630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='14', pageStart='1273', pageEnd='1358', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768394353817, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394585064, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218298448764387534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218297478793843630, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1283, endPage=1287, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218297479519458224, articleId=1218297479297160110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Reflection on the Evaluation Indicators for Drug Efficacy in Treatment of Kidney Disease, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To discuss technical considerations for the design of efficacy evaluation indicators for drugs used in the treatment of kidney disease. METHODS Based on practical experience in disease characteristics, drug development, and evaluation, technical recommendations were proposed for designing efficacy evaluation indicators for kidney disease treatment drugs. RESULTS and CONCLUSION Renal failure and cardiovascular death are considered as the primary clinical outcomes for evaluating the efficacy of drugs used in kidney disease treatment. Based of the urgent clinical need and slow progression of kidney disease, exploring the selection and application of intermediate/surrogate indicators holds significant clinical value. Some evidence suggests that improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope can partially predict the clinical benefits of treatment on chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, making it a potential alternative indicator for early or slowly progressing CKD patients in drug trials. The correlation between elevated urinary protein levels and duration with renal function loss in lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy indicates their potential for predicting renal outcomes; however, further research evidence is still required. In conclusion, when selecting indicators to evaluate efficacy, scientific design should be based on trial objectives, target population characteristics, drug mechanisms of action, and effect intensity while carefully considering surrogate indicators.

, correspAuthors=Songmei XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Na WANG, Jiejing LI, Chongqi TANG, Shuiqiang WANG, Songmei XIE), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218297479817253813, articleId=1218297479297160110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标的思考, columnId=1218297479586567089, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=肾脏疾病领域药物创新研发和评价专栏, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探讨肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标设计的技术考虑。方法 基于疾病特点、药物研发和审评的实践经验,对肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标的设计提出技术建议。结果与结论 肾衰竭、心血管死亡等临床结局终点是肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价的金标准。基于临床迫切需求和肾脏病进展缓慢的特点,探索中间指标/替代指标的选择和应用具有较大临床价值。一些证据显示,估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)斜率的改善能一定程度上预测治疗对慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)进展的临床获益,故可考虑作为早期或进展缓慢的CKD患者药物临床试验的替代指标。尿蛋白水平升高及其持续时间与狼疮肾炎、膜性肾病、IgA肾病的肾功能丧失之间的相关性较为明显,可提示其具有预测肾脏结局的潜力,但仍需更多研究证据支持。综上,疗效评价指标的选择应基于临床试验目、目标人群特征、药物作用机制及作用效应强度进行科学设计,审慎选择替代指标。

, correspAuthors=谢松梅, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 谢松梅,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:新药技术审评 Tel:(010)80995756
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王娜,女,硕士,主治医师 研究方向:新药技术审评

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肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标的思考
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王娜 , 李杰静 , 唐崇淇 , 王水强 , 谢松梅 *
中国药学杂志 | 肾脏疾病领域药物创新研发和评价专栏 2024,59(14): 1283-1287
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中国药学杂志 | 肾脏疾病领域药物创新研发和评价专栏 2024, 59(14): 1283-1287
肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标的思考
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王娜, 李杰静, 唐崇淇, 王水强, 谢松梅*
作者信息
  • 国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100163
  • 王娜,女,硕士,主治医师 研究方向:新药技术审评

通讯作者:

* 谢松梅,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:新药技术审评 Tel:(010)80995756
Reflection on the Evaluation Indicators for Drug Efficacy in Treatment of Kidney Disease
Na WANG, Jiejing LI, Chongqi TANG, Shuiqiang WANG, Songmei XIE*
Affiliations
  • Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing 100163, China
出版时间: 2024-07-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.003
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目的 探讨肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标设计的技术考虑。方法 基于疾病特点、药物研发和审评的实践经验,对肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标的设计提出技术建议。结果与结论 肾衰竭、心血管死亡等临床结局终点是肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价的金标准。基于临床迫切需求和肾脏病进展缓慢的特点,探索中间指标/替代指标的选择和应用具有较大临床价值。一些证据显示,估算的肾小球滤过率(estimated glomerular filtration rate,eGFR)斜率的改善能一定程度上预测治疗对慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)进展的临床获益,故可考虑作为早期或进展缓慢的CKD患者药物临床试验的替代指标。尿蛋白水平升高及其持续时间与狼疮肾炎、膜性肾病、IgA肾病的肾功能丧失之间的相关性较为明显,可提示其具有预测肾脏结局的潜力,但仍需更多研究证据支持。综上,疗效评价指标的选择应基于临床试验目、目标人群特征、药物作用机制及作用效应强度进行科学设计,审慎选择替代指标。

慢性肾脏病  /  肾小球疾病  /  疗效评价指标  /  临床试验设计

OBJECTIVE To discuss technical considerations for the design of efficacy evaluation indicators for drugs used in the treatment of kidney disease. METHODS Based on practical experience in disease characteristics, drug development, and evaluation, technical recommendations were proposed for designing efficacy evaluation indicators for kidney disease treatment drugs. RESULTS and CONCLUSION Renal failure and cardiovascular death are considered as the primary clinical outcomes for evaluating the efficacy of drugs used in kidney disease treatment. Based of the urgent clinical need and slow progression of kidney disease, exploring the selection and application of intermediate/surrogate indicators holds significant clinical value. Some evidence suggests that improvement in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) slope can partially predict the clinical benefits of treatment on chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression, making it a potential alternative indicator for early or slowly progressing CKD patients in drug trials. The correlation between elevated urinary protein levels and duration with renal function loss in lupus nephritis, membranous nephropathy, and IgA nephropathy indicates their potential for predicting renal outcomes; however, further research evidence is still required. In conclusion, when selecting indicators to evaluate efficacy, scientific design should be based on trial objectives, target population characteristics, drug mechanisms of action, and effect intensity while carefully considering surrogate indicators.

chronic kidney disease  /  glomerular disease  /  efficacy evaluation indicator  /  clinical trial design
王娜, 李杰静, 唐崇淇, 王水强, 谢松梅. 肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标的思考. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1283 -1287 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.003
Na WANG, Jiejing LI, Chongqi TANG, Shuiqiang WANG, Songmei XIE. Reflection on the Evaluation Indicators for Drug Efficacy in Treatment of Kidney Disease[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (14) : 1283 -1287 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.003
慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)患病率高、知晓率低、进展相对缓慢,是一类严重危害人类健康的疾病[1]。近年来,CKD的患病率逐年上升,全球患病率已高达14.3%。2018—2019年,中国有8 200万成人CKD患者,患病率为8.2%[2]。然而,目前临床主要为对症支持治疗及非特异性的免疫抑制治疗,尚缺乏有效治疗手段。面对临床的迫切需求,为了优化试验设计,有效推进科学研发进程,监管机构、工业界及研究机构对CKD替代指标进行了系列研究和讨论。
随着疾病发病机制研究的不断深入以及新机制、新靶点药物的发现,肾病领域在研新药的数量不断增加。2020—2022年的中国新药注册临床试验进展年度报告显示[3-5],肾脏领域共计49项化药新药进行了新药注册临床试验登记,生物制品新药临床试验登记在这3年分别为1、4、11项,增加趋势显著。肾脏病药物研发已成为全球热点领域。然而,传统评价主要疗效指标为肾衰竭、因肾病导致的死亡等临床结局终点,为了获得足够的终点事件,往往需要大样本、数年至数十年的随访时间,使得肾脏病新药的研发进展缓慢。因此,探讨可预测临床终点的中间指标/替代指标具有重要意义。本研究结合疾病特点、该疾病领域药物创新研发进展等,对肾脏病治疗药物疗效评价指标设计的技术考虑进行探讨。
CKD的治疗目标是保护或改善肾功能、改善患者总生存期。针对不同分期的肾脏病治疗药物,其治疗目的有所不同,通常需要根据临床试验目的、目标疾病人群特征、药物作用机制等科学设定疗效评价指标。总体而言,基于其治疗目标,肾衰竭临床终点可提供直接可靠的证据,通常作为主要终点评价药物的有效性。次要终点设计包括心脑血管事件、肾小球滤过率(glomerular filtration rate,GFR)、蛋白尿以及患者报告结局指标等。
考虑到临床迫切需求的医疗现实,近年来随着研究的不断深入,有些指标已被初步作为替代指标支持药物获得加速批准上市或附条件上市。如在早期或进展缓慢的CKD临床试验中,基于循证医学证据和分析,GFR斜率的使用可提高研发效率。
CKD是肾脏结构或功能出现异常持续至少3个月,CKD从概念上包含了大多数的肾小球疾病。但是在一些特定病理类型的肾小球疾病,如免疫球蛋白A(IgA)肾病、狼疮肾炎等,由于在疗效评价指标存在特殊的考量,本文单独进行了讨论。对于IgA肾病,蛋白尿已被作为替代指标获得了初步探索结果。针对狼疮肾炎、膜性肾病等复杂的肾小球疾病,目前单一指标评估药物疗效通常不足以充分反映药物疗效,评价需基于蛋白尿和GFR复合评价指标。随着“以患者为中心”的药物临床研发理念的不断深入,患者报告结局的地位日益突显,在临床研究中的使用更加广泛。
肾衰竭是CKD发展到后期引起肾功能部分或者完全丧失的一种病理状态,是反映患者肾功能恶化、肾脏存活时间的重要评价指标。目前,在药物临床试验中肾衰竭的国际共识定义通常为:①接受肾移植;②维持性透析至少4周;③肾衰竭致死;④eGFR<15 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2持续至少4周;⑤eGFR相对于基线持续下降 ≥ 40%持续至少4周[6]。CKD通常采用“至发生临床终点事件的时间”或“临床终点事件的发生率”作为主要终点,以综合评估药物治疗的有效性。上述肾衰竭定义的标准通常作为临床终点事件的组成部分,特别是在确证性临床试验中作为主要终点评价药物的有效性。其为新药的疗效确证和明确肾脏获益所提供的证据,仍然无法被其他指标所替代。
心血管疾病是影响CKD患者预后的主要因素。我国透析患者心血管死亡率为47%,是导致CKD患者死亡的第一位原因,并且在CKD的早期心血管死亡的发生率已有所增加[7]。治疗CKD的主要目的之一就是延迟心血管并发症等的发生。因此评价心血管死亡的影响尤其重要。在CKD的确证性临床试验中,心血管死亡和肾衰竭通常组成复合终点并作为主要疗效终点。此外,可评价“首次心脑血管事件(心血管死亡、非致死性心肌梗死、非致死性卒中或因心力衰竭住院)的发生率”和“至首次发生心脑血管事件的时间”等,这些指标通常作为次要终点。
Inker等[8]在47个随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)共60 620位CKD患者中荟萃分析了慢性斜率(随机后3个月直至研究结束)和总斜率(从随机化到1、2、3或4年)与CKD进展的关系,结果发现,3年eGFR总斜率作为候选替代指标的r2(95%CI)为0.97(0.78~1.00),慢性斜率的相应值为0.96(0.63~1.00),两者与CKD进展表现出强烈一致的相关性。模型预测显示,2~3年eGFR总斜率和慢性斜率改善0.5~1.0 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2能较准确地预测(96%的概率)治疗对CKD进展的获益。Grams等[9]对包含3 881 215位CKD患者的14个队列研究进行了荟萃分析,发现eGFR斜率与终末期肾病(end stage kidney disease,ESKD)之间有很强的相关性,2年eGFR斜率降低0.75 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2·year-1可预防ESKD。Odler等[10]荟萃分析了66 项随机试验的186 312 名受试者的数据发现,3年总 eGFR 斜率与临床终点之间存在很强的相关性,r2为 0.97,总 eGFR斜率每改善0.75 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2·year-1,临床终点发生风险相对降低 23.3%,临床终点定义为透析或肾移植、持续 eGFR<15 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2及血清肌酐加倍。总体而言,基于多项荟萃分析的探讨,使得GFR斜率可能作为替代指标,并大大减少试验的样本量和随访时间,特别是以早期CKD(例如CKD1期或2期)或进展缓慢的CKD患者为研究对象的临床试验中,可考虑采用GFR斜率评估药物疗效。对于晚期的CKD患者以及在短期内发生临床终点事件的患者则并不适用。
值得关注的是,急性效应可能使药物治疗效果的评估复杂化和面临挑战性,因此,在评估GFR斜率时应考虑是否存在急性血流动力学效应。为了准确地评估GFR下降的速度,应该在早期试验中对急性效应的性质、达到最大值和平台期的时间、幅度、比例和可逆性等进行充分探索,并同时评估急性斜率、慢性斜率和总斜率。
蛋白尿的发生和严重程度反映整个内皮系统的损害,且与心血管终点事件相关,来自24个队列研究共637 315人(包含普通人群、CKD高风险人群、确诊CKD人群)随访8.9年的数据显示,蛋白尿是多种心血管事件的危险因素[11-12]。尿蛋白水平与肾小球、肾小管-间质的损害程度以及GFR下降程度呈正相关。在临床试验实际操作中,尿蛋白的变化较GFR的变化更易获得。经过临床干预后,尿蛋白的减少是否可以持续地减慢GFR下降速度,以及最终降低疾病进展到终末期肾衰竭的危险,目前仍旧存在不确定性。蛋白尿是否可以作为CKD的替代指标尚有争议,有待进一步深入探索并验证。对于某些疾病,如果主要的治疗措施是减少蛋白尿,评价蛋白尿的影响价值可能较大,比如,对于IgA肾病,蛋白尿已被作为中间指标或替代指标获得了初步探索结果,在“3.1”项下将进行讨论。
患者主观感受,如虚弱疲劳、心理健康、治疗对日常生活的影响等均会对疗效评价产生影响。患者报告结局是指任何来自患者直接报告且不被他人修改或解读的对自身疾病和相应治疗感受的评估结局。获取患者体验、见解、需求等数据并将其有效地融入药物的研发和评价中日益受到重视[13]
目前,在CKD领域,以患者体验数据支持药物研发尚处于探索阶段。国家药监局药审中心2023年发布了“以患者为中心”系列指导原则,为高效研发更符合患者需求的有临床价值的药物提供了重要参考[14]。将患者视为主动参与者,将其对疾病和相关治疗的经验、观点、需求和偏好等患者体验数据,作为药物研发设计、实施的关键考虑要素,并纳入获益-风险评估体系,为符合患者需求的有价值的药物研发和上市提供科学证据。研发机构可考虑从药物研发早期开始,在整个研发生命周期中持续倾听、吸收患者的观点,根据实际需要收集患者体验数据,从而了解未满足的临床需求和重要的临床结局。临床研究如果选择患者报告结局作为主要或关键次要终点,应该结合研究目的、目标适应证的疾病机制、药物作用机制及临床定位等因素综合考虑[13-14]。对于目前在研的药物,健康相关的生活质量量表等患者报告结局指标通常作为次要终点,例如肾脏病生活质量量表-36(KDQOL-36)、36条目简明健康量表(SF-36)和FACIT疲乏量表或简明疲乏量表(BFI)等,用于评估患者的健康状况、社会功能、情绪状态等。
对于肾小球疾病,由于异质性强又具有不同程度的肾功能受损、蛋白尿、心血管疾病和死亡率,如何选择合适疗效评价指标一直是学术界探索的目标。2022年,由包括中国在内的13名成员组成的国际执行委员会发表了肾小球疾病标准化结果(Standardized Outcomes in Nephrology-Glomerular Disease, SONG-GD)倡议,该倡议旨在建立一个公认的临床试验核心结果集,确保重要的结局在临床试验中被报告,经过研讨确定肾小球疾病的5项核心结果是肾脏功能、疾病活动度、死亡、生活参与度和心血管疾病,这些结果应在临床试验中报告 [15]
从肾小球疾病的病理生理机制来看,尿蛋白水平与肾小球、肾小管、肾间质的损害程度以及GFR下降程度呈正相关。并且,慢性肾小球疾病尿蛋白越严重,GFR进行性降低的危险越大。随着蛋白尿与临床终点相关性探索逐渐深入,本研究发现早期治疗降尿蛋白效果越强,对肾脏结局预测的把握性越好,3年的eGFR斜率与肾脏结局呈现强相关[16]
2018年,全球就尿蛋白水平的降低作为IgA肾病替代指标的可能性从多个方面进行了研讨,首先是病理生理机制研究支持蛋白尿与肾功能恶化之间的关系;其次是蛋白尿被确定为IgA肾病进展为ESKD的危险因素,并被广泛认可;第三,流行病学数据显示尿蛋白水平和持续时间与IgA肾病的肾功能丧失存在明显相关性;最关键的是对13项RCT的1 318例IgA肾病患者数据分析显示,尿蛋白降低与血清肌酐值的翻倍、进展为ESKD或死亡的时间存在关联,研讨会支持尿蛋白的降低作为IgA肾病合理可能的替代指标。这13项试验中,患者基线的尿蛋白几何平均值为1.8 g·d-1,约60%患者的尿蛋白范围为1.0~3.2 g·d-1,基线时估算的GFR为63 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2,年龄范围为(31.6±11.5)~(46.4±13.4)岁,未纳入<14岁的儿童,这些数据支持在未来纳入类似人群的试验中,将尿蛋白减少作为肾功能丧失和进展为ESKD的合理可能的替代指标[17-19]。目前,Ig A肾病临床试验常见的疗效评价模式是先采用尿蛋白的减少初步证明其有效性,再通过长期 eGFR 获益进行确认,该模式广泛用于IgA肾病的新药(B细胞靶向药、补体系统抑制剂、内皮素受体拮抗剂等)的研究设计中。欧美已有新药(Nefecon、Sparsentan)使用9个月的尿蛋白变化水平作为主要疗效终点获得加速批准。
然而,对于儿童、GFR较低、大量蛋白尿的患者,是否适宜应用蛋白尿作为评价指标尚不明确。同时,对于尿蛋白减少应持续的最短时间、最小幅度和完全缓解的构成要素是否需包括其他标准等仍有待进一步考量。
GFR是公认的肾脏排泄功能的最重要指标,能够客观地测量或评价肾功能。肾衰竭的时间取决于当前GFR水平和随后的下降速度。使用血清肌酐水平来估算GFR是常用方法。在肾小球疾病早期阶段,肾功能降低通常是缓慢的,以减少尿蛋白为干预目标时,需同时评价药物对肾功能的影响,至少应保持肾功能较基线的稳定水平,并且患者最终的治疗获益需通过肾功能评价来确认。例如, Nefecon是全球首个完全批准用于治疗有进展风险的IgA肾病的新药,尿蛋白降低在欧美获得加速批准并在中国附条件上市。Nefecon的完全批准则基于与安慰剂相比,其2年治疗在eGFR方面显示出具有临床意义的显著获益。
鉴于某些肾小球疾病的复杂性,例如狼疮肾炎、膜性肾病等,仅通过单一指标评估药物疗效通常不足以充分反映个体患者的治疗效果,需要采用经验证的复合指标进行评估。
对于狼疮肾炎,Euro-Lupus研究[20]是一项在76例狼疮性肾炎患者中开展的前瞻性研究,旨在比较糖皮质激素联合低剂量和高剂量环磷酰胺诱导治疗增殖性狼疮性肾炎的疗效和长期肾脏预后,随访73个月的结果显示,治疗12个月时尿蛋白<0.8 g·d-1是良好长期肾脏结局的最佳预测指标,治疗12个月时尿蛋白<0.5 g·d-1将较0.8 g·d-1进一步提升估计的敏感度(0.64和0.81)。然而,仅仅通过尿蛋白的降低评估疾病活动性不足以充分反映药物疗效。因此,通常采用复合指标评估疾病的活动性,如完全肾脏缓解率、部分肾脏缓解率等。完全肾脏缓解应能代表肾功能有临床显著改善,通常是包含蛋白尿和肾功能的复合终点。比如同时满足以下两点可视为完全肾脏缓解:①尿蛋白定量<0.5 g·d-1或尿蛋白/肌酐比值(UPCR)<0.5;②eGFR的降低≤基线值的10%~15%或eGFR≥90 mL·min-1·1.73 m-2
对于膜性肾病,复合评价指标包括蛋白尿和GFR。例如,膜性肾病完全缓解的定义为UPCR≤0.3且eGFR稳定(较基线值下降≤15%)[21]。一项在加拿大多伦多348例膜性肾病患者中开展的前瞻性研究提供了尿蛋白缓解对原发性膜性肾病患者长期预后的影响,中位随访时间是60个月,肾脏完全缓解者均未进展为ESKD, 9%肾脏部分缓解者进展为ESKD,而29%肾脏未缓解者进展为ESKD,差异有统计意义。相对于无缓解患者10年45%的肾脏存活率,部分缓解患者10年肾脏存活率提高到90%以上,而完全缓解的患者可维持15年的100%的肾脏存活率[22]。Toronto 2研究发现保持肾脏缓解状态时间越长的患者达到主要结局(ESKD或eGFR降低50%)的可能性就越小;与复发者相比,肾脏缓解维持时间长于3个月肾脏预后即有改善[23]。与部分缓解相比较,完全缓解作为3期临床试验的主要疗效终点更为合理。
特别需要注意的是,药物疗效评价指标的定义应结合目标疾病特点、药物作用机制以及药效强度等综合考虑制定,随着药效强度的变化,疗效评价指标的设计应相应调整。
肾小球疾病患者发生肾衰竭和死亡的风险较高,一项回顾性队列研究在2 350例肾小球疾病患者平均随访4.5年发现,有21%的患者进展为ESRD,8%在ESRD 前死亡[24]。心血管疾病是肾小球疾病患者死亡的主要原因,死亡风险随着肾功能的下降而逐渐升高,并且随着透析的开始而明显升高。死亡是公认的临床终点,降低死亡的风险直接代表最重要的临床获益,可为药物的有效性提供有力证据,将全因死亡、心血管死亡、肾性死亡纳入肾小球疾病药物疗评指标中十分重要。
CKD疾病负担重,是一个全球性的公共卫生问题。近年来,虽有一些新药上市,但仍十分缺乏具有明显疗效、延缓CKD进展且安全的药物,该疾病领域亟须新药研发以满足临床迫切需求。药物有效性证据的获得需基于高质量临床试验和科学评价标准。肾衰竭、心血管死亡等临床结局终点仍是疗效评价的金标准。但肾脏病进展缓慢,临床结局终点往往需要大样本、长周期研究。因此,探讨可预测临床终点的中间指标或替代指标具有重要意义。同时需要注意的是,有效性终点尤其是主要疗效终点的选择除了与目标治疗人群特征密切相关外,还与药物作用机制和作用效应强度相关,随着更强效的新机制新靶点药物的出现,疗效指标的选择也应相应的调整。临床试验设计时,应审慎选择替代指标,选择的替代指标应经过充分的研究和验证,必要时应与监管机构沟通。
随着肾脏病药物临床研究的不断增多,将有更多证据支持有潜力的药效学或中间指标作为替代指标,以助该领域药物的科学研发。
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2024年第59卷第14期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.14.003
  • 接收时间:2024-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-07-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-06
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    国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心, 北京 100163

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* 谢松梅,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:新药技术审评 Tel:(010)80995756
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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