Article(id=1218290944147899350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218290941232861879, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)15-1384-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.15.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1684684800000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768392795836, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1723046400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1768392795836, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768392795836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768392795836, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1218290941232861879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='15', pageStart='1361', pageEnd='1452', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1768392795141, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1768394622953, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1218298607682376061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218290941232861879, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1218298607682376062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1218290941232861879, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1384, endPage=1392, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218290944382780376, articleId=1218290944147899350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Bifunctional Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Hydroxamic Acid as HDAC6 Inhibitors, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To design and synthesize a series of bifunctional ruthenium complexes containing hydroxamic acid as HDAC6 selective inhibitors by conjugating aromatic hydroxamic acid with bipyridine ruthenium (Ⅱ) complexes, and investigate the in vitro antitumor activity. METHODS Three ruthenium complexes were synthesized with aromatic ring as ‘Linker’ and hydroxamic acid as zinc binding group(ZBG), and their structures were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS spectrometry. The HDAC inhibitory activity was evaluated by fluorescence analysis. The in vitro antitumor activities against A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HepG-2 and LO2 cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. The binding of compounds to the active site of HDAC6 protein was studied by molecular docking. RESULTS All compounds showed selective HDAC6 inhibitory effect, in vitro antitumor activity and tumor-targeting activity, among which representative compound 3 exhibited comparable cytotoxic activity to cisplatin and much higher tumor-targeting activity than cisplatin. CONCLUSION The introduction of a wider “Cap” (surface recognition unit) in the pharmacophore model can improve the specific recognition of the compound against HDAC6, which proved that the design of bifunctional aromatic hydroxamic acid and bipyridine ruthenium complexes is rational.

, correspAuthors=Yanyan SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Weiyu HE, Xiaoyan SHI, Tuwei CHEN, Jian ZHAO, Yanyan SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1218290947339763742, articleId=1218290944147899350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6抑制剂的设计、合成及生物活性研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 设计将具有组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histonedeacetylase,HDAC)抑制活性的芳香异羟肟酸与双联吡啶钌(Ⅱ)配合物进行偶联,合成一系列双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6选择性抑制剂,并评价其抗肿瘤活性。方法 以芳香环为连接基团(Linker),异羟肟酸为Zn2+螯合基团(zinc binding group,ZBG)合成得到3个钌配合物,并通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR和质谱进行结构表征。荧光分析法评价化合物的HDACs抑制活性,噻唑蓝(MTT)法评价化合物对A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HepG-2和LO2细胞的体外抗增殖活性,通过分子对接研究化合物与HDAC6蛋白活性位点的结合情况。结果 目标化合物均表现出HDAC6抑制活性和选择性、体外抗肿瘤活性和靶向性,并筛选出代表化合物3,细胞毒活性与顺铂相当,且体外肿瘤靶向性远高于顺铂。结论 在药效团模型中引入较宽较大的帽子(Cap)结构(双联吡啶钌),可以更好地发挥化合物对HDAC6的特异性识别作用;同时引入具有抗肿瘤活性的钌(Ⅱ)结构,在提高化合物的HDAC6选择性抑制活性的同时兼具良好的抗肿瘤活性,证明双联吡啶钌配合物偶联芳香异羟肟酸的双功能设计是合理有效的。

, correspAuthors=孙艳艳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孙艳艳,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:金属抗肿瘤药物的研发、生物无机化学 Tel:(0512)68418433
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何唯瑜,女,学士 研究方向:抗肿瘤药物的研发

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何唯瑜,女,学士 研究方向:抗肿瘤药物的研发

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A-homology modeling of HDAC1; B-homology modeling of HDAC6; C-X-ray crystal structure of HDAC1; D-X-ray crystal structure of HDAC6.

, figureFileSmall=LdF9APVm6wRwEGwhERobGQ==, figureFileBig=N985LePWLRnTjH0iBNcpbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484900399862213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=CN, label=图2, caption=HDAC1和HDAC6的同源建模及其X射线晶体结构

A-HDAC1的同源建模;B-HDAC6的同源建模;C-HDAC1的X-Ray晶体结构;D-HDAC6的X射线晶体结构。

, figureFileSmall=LdF9APVm6wRwEGwhERobGQ==, figureFileBig=N985LePWLRnTjH0iBNcpbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484900500525512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Synthesis of pyridine ligands containing hydroxamic acid (compounds L1-L3), figureFileSmall=VXK6PRstK40DYw5zr1RtpQ==, figureFileBig=EJL7jpwhbP/Xgd8dGhr4WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484900563440076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=CN, label=图3, caption=含异羟肟酸的吡啶配体L1~L3的合成路线, figureFileSmall=VXK6PRstK40DYw5zr1RtpQ==, figureFileBig=EJL7jpwhbP/Xgd8dGhr4WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484900701852111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Synthesis of bipyridine ruthenium complexes containing hydroxamic acid (compounds 1-3), figureFileSmall=oVojUHhI3N//AkdTvMLqOg==, figureFileBig=gJo48tfrNoADewrnNf7RQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484900802515410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=CN, label=图4, caption=含异羟肟酸的双联吡啶钌配合物1~3的合成路线, figureFileSmall=oVojUHhI3N//AkdTvMLqOg==, figureFileBig=gJo48tfrNoADewrnNf7RQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484900945121750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=The binding models of compounds 1-3 in the active sites of HDAC6 (PDB ID: 7u8z)

A-the binding model of compound 1 with HDAC6; B-the binding model of compound 2 with HDAC6; C-the binding model of compound 3 with HDAC6.

, figureFileSmall=4F348vFVpFZXoTTnDMMNPg==, figureFileBig=+7+CoJsr7w456JM5PuYdVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484901029007833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=CN, label=图5, caption=化合物1~3与HDAC6蛋白(PDB ID: 7u8z)活性位点的分子对接情况

A-化合物1与HDAC6的分子对接;B-化合物2与HDAC6的分子对接;C-化合物3与HDAC6的分子对接。

, figureFileSmall=4F348vFVpFZXoTTnDMMNPg==, figureFileBig=+7+CoJsr7w456JM5PuYdVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218484901117088220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

In vitro inhibitory activity and selectivity of compounds 1-3 against HDAC1, HDAC6 and HDAC8 enzymes. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound IC50/μmol·L-1 Selectivity ratio (SR)
HDAC1 HDAC6 HDAC8 HDAC1/ HDAC6 HDAC8/ HDAC6
1 5.66±0.30 0.35±0.02 10.22±0.64 16.17 29.20
2 4.89±0.25 0.41±0.02 11.88±0.58 11.93 28.98
3 2.32±0.13 0.24±0.01 9.70±0.50 9.67 40.41
Cisplatin 13.25±0.76 10.40±0.71 21.82±1.40 1.27 2.10
SAHA 0.20±0.01 0.08±0.01 2.21±0.16 2.50 27.63
), ArticleFig(id=1218484901205168609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化合物1~3对HDAC1、HDAC6和HDAC8酶的体外抑制活性及选择性。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound IC50/μmol·L-1 Selectivity ratio (SR)
HDAC1 HDAC6 HDAC8 HDAC1/ HDAC6 HDAC8/ HDAC6
1 5.66±0.30 0.35±0.02 10.22±0.64 16.17 29.20
2 4.89±0.25 0.41±0.02 11.88±0.58 11.93 28.98
3 2.32±0.13 0.24±0.01 9.70±0.50 9.67 40.41
Cisplatin 13.25±0.76 10.40±0.71 21.82±1.40 1.27 2.10
SAHA 0.20±0.01 0.08±0.01 2.21±0.16 2.50 27.63
), ArticleFig(id=1218484901289054692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

The in vitro cytotoxic activities of compounds 1-3 against A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HepG-2 tumor cells and LO2 human normal liver cell. n=6,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound IC50/μmol·L-1
A549 MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 HepG-2 LO2
1 8.42±0.35 10.64±0.60 > 50 20.32±1.15 > 50
2 12.10±0.71 8.45±0.36 > 50 17.25±0.92 > 50
3 4.08±0.23 5.20±0.27 > 50 14.50±0.78 > 50
Cisplatin 6.88±0.21 4.47±0.25 9.85±0.61 12.82±0.70 6.10±0.20
SAHA 10.51±0.83 17.32±1.25 35.20±2.04 >50 Not tested
), ArticleFig(id=1218484901398106598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1218290944147899350, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

化合物1~3对A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HepG-2肿瘤细胞和LO2人正常肝细胞的体外细胞毒活性。n=6,$\bar{x}±s$

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Compound IC50/μmol·L-1
A549 MDA-MB-231 MCF-7 HepG-2 LO2
1 8.42±0.35 10.64±0.60 > 50 20.32±1.15 > 50
2 12.10±0.71 8.45±0.36 > 50 17.25±0.92 > 50
3 4.08±0.23 5.20±0.27 > 50 14.50±0.78 > 50
Cisplatin 6.88±0.21 4.47±0.25 9.85±0.61 12.82±0.70 6.10±0.20
SAHA 10.51±0.83 17.32±1.25 35.20±2.04 >50 Not tested
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双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6抑制剂的设计、合成及生物活性研究
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何唯瑜 1 , 石小燕 1 , 陈涂薇 1 , 赵健 2 , 孙艳艳 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(15): 1384-1392
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(15): 1384-1392
双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6抑制剂的设计、合成及生物活性研究
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何唯瑜1, 石小燕1, 陈涂薇1, 赵健2, 孙艳艳1, *
作者信息
  • 1 苏州科技大学化学与生命科学学院, 江苏 苏州 215009
  • 2 东南大学化学化工学院, 南京 211189
  • 何唯瑜,女,学士 研究方向:抗肿瘤药物的研发

通讯作者:

* 孙艳艳,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:金属抗肿瘤药物的研发、生物无机化学 Tel:(0512)68418433
Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Bifunctional Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Hydroxamic Acid as HDAC6 Inhibitors
Weiyu HE1, Xiaoyan SHI1, Tuwei CHEN1, Jian ZHAO2, Yanyan SUN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
  • 2 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
出版时间: 2024-08-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.15.004
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目的 设计将具有组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histonedeacetylase,HDAC)抑制活性的芳香异羟肟酸与双联吡啶钌(Ⅱ)配合物进行偶联,合成一系列双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6选择性抑制剂,并评价其抗肿瘤活性。方法 以芳香环为连接基团(Linker),异羟肟酸为Zn2+螯合基团(zinc binding group,ZBG)合成得到3个钌配合物,并通过1H-NMR、13C-NMR和质谱进行结构表征。荧光分析法评价化合物的HDACs抑制活性,噻唑蓝(MTT)法评价化合物对A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HepG-2和LO2细胞的体外抗增殖活性,通过分子对接研究化合物与HDAC6蛋白活性位点的结合情况。结果 目标化合物均表现出HDAC6抑制活性和选择性、体外抗肿瘤活性和靶向性,并筛选出代表化合物3,细胞毒活性与顺铂相当,且体外肿瘤靶向性远高于顺铂。结论 在药效团模型中引入较宽较大的帽子(Cap)结构(双联吡啶钌),可以更好地发挥化合物对HDAC6的特异性识别作用;同时引入具有抗肿瘤活性的钌(Ⅱ)结构,在提高化合物的HDAC6选择性抑制活性的同时兼具良好的抗肿瘤活性,证明双联吡啶钌配合物偶联芳香异羟肟酸的双功能设计是合理有效的。

钌配合物  /  异羟肟酸  /  双功能  /  组蛋白去乙酰化酶6  /  选择性抑制剂  /  抗肿瘤

OBJECTIVE To design and synthesize a series of bifunctional ruthenium complexes containing hydroxamic acid as HDAC6 selective inhibitors by conjugating aromatic hydroxamic acid with bipyridine ruthenium (Ⅱ) complexes, and investigate the in vitro antitumor activity. METHODS Three ruthenium complexes were synthesized with aromatic ring as ‘Linker’ and hydroxamic acid as zinc binding group(ZBG), and their structures were characterized by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HRMS spectrometry. The HDAC inhibitory activity was evaluated by fluorescence analysis. The in vitro antitumor activities against A549, MDA-MB-231, MCF-7, HepG-2 and LO2 cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. The binding of compounds to the active site of HDAC6 protein was studied by molecular docking. RESULTS All compounds showed selective HDAC6 inhibitory effect, in vitro antitumor activity and tumor-targeting activity, among which representative compound 3 exhibited comparable cytotoxic activity to cisplatin and much higher tumor-targeting activity than cisplatin. CONCLUSION The introduction of a wider “Cap” (surface recognition unit) in the pharmacophore model can improve the specific recognition of the compound against HDAC6, which proved that the design of bifunctional aromatic hydroxamic acid and bipyridine ruthenium complexes is rational.

ruthenium complex  /  hydroxamic acid  /  bifunctional  /  HDAC6  /  selective inhibitor  /  antitumor
何唯瑜, 石小燕, 陈涂薇, 赵健, 孙艳艳. 双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6抑制剂的设计、合成及生物活性研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (15) : 1384 -1392 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.15.004
Weiyu HE, Xiaoyan SHI, Tuwei CHEN, Jian ZHAO, Yanyan SUN. Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Bifunctional Ruthenium Complexes Bearing Hydroxamic Acid as HDAC6 Inhibitors[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (15) : 1384 -1392 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.15.004
组蛋白去乙酰化酶(histone deacetylases,HDACs)可以催化染色体的基本组成单位核小体的组蛋白去乙酰化,对基因的表达调控发挥重要作用,属于表观遗传修饰相关酶,而表观遗传修饰紊乱会导致各种疾病的发生[1-3],尤其成为抗肿瘤药物设计的热门靶点。目前已上市的HDAC抑制剂有伏立诺他(SAHA)、贝利司他、帕比司他、罗米地辛和西达本胺,前三者均为广谱HDAC抑制剂,后两者主要抑制HDACs I类,其中西达本胺是我国自主研发的第一个选择性HDAC抑制剂,于2015年获原国家食品药品监督管理总局(CFDA)批准上市[4]。伏立诺他和罗米地辛用于治疗皮肤T细胞淋巴瘤,贝利司他和西达本胺用于治疗复发及难治性外周T细胞淋巴瘤,而帕比司他主要用于治疗多发性骨髓瘤,这些抑制剂在临床上均表现良好的抗肿瘤效果。但广谱HDAC抑制剂普遍存在恶心、呕吐、骨髓抑制及QT间期延长等毒副作用,临床应用受到较大的限制。罗米地辛和西达本胺作为HDACs I类的选择性抑制剂,虽然毒副作用相对较小,但其治疗窗口小,阻碍了在其他疾病领域的进一步应用[5-6]。因此,寻找高效、低毒的亚型选择性HDAC抑制剂成为该领域的研究热点。
HDAC6是组蛋白去乙酰化酶Ⅱb家族的特殊成员,是唯一1个具有2个催化功能区和2个锌指结构区的HDAC酶。HDAC6的催化底物主要包括α-微管蛋白、热休克蛋白90(heat shock protein 90,Hsp90)、皮质肌动蛋白及过氧化物还原酶等[7]。HDAC6通过与底物蛋白相互作用,参与并调节众多生理或病理进程。其中,α-微管蛋白会影响细胞骨架完整性;Hsp90可帮助伴侣蛋白正确折叠以维持其正常的生理功能;皮质肌动蛋白调节细胞转移;过氧化物还原酶在HDAC6的作用下发生去乙酰化,可能是造成癌细胞对化学治疗耐受的重要因素之一[8]。HDAC6因其独特的结构及生化功能,成为一个极具应用前景的药物靶标。而且,其相应的选择性HDAC6抑制剂对正常细胞几乎没有细胞毒性,这与现有的广谱HDAC抑制剂及HDACs Ⅰ类的选择性抑制剂不同,这一优点引起研究者的广泛关注,选择性HDAC6抑制剂有望克服广谱HDAC抑制剂存在的选择性差、副作用大等缺点。
大多数的HDAC抑制剂都可以用经典的药效团模型来描述(图1),主要包括3个部分[9-10]:①帽子(Cap)结构部分,即酶表面识别区(surface recognition unit);②Zn2+螯合基团(zinc binding group,ZBG),例如异羟肟酸、羧酸或苯甲酰胺结构,用于螯合酶活性区域底端的Zn2+;③将Cap和ZBG这2个部分连接起来的疏水性长链连接基团(Linker),一般为饱和或不饱和的线性或带有环状结构的基团。目前已报道的选择性HDAC6抑制剂按不同类型的ZBG分类,主要包括脂肪族Linker异羟肟酸类、芳香族Linker异羟肟酸类、其他类等,其中报道较多的是芳香族Linker异羟肟酸类[11-43]
铂类抗肿瘤药物是重要的化疗药物之一,已被广泛用于实体肿瘤的治疗[44]。不同于大多数有机小分子药物,铂配合物在肿瘤治疗领域表现出独特的优势,这是由于它们可以与肿瘤细胞DNA产生共价结合,从而通过抑制靶点的生物活性来延长药物作用时间和提高治疗效果[45]。然而,由于与DNA的不可逆共价结合,铂类药物具有严重的副作用和耐药性,从而限制了其在临床上的应用[46]。鉴于铂类药物的缺点,其他金属配合物成为抗肿瘤药物的另一研究热点,特别是钌类抗肿瘤药物,由于其独特的生物特性和低毒性,在癌症治疗中显示出巨大的应用前景[47-51]。迄今已有3个钌配合物进入临床试验,包括2个化疗药物(NAMI-A、KP1019及其钠盐KP1339)和1个光敏剂(TLD1433),尤其是KP1339和TLD1433,均已成功完成Ⅰ期临床试验[52-55]。但NAMI-A的临床试验因疗效不确切而中断[56-57]。因此,针对新型钌类抗肿瘤药物的结构改造迫在眉睫。
根据同源建模及晶体结构研究发现[7-9,58],HDAC6的催化活性通道口比HDAC1更大,通道深度更短(图2)。同时,鉴于钌配合物在抗肿瘤临床试验中表现出良好的治疗效果,以及金属钌的杂化特性和灵活丰富的配位模式,本实验设计在HDAC抑制剂药效团模型的“Cap”部分引入具有较宽较大的双“帽檐”的双齿钌(Ⅱ)配合物单元,以吡啶环为Linker,以异羟肟酸为ZBG,合成一系列双功能异羟肟酸类钌配合物作为HDAC6抑制剂,从而增加化合物对HDAC6活性通道入口的特异性识别和“占位”作用,以期发挥其钌配合物和HDAC抑制剂药效团的双功能活性作用,并评价化合物对HDACs的体外抑制活性和肿瘤细胞的体外抗增殖活性。
傅里叶变换红外光谱仪Spectrum Two(美国PE公司);核磁共振波谱仪AVANCE Ⅲ(德国Bruker公司);质谱仪Q-TOF 6540(美国Agilent公司);荧光分光光度计F-7000(北京泰克仪器有限公司);细胞培养箱BIOBASE QP-160(山东博科科学仪器有限公司);酶标仪HALO MPR-96(上海天美科学仪器有限公司);流式细胞仪CytoFLEX LX(美国贝克曼库尔特有限公司)。
人非小细胞肺癌细胞系(A549)、高转移性恶性乳腺癌细胞系(MDA-MB-231)、原位ER阳性人乳腺癌细胞系(MCF-7)、人肝癌细胞系(HepG-2)、人正常肝细胞系(LO2)(江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司)。
2-吡啶甲酸甲酯(化学纯,98%)、3-吡啶甲酸甲酯(化学纯,98%)、4-吡啶甲酸甲酯(化学纯,98%);甲醇、乙酸乙酯、氢氧化钠、二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、丙酮、乙醇等常规试剂均为分析纯;盐酸羟胺、2,2'-联吡啶、三水合三氯化钌、氯化锂均为分析纯;MTT检测试剂盒(江苏凯基生物技术股份有限公司)。
配体L1:0.58 g (14.6 mmol)NaOH加入10 mL水中再加入0.51 g (7.3 mmol)盐酸羟胺搅拌溶解,取0.5 g (3.6 mmol)2-吡啶甲酸甲酯溶于15 mL甲醇中,将水溶液逐滴加入甲醇溶液中,室温搅拌72 h,停止反应时加入体积分数5%盐酸(HCl)溶液调节溶液pH约为5.5,然后浓缩得白色固体,加甲醇溶解,过滤不溶物,浓缩得到油状物质,用水重结晶得到白色针晶。产率30%。IR (ATR):3 336,3 154,1 645,1 589,1 511,1 428,1 177,1 027 cm-11H-NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.57 (ddd,1H,J=2.9,2.4,1.4 Hz),7.97 (m,2H),8.59 (dt,1H,J=2.4,0.7 Hz),9.06 (d,1H,J=1.0 Hz),11.39 (s,1H)。HR-MS (ESI):m/z [M+H]+计算值C6H7N2O2:139.050 75,实验值:139.050 78(图3)。
配体L2:通过3-吡啶甲酸甲酯与羟胺反应制备配体L2,步骤同上,得到白色针晶,产率40%。IR (ATR):3 183,1 636,1 593,1 494,1 471,1 420,1 305,1 023 cm-11H-NMR(300 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.51(ddd,1H,J=2.8,2.4,0.4 Hz),8.11 (dt,1H,J=4.0,1.0 Hz),8.71 (dd,1H,J=2.4,0.9 Hz),8.92 (d,1H,J=0.8 Hz),9.24 (s,1H),11.43 (s,1H)。HR-MS (ESI):m/z [M+H]+计算值C6H7N2O2:139.050 75,实验值:139.050 31。
配体L3:通过4-吡啶甲酸甲酯与羟胺反应制备配体L3,步骤同上,得到白色针晶,产率42%。IR (ATR):3 148,1 633,1 606,1 538,1 488,1 408,1 320,1 163,1 029 cm-11H-NMR(300 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.67(m,2H),8.71(m,2H),9.32 (s,1H),11.51 (s,1H)。HR-MS (ESI):m/z [M+H]+计算值C6H7N2O2:139.050 75,实验值:138.050 06。
双(2,2'-联吡啶)二氯化钌水合物[Ru(Bipy)2Cl2·2H2O]:将RuCl3·3H2O(1 g, 4 mmol)、联吡啶(1.24 g, 8 mmol)和氯化锂(LiCl,0.005 g, 0.12 mmol)加入DMF(8 mL)中加热回流搅拌8 h。反应混合物冷却至室温后,加入35 mL丙酮,反应液在0 ℃下冷却过夜析晶,过滤,滤饼用5 mL水洗涤3次,再用5 mL乙醚洗涤3次,干燥得到深绿色固体,产率65%(图4)。
配合物1:0.258 g Ru(Bipy)2Cl2·2H2O (0.5 mmol)悬浮在25 mL的水-乙醇混合液(1:4)中,加入稍过量的0.072 g 配体L1 (0.6 mmol)。将混合物回流3 h后浓缩溶剂至干,残留物溶解在约4 mL蒸馏水中,加入1 mL饱和NaBF4水溶液后析出沉淀。沉淀用甲醇-乙醚混合物(1:3)洗涤后烘干,得到黄色固体,产率为44%。1H-NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.33 (dt,2H,J=15.0,3.0 Hz),7.55~7.63(m,2H),7.72 (ddd,4H,J=15.0,9.0,3.0 Hz),7.79~7.97 (m,6H),8.19 (q,2H,J=3.0 Hz),8.49~8.56 (m,2H),8.57~8.74 (m,5H),8.80 (dt,2H,J=9.0,3.0 Hz),9.79~9.83 (m,1H)。13C-NMR (75 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ: 124.03, 124.31, 124.56, 124.71, 124.92, 127.15, 127.49, 127.78, 127.92, 129.20, 136.08, 136.66, 136.95, 137.27, 137.89, 150.32, 150.66, 151.28, 152.00, 153.58, 157.38, 157.74, 157.86, 158.03, 159.04, 171.76。HR-MS (ESI):m/z [M-BF4]+计算值:C26H22N6O2RuCl:587.053 63,实验值:587.049 09。
配合物2:用配体L2和Ru(Bipy)2Cl2·2H2O反应制备配合物2,步骤同上,得到黄色固体,产率为48%。1H-NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.30 (t,2H,J=3.0 Hz),7.37 (t,2H,J=3.0 Hz),7.52~7.59 (m,4H),7.67~7.76 (m,2H),7.85~7.95 (m,5H),8.08~8.24 (m,5H),8.50 (d,1H,J=3.0 Hz),8.58~8.83 (m,4H),9.84 (d,1H,J=3.0 Hz)。13C-NMR(75 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ: 123.64, 124.13, 124.44, 125.28, 126.66, 127.23, 127.64, 127.76, 136.21, 136.83, 137.21, 137.44, 137.94, 150.69, 152.08, 152.37, 152.86, 153.12, 157.76, 158.10, 158.53, 159.36, 159.41。HR-MS (ESI):m/z [M-BF4]+计算值C26H22N6O2RuCl:587.053 63,实验值:587.052 79。
配合物3:用配体L3和Ru(Bipy)2Cl2·2H2O反应制备配合物3,步骤同上,得到黄色固体,产率为40%。1H-NMR (300 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ:7.33 (dt,2H,J=15.0,3.0 Hz),7.56~7.62 (m,2H),7.65~7.77 (m,4H),7.80~7.99 (m,6H),8.19 (q,2H,J=3.0 Hz),8.51 (t,1H,J=6.0 Hz),8.60 (t,1H,J=3.0 Hz),8.67~8.71 (m,3H),8.80 (dt,2H,J=9.0,3.0 Hz),9.79~9.86 (m,1H)。13C-NMR (75 MHz,DMSO-d6)δ: 123.23, 123.65, 124.08, 124.16, 124.43, 126.69, 127.24, 127.27, 127.69, 127.81, 136.28, 136.80, 136.91, 137.31, 138.56, 151.11, 151.94, 152.37, 152.81, 153.00, 157.76, 158.06, 158.34, 158.40, 159.27, 165.87。HR-MS (ESI):m/z [M-BF4]+计算值C26H22N6O2RuCl:587.053 63,实验值:587.050 28。
以SAHA为阳性对照,选择HDACs酶家族中class Ⅰ亚族的HDAC1、HDAC8和class Ⅱb亚族的HDAC6作为靶标。采用荧光分析法考查化合物在体外的HDAC抑制活性,得到相应的半数抑制浓度(50% inhibitory concentration,IC50)值,并探讨对HDAC抑制的选择性。
以HeLa细胞核提取物的HDAC1亚型为例,对待测化合物与HDACs和特异性荧光底物共同孵育24 h,然后在390 nm激发光和460 nm发射下测定每个反应的荧光。在进行3次平行实验的情况下,记录所得数据并计算化合物对HDACs的抑制率,结果见表1。其他HDACs亚型抑制活性测定的实验原理与HeLa细胞核提取物类似,不同的亚型使用各自特异性荧光底物。这一实验方法具有误差小、灵敏度高、操作简单等特点,可用于评估化合物的HDAC抑制活性和选择性。
将A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HepG-2和LO2在37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2的湿化环境中培养,保存于添加体积分数10%胎牛血清(FBS)、100 mg·mL-1链霉素和100 mg·mL-1青霉素的RPMI-1640培养基中。
采用MTT法检测化合物1~3对A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HepG-2和LO2细胞系的细胞毒活性,并以顺铂和SAHA为阳性对照。经过3次平行实验,得到化合物的IC50值见表2
实验方法:将细胞悬浮于培养基中,并将其接种于96孔板(每孔5 000个细胞),然后在37 ℃、体积分数5% CO2的培养箱中培养24 h。将所测化合物预溶于DMF中,用培养基稀释至所需梯度浓度,最终DMF浓度小于0.3%。将梯度浓度的溶液加入到96孔板中,37 ℃孵育72 h,然后用10 μL MTT(5 mg·mL-1)染色4 h。取上层清液,加入150 μL的DMSO溶解生成的甲瓒物。用酶标板酶联免疫吸附测定仪测定490 nm处的吸光度。通过SPSS软件计算3次平行实验后的IC50值。
从蛋白质数据库中获得HDAC6的晶体数据(PDB ID: 7u8z),通过Autodock 4.2软件,对化合物1~3进入HDAC6蛋白进行分子对接研究,得到最佳结合位点和对接模式,并使用Pymol 1.7软件对对接结果进行处理,并生成对接图。
通过荧光分析法得到化合物在体外的HDAC抑制活性数据见表1。从表1中的数据可知,阳性对照顺铂对HDAC1(IC50=13.25 μmol·L-1)、HDAC6(IC50=10.40 μmol·L-1)和HDAC8(IC50=21.82 μmol·L-1)的抑制效果不明显,且对HDAC6的选择性较低;阳性对照SAHA对HDAC1(IC50=0.20 μmol·L-1)、HDAC6(IC50=0.08 μmol·L-1)和HDAC8(IC50=2.21 μmol·L-1)均表现良好的抑制效果,SAHA是已报道的一种良好的HDACs抑制剂,但是很显然SAHA对HDACs没有表现出较为专一的亚型选择性[选择性因子(selectivity ratio,SR),SR1/6代表化合物在HDAC1和HDAC6之间的选择性因子,SR1/6和SR8/6分别为2.50和27.63倍],是个广谱HDAC抑制剂,这就导致SAHA在临床使用的时候有着难以避免的副作用。针对HDAC亚型选择性的问题,本实验以具有较大位阻的双联吡啶金属钌作为“Cap”,结合以吡啶芳香环为Linker的异羟肟酸设计并合成了化合物1~3,希望能提高对HDACs的亚型选择性。从表1可知,化合物1~3对HDAC1、HDAC6和HDAC8的体外IC50均远低于阳性对照金属铂药(顺铂),说明化合物1~3对HDAC的体外抑制活性远高于顺铂,尤其是针对HDAC6的体外IC50分别为0.35、0.41和0.24 μmol·L-1,低于阳性对照顺铂的29.7、25.4和43.3倍,高于阳性对照SAHA的4.4、5.1和3.0倍,虽然这3个化合物的IC50较阳性对照SAHA有较大幅度的提高,但增幅均未超过0.5 μmol·L-1。此外,化合物1的选择性因子SR1/6和SR8/6分别为16.17和29.20倍,高于阳性对照顺铂的12.7和13.9倍,高于SAHA的6.5和1.1倍;化合物2的选择性因子SR1/6和SR8/6分别为11.93和28.98倍,高于阳性对照顺铂的9.4和13.8倍,高于SAHA的4.8和1.0倍;化合物3的选择性因子SR1/6和SR8/6分别为9.67和40.41倍,高于阳性对照顺铂的7.6和19.2倍,高于SAHA的3.9和1.5倍。以上数据表明,与阳性对照顺铂和SAHA相比,目标化合物1~3对HDAC6的亚型选择性均得到了较大程度的提升,证明通过引入较大位阻的金属钌配位单元和SAHA类似物设计双功能HDAC抑制剂可以显著增加其对HDAC6的选择性抑制活性,这一设计是合理的。
对比化合物1~3和SAHA对HDAC6的IC50值及其选择性抑制因子,对HDAC6的抑制活性顺序大致为:SAHA>3>1≈2;对HDAC6的选择性强度顺序大致为:1≈2≈3>SAHA。由此可见,化合物3对HDAC6的选择性抑制活性最佳,其选择性高于阳性对照SAHA,这可能由于ZBG基团(异羟肟酸)与双联吡啶钌Cap结构之间处于对位关系,相比于邻位化合物1和间位化合物2,对位化合物3的ZBG受到双联吡啶钌Cap结构的位阻影响较小,因此更有利于化合物进入HDAC6活性通道并与Zn2+发生特异性结合。
总之,该系列中的目标化合物3在保持良好HDAC6抑制效果的同时也一定程度上提高了对HDAC6的选择性,是3个目标化合物中对HDAC6选择性抑制活性最佳的钌配合物。本实验所合成的3个目标化合物具有同样的双联吡啶钌Cap结构,但芳香异羟肟酸的立体构型各有不同,1、2和3分别具有邻位、间位和对位芳香异羟肟酸,其中具有对位结构的化合物3有更好的构型选择性,首先化合物3有宽大的双联吡啶钌Cap结构,能够在HDAC6通道入口起到占位作用;其次已有文献[59]报道苯基异羟肟酸HDAC6和HDAC8的IC50为0.15和1.9 μmol·L-1,SR8/6约为16.52倍,相对于HDAC8苯基异羟肟酸具有相对更高的HDAC6选择性抑制作用;并且另一个报道[60]里展示了以芳环为Linker的HDAC6选择性抑制剂与HDAC6蛋白结合的X射线晶体结构指出,芳环Linker插入HDAC6活性通道内的F583和F643芳香环残基之间,并与这2个芳香环残基形成有利的错位面对面π-π堆叠,这种Linker与残基之间的弱相互作用一定程度上能够影响结构的选择性,说明了以芳香为Linker与提升对HDAC6的特异性识别和特异性结合有一定关联。而且将目标化合物3与苯基异羟肟酸对比,在3中引入了含联吡啶钌配位结构的宽大Cap结构后,其SR8/6提升至苯基异羟肟酸的2倍以上,更印证了这类“Cap“设计的合理性。另一方面,比较了化合物1~3对HDAC6体外抑制活性实验,说明本实验的设计是合理且有效的,达到了设计的初衷。
通过MTT法测试化合物1~3对A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7、HepG-2和LO2的细胞毒活性,结果见表2。阳性对照顺铂对A549、MDA-MB-231、MCF-7和HepG-2 4种肿瘤细胞都展现出了良好的体外抗肿瘤活性,IC50值范围在4.47~12.82 μmol·L-1之间,而阳性对照SAHA对A549、MDA-MB-231和MCF-7这3种细胞系的IC50值范围在10.51~35.20 μmol·L-1之间,对HepG-2几乎无细胞毒活性。
化合物1对A549、MDA-MB-231和HepG-2细胞的IC50为8.42~20.32 μmol·L-1,高于阳性对照顺铂(4.47~12.82 μmol·L-1)的1.2~2.3倍;对A549和MDA-MB-231的IC50低于阳性对照SAHA(10.51~17.32 μmol·L-1)的1.2~1.6倍,且对HepG-2的IC50远低于SAHA,说明化合物1的体外抗肿瘤活性略低于顺铂、高于SAHA。
化合物2对3种肿瘤细胞的IC50为8.45~17.25 μmol·L-1,高于阳性对照顺铂的1.3~1.9倍,对A549和MDA-MB-231的IC50与阳性对照SAHA相当,且对HepG-2的IC50远低于SAHA,说明化合物2的体外抗肿瘤活性略低于顺铂、高于SAHA。
化合物3对3种肿瘤细胞的IC50为4.08~14.50 μmol·L-1,与阳性对照顺铂相当,对A549和MDA-MB-231的IC50低于阳性对照SAHA的2.6~3.3倍,且对HepG-2的IC50远低于SAHA,说明化合物3的体外抗肿瘤活性与阳性对照顺铂相当、远高于SAHA。
此外,化合物1~3对人正常肝细胞LO2的IC50均大于50 μmol·L-1,远高于阳性对照顺铂(6.10 μmol·L-1),说明目标化合物1~3对人正常肝细胞几乎无毒性,对肿瘤细胞的选择性较好。综合化合物1~3的体外抗肿瘤活性结果,得到目标化合物和阳性对照的体外抗肿瘤活性顺序大致为:3>顺铂>1≈2>SAHA;体外肿瘤选择性的顺序大致为:1≈2≈3>顺铂。
综上可知,化合物3是该系列化合物中体外细胞毒活性和体外肿瘤靶向性均表现优异的代表化合物,与阳性对照相比,活性与顺铂相当、远高于SAHA,且肿瘤选择性和靶向性远高于顺铂。
细胞毒活性实验的结果与HDACs酶抑制活性结果基本一致,说明该系列设计在药效团模型中引入较宽较大的“Cap”(双联吡啶钌部分),可以更好地发挥对HDAC6的特异性识别和占位作用,说明这一思路是合理的;同时引入金属钌配位药效团,从而发挥其双功能的活性作用,在提高化合物的选择性酶抑制活性的同时还兼具良好的抗肿瘤活性及肿瘤靶向性,证明含异羟肟酸的双联吡啶钌配合物的双功能设计是合理且有效的。
为了进一步考查目标化合物对HDAC6的抑制活性,通过分子对接技术研究化合物1~3与HDAC6蛋白(PDB ID: 7u8z)活性位点口袋的结合情况。利用Autodock 4.2和Pymol 1.7软件进行分子对接并得到对接结果,见图5。结果表明,化合物2和3的异羟肟酸部分(ZBG基团)能很好地螯合活性口袋底部的锌离子,且异羟肟酸的羰基(C=O)与HIS574残基形成氢键,异羟肟酸的羟基(OH)与TYR745、ASP705残基形成氢键,这可能是化合物2和3HDAC6抑制活性较高的原因。而从图5中发现,化合物1的异羟肟酸部分与锌离子的螯合较弱,且羟基(OH)与活性口袋口部的HIS614残基形成氢键,这可能是由于相对于间位、对位,邻位的异羟肟酸基团更难进入HDAC6的活性口袋底部。
基于HDAC6酶的结构特点,本实验合理设计并合成一系列双联吡啶钌配合物偶联芳香异羟肟酸结构作为双功能HDAC6抑制剂。目标化合物均具有较高的HDACs酶抑制活性、HDAC6选择性、体外细胞毒活性及肿瘤选择性,尤其是含对位异羟肟酸基团的化合物3表现出比阳性对照更优的HDAC6选择性抑制活性和抗肿瘤活性。分子对接研究表明,化合物3可以和HDAC6活性口袋底部的Zn2+发生特异性结合,这与HDAC酶抑制活性结果、抗肿瘤活性结果一致,证明双联吡啶钌配合物偶联芳香异羟肟酸作为HDAC6抑制剂的双功能设计是合理的。这为后续研发更高效的双功能HDAC6选择性抑制剂提供了思路。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21401137)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(22271045)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(21601034)
  • 江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX22_3292)
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2024年第59卷第15期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.15.004
  • 接收时间:2023-05-22
  • 首发时间:2026-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-08-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-22
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(21401137)
国家自然科学基金项目(22271045)
国家自然科学基金项目(21601034)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目(KYCX22_3292)
作者信息
    1 苏州科技大学化学与生命科学学院, 江苏 苏州 215009
    2 东南大学化学化工学院, 南京 211189

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* 孙艳艳,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:金属抗肿瘤药物的研发、生物无机化学 Tel:(0512)68418433
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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