Article(id=1212693338260685412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693337426018913, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)20-1917-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.20.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710691200000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767058222594, onlineDateStr=2025-12-30, pubDate=1729526400000, pubDateStr=2024-10-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767058222594, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767058222594, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058222594, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212693337426018913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='20', pageStart='1881', pageEnd='1984', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767058222394, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767059439376, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212698441885602499, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693337426018913, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212698441889796804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693337426018913, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1917, endPage=1924, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212693338545898086, articleId=1212693338260685412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Phase State and Clinical Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction is a complex dispersion system, and its active components are mostly to form different phases in the form of solutes or dispersed substances, such as true solution, colloidal phase, suspension phase, etc. The active components are complex and diverse, and the formation, transformation, and transmission of each phase may affect the metabolism and action process of the pharmacodynamic components in biological bodies. However, the study on the phase differences and effective phases in TCM decoction is still in the initial stage. In this paper, we will be explored the quality basis and mechanism of TCM decoction from the perspectives of the formation, characterization, transformation, transmission and mechanism of the ordered phase in TCM decoction, and look forward to the quality research mode of TCM based on phase structure, so as to provide a reference for explaining the effect mechanism of TCM decoction from the perspective of structural TCM decoction.

, correspAuthors=Huanhuan DONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xunyue YANG, Linglong JIAN, Mei YANG, Huanhuan DONG, Lihua CHEN, Yongmei GUAN, Weifeng ZHU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212693339498005119, articleId=1212693338260685412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=中药汤剂中相态的形成表征及其药效作用研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药汤剂为复杂的分散体系,其有效成分多以溶质或分散相在分散介质中形成不同相态,如真溶液、胶体相、混悬相等。汤剂中各相态的形成、转化、传递等过程可能影响药效成分在生物体内的代谢及作用过程。近年来,对中药汤剂中相态差异及有效相态的研究尚在起步阶段。笔者拟从中药汤剂中有序相态的形成、表征、转化、传递及效应机制等多角度探究中药汤剂的质量基础及作用机制,展望基于物相结构的中药质量研究模式,为从结构中药学的角度解释中药汤剂的效应机制研究提供参考依据。

, correspAuthors=董欢欢, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 董欢欢,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:中药学 Tel:(0791)87118911
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杨勋玥,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药学

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杨勋玥,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药学

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杨勋玥,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药学

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方法 应用范围 优点 缺点 参考文献
超速/高速离心法 分离混悬或沉淀相 操作简便快捷 不适于不稳定的物相结构分离 [32]
微孔滤膜法 分离混悬或沉淀相 操作简便快捷 操作耗时长,不便收集 [33]
透析法 分离真溶液相和纳米相 耗材便宜 工艺周期繁琐耗时,不适于分散稳定性差的物相结构纯化 [9,35]
超滤法 分离真溶液相和纳米相态 操作方便省时 耗材较贵,可能存在未完全分离的现象 [36]
排阻色谱法 适用于更精密目标结构分离 高灵敏度、高分辨率 预处理时间久、对仪器要求高 [37-39]
), ArticleFig(id=1212799316696154841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693338260685412, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

中药汤剂中相态拆分方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 应用范围 优点 缺点 参考文献
超速/高速离心法 分离混悬或沉淀相 操作简便快捷 不适于不稳定的物相结构分离 [32]
微孔滤膜法 分离混悬或沉淀相 操作简便快捷 操作耗时长,不便收集 [33]
透析法 分离真溶液相和纳米相 耗材便宜 工艺周期繁琐耗时,不适于分散稳定性差的物相结构纯化 [9,35]
超滤法 分离真溶液相和纳米相态 操作方便省时 耗材较贵,可能存在未完全分离的现象 [36]
排阻色谱法 适用于更精密目标结构分离 高灵敏度、高分辨率 预处理时间久、对仪器要求高 [37-39]
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中药汤剂中相态的形成表征及其药效作用研究进展
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杨勋玥 , 简龄龙 , 杨梅 , 董欢欢 * , 陈丽华 , 管咏梅 , 朱卫丰
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(20): 1917-1924
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(20): 1917-1924
中药汤剂中相态的形成表征及其药效作用研究进展
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杨勋玥, 简龄龙, 杨梅, 董欢欢*, 陈丽华, 管咏梅, 朱卫丰
作者信息
  • 江西中医药大学药学院, 南昌 330004
  • 杨勋玥,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药学

通讯作者:

* 董欢欢,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:中药学 Tel:(0791)87118911
Research Progress on Phase State and Clinical Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction
Xunyue YANG, Linglong JIAN, Mei YANG, Huanhuan DONG*, Lihua CHEN, Yongmei GUAN, Weifeng ZHU
Affiliations
  • College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
出版时间: 2024-10-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.005
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中药汤剂为复杂的分散体系,其有效成分多以溶质或分散相在分散介质中形成不同相态,如真溶液、胶体相、混悬相等。汤剂中各相态的形成、转化、传递等过程可能影响药效成分在生物体内的代谢及作用过程。近年来,对中药汤剂中相态差异及有效相态的研究尚在起步阶段。笔者拟从中药汤剂中有序相态的形成、表征、转化、传递及效应机制等多角度探究中药汤剂的质量基础及作用机制,展望基于物相结构的中药质量研究模式,为从结构中药学的角度解释中药汤剂的效应机制研究提供参考依据。

中药汤剂  /  相态  /  相态差异  /  药效  /  生物转运  /  相态拆分  /  相态表征

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) decoction is a complex dispersion system, and its active components are mostly to form different phases in the form of solutes or dispersed substances, such as true solution, colloidal phase, suspension phase, etc. The active components are complex and diverse, and the formation, transformation, and transmission of each phase may affect the metabolism and action process of the pharmacodynamic components in biological bodies. However, the study on the phase differences and effective phases in TCM decoction is still in the initial stage. In this paper, we will be explored the quality basis and mechanism of TCM decoction from the perspectives of the formation, characterization, transformation, transmission and mechanism of the ordered phase in TCM decoction, and look forward to the quality research mode of TCM based on phase structure, so as to provide a reference for explaining the effect mechanism of TCM decoction from the perspective of structural TCM decoction.

traditional Chinese medicine decoction  /  phase state  /  phase state difference  /  medicine efficacy  /  bio-transport  /  phase separation  /  phase characterization
杨勋玥, 简龄龙, 杨梅, 董欢欢, 陈丽华, 管咏梅, 朱卫丰. 中药汤剂中相态的形成表征及其药效作用研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (20) : 1917 -1924 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.005
Xunyue YANG, Linglong JIAN, Mei YANG, Huanhuan DONG, Lihua CHEN, Yongmei GUAN, Weifeng ZHU. Research Progress on Phase State and Clinical Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Decoction[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (20) : 1917 -1924 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.005
汤剂是中药复方最常见的口服剂型,具有随证加减、灵活运用、精准给药等特点。目前对汤剂的传统研究主要侧重于化学组成与药效活性评价方面,而中药汤剂起效具有多维性,汤剂体系中的物相结构和化学成分都会影响药效的发挥,仅从中药化学组成及其药效活性这种传统单一的视角来阐释汤剂的药效物质基础存在局限性,还应考虑有效成分所处汤液相态性质的影响。研究表明,相态可能是中药汤剂药效物质的重要传递形式,其维持与变化过程中伴随着药效物质的装载、释放和效应发挥[1]。从相态角度研究中药复方汤剂的质量及药效,有利于提升中药制剂的安全性、稳定性与有效性,具有重要的应用价值。本文回顾了中药汤剂中有序相态的形成、表征、转化、传递及效应机制,从相态角度探究中药汤剂的质量基础及药效机制,展望基于物相结构的中药质量研究模式,有望从结构中药学的角度解释中药汤剂的效应机制,为中药汤剂起效的多维性研究提供新的思路,也为理解汤剂治疗机制提供一种新的研究策略。
中药成分有其所处环境和存在状态,相同的成分在不同条件中可具有不同的结构形态。中药汤剂中的化学成分存在游离态、结合态、络合态等多种化学结构形态[2]。不同中药汤剂或同一复方中不同成分适宜的存在形式和物相状态不尽相同[3],中药汤剂的多重相态结构包括真溶液相、胶体相、混悬相、沉淀相、乳浊液等。汤剂中成分间发生的物理化学反应及成分间的相互作用如沉淀、络合、解离、氧化等也会造成相态的不同,中药成分的种类和用量等也可能对相态造成影响。有研究发现,三黄泻心汤中有效成分之间发生复杂理化反应而产生大量絮状物沉淀[4];有机酸类成分的存在形式与状态会影响汤液电导率、浊度、酸碱度等,也会与生物碱类成分发生沉淀反应[5]。对不同相态进行拆分,分析比较不同相态的物理结构、化学成分、生物效应等差异,有利于寻找复方汤液的“有效相态”,为从药剂药效学角度探究复方起效机制提供基础。
中药汤剂中存在均相体系和非均相体系。真溶液相为粒径在1 nm以下的药物分散在一定介质中形成的液体药剂,呈较透明的水溶液状,是一种均相体系。Li等[6]研究当归补血汤时发现以均相状态存在的真溶液相,多为阿魏酸、黄芪甲苷等小分子物质以分子或离子形式分散在介质中形成。中药成分可能因在相态中存在形式的不同而影响复方汤剂的药用价值。如中药“水溶性”皂苷成分人参皂苷RO在一定浓度下会缔合成“胶束相”,即发生了从真溶液相到胶体相的相转变,人参皂苷RO在相转变过程中可通过对其他难溶性中药成分的增溶作用改善汤剂的整体生物利用度[7]
在汤剂相态的不同存在形式中,胶体相态(粒径1~100 nm)的自组装及聚集体结构对汤剂效用的影响尤为突出,其具有增强药物稳定性、改善药物吸收分布、提高生物利用度及增强药物的靶向性等特点[8-13],有研究证实单味中药及方剂煎煮过程中均存在不同粒径的纳米相态聚集体结构,并认为除了药效成分特异性活性外,聚集体结构也发挥着非特异性增效作用[14]。在新药研发中通过相转化法改变其结构提高生物利用度或成为汤剂治疗机制中一种新的研究策略。Hatahet等[15]通过相转化法制备了50和20 nm的槲皮素类脂纳米囊(LNC),提升了槲皮素的水溶性和稳定性。纳米相态中药有助于减少使用药量,降低不良反应,从而丰富剂型选择空间,拓宽原药适应证,具有较大的研究价值[16]
纳米混悬剂是药物纳米粒子形成的胶体分散体系,具有粒径小、表面积大的特点,微粒的特性使其具有靶向单核巨噬细胞系统,可显著提高难溶性药物的饱和溶解度和溶出度,从而解决难溶性活性成分的递送问题[17-19]。如采用纳米混悬技术能显著增加黄芩素的溶解性[20];大豆卵磷脂与新剂型结合制成的秦皮甲素纳米混悬剂具有提高药物溶解度、改善生物膜渗透性的作用[21-22]
沉淀相为中药在炮制过程中因发生复杂理化反应产生的自沉淀[23],汤剂中自沉淀结构的产生多为中药成分发生了酸碱络合反应,且自沉淀的效果优于上清液的作用,黄连解毒汤、三黄泻心汤、葛根芩连汤中的黄芩-黄连药对在复方合煎的过程中会产生大量絮状物沉淀,这些沉淀相常具有更好的疗效[5,24-27]或可起到降低药物不良反应以及提高临床用药安全性的作用[4]
乳浊液为一种复杂的多相非均相体系,有油/水型和水/油型[28]。乳浊液在中药汤剂中通常为递药系统,Groves等[29],Patel等[30]首次报道自乳化给药系统以来,其在中药汤剂中的应用逐渐广泛。Wang等[31]在研究中发现微乳可不同程度地提高泽泻汤中指标成分的提取率和增加指标成分在胶体相中的分布。这提示我们可以利用乳浊液作为新型递药系统来提高难溶性药物溶解度、改善药物稳定和生物利用度等[28]。目前关于中药乳浊液汤剂相态的研究尚鲜见报道,有必要对这一临床惯用剂型开展深入研究。
对汤剂相态进行拆分,可探究有效成分在不同相态中量的改变,分析有效成分变化与相态差异的相关性,进而多维度阐明复方的作用机制。超速/高速离心法及微孔滤膜法是常用的粗分离方法[32-33]。进一步纯化方法主要有透析法、超滤法以及排阻色谱法[34]。透析或超滤法常用于分离真溶液相和纳米相态。在分离白虎汤相态时,Ping等[8],Wu等[35]发现透析-超速离心4次分离纳米相态效果最好,用超滤离心法分离,操作更方便省时,但可能存在未完全分离的现象[36]。凝胶排阻色谱则适用于分布粒径范围更窄,有效成分纯度更高的目标结构。排阻色谱法可以更加精确地将不同相对分子质量的物质分离。排阻色谱[37-39]常与多角度光散射检测器联用,可获得目标粒径的物相结构,对中药中强极性成分具有更好的保留作用,可对植物氨基酸、多糖、苷类、肽类等成分进行表征。常见的汤剂相态拆分方法见表1。针对具体情况要选用适宜的分离纯化方法,避免物相结构损失。高速离心/超滤法需要借助离心力,故不适于剪切流变学不稳定的物相结构分离;透析法因工艺周期较长,不适于分散稳定性差的物相结构纯化。相态拆分流程图见图1
物相结构的表征是准确获得物质结构及性质信息的有效途径。相态的表征方法主要包括:①基于色谱、质谱和测序技术等,对活性相态的初级、次级代谢产物及无机元素进行全面解析,以确定相态的化学组成和比例,如Guo等[40]利用UPLC-MS分析马钱子-甘草汤不同相态中的毒效物质变化规律。②基于微纳结构和胶体表征技术,对活性相态的尺度、形貌、电荷、构造、黏度、张力、聚集/分散性和生物物理参数等进行表征,如Zhang[41]在白虎汤的方-态研究中对拆方的盐度、电导率、黏度和表面张力进行表征发现,甘草影响表面张力起增溶作用,梗米作为增稠剂,提高石膏的生物利用度。③基于超分子化学原理和检测技术研究分子的组装机制,明确分子互作的热动力学参数、组装规律和触变条件等。目前中药汤剂物相结构的形态表征主要基于动态光散射技术(DLS)、透射/扫描电子显微镜(TEM/SEM)等多样化分析技术,获得物相多分散性指数(PDI)、粒径、形貌特征等基本颗粒结构信息参数。Wu等[39]通过利用透射电镜观察白虎汤发现其纳米相态团聚程度较小,粒子清晰可见。表征大分子物相结构的动态理化性质参数如电荷、弹性、张力、荧光、水解度等,可用于预估物相结构在生理环境下的状态以及构建其完整的性质信息。Su等[42]用TEM观察推测白虎汤中的大分子的核-壳结构为铁氧化物为“核”,多糖大分子为“壳”。然而,仅对制备得到的物相结构表征无法反映出物相结构在生理环境下的真实存在情况,比如胃肠道降解、蛋白质电泳等导致结构组成增减变化,故在后续的研究中应考虑针对生理环境作用的动态结构信息及动态理化性质的表征。
相态的产生可来源于自身,如生物体细胞分泌的细胞外囊泡或有机酸、蛋白质、多糖自身组装形成的聚集形式;或通过炮制或配伍等方式实现,例如炮制后形成的碳点或复方中药煎煮过程形成的自沉淀以及中药各成分作用后自组装成纳米相态。中药大分子成分多具有两亲性特点,容易通过疏水结合自组装形成新物相结构[43]。相态转变是一个热力学变化过程,伴随着分子间非共价键的吸引力和排斥力的相互作用、疏水性基团的变化、蛋白质构象的转变,使得成分单体从无序状态转变为有序的复合聚集体[44]。相态的维持与变化受组分构成、所处环境等多因素调控,相态的稳定性与粒径、表面电位及其PDI值息息相关。相态体系内部粒子分散越均匀,表面电位绝对值越大,PDI值越小,相态中粒子间斥力越大,相态体系则越稳定。汤剂各相态中真溶液稳定性较强,胶体相次之,而混悬相稳定性相对较弱[45]。相态的转化往往引起功能或效应的迁移。例如丹酚酸在中性pH下可组装成球形纳米粒子,在体内稳定地传输,但在炎性环境的酸性条件下可解聚释放出游离丹酚酸[46]。这种随环境而变的相态伴随着药物的装载、释放、转运和起效,体现了中药物质和功效的转变规律。
一般认为纳米相态是中药汤剂这一复杂多相态体系中的有效相态[47],研究表明,纳米相态的形成可以提高中药有效成分的溶解度、稳定性和生物利用度,从而增强药效[8]。纳米相态汤剂中的占比较高,Chen等[48]在黄芩汤指纹图谱建立及不同相态抗皮肤癣菌活性谱效关系研究中发现,沉淀相态在黄芩汤中的质量占比为8.21%,真溶液相态占10.59%,而纳米相态的质量占比高达78.33%。然而,汤剂中胶体相占比的增加可能会导致药物不稳定,从而产生不良反应。因此有效提高汤剂中纳米相态的稳定性,有助于中药发挥药效以及降低不良反应。纳米颗粒具有尺寸效应、体积效应、表面与界面效应等,在医药方面的应用较为广泛。但由于纳米颗粒的尺寸较小,表面存在的不饱和键较多、表面活性大、分子间存在作用力、静电力等[49],纳米颗粒易在水中团聚而下沉,影响纳米相态的稳定性,因此提高纳米颗粒的稳定性尤为重要[50]。纳米颗粒的稳定性主要受静电效应、空间位阻效应、静电位阻效应以及纳米颗粒本身的性质(纳米颗粒的粒度大小、尺寸分布、表面性质)等因素的影响。
静电效应主要依靠Zeta电位,即纳米颗粒之间的相互排斥或引力维持纳米颗粒的稳定性。当分子或分散粒子越小,Zeta电位的绝对值越高时,纳米颗粒之间的静电斥力就占据优势,此时颗粒之间不易团聚,体系则越稳定,即分散或溶解的作用可以抵抗纳米颗粒之间聚集作用,静电稳定示意图见图2。纳米颗粒静电稳定效应的影响因素主要有表面电导、阻滞效应和松弛效应、介电常数及表面电荷密度、粒子大小及形状效应、粒子的表面粗糙度及滑动面的移动效应、溶剂化层及表面结构、同离子吸附、胶体粒子体积分数等[51]
由于中药中的有效成分具有不同的空间构型和分子大小,制备成纳米相态药物时,有效成分会发生空间位阻效应而达到稳定纳米颗粒的作用,空间位阻平衡示意图见图3。由高分子聚合物作为分散剂,通过空间位阻稳定机制,分散剂分子的锚固基团吸附在固体颗粒表面,其溶剂化链在介质中充分伸展形成位阻层达到稳定效果,阻碍颗粒的碰撞团聚和重力沉淀[52]。空间位阻稳定效应解释了静电稳定效应无法解释的高分子聚合物也具有很好的分散稳定效果。当悬浮液固相含量一定时,分散剂(同种分散剂)的相对分子质量不同会影响分散效果,例如在研究胺在溶剂中CO反应动力学的空间位阻作用中,发现不同胺的空间位阻对反应机制和动力学有影响 [53]
静电位阻效应是将静电效应和空间位阻效应结合起来的一种稳定效应。一般来说,纳米颗粒表面吸附了一层可电离的聚合物(聚电解质),兼有静电排斥和位阻作用,例如马铃薯淀粉分子表面电荷引起静电排斥作用抑制了短链支链淀粉的重结晶,较高的Zeta电位绝对值引起更强的静电排斥,马铃薯淀粉纳米颗粒的尺寸更小,稳定性优于糯玉米淀粉纳米颗粒[54]。聚合物分子层因其自身的带电性使周围粒子远离,同时因为位阻效应使得其他因布朗运动的粒子不能靠近,产生复合稳定作用,即静电稳定作用和空间稳定机制共同作用。当颗粒距离较近时,空间位阻稳定效应占有优势;而当颗粒在距离较远时,空间位阻稳定效应不明显,此时双电层产生斥力,静电稳定效应则占优势[55-56]
纳米相态中粒子的尺寸分布、粒度大小、表面性质(带电性、颗粒的形状)等都会对纳米稳定性产生影响。纳米颗粒的尺寸分布理想时,纳米颗粒密集堆积,颗粒与颗粒之间的空隙小,具有流动性,但当固体质量分数超过30%时会丧失流动性,填充孔隙的液体的量由空隙率决定。纳米中的微粒总有自发的聚集倾向,纳米体系热力学不稳定。纳米颗粒表面带有的电荷来自表层原子电离产生的游离粒子、吸附分散相中的各种离子、离子晶体型微粒表面溶解等等。纳米颗粒的表面性质对纳米体系的稳定性影响较大,光滑的颗粒具有较好的分散性,而表面有缺陷的或者粗糙的纳米颗粒较容易团聚在一起。
“结构中药学”理论认为中药药效物质包含化学和物理双重属性,中药起效除与其所含化学成分有关,还与成分的存在形式和物相状态,即中药起效的物理属性息息相关[57]。以往的研究中,常关注化学成分对汤剂药效造成的影响,而忽视了物相结构变化对汤剂的作用。汤液煎煮过程伴随的一系列复杂的物理和化学变化比如静电作用、π-π堆积作用、分子间的非共价键相互作用力的协同作用、酸性成分与碱性成分的相互作用、成分间发生水解/缩合反应等进而出现胶体化或自沉淀等相态改变的现象,对汤剂药效产生重要影响[23,58-61]。相态在不同体内外环境下的不同存在形式,反映了中药物质形成、衍化、转运、起效的整个生命周期,特定环境下的相态可以反映所处阶段的功能和性质[6]。因此,在研究中药功效传递时,需考虑汤剂中成分在一定条件下相互作用产生的不同相态形式及结构变化对其造成的影响。
中药各成分可以相转变成纳米相态从而提高药效,某些中药成分含某些活性基团,不仅可在水溶液中形成胶束,且在弱相互作用(主要为氢键作用)的驱动下相转变为水凝胶结构[62]。而有效成分分子间的相互作用是影响药效的主要原因之一,超分子凝胶可以改变药物的相态,帮助药物成分的装载与释放,从而拓展开发中药在药物传输体系中的应用及其在疾病治疗中的用途[63]。如甘草酸(GA)水溶液在一定条件下,会从溶液状态向凝胶相转变,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的生长有抑制作用,进而影响药效[64]。相转变成胶体相同样可以降低中药汤剂中的不良反应,附子煎剂中的乌头碱单体毒性较强,可使小鼠死亡。附甘合煎剂中甘草蛋白包载乌头碱形成纳米相态则对小鼠生命无危险[65]。Fang等[66]等发现茶多酚polyEGCG聚合物包载蜂毒肽形成纳米相可显著降低蜂毒肽的不良反应。
中药成分在体外形成纳米相态,会影响抗原性、药物水平、靶向位置和作用持续时间。汤剂中的纳米粒子可以通过氢键等方式结合难溶性成分增强其溶解度以提升药效[67]。纳米粒子与肝或脾脏中的细胞自然吸收外来微粒以实现细胞的内部积累也对药效有帮助[68]。纳米粒子外层的亲水性基团可定向结合癌细胞表面的透明质酸受体进而进入细胞内。而纳米粒子内层的疏水性基团则可作为疏水性药物的良好载体。纳米粒子与还原剂作用后,二硫键断开导致球形胶束破裂,可将药物分子释放出来。这种可控的还原响应胶束可实现疏水药物分子的靶向传递和释放,实现对癌症等疾病的治疗[69-70]。故对中药复方汤剂不同相态的研究可以帮助中药复方药性的完整承递,而且能提高生物利用度,增加药物在体内分布的时间等。汤剂体系的整体相态对其药效的发挥至关重要,从相态的角度探究中药药效物质基础,有助于剖析中药复方的起效机制,也可为汤剂的病灶靶向性研究提供新的思路。
在中药煎煮过程中,产生的聚集体沉淀相可以通过减毒增效来提高中药有效成分的生物利用度。活性成分的相态差异是影响药效发挥的关键因素。中药活性成分的相互作用关系及物相状态对生物利用度和药效作用有重要影响。从相态的角度研究药效基础有助于剖析复方起效机制,也可为汤剂靶向病灶奠定基础。例如,黄连汤中的颗粒聚集体可以通过主动转运和内吞作用促进跨细胞水不溶性成分小檗碱转运[71],在黄芩苷和小檗碱合成模拟沉淀相中发现相转变后沉淀对氯化钴有保护作用[23]
配伍是中医遣方用药之精髓,如附子[72-73]、马钱子[74-77]等常用有毒中药,因合理的配伍可以毒减效增[78],汤剂往往是以“君臣佐使”配伍,混煎会导致相态的转变[79]。中药成分可以通过与其他物质形成自组装相转变而降低不良反应。在马钱子甘草汤中不同相态中发现,马钱子经甘草配伍后其毒性均降低,主要集中在沉淀相,中药成分在胶体相和真溶液相中可以快速溶解导致更快地吸收,但由于血液分布有限无法达到毒性浓度,在沉淀相和混悬相中,由于结构中分子内聚力大,抑制胃肠道的吸收作用,在体内溶解缓慢,在体内缓慢释放从而延长药效且不会因血液浓度升高而引发毒性反应,因此沉淀相起到了减毒的作用。观察不同相态中毒效物质变化规律,沉积物组分的缓释作用,是实现减毒增效关键因素[41]。汤剂煎煮过程会形成不同粒径的结构,这些结构聚集可能形成胶体相也可能形成沉淀相,研究发现芍药甘草汤中的真溶液相镇痛作用较低,而沉淀相为其发挥镇痛药效的物质基础之一[80]。深入研究汤剂中不同相态的物质基础及作用机制在中药配伍解毒增效方面发挥的作用或有助于解析中药组方的潜在机制及科学性。
汤剂为复杂的多分散相体系,有多成分、多靶点、多效应的特点。汤剂中有效成分需经过多环节的转运和作用后才能发挥药效。粒径是影响中药转运的重要因素[81],Pan等[82]经过实验发现纳米乳经淋巴途径吸收转运的程度与粒径的大小成反比。Wu等[83]研究葛根素纳米乳粒径因素对生物利用度、组织分布的影响发现,在一定粒径范围(10~60 nm),生物利用度与其粒径的范围成反比。溶液相中的中药成分的溶解度和生物利用度相对较大,容易被吸收和转运至目标组织。其中水溶性较好的成分可经肠壁的被动扩散和主动转运、通过肠道血管内皮细胞的内吞作用等不同途径进入血液循环进行转运,见图4。纳米乳包裹低渗透性中药成分可以增加其在肠道出转运以提高其生物利用度[84-85]
悬浮相中的中药成分容易通过细胞吞噬作用被吞噬细胞吞噬并转运至相应的目标组织。此外,一些悬浮物质也可以通过肠壁被动扩散等途径被吸收,Wu等[86]通过纳米乳包裹递药发现黄芩苷纳米乳与黄芩苷悬浮相相比,药物的转运及吸收明显提高。而沉淀相中的中药成分溶解度和生物利用度相对较小,不易被单核细胞吞噬和吸收。部分沉淀相成分可能会被肠道内的菌群代谢,或者等待排出体外。沉淀相中的成分需要转化为悬浮相或溶液相后才能被有效吸收,并进入相应的组织。
中药汤剂中的生物转运过程包括:吸收-分布-代谢-排泄(ADME)过程、细胞转运过程和蛋白质结合等,是影响中药汤剂生物利用度和药效的主要因素。细胞膜转运体质量、通量和亲和力等因素决定了中药汤剂中有效成分的进入速度和程度。相比单体有效成分的生物活性,中药汤剂自组装纳米相态的形成有助于改善药物的生物利用度,促进自洽型药物载体的形成。有研究表明,改变纳米相的组成可以影响药物的释放动力学,获得缓释/控释的效果[87]。纳米相态的细胞旁/细胞外转运[88-89],黏膜缠结[90]等可导致胃滞留时间延长,从而增加生物利用度。另有报道纳米乳剂可直接通过淋巴管吸收,从而避免肝脏首过效应,并在很大程度上减少肝转化药物的剂量[91]。值得关注的是,与合成纳米材料的广泛递药应用相比,中药汤剂相态的递药应用研究报道相对较少。主要原因可能在于中药复方成分的理化性质差异较大,纳米载体难以满足复方药物的共载[92]。近年来,纳米载体及纳米晶的体内行为研究以及环境响应型荧光探针的应用为研究自组装纳米粒体内生物学行为提供了良好的经验和方法借鉴[61]。深入研究汤剂中各相态的生物转运行为,阐明汤剂相态的吸收转运机制及作用规律,有助于深化相态体内作用机制的认知,揭示中药汤剂煎煮的科学意义及内涵。
中医药学者一直以来十分重视中药汤剂的研究,致力于阐明中药汤剂中的物质与功效传递规律[93-94]。传统研究忽视了多成分物理相态的改变对中药药效的影响和对揭示中药汤剂有效成分在体内起效的物质基础和质量传递过程中的作用。基于此,笔者从微观视角总结探讨了中药汤剂中相态的形成演化及药效影响作用,以期揭示中药复方有效物质的真实形态。目前对于中药汤剂相态形成、演化及药效影响作用的深层机制尚不明晰,可实现汤剂相态生物学行为有效识别及精准监测的表征手段也有待突破以及对汤剂相态的拆分没有统一的规范及流程,相关理论及研究不完善同时也缺乏标准,因此中药复方汤剂的研究应对成分自组装、自沉淀及相态演变行为给予更多关注。在现有技术手段下,借鉴生物药剂学、药动学、中药化学和中药药剂学理论和方法,系统研究中药汤剂相态的生物转运过程及其动态物化性质变化,揭示其跨越生物各级屏障的路径和机制,寻找合适的药理模型评价活性相态的药效学和起效协同性,深入阐述相态成分-结构-转运-效应的关联传变机制,有助于解释中药配伍增效减毒的科学内涵,同时也可以为相关中药新型制剂的开发提供有价值的参考。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(82260765)
  • 江西中医药大学科技创新团队发展计划资助(CXTD-22004)
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2024年第59卷第20期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.20.005
  • 接收时间:2024-03-18
  • 首发时间:2025-12-30
  • 出版时间:2024-10-22
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-18
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(82260765)
江西中医药大学科技创新团队发展计划资助(CXTD-22004)
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    江西中医药大学药学院, 南昌 330004

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* 董欢欢,男,博士,副教授 研究方向:中药学 Tel:(0791)87118911
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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