Article(id=1212693249320468495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693246539649865, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)19-1795-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.19.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1693238400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767058201388, onlineDateStr=2025-12-30, pubDate=1728316800000, pubDateStr=2024-10-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767058201388, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767058201388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058201388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212693246539649865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='19', pageStart='1781', pageEnd='1880', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767058200723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767059042003, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212696775207600634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693246539649865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212696775207600635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212693246539649865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1795, endPage=1806, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212693249702150173, articleId=1212693249320468495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Structure Optimization and Biological Activity of Triptolide, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Triptolide (TP), also known as triptolide alcohol, is an epoxidised diterpene lactone compound extracted from the xylem of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., a plant of the Weseraceae family. As the main active ingredient in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. extracts, it has been proved to have immunosuppression, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and other pharmacological effects. However, the development of triptolide has been limited due to its poor water solubility, high toxicity, obvious adverse reactions and low bioavailability. Therefore, researchers have optimised the structure of triptolide with the hope to improve its physicochemical properties. By now, the structure optimization has mainly been focused on sites like C-5,6, C-14, C-16, C-20, epoxy groups, unsaturated five-membered lactone ring. This paper summarizes the researches related to the structure optimization and their biological activity of the above reactive sites, which provides new thoughts for the structure-activity relationship and clinical application of triptolide.

, correspAuthors=Xuanrong SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yiqi ZHOU, Lin PENG, Yuchen ZHANG, Xuanrong SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212693255179911490, articleId=1212693249320468495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=雷公藤甲素结构优化及生物活性研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

雷公藤甲素(triptolide,TP)又称雷公藤内酯、雷公藤内酯醇,是一种从卫矛科植物雷公藤的木质部中提取的环氧二萜内酯化合物,作为雷公藤提取物的主要活性成分,已证明具有免疫抑制、抗肿瘤、抗炎等药理作用。但雷公藤甲素的开发由于其水溶性差、毒性大、不良反应明显、生物利用度低而受到限制,为此,国内外研究人员对雷公藤甲素的结构进行优化,以期改善其理化性质。目前主要有C-5,6、C-14、C-16、C-20、环氧基团、不饱和五元内酯环等位点的结构优化,本研究对以上位点的结构优化与生物活性相关研究进行了总结,为雷公藤甲素的临床应用提供思路。

, correspAuthors=孙漩嵘, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 孙漩嵘,女,副教授,博士生导师 研究方向:仿生载体介导的药物递送Tel:(0571)88871566
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周逸麒,男,学士 研究方向:药物制剂

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周逸麒,男,学士 研究方向:药物制剂

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周逸麒,男,学士 研究方向:药物制剂

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NMO-N-甲基氧化吗啉。

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病症/癌细胞 结构优化产物 给药浓度 生物活性 参考文献
急性肾损伤 琥珀酰雷公藤甲素单酯钠(PG490-88) 0.5 mg·kg-1 血尿素氮、血清肌酐和急性肾小管坏死显著降低,肾小管细胞凋亡的情况无显著增加 [17]
缺血/再灌注诱导的急
性肺损伤
琥珀酰雷公藤甲素单酯钠(PG490-88) 50 nmol·L-1 能显著抑制I/R诱导的肺损伤 [18]
人非小细胞肺癌细胞
A-549
甲胺基乙酸雷公藤甲素酯柠檬酸盐(MC002) 20 nmol·L-1 肿瘤生长抑制率达72.3% [19]
β羟基氟代产物5a 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=3.0 ng·mL-1 [28]
β羟基氟代产物5b 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=0.42 ng·mL-1 [28]
NQO1靶向性药物CX-23 1 mg·kg-1 IC50=52.4 nmol·L-1 [38]
C-18位点修饰为带甲基或乙基的呋喃环产物 10~100 nmol·L-1 抗肿瘤活性下降 [44]
人纤维肉瘤细胞HT-1080 甲胺基乙酸雷公藤甲素酯柠檬酸盐(MC002) 20 nmol·L-1 肿瘤生长抑制率达58.6% [19]
人结直肠腺癌细胞HT-29 β羟基氟代产物5a 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=0.24 ng·mL-1 [28]
β羟基氟代产物5b 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=0.06 ng·mL-1 [28]
C-18位点修饰为带甲基或乙基的呋喃环产物 10~100 nmol·L-1 抗肿瘤活性下降 [44]
人喉癌细胞Hep-2 甲胺基乙酸雷公藤甲素酯柠檬酸盐(MC002) 50~300 nmol·L-1 IC50=183.58 nmol·L-1 [20]
宫颈鳞癌细胞SiHa Minnelide药物 0.4 mg·kg-1 肿瘤体积减小了42.6% [26]
鼠多柔比星肾病 Minnelide药物 14 μg·kg-1 显著缓解多柔比星肾病小鼠的蛋白尿和细胞
凋亡
[27]
肝癌细胞增殖 丙烯酸雷公藤甲素酯(TPO) 25、50、100 nmol·L-1 对肝癌细胞具有明显增殖抑制作用 [29]
雷公藤甲素诱导的肝损伤 雷公藤内酯三醇(TP-3-OH) 200 μg·mL-1 抑制氧化应激和炎症反应 [30]
肿瘤新生血管 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬酰胺修饰的雷公藤甲素脂质体(NGR-TP-LPs) 6.25~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=11.02 nmol·L-1 [33]
人永生化表皮细胞毒性 C-14羟基七聚精氨酸修饰产物 1、0.1 μmol·L-1 大幅度降低对人永生化表皮细胞的毒性 [36]
人胶质瘤细胞U251 C-7,8-α-环氧基进行结构优化产物14.1、14.2 20~100 nmol·L-1 产物的药物抗肿瘤活性基本丧失 [42]
C-5,6位修饰产物21.1~21.16 10~100 nmol·L-1 在C5,C6位上引入羟基、环氧化物、卤素或烯基团仍然可以使其保留细胞毒性 [42]
人前列腺癌细胞PC-3 C-7,8-α-环氧基进行结构优化产物14.1、14.2 20~100 nmol·L-1 产物的药物抗肿瘤活性基本丧失 [42]
C-9,11-β-环氧基结构修饰产物15.1、15.2、15.3 10~100 nmol·L-1 15.2化合物的细胞毒性未下降,15.1、15.3细胞毒性均降低 [43]
丁烯酰胺类化合物17.4 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=0.02 μmol·L-1 [46]
C-5,6位修饰产物21.1~21.16 10~100 nmol·L-1 在C5,C6位上引入羟基、环氧化物、卤素或烯基团仍然可以使其保留细胞毒性 [42]
卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3 C-9,11-β-环氧基结构修饰产物15.1、15.2、15.3 10~100 nmol·L-1 15.2化合物的细胞毒性未下降,15.1、15.3细胞毒性均降低 [43]
丁烯酰胺类化合物17.4 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=1.4 μmol·L-1 [45]
16-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=0.215 μmol·L-1 [54]
20-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=7.69 μmol·L-1 [55]
急性髓系白血病细胞 MRx102 3 mg·kg-1 EC50=14.5 nmol·L-1 [48]
非小细胞肺癌NSCLC MRx102 1 mg·kg-1 肿瘤的体积减小了50% [49]
类风湿关节炎成纤维样
滑膜细胞增殖
LLDT-8 50 nmol·L-1 抑制类风湿关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞增殖的同时,能减轻滑膜炎症 [51]
类风湿关节炎细胞增殖
转化
LLDT-8 25、50 nmol·L-1 能抑制外周血单核细胞向破骨样细胞转化 [52]
卵巢癌IC-3 16-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=0.867 μmol·L-1 [53]
20-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=7.56 μmol·L-1 [54]
佐剂性关节炎 卤代试剂对C-7,8-α-环氧基开环产物13.1~13.5 2、4 mg·kg-1 药物活性降低 [41]
), ArticleFig(id=1212795885109564000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212693249320468495, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

雷公藤甲素各类结构优化成果及其生物活性研究情况汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
病症/癌细胞 结构优化产物 给药浓度 生物活性 参考文献
急性肾损伤 琥珀酰雷公藤甲素单酯钠(PG490-88) 0.5 mg·kg-1 血尿素氮、血清肌酐和急性肾小管坏死显著降低,肾小管细胞凋亡的情况无显著增加 [17]
缺血/再灌注诱导的急
性肺损伤
琥珀酰雷公藤甲素单酯钠(PG490-88) 50 nmol·L-1 能显著抑制I/R诱导的肺损伤 [18]
人非小细胞肺癌细胞
A-549
甲胺基乙酸雷公藤甲素酯柠檬酸盐(MC002) 20 nmol·L-1 肿瘤生长抑制率达72.3% [19]
β羟基氟代产物5a 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=3.0 ng·mL-1 [28]
β羟基氟代产物5b 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=0.42 ng·mL-1 [28]
NQO1靶向性药物CX-23 1 mg·kg-1 IC50=52.4 nmol·L-1 [38]
C-18位点修饰为带甲基或乙基的呋喃环产物 10~100 nmol·L-1 抗肿瘤活性下降 [44]
人纤维肉瘤细胞HT-1080 甲胺基乙酸雷公藤甲素酯柠檬酸盐(MC002) 20 nmol·L-1 肿瘤生长抑制率达58.6% [19]
人结直肠腺癌细胞HT-29 β羟基氟代产物5a 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=0.24 ng·mL-1 [28]
β羟基氟代产物5b 0.1~60 ng·mL-1 IC50=0.06 ng·mL-1 [28]
C-18位点修饰为带甲基或乙基的呋喃环产物 10~100 nmol·L-1 抗肿瘤活性下降 [44]
人喉癌细胞Hep-2 甲胺基乙酸雷公藤甲素酯柠檬酸盐(MC002) 50~300 nmol·L-1 IC50=183.58 nmol·L-1 [20]
宫颈鳞癌细胞SiHa Minnelide药物 0.4 mg·kg-1 肿瘤体积减小了42.6% [26]
鼠多柔比星肾病 Minnelide药物 14 μg·kg-1 显著缓解多柔比星肾病小鼠的蛋白尿和细胞
凋亡
[27]
肝癌细胞增殖 丙烯酸雷公藤甲素酯(TPO) 25、50、100 nmol·L-1 对肝癌细胞具有明显增殖抑制作用 [29]
雷公藤甲素诱导的肝损伤 雷公藤内酯三醇(TP-3-OH) 200 μg·mL-1 抑制氧化应激和炎症反应 [30]
肿瘤新生血管 精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬酰胺修饰的雷公藤甲素脂质体(NGR-TP-LPs) 6.25~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=11.02 nmol·L-1 [33]
人永生化表皮细胞毒性 C-14羟基七聚精氨酸修饰产物 1、0.1 μmol·L-1 大幅度降低对人永生化表皮细胞的毒性 [36]
人胶质瘤细胞U251 C-7,8-α-环氧基进行结构优化产物14.1、14.2 20~100 nmol·L-1 产物的药物抗肿瘤活性基本丧失 [42]
C-5,6位修饰产物21.1~21.16 10~100 nmol·L-1 在C5,C6位上引入羟基、环氧化物、卤素或烯基团仍然可以使其保留细胞毒性 [42]
人前列腺癌细胞PC-3 C-7,8-α-环氧基进行结构优化产物14.1、14.2 20~100 nmol·L-1 产物的药物抗肿瘤活性基本丧失 [42]
C-9,11-β-环氧基结构修饰产物15.1、15.2、15.3 10~100 nmol·L-1 15.2化合物的细胞毒性未下降,15.1、15.3细胞毒性均降低 [43]
丁烯酰胺类化合物17.4 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=0.02 μmol·L-1 [46]
C-5,6位修饰产物21.1~21.16 10~100 nmol·L-1 在C5,C6位上引入羟基、环氧化物、卤素或烯基团仍然可以使其保留细胞毒性 [42]
卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3 C-9,11-β-环氧基结构修饰产物15.1、15.2、15.3 10~100 nmol·L-1 15.2化合物的细胞毒性未下降,15.1、15.3细胞毒性均降低 [43]
丁烯酰胺类化合物17.4 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=1.4 μmol·L-1 [45]
16-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=0.215 μmol·L-1 [54]
20-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=7.69 μmol·L-1 [55]
急性髓系白血病细胞 MRx102 3 mg·kg-1 EC50=14.5 nmol·L-1 [48]
非小细胞肺癌NSCLC MRx102 1 mg·kg-1 肿瘤的体积减小了50% [49]
类风湿关节炎成纤维样
滑膜细胞增殖
LLDT-8 50 nmol·L-1 抑制类风湿关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞增殖的同时,能减轻滑膜炎症 [51]
类风湿关节炎细胞增殖
转化
LLDT-8 25、50 nmol·L-1 能抑制外周血单核细胞向破骨样细胞转化 [52]
卵巢癌IC-3 16-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=0.867 μmol·L-1 [53]
20-羟基雷公藤甲素 10~100 nmol·L-1 IC50=7.56 μmol·L-1 [54]
佐剂性关节炎 卤代试剂对C-7,8-α-环氧基开环产物13.1~13.5 2、4 mg·kg-1 药物活性降低 [41]
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雷公藤甲素结构优化及生物活性研究进展
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周逸麒 , 彭琳 , 张宇辰 , 孙漩嵘 *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(19): 1795-1806
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(19): 1795-1806
雷公藤甲素结构优化及生物活性研究进展
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周逸麒, 彭琳, 张宇辰, 孙漩嵘*
作者信息
  • 浙江工业大学, 长三角绿色制药协同创新中心, 杭州 310006
  • 周逸麒,男,学士 研究方向:药物制剂

通讯作者:

* 孙漩嵘,女,副教授,博士生导师 研究方向:仿生载体介导的药物递送Tel:(0571)88871566
Research Progress on Structure Optimization and Biological Activity of Triptolide
Yiqi ZHOU, Lin PENG, Yuchen ZHANG, Xuanrong SUN*
Affiliations
  • Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310006, China
出版时间: 2024-10-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.19.003
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雷公藤甲素(triptolide,TP)又称雷公藤内酯、雷公藤内酯醇,是一种从卫矛科植物雷公藤的木质部中提取的环氧二萜内酯化合物,作为雷公藤提取物的主要活性成分,已证明具有免疫抑制、抗肿瘤、抗炎等药理作用。但雷公藤甲素的开发由于其水溶性差、毒性大、不良反应明显、生物利用度低而受到限制,为此,国内外研究人员对雷公藤甲素的结构进行优化,以期改善其理化性质。目前主要有C-5,6、C-14、C-16、C-20、环氧基团、不饱和五元内酯环等位点的结构优化,本研究对以上位点的结构优化与生物活性相关研究进行了总结,为雷公藤甲素的临床应用提供思路。

雷公藤甲素  /  结构优化  /  构效关系  /  生物活性

Triptolide (TP), also known as triptolide alcohol, is an epoxidised diterpene lactone compound extracted from the xylem of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f., a plant of the Weseraceae family. As the main active ingredient in Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. extracts, it has been proved to have immunosuppression, anti-tumor, anti-inflammation and other pharmacological effects. However, the development of triptolide has been limited due to its poor water solubility, high toxicity, obvious adverse reactions and low bioavailability. Therefore, researchers have optimised the structure of triptolide with the hope to improve its physicochemical properties. By now, the structure optimization has mainly been focused on sites like C-5,6, C-14, C-16, C-20, epoxy groups, unsaturated five-membered lactone ring. This paper summarizes the researches related to the structure optimization and their biological activity of the above reactive sites, which provides new thoughts for the structure-activity relationship and clinical application of triptolide.

triptolide  /  structure optimisation  /  structure-activity relationship  /  biological activity
周逸麒, 彭琳, 张宇辰, 孙漩嵘. 雷公藤甲素结构优化及生物活性研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (19) : 1795 -1806 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.19.003
Yiqi ZHOU, Lin PENG, Yuchen ZHANG, Xuanrong SUN. Research Progress on Structure Optimization and Biological Activity of Triptolide[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (19) : 1795 -1806 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.19.003
雷公藤是一种传统中药材,取自于卫矛科植物雷公藤(Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f.)的木质部,最早记载于明朝兰茂所著的《滇南本草》,称其“味辛,性温,有毒。入肝脾十二经,行十二经络”,在《湖南药物志》记载其具有“杀虫,消炎,解毒”的功效[1]。雷公藤甲素(triptolide,TP)又称雷公藤内酯,是一种从雷公藤中提取的环氧化二萜内酯化合物(图1),目前的研究已证明其具有抗炎[2]、抗生育[3]、免疫抑制[4-7]等作用,近年来研究发现雷公藤甲素对宫颈癌[8]、乳腺癌[9]、肺癌[10]等60余种肿瘤细胞株具有明显的抑制作用,因此雷公藤甲素受到了广大研究者的热切关注。但是雷公藤甲素的水溶性极差且其治疗浓度与中毒浓度相近,大量动物实验显示,雷公藤甲素会导致肝毒性[11]、肾毒性[12]、生殖系统毒性[13]等严重的毒副作用。
由于以上缺陷,雷公藤甲素的应用受到了较大的限制,因此对雷公藤甲素的结构优化主要围绕提高其水溶性,降低毒副作用,提高抗肿瘤活性展开。目前主流的结构优化主要包括C-14点位、环氧基团、不饱和五元内酯环、C-5,6点位、C-16以及C-20点位,以下是各点位代表性研究的总结。
研究表明,C-14羟基与雷公藤甲素的抗癌活性直接相关[14],通过在C-14羟基位点连接水溶性基团从而提高雷公藤甲素的水溶性,能够克服二萜内酯化合物水溶性差的缺陷,同时由于C-14位点修饰相对容易,目前已有许多结构优化成果。
在C-14位点引入脂肪酸结构是最早起步的 C-14的结构优化方式,其中酯化修饰最典型的成果是由泛华医药公司开发的PG490-88(图2),PG490-88在进入血液环境后酯键水解形成雷公藤甲素从而发挥药效,PG490-88在进行实体瘤的Ⅰ期临床实验的过程中发现其转化为雷公藤甲素的剂量存在明显的个体差异,同时转化的速度缓慢且同样存在明显的差异,最终有2名患者出现了严重的毒副作用并导致死亡。经药动学分析这种显著的个体差异可能是C-14位空间位阻较大影响了酯键的水解、个体之间水解酯酶活性存在差异或者溶解得到雷公藤甲素重新产生毒性所导致[15-16]。由于PG490-88的毒副作用不可控性,实体瘤的Ⅰ期临床实验最终暂停。
Kim等[17]将PG490-88应用在顺铂诱导的急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)小鼠模型实验,实验中PG490-88的给药浓度为0.5 mg·kg-1,给药方式为静脉注射,给药时间为7 d,其结果表明,PG490-88导致AKI患者的血尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen,BUN)、血清肌酐和急性肾小管坏死(acute tubular necrosis,ATN)显著降低,同时肾小管细胞凋亡的情况无显著增加,免疫印迹分析表明,这与PG490-88对AKI的保护与磷酸细胞外信号调节激酶(phosphorylation activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase,p-ERK)的降低有关,并且与负调节MAPK信号传导的MAPK磷酸酶-1(MAPK phosphatase 1,MKP-1)和促炎细胞因子无关。
Pao等[18]就PG490-88对缺血/再灌注(ischemia-reperfusion injury,I/R)诱导的急性肺损伤的影响进行了评估,通过分离的灌注大鼠肺进行40 min缺血,然后再灌注60 min以诱导缺血/再灌注损伤,诱导 I/R 导致肺水肿、肺动脉压升高、肺部炎症、氧化应激以及支气管肺泡灌洗液中的细胞因子TNF-α 和 CINC-1 水平升高,以50 nmol·L-1 PG490-88处理大鼠细胞60 min,实验发现PG490-88显著抑制了所有这些反应。此外,实验发现PG490-88诱导I/R降低了蛋白claudin-4,occludin和ZO-1的表达,并增加了肺组织中的细胞凋亡。因此PG490-88具有作为预防I/R诱导肺损伤的预防剂潜力,但目前尚未进入临床试验阶段。
MC002是雷公藤内酯醇的酯类前药,采用对雷公藤甲素C-14位点引入氨基结构进行修饰(图3),使其具有良好的水溶性。在体内实验中MC002已经证明对肺癌、乳腺癌、白血病、肠癌、胃癌有明显的抑制作用,以20 nmol·L-1MC002进行人非小细胞肺癌细胞A-549、人纤维肉瘤细胞HT-1080荷瘤小鼠的肿瘤生长实验,给药时间为每周3次连续3周,MC002对A-549和HT-1080的抑制率达72.3%和58.6%[19],Shi等[20]对MC002和PG490进行了人喉癌细胞 Hep-2的MTT细胞增殖监测体外模型实验,直接给药浓度为50~300 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h,结果显示,MC002和PG490的IC50值分别为 183.58,119.35 nmol·L-1,并证明其抑癌机制可能与调节凋亡因子Bcl-2、Bax及ROS的表达有关,然而MC002依旧存在着释放速度缓慢且存在个体差异的问题,研究表明MC002在狗体内完全释放需要2 h[21]。研究者认为其原因可能与PG490-88释放速度缓慢的原因相似,由于C-14位空间位阻较大影响其释放速度。由于MC002胃肠道毒性较大,所以MC002可以采用静脉滴注方式方便地给药,从而降低毒副作用对消化系统的影响[22],虽然MC002尚未进入临床研究,但在抗癌领域临床应用的前景十分乐观。
引入磷酸基团是一种常见的提高药物溶解性的方式,Georg等[23]通过在C-14位点引入磷酸基团,合成了Minnelide药物(图4),成功降低了空间位阻导致的释放速度缓慢问题,其溶解度达到61 mg·mL-1,在磷酸酯酶的作用下使得Minnelide能快速转变为雷公藤甲素,极大地提高了药物释放效率。其在胰腺癌临床Ⅰ期试验中表现出了较高的安全性和转化效率[24],目前Minnelide已经完成了胰腺癌临床Ⅱ期试验,是目前研究进展最快的雷公藤甲素结构优化成果,可能成为胰腺癌的一线治疗候选药物[25]
Vivek等[25]进行了Minnelide有关宫颈癌的研究,通过在雌性无胸腺裸鼠皮下注射宫颈鳞癌细胞(SiHa),然后用该药以每天0.4 mg·kg-1的剂量治疗21 d。在给药治疗1周后,肿瘤体积减小了42.6%,在实验结束时肿瘤体积减小了55.0%,进一步研究表明,Minnelide通过阻断HPV诱导的p53和pRb蛋白变化来抑制宫颈癌的生长,同时该药物在用于抑制宫颈癌的生长时,可以与铂类药物联合使用以提高治疗效果[26]
微小病变病(MCD)是儿童特发性肾病综合征的最常见原因,Ji等[27]研究了Minnelide对多柔比星(adriamycin,ADM)肾病小鼠的治疗效果,对6~8周雌性小鼠多柔比星肾病模型进行腹膜内给药14 μg·kg-1共2周,取尿液、血液、肾脏组织分析治疗效果,结果表明,Minnelide显著缓解了多柔比星肾病小鼠的蛋白尿和细胞凋亡,同时Minnelide对雄性和雌性小鼠没有引起生殖毒性,因此Minnelide有成为治疗肾病综合征药物的可能。
由于氟原子的引入会改变化合物的亲脂性、代谢稳定性、生物利用度等,因此在药物结构优化中应用广泛。Aoyagi等[28]从氟元素的性质出发,利用二乙胺基三氟化硫(diethylaminosulfur trifluoride,DAST)取代C-14羟基得到一系列雷公藤甲素的氟代衍生物(图5),将氟代衍生物进行体外模型实验,通过MTT法处理A-549、HT-29癌细胞并计算IC50,产物5a为3.0 ng·mL-1(A-549)和0.24 ng·mL-1(HT-29),产物5b为0.42 ng·mL-1(A-549)和0.06 ng·mL-1(HT-29),证明这些氟代衍生物的癌细胞毒性高于雷公藤甲素,通过对比β羟基氟代产物5a和氟代产物5b的IC50,发现前者比后者的活性高8倍,说明将C-14位点转化为氟原子可以提高细胞毒性,同时C-14位点的立体化学性质对细胞毒性存在影响。
Wang等[29]将雷公藤内酯醇解于磷酸缓冲溶液(pH 4.0)中加热回流48 h后,冷却至室温,通过二氯甲烷萃取,并用饱和氯化钠溶液、水洗涤,浓缩后得白色固体TP-3-OH(图6),并以雷公藤内酯醇(triptolide,TPL)和4-二甲基氨基吡啶为原料合成了TPO(图6),通过与TPL组比较,50、100 nmol·L-1浓度条件下TP-3-OH、TPO组的人胚胎肝细胞LO2细胞培养上清中的乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性明显降低,同时通过MTT法检测药物对肝癌细胞增殖的影响,对TPO直接给药浓度为25、50、100 nmol·L-1下的肝癌细胞增殖情况进行检测,结果表明,TPO对HepG2、Hep3B、SMMC-7721肝癌细胞具有明显增殖抑制作用,而 TP-3-OH的抑制作用不明显。Zheng等[30]从Nrf2/Keap1信号通路出发,探究了雷公藤内酯三醇对雷公藤甲素诱导小鼠肝损伤模型的肝脏氧化应激和炎症的影响,通过检测小鼠血清谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)、谷草转氨酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)水平并使用苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)染色综合评估小鼠的肝损伤程度,并最终证明在腹腔注射200 μg·mL-1雷公藤内酯三醇24 h的情况下能够抑制氧化应激和炎症反应,从而降低雷公藤甲素对肝脏的损伤,降低其对肝脏细胞的毒性。
通过在C-14位点引入氨基酸、多肽等基团可有效提高对癌细胞的靶向性。Liu等[31]通过在C-14位点以琥珀酸酯键连接葡萄糖,设计合成了6种雷公藤甲素-葡萄糖偶联物(TG1α、TG1β、TG2、TG3、TG4和TG6)的位置异构体(图7),并通过实验证明其在高表达葡萄糖转运蛋白(recombinant glucose transporter 1,Glut-1)的肿瘤细胞和低表达Glut-1的非肿瘤细胞之间具有选择性细胞毒性。Jian等[32]对糖基化的雷公藤甲素进行小鼠肝癌细胞实验,发现糖基化的雷公藤甲素衍生物在高表达Glut-1的细胞上摄取明显提高,显示出更好的抗肝癌活性和更小的毒副作用。
Wang等[33]通过薄膜分散法制备了精氨酸-甘氨酸-天冬酰胺(Asn-Gly-Arg,NGR)多肽修饰的雷公藤甲素脂质体(NGR-TP-LPs,图8),经过检测所得脂质体NGR-TP-LPs的平均粒径为330.0 nm,多分散系数为0.266,Zeta电位为+8.45 mV,包封率为65.10%,通过对人脐静脉内皮细胞(human umbilical vein endothelial cells,HUVEC)进行细胞实验,实验中所采用的HUVEC具有类似肿瘤新生血管的作用,其细胞表面有着高表达氨肽酶N(aminopeptidases N,CD13),而CD13是肿瘤血管生成的重要调节因子,该因子在正常细胞上表达较少,在肿瘤新生血管的内皮细胞上高度表达,通过将雷公藤甲素和NGR-TP-LPs进行对比,给药浓度为6.25~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为48 h,IC50分别为(18.19±0.75)和(11.02±0.88) nmol·mL-1,说明NGR-TP-LPs对HUVECs细胞抑制作用增强。Xu等[34]制备了负载雷公藤甲素的Asn-Gly-Arg(NGR)肽偶联mPEG2000-DSPE靶向脂质体(NGR-PEG-TP-LPs)以诱导肿瘤血管正常化,同时增加肿瘤细胞对放疗的敏感性,并评估了NGR-PEG-TP-LPs治疗后肿瘤血管的结构和功能,其结果显示NGR-PEG-TP-LPs可以调节肿瘤血管正常化,增加肿瘤微环境的含氧量,提高放疗效果。此外,同时进行的肝和肾毒性测试表明,NGR-PEG-TP-LPs在癌症治疗中的应用是安全的。
Tian等[36]用七聚精氨酸(hepta arginine,R7)对C-14羟基进行修饰,得到了TP-S-S-CR7衍生物(图9),通过与雷公藤甲素比较,发现TP-S-S-CR的浓度为1和0.1 μmol·L-1时,可大幅度降低对人永生化表皮细胞(human immortalized epidermal cells,HaCaT)的毒性,同时证明在给药6~12 h后能在血浆中检测到雷公藤甲素的存在,因此证明了TP-S-S-CR相比于雷公藤甲素具有更强的经皮渗透活性和缓释能力。
由于NQO1在肝癌细胞和正常肝细胞中的表达差异,在实体瘤中NQO1还原酶的含量一般偏高,因而可以通过前药原理设计含有氢醌结构的药物,NQO1的生物激活作用与醌基团代谢有关,含有醌基团的抗癌化合物作为一种细胞毒性药物只有在有高NQO1活性时才发挥作用。药物进入体内后,经该酶还原后释放出药物并发挥药理活性,从而提高药物在肿瘤部位的靶向性。Liu等[37]通过在C-14羟基引入不同醌丙酸结构,合成了一系列靶向性衍生物,最终找到了高效低毒的NQO1靶向性药物CX-23(图10)。Xu等[38]通过MTT法测定了其抑制 A549 肺癌细胞增殖活性,其结果IC50为52.4 nmol·L-1,进一步证明CX-23能显著性抑制肺癌细胞的增殖。大鼠的药动学体内实验证明,此药物进入体内5 min后达到最大血药浓度,达峰浓度为 124 μg·L-1,浓度为1 mg·kg-1的CX-23经过腹腔注射、静脉注射后在脑组织中AUC和血浆中AUC的比值(AUCbrain /AUCplasma)分别为12.5%和13.1%,其结果证明CX-23能够透过血脑屏障进入脑组织,表明CX-23对肺癌脑转移患者有潜在治疗效果。由于此药需经过癌细胞中所生成的NQO1还原酶作用才会释放雷公藤甲素,因此能显著减少药物提前转化为雷公藤甲素产生的毒副作用,提高了药物的靶向性。
雷公藤甲素共有3个环氧基,大量研究表明雷公藤甲素的环氧基与其药物活性有直接关系,在3个环氧基中C-12,13-α-环氧基的空间位阻最小,容易受到亲核试剂的进攻,可在进攻后开环成为修饰点位。Yu等[39]首次通过进攻C-12,13-α-环氧键得到开环产物雷公藤氯内酯醇(X1)、雷公藤溴内酯醇(X2)和雷公藤丙硫基内酯醇(X3)(图11),其中X1和X2仍具有免疫抑制活性,同时两者的细胞毒性降低,而X3的免疫抑制活性明显降低。其原因是X1和X2在体内被酶催化转化为雷公藤甲素,进而发挥药效。
为提高雷公藤甲素的水溶性,Musser等[40]在打开C-12,13-α-环氧基团后,进一步引入甲苯磺酰基、硝酸盐、磷酸基团等良好的离去基团(产物为R1-R3,图12),从而提高了雷公藤甲素的水溶性,这一系列结构优化产物在体内均表现出良好的水溶性。通过MTT法对小鼠的脾细胞进行细胞毒性评估,证明一系列结构优化产物相较于雷公藤甲素能够降低细胞毒性。
C-7,8-α-环氧基相比于C-12,13-α-环氧基空间位阻较大,且不易修饰,Jung等[41]通过对C-7,8-α-环氧基进行开环得到5种衍生物(图13),通过在佐剂性关节炎大鼠模型体内实验,通过腹腔给药,以药物浓度为2和4 mg·kg-1持续18 d,结果表明,其药物活性低于雷公藤甲素,因此证明C-7,8-α环氧结构的完整性对雷公藤甲素的药物活性至关重要。
Xu等[42]对C-7,8-α-环氧基进行结构优化,得到了两种化合物(图14)。对这两种化合物以药物浓度20~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行人胶质瘤细胞U251和人前列腺癌细胞PC-3的细胞毒性实验,给药方式为直接给药。结果同样发现雷公藤甲素衍生物的药物抗肿瘤活性基本丧失。因此再一次证明C-7,8-α-环氧基的三维结构完整性是雷公藤甲素药物活性的基本保障。
C-9,11-β-环氧基与C-12,13-α-环氧基相比空间位阻较大,不易修饰,Zhou等[43]通过氧化还原法得到了3种 C-9,11-β-环氧键开环修饰的类似物(图15),并对这3种化合物进行SKOV-3 卵巢癌细胞和PC-3前列腺癌细胞的MTT细胞毒性测定,通过直接给药的方式,以药物浓度为10~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,结果发现其中15.2化合物的细胞毒性未下降,其余两种细胞毒性均降低。因此说明C-9,11-β-环氧键的完整性在雷公藤甲素的抗癌活性中发挥着重要的作用。
在对C-12,13-α-环氧基、C-7,8-α-环氧基、C-9,11-β-环氧基的结构优化过程中,经过对比可以发现,C-12,13-α-环氧基由于其空间位阻较小最容易修饰,结构优化后生物活性得到改善。另外,以上所有位点在修饰时均使优化产物的细胞毒性有所变化,证明雷公藤甲素的药物活性与环氧基团结构的完整性有密切关系。
不饱和五元内酯环也称D环,大量研究表明不饱和五元内酯环与抗肿瘤构效有直接关系。Aoyag等[44]将五元内酯环的C-18位点修饰为带甲基或乙基的呋喃环得到一系列衍生物(图16),通过MTT法测定了其抑制A549肺癌细胞和HT-29人结肠癌细胞增殖活性,通过直接给药的方式,以药物浓度10~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,测得衍生物的IC50值均高于雷公藤甲素。因此电子受体的不饱和五元内酯环被认为是雷公藤甲素抗肿瘤活性的必要结构,当雷公藤甲素D环换成电子供体的呋喃环时会导致抗肿瘤活性的下降。
Zhou等[45]通过对比不含D环的雷公藤甲素类似物17.1,含呋喃环的雷公藤甲素类似物17.2,含反式丁烯内脂类雷公藤甲素类似物17.3以及丁烯酰胺类化合物17.4(图17),并对人卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3和人前列腺癌细胞PC-3进行了抗癌活性检验,通过直接给药的方式,以药物浓度10~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,其结果显示除了丁烯酰胺类化合物17.4外,其余3种修饰产物均失去了抗癌细胞活性,这也进一步证明了不饱和五元内酯环和其抗肿瘤活性有着密切的联系,同时研究者也提出C-18位的羧基可能对雷公藤甲素与靶向分子之间的相互作用产生重要的影响。
Xu等[46]通过还原C3,C4双键得到一系列衍生物(图18),并对C-18位带有键受体和供体的呋喃环化合物、C-19取代物进行了研究,并使用人前列腺癌细胞PC-3和人卵巢癌细胞SKOV-3对不饱和五元内酯环衍生物进行活性评估,通过直接给药的方式,以药物浓度10~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,结果显示,通过改变不饱和五元内酯环所得到的衍生物均使细胞毒性大幅降低,证明不饱和五元内酯环的三维结构改变会影响雷公藤甲素原有的抗肿瘤活性。
MRx102是一种通过优化不饱和五元内酯环结构得到的衍生物(图19),目前受到MyeloRx,LLC公司的专利保护。John等[47]通过大鼠无可见有害作用水平实验(no observed adverse effect level,NOAEL)证明MRx102的安全性远高于雷公藤甲素。Carter等[48]的研究显示,MRx102对急性髓系白血病细胞株有明显的促亡作用,在非肥胖性糖尿病/重症联合免疫缺陷(non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency,NOD/SCID)小鼠静脉注射3 mg·kg-1持续5周,半数效应剂量(EC50)值为(14.5±0.6)nmol·L-1,通过降低OCI-AML3细胞内XIAP和Mcl-1蛋白水平抑制RNA合成,MRx102能够提高Ba/F3-ITD细胞的NOD/SCID小鼠白血病的存活时间。Reno等[49]将后腹皮下注射人非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung carcinoma,NSCLC)细胞的免疫缺陷(NSG)小鼠,以1 mg·kg-1MRx102为计量静脉注射给药2周,结构显示肿瘤的体积减小了50%,进一步证明MRx102有成为NSCLC抑制剂的潜力,该药能显著降低NSCLC的增殖并刺激细胞凋亡。此外,MRx102通过基质胶检测,证明其能有效抑制NSCLC细胞的迁移和侵袭。在体内,MRx102应用于治疗NSCLC肿瘤的形成和转移,这与大多数肺癌提高了Wnt信号转导以及Wnt蛋白激活有关。
C-5,6 位由于缺少修饰位点,目前的结构优化研究成果较少,中国科学院上海药物研究所合成的5R-羟基雷公藤甲素(雷藤舒,LLDT-8)化合物是目前较为成熟的优化产物(图20)。LLDT-8是雷公藤甲素 C-5位的氢被羟基取代产生的衍生物,目前已于2012年完成在类风湿关节炎患者的临床Ⅰ期实验,并在2018年开始对艾滋病慢性异常免疫激活治疗的临床试验。Liu等[50]研究发现,LLDT-8通过抑制p65活性和p65的入核、促进IBa的磷酸化降解阻断NF-κB信号通路的活化,进而达到阻断类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)免疫炎症反应的效果。Wang等[51]通过以50 nmol·L-1LLDT-8对肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α) 进行诱导,给药时程为24 h,证明LLDT-8在抑制类风湿关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞(rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes,RA-HFLS)增殖的同时,能减轻滑膜炎症,其分子机制可能与调控Ras-p38MAPK信号转导通路的异常活化有关。Yan等[52]通过以不同浓度(0、12.5、25和50 nmol·L-1)的LLDT-8对外周血单核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cell,PBMC)进行给药,给药时程为48 h,结果证明LLDT-8对破骨细胞有抑制作用,能抑制外周血单核细胞向破骨样细胞转化,减少破骨细胞(osteoclast,OC)的生成,抑制破骨细胞的增殖活化。
Xu等[42]合成了一系列雷公藤甲素的C-5,C-6位修饰产物(图21),并测试了它们对人胶质瘤细胞U251和人前列腺癌细胞PC-3的细胞毒性,以药物浓度10~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,其结果显示在C-5,C-6位上引入羟基、环氧化物、卤素或烯基团仍然可以使其保留细胞毒性,同时其抗癌活性略有下降。
Xu等[53-54]对C-16和C-20位进行修饰得到了16-羟基雷公藤甲素(化合物22.1,图22)和20-羟基雷公藤甲素(化合物22.2,图22)两种结构修饰产物,并进行了初步的构效关系研究。其中16-羟基雷公藤甲素通过直接给药的方式,以药物浓度10~100 nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,其抑制SKOV-3和卵巢癌IC-3的IC50分别为0.215和0.867 μmol·L-1,其抗肿瘤活性有所降低但细胞毒性依旧存在;20-羟基雷公藤甲素通过直接给药的方式,以药物浓度10~100nmol·L-1,给药时程为24 h进行实验,其抑制SKOV-3和IC-3的IC50分别为7.69和7.56 μmol·L-1,其细胞毒性大幅下降,可见C-20位的甲基可能在维持整个雷公藤甲素分子的电子性质方面起着关键作用,对于保持细胞毒性活性十分重要,并且很容易受到引入新基团的影响。
笔者主要介绍了近年来雷公藤甲素的结构优化以及其生物活性测定(表1)。对于其结构优化主要集中在C-14、环氧基团、不饱和五元内酯环、C-5,C-6、C-16、C-20等,根据雷公藤甲素结构优化与生物活性的关系,可以总结出以下构效关系:①C-14羟基的修饰主要从提高其水溶性、靶向性,降低毒性出发,主要采用氟原子、多肽等亲水基团和靶向基团取代来实现,并且在癌症靶向治疗上展现出极大的前景;②在环氧基团的结构优化过程中,已证明雷公藤甲素的药物活性与环氧基团结构的完整性相关,环氧基团结构的破坏往往会导致细胞毒性的大幅下降;③不饱和五元内酯环被证明与抗肿瘤活性有直接关系,部分对不饱和五元内酯环的改造会导致细胞毒性的下降。④C-5,6位的结构优化如羟基取代已证明在降低毒性的同时,表现出对自身免疫性疾病和移植排斥反应的抑制作用。⑤C-20位的甲基与保持细胞毒性活性相关,破坏C-20位的甲基会导致抗肿瘤活性大幅下降。以上构效关系可为雷公藤甲素的结构优化以期降低雷公藤甲素毒副作用、提高水溶性、提高肿瘤靶向性提供参考和思路。
目前虽然在C-14、环氧基团、不饱和五元内酯环等点位的结构优化已有了许多成果,但进入临床试验的结构修饰产物依旧很少,相信随着对雷公藤甲素构效关系的深入研究,定会有更多的高效、安全的结构修饰产物进入临床试验,并为雷公藤甲素的临床应用提供更多选择。这将为治疗炎症和肿瘤等疾病提供新的药物策略,为临床医学的相关领域带来重要的突破。
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2024年第59卷第19期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.19.003
  • 接收时间:2023-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-30
  • 出版时间:2024-10-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-29
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    浙江工业大学, 长三角绿色制药协同创新中心, 杭州 310006

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* 孙漩嵘,女,副教授,博士生导师 研究方向:仿生载体介导的药物递送Tel:(0571)88871566
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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