Article(id=1212692429325648604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212692423956939344, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)17-1629-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.17.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1678204800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767058005887, onlineDateStr=2025-12-30, pubDate=1725724800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767058005887, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767058005887, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058005887, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212692423956939344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='17', pageStart='1553', pageEnd='1664', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767058004596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058886858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212696124457140722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212692423956939344, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212696124457140723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212692423956939344, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1629, endPage=163, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212692429791216371, articleId=1212692429325648604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Preparation and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Oral Delivery of Semaglutide Nanospheres, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To preparet aurocholic acid modified PLGA nanospheres for oral delivery of semaglutide. METHODS The nanospheres were prepared by dobule emulsion solvent evaporation technique, and the preparation process was optimized by single-factor experiments; the nanospheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and laser particle size measurement; pharmacokinetic experiments were performed using SD rats; pharmacodynamic experiments were performed using db/db mice. RESULTS The FT-IR showed that taurocholic acid was successfully modified to the surface of the nanospheres. The particle size of the nanospheres was (185.9±3.31) nm, the ζ-potential was (-32.53±0.95) mV, and the drug loading and encapsulation rates were (11.15±0.07)% and (85. 51±0.01)%. The nanospheres showed good sustained release in vitro, with a cumulative release rate of 84. 96% within 192 h. Pharmacokinetic experiments were performed in SD rats, and the results showed that the bioavailability of nanospheres was 2.5%, and the slow release of semaglutide could be achieved within 192 h. The efficacy of nanospheres was verified in db/db mice, and the results showed that after gavage administration of nanospheres, the blood glucose of diabetic mice decreased rapidly and remained stable for about 3 d. CONCLUSION The oral delivery of semaglutide nanospheres prepared in this study has high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, which can effectively control the blood glucose of diabetic mice within 3 d and improve the bioavailability.

, correspAuthors=Yi WEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Donglin SUI, Yi WEI, Yu ZHU, Xiaoqiang CHEN, Guanghui MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212692431577989982, articleId=1212692429325648604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=口服载司美格鲁肽纳米球的制备及药效学评价, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 制备用于口服递送司美格鲁肽的牛黄胆酸修饰的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米球。方法 以复乳溶剂挥发法制备载司美格鲁肽纳米球,通过单因素实验优化纳米球制备工艺;通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和激光粒度仪对纳米球进行表征;使用SD大鼠进行药动学实验;使用db/db小鼠进行药效学实验。结果 最优工艺制备出的纳米球粒径为(185.9±3.31) nm;ζ电位为(-32.53±0.95) mV;红外光谱表明,牛黄胆酸成功地修饰了纳米球表面;载药量和包埋率分别为(11.15±0.07)%和(85.51±0.01)%。纳米球在体外具有良好缓释效果,192 h内累计释放率达84.96%。在SD大鼠体内进行了药动学实验,实验结果表明,纳米球的生物利用度为2.5%,可在192 h内缓释司美格鲁肽。在db/db小鼠体内验证了纳米球的药效,结果显示,灌胃给药纳米球后,糖尿病小鼠血糖快速下降并保持稳定约3 d。结论 本实验制备的口服载司美格鲁肽纳米球具有较高的载药量和包埋率,可以在3 d内有效控制糖尿病小鼠的血糖,提高生物利用度。

, correspAuthors=韦祎, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 韦祎,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药物递送和微球制剂 Tel:(010)82545002
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隋东霖,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物递送和微球制剂

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A-H2O/PLGA-NPs; B-H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs.

, figureFileSmall=vcGWl8Hm3Gfnm3tMplU1Bw==, figureFileBig=1x+ns4BReskM3ufKc2UIWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384098587602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=图2, caption=修饰与未修饰TCA的纳米球扫描电镜图

A-未修饰TCA的空白纳米球; B-修饰了TCA的纳米球。

, figureFileSmall=vcGWl8Hm3Gfnm3tMplU1Bw==, figureFileBig=1x+ns4BReskM3ufKc2UIWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384178279380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=FT-IR patterns of nanospheres, figureFileSmall=Gd55Gu8UkYaa7M0nDWDnjQ==, figureFileBig=jph/g5cFNhuvP1YYPjQPiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384253776854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=图3, caption=修饰与未修饰TCA的纳米球的红外光谱图, figureFileSmall=Gd55Gu8UkYaa7M0nDWDnjQ==, figureFileBig=jph/g5cFNhuvP1YYPjQPiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384325080024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Stability and release behavior of nanospheres in artificial body fluids. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-stability of nanospheres in artificial gastric juice; B-stability of nanospheres in artificial small intestinal fluid; C-stability of nanospheres in PBS buffer; D-in vitro release profiles of semaglutide from the nanospheres.

, figureFileSmall=Wo+pOgKFOqGOwN/aMa0coA==, figureFileBig=KuWuTGFMqcaiXaLVlB7x4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384408966106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=图4, caption=纳米球在人工体液中的稳定性和释放行为。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-纳米球在人工胃液中的稳定性;B-纳米球在人工小肠液中的稳定性;C-纳米球在磷酸盐缓冲液中的稳定性;D-纳米球体外释放曲线。

, figureFileSmall=Wo+pOgKFOqGOwN/aMa0coA==, figureFileBig=KuWuTGFMqcaiXaLVlB7x4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384509629405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Blood concentration profiles of semaglutide by different routes of administration. n=5,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=KsXGn/X+75zVmjBQOulHxQ==, figureFileBig=SzvBvZ/OpeGiuCHaZPE3LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384589321183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同给药途径的司美格鲁肽血药浓度-时间曲线。n=5,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s, figureFileSmall=KsXGn/X+75zVmjBQOulHxQ==, figureFileBig=SzvBvZ/OpeGiuCHaZPE3LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384652235745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Pharmacodynamic evaluation of nanospheres. n=5,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-oral glucose-lowering profiles of different semaglutide formulations;B-AUC of blood glucose profiles in three days after oral administration of different semaglutide formulations.

, figureFileSmall=hkKlNkpoiUVOX2g8JBjW4Q==, figureFileBig=KQYF1y8mgo/xD8n1oQjjRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384715150307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=图6, caption=纳米球药效学实验。n=5,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

A-不同司美格鲁肽制剂的口服降糖曲线;B-不同司美格鲁肽制剂口服给药后3 d内血糖药时曲线下面积。

, figureFileSmall=hkKlNkpoiUVOX2g8JBjW4Q==, figureFileBig=KQYF1y8mgo/xD8n1oQjjRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1212856384786453477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Size distribution and Zeta-potential of nanospheres. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Nanospheres Size/nm PDI Zeta-potential/mV
H2O/PLGA-NPs 168.7±7.6 0.248±0.05 -1.21±0.1
H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs 181.0±1.27 0.191±0.004 -24.77±1.95
), ArticleFig(id=1212856384849368039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

修饰与未修饰TCA的纳米球粒径分布和Zeta电位。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Nanospheres Size/nm PDI Zeta-potential/mV
H2O/PLGA-NPs 168.7±7.6 0.248±0.05 -1.21±0.1
H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs 181.0±1.27 0.191±0.004 -24.77±1.95
), ArticleFig(id=1212856384937448424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effects of ultrasonic power on particle size and PDI of the nanospheres. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ultrasonic power/W Size/nm PDI
50 202.6±5.6 0.217±0.003
75 185.3±3.1 0.191±0.004
100 184.5±3.6 0.188±0.003
125 182.7±3.1 0.197±0.003
150 182.2±3.9 0.191±0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1212856385008751594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

超声功率对纳米球粒径和多分散系数(PDI)的影响。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ultrasonic power/W Size/nm PDI
50 202.6±5.6 0.217±0.003
75 185.3±3.1 0.191±0.004
100 184.5±3.6 0.188±0.003
125 182.7±3.1 0.197±0.003
150 182.2±3.9 0.191±0.002
), ArticleFig(id=1212856385088443372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Effects of sodium taurocholate(STC) concentration on the drug loading and encapsulation efficiency of nanospheres. n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ(STC)/mg·mL-1 Drug loading/% Encapsulation efficiency/%
5 9.16±0.07 70.22±0.51
7.5 10.42±0.05 79.91±0.38
10 11.15±0.07 85.48±0.53
12.5 11.12±0.05 85.28±0.35
15 11.04±0.07 84.66±0.51
), ArticleFig(id=1212856385163940846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

外水相中牛黄胆酸钠(STC)质量浓度对载药量和包埋率的影响。n=3,$\stackrel{-}{x}$±s

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ(STC)/mg·mL-1 Drug loading/% Encapsulation efficiency/%
5 9.16±0.07 70.22±0.51
7.5 10.42±0.05 79.91±0.38
10 11.15±0.07 85.48±0.53
12.5 11.12±0.05 85.28±0.35
15 11.04±0.07 84.66±0.51
), ArticleFig(id=1212856385222661103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Pharmacokinetic parameters of smeaglutide by different routes of administration

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Semaglutide iv Semaglutide+SNAC TCA-PLGA-NPs
AUC0-t/ng·h·mL-1 103.01 28.35 66.54
F - 1.1% 2.5%
), ArticleFig(id=1212856385289769968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692429325648604, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同给药途径的司美格鲁肽药动学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Parameter Semaglutide iv Semaglutide+SNAC TCA-PLGA-NPs
AUC0-t/ng·h·mL-1 103.01 28.35 66.54
F - 1.1% 2.5%
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口服载司美格鲁肽纳米球的制备及药效学评价
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隋东霖 1, 2 , 韦祎 2, * , 朱裕 2 , 陈小强 1 , 马光辉 2
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(17): 1629-163
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(17): 1629-163
口服载司美格鲁肽纳米球的制备及药效学评价
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隋东霖1, 2, 韦祎2, *, 朱裕2, 陈小强1, 马光辉2
作者信息
  • 1 南京工业大学化工学院, 南京 211816
  • 2 中国科学院过程工程研究所生化工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100190
  • 隋东霖,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:药物递送和微球制剂

通讯作者:

* 韦祎,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药物递送和微球制剂 Tel:(010)82545002
Preparation and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Oral Delivery of Semaglutide Nanospheres
Donglin SUI1, 2, Yi WEI2, *, Yu ZHU2, Xiaoqiang CHEN1, Guanghui MA2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2024-09-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.010
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目的 制备用于口服递送司美格鲁肽的牛黄胆酸修饰的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米球。方法 以复乳溶剂挥发法制备载司美格鲁肽纳米球,通过单因素实验优化纳米球制备工艺;通过扫描电镜、傅里叶变换红外光谱和激光粒度仪对纳米球进行表征;使用SD大鼠进行药动学实验;使用db/db小鼠进行药效学实验。结果 最优工艺制备出的纳米球粒径为(185.9±3.31) nm;ζ电位为(-32.53±0.95) mV;红外光谱表明,牛黄胆酸成功地修饰了纳米球表面;载药量和包埋率分别为(11.15±0.07)%和(85.51±0.01)%。纳米球在体外具有良好缓释效果,192 h内累计释放率达84.96%。在SD大鼠体内进行了药动学实验,实验结果表明,纳米球的生物利用度为2.5%,可在192 h内缓释司美格鲁肽。在db/db小鼠体内验证了纳米球的药效,结果显示,灌胃给药纳米球后,糖尿病小鼠血糖快速下降并保持稳定约3 d。结论 本实验制备的口服载司美格鲁肽纳米球具有较高的载药量和包埋率,可以在3 d内有效控制糖尿病小鼠的血糖,提高生物利用度。

纳米粒子  /  聚合物  /  肽  /  司美格鲁肽  /  口服递送  /  牛黄胆酸

OBJECTIVE To preparet aurocholic acid modified PLGA nanospheres for oral delivery of semaglutide. METHODS The nanospheres were prepared by dobule emulsion solvent evaporation technique, and the preparation process was optimized by single-factor experiments; the nanospheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and laser particle size measurement; pharmacokinetic experiments were performed using SD rats; pharmacodynamic experiments were performed using db/db mice. RESULTS The FT-IR showed that taurocholic acid was successfully modified to the surface of the nanospheres. The particle size of the nanospheres was (185.9±3.31) nm, the ζ-potential was (-32.53±0.95) mV, and the drug loading and encapsulation rates were (11.15±0.07)% and (85. 51±0.01)%. The nanospheres showed good sustained release in vitro, with a cumulative release rate of 84. 96% within 192 h. Pharmacokinetic experiments were performed in SD rats, and the results showed that the bioavailability of nanospheres was 2.5%, and the slow release of semaglutide could be achieved within 192 h. The efficacy of nanospheres was verified in db/db mice, and the results showed that after gavage administration of nanospheres, the blood glucose of diabetic mice decreased rapidly and remained stable for about 3 d. CONCLUSION The oral delivery of semaglutide nanospheres prepared in this study has high drug loading and encapsulation efficiency, which can effectively control the blood glucose of diabetic mice within 3 d and improve the bioavailability.

nanosphere  /  polymer  /  peptide  /  semaglutide  /  oral delivery  /  taurocholic acid
隋东霖, 韦祎, 朱裕, 陈小强, 马光辉. 口服载司美格鲁肽纳米球的制备及药效学评价. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (17) : 1629 -163 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.010
Donglin SUI, Yi WEI, Yu ZHU, Xiaoqiang CHEN, Guanghui MA. Preparation and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Oral Delivery of Semaglutide Nanospheres[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (17) : 1629 -163 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.010
国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)预计2045年糖尿病患病人数将增长到7亿[1]。庞大的患病群体、慢性疾病长期用药的特征使得糖尿病用药成为全球第二大市场。糖尿病主要分为1型糖尿病和2型糖尿病,2型糖尿病患者数在糖尿病患者总数中占比约为95%[2]。胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)是由肠道L细胞分泌的一种肠促胰岛素,作用于胰岛细胞x上的GLP-1受体,增强胰岛素分泌,抑制胰高血糖素分泌,从而达到降低血糖的效果[3]。司美格鲁肽(semaglutide)是一种新型的GLP-1长效受体激动剂,以人的GLP-1分子为基础,在8号位用α-氨基异丁酸取代丙氨酸,增加其对DPP-4酶降解的抵抗力;在26号位赖氨酸上连接了一个以谷氨酸做间隔的C-18脂肪二酸侧链,增加对白蛋白的亲和力,避免药物被肾脏快速清除[4]。司美格鲁肽与其他GLP-1受体激动剂相比,其半衰期长达165 h,仅需每周注射1次即可有效控制血糖[5]。但糖尿病是慢性病,需终生治疗,每周1次的注射频率仍会给患者带来不便和痛苦,导致患者依从性仍然不高。口服递送司美格鲁肽不仅能提高患者依从性,还能更真实地模拟内源性GLP-1的分泌,可以更好地控制血糖[6]
由诺和诺德开发的司美格鲁肽口服制剂于2019年被美国食品与药品监督管理局(FDA)批准上市,每天服用1次,是第一个上市的GLP-1类似物口服制剂[7]。该产品将司美格鲁肽与吸收促进剂N-(8-[2-羟基苯甲酰基]-氨基)辛酸钠(SNAC)复配制成片剂。SNAC可以中和胃酸,升高片剂周围的pH,来保护司美格鲁肽不被破坏;同时SNAC还可以促进司美格鲁肽跨膜运输,实现司美格鲁肽的口服递送[8]。口服司美格鲁肽极大提高了患者的依从性,但其生物利用度不足1%,且患者需每天服药[9]。因此急需开发生物利用度更高,治疗效果持续时间更长的口服缓释剂型[10]
目前有大量文献报道了胃肠道受体介导的固体纳米颗粒内吞,纳米颗粒的渗透率与颗粒的大小、形状、材料、表面特性和动物模型有关[11-12]。胆汁酸(BA)和胆盐(cBA)是在肝脏中由胆固醇合成的生物表面活性剂,通过胆管和胆囊分泌到十二指肠,帮助消化食物中的脂肪[13]。胆汁酸在小肠的回肠段被重新吸收,经门静脉输送至肝脏完成一次“肝肠循环”[14]。人体中的胆汁酸每天大概循环4~12次,总循环量在12~18 g[15]。肝肠循环途径中有一系列的高效转运体来维持胆汁酸的循环,使得胆汁酸的回收率可达95%,每天只有不到0.5 g的胆汁酸随粪便排出体外[16]。相较于其他胃肠道受体的底物(如维生素B12,成年人每天吸收量在1~2 μg[17]),胆汁酸具有高循环量的特点,使得以胆汁酸为配体的口服药物或制剂具有高吸收效率和高安全性的特点[18]。顶端钠依赖胆汁酸转运体(ASBT)是胆汁酸转运的一种,广泛分布于小肠上皮细胞表面,介导小肠对胆汁酸的回收[16,19]。牛黄胆酸(TCA)是胆汁酸的一种,据文献[20]报道是与ASBT亲和力最高的底物。因此,本实验使用复乳溶剂挥发法制备表面修饰TCA的聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)纳米球,拟通过TCA靶向ASBT受体,促进小肠细胞内吞纳米球,达到口服递送司美格鲁肽的目的。并用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)确定TCA的修饰情况,考察制备工艺对纳米球载药量和包埋率的影响,以及纳米球在动物体内的药效和药代情况。
司美格鲁肽(重庆宸安生物制药有限公司),PLGA(7525 7E,赢创工业集团),二氯甲烷(南京化学试剂股份有限公司,药用级),聚乙烯醇(江西阿尔法高科药业有限公司),牛黄胆酸钠(STC)、人工胃液(含胃蛋白酶)、人工小肠液(含胰酶和磷酸盐)、0.01 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(PBS)(上海源叶生物科技有限公司),溴化钾(≥99%,北京化学试剂公司),一次性针头滤器(PVDF,0.22 μm,津腾实验设备有限公司),乙腈、甲醇为色谱纯,屈臣氏饮用水,铝箔(广州家亮化工有限公司),db/db小鼠(集萃药康生物科技股份有限公司,SPF级),SD大鼠(希诺因生物科技有限公司,SPF级),司美格鲁肽酶联免疫分析试剂盒(上海泛柯实业有限公司)。
LA310s精密电子天平(Mettler Toledo公司);SU8020冷场发射扫描电子显微镜与能谱分析仪(日本日立公司);EURO-STDS25搅拌器(IKA公司);Zetasizer nanoZS动态光散射粒度仪(Malvern公司);离心机(上海托莫斯科学仪器有限公司);纯水机(四川优普超纯科技有限公司);高效液相色谱仪(日本Shimadzu公司,LC-20AT);真空冷冻干燥机(Labconco公司);Accu-Chek® Performa血糖仪及试纸(美国Roche公司);SFX250超声波细胞破碎仪(美国Branson公司);NICOLET iS 50傅里叶红外光谱仪(美国Thermo公司)。
制备纳米球(图1)[21]。以0.5 mL,150 mg·mL-1的司美格鲁肽溶液为内水相(W1);称取500 mg的PLGA溶于5 mL的二氯甲烷作为油相(O);以100 mL,100 mg·mL-1的牛黄胆酸钠(STC)溶液做外水相(W2)。将W1加入O中,冰水浴条件下超声60 s制备W1/O初乳,再将初乳加入W2中,冰水浴条件下超声120 s制备W1/O/W2复乳。将复乳倒入烧杯中搅拌固化10 h,去除二氯甲烷。固化后的纳米球使用超纯水洗去未包埋到纳米球内的司美格鲁肽和STC,离心(10 000 r·min-1,15 min),重复3次,冷冻干燥后制得牛黄胆酸-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物纳米球(TCA-PLGA-NPs)。
将纳米球重悬于去离子水中,质量浓度为5 mg·mL-1,点样在铝箔纸上,样品晾干后,将铝箔纸裁剪成合适大小贴在有电导胶的样台上,用颗粒溅射仪对样品表面喷金,用扫描电镜观察纳米球表面形貌。
将纳米球研磨成粉末,与干燥的溴化钾粉末混合,制成薄片,用傅立叶红外光谱仪进行表征。
将纳米球重悬于去离子水中,质量浓度为5 mg·mL-1。取约1 mL纳米颗粒悬浮液于样品池,用动态光散射粒度仪测定纳米颗粒的粒径大小、粒径分布(PDI)和ζ电位,每组测定3次。
称取20 mg的纳米球于50 mL离心管中,加入10 mL乙腈溶解TCA-PLGA-NPs纳米球,震荡超声10 min后加入15 mL的PBS萃取司美格鲁肽。以10 000 r·min-1的转速离心5 min,取上清液过0.22 μm的PVDF滤膜,使用HPLC法检测司美格鲁肽浓度。
色谱条件:流动相A为含0.1 mol·L-1的稀磷酸,流动相B为乙腈,流动相A-B=59∶41,流速1 mL·min-1,检测波长210 nm,柱温30 ℃,进样量20 μL。
载药量使用公式1计算。
载药量(%)=$\frac{纳米球中药物质量}{纳米球总质量}$×100%
包埋率使用公式2计算。
包埋率(%)=$\frac{实际载药量}{理论载药量}$×100%
称取20 mg的纳米球于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL释放介质,包括人工胃液、人工小肠液和PBS缓冲液。设置2 、4、6和8 h 4组取样点,取样时取1 mL纳米球重悬液按“1.3.4”项下方法检测纳米球的粒径。
称取20 mg的纳米球于50 mL离心管中,加入20 mL释放介质,其中0~2 h的释放介质为人工胃液;2~8 h将释放介质更换为人工小肠液;8 h之后将释放介质更换为PBS,以上均满足漏槽条件。设置2、4、8、24、48、72、96、120、144 和168 h 10组取样点,在取样时将对应时间点的样品离心去掉上清液,剩下的纳米球按“1.3.5”项下方法检测司美格鲁肽的残留量。使用纳米球的载药量减去残留量即得其在该时间点的释放量。
使用体质量50 g空腹血糖≥25 mmol·L-1的db/db小鼠进行药效实验。实验开始前按空腹血糖将小鼠平均分为4组,每组5只,实验时分别灌胃生理盐水、司美格鲁肽溶液、司美格鲁肽-SNAC质量比为1∶50的溶液和TCA-PLGA-NPs重悬液。其中生理盐水组作为阴性对照组;司美格鲁肽溶液组作为阳性对照组1;司美格鲁肽-SNAC质量比为1∶50的溶液组作为阳性对照组2;TCA-PLGA-NPs重悬液作为纳米球实验组。前3组每天灌胃1次,每次司美格鲁肽的给药剂量为4 mg·kg-1,试验总共给药7次,总的司美格鲁肽给药剂量为28 mg·kg-1;纳米球组实验开始前灌胃1次,总的司美格鲁肽给药剂量为28 mg·kg-1。实验开始后于2、6、24、48、72、96、120、144和168 h检测小鼠的空腹血糖。
使用体质量400 g的SD大鼠进行药代实验。实验开始前按体质量将大鼠平均分为3组,每组5只,实验开始时分别静脉注射司美格鲁肽溶液、灌胃司美格鲁肽-SNAC质量比为1∶50的溶液和灌胃TCA-PLGA-NPs重悬液。静脉注射司美格鲁肽组给药剂量为1 mg·kg-1;灌胃司美格鲁肽-SNAC质量比为1∶50的溶液组为阳性对照组,实验开始前灌胃1次,司美格鲁肽给药剂量为每只10 mg;TCA-PLGA-NPs重悬液作为纳米球实验组实验开始前灌胃1次,司美格鲁肽给药剂量为每只10 mg。实验开始后于2、6、24、48、72、96、120、144和196 h眼眶取血。取血体积0.5 mL,静置2 h后将所取血液离心(10 000 r·min-1,5 min)吸取上层血清,使用ELISA试剂盒检测血清中司美格鲁肽血药浓度。
相对生物利用度使用公式3计算。
F=$\frac{AU{C}_{T}\times {D}_{iv}}{AU{C}_{iv}\times {D}_{T}}$
其中AUCT和AUCiv分别为受试制剂和静脉注射的血药浓度曲线下面积,DTDiv分别为受试制剂和静脉注射的给药剂量。
本课题设计的动物实验均严格按《实验动物福利伦理审查指南》(GB/T 35892-2018)进行,并经中国科学院过程工程研究所动物实验伦理委员会批准。
数据处理使用GraphPad Prism 8软件。所有结果均采用方差分析或t检验。
首先使用纯水做内水相制备了未修饰TCA的空白纳米球(H2O/PLGA-NPs),结果见图2表1,H2O/PLGA-NPs粒径为268 nm,PDI为0.24,Zeta电位为-1.21 mV。由于本实验使用的PLGA材料末端基团为酯封端,没有游离的羧基,所以制备的纳米球近似呈电中性[22]。接着使用牛黄胆酸钠(STC)作为表面活性剂添加至外水相,由于胆盐的溶解度远高于胆汁酸,纳米球固化过程中STC在纳米球表面质子化析出TCA,TCA通过疏水作用力结合在纳米球表面。修饰了TCA的纳米球(H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs)粒径为181 nm,PDI为0.19,Zeta电位为-24.77 mV。TCA通过疏水作用力结合在纳米球表面,因此其在表面存在游离的磺基而带有大量的负电荷。
使用傅FT-IR确定H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs纳米球表面TCA的修饰情况。图3显示,TCA-PLGA-NPs和PLGA-NPs在1 758 cm-1处具有PLGA特有的酯羰基伸缩振动峰[23-24]。另外,TCA和H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs在3 200~3 500 cm-1内有宽大的峰,为O-H键的伸缩振动峰,而酯封端的PLGA所制备的H2O/PLGA-NPs纳米球没有游离的羟基,所以此处没有出峰[24]。表明H2O/TCA-PLGA-NPs兼具PLGA和TCA的特征峰,证明TCA被修饰到了PLGA纳米球表面。
制备过程中的超声功率对纳米球粒径和均一性有影响[25],分别考察了50、75、100、125和150 W超声功率对纳米球粒径和均一性的影响,结果见表2。随着超声功率的增大,PDI从0.21减小至0.19,油相在外水相中分散更为均匀,所以纳米球的粒径降低。但是超声功率在75 W以上时,纳米球的粒径和多分散系数(PDI)的减小并不明显,因此选择75 W的超声功率用于后续实验。
使用司美格鲁肽溶液做内水相,制备载药纳米球。同时调整外水相中STC的质量浓度,分别为5、7.5、10、12.5和15 mg·mL-1,考察其对纳米球载药量和包埋率的影响。结果见表3,STC作为生物表面活性剂可以降低油水两相之间的界面张力,从而稳定油水界面[26]。因此外水相中STC质量浓度在10 mg·mL-1以下时,STC浓度越大,复乳液滴的稳定性越好,减少了奥斯瓦尔德熟化现象导致的乳滴融合聚并和药物逃逸[27],所以高浓度的外水相所制备出的纳米球载药量和包埋率也越高;但当STC质量浓度大于10 mg·mL-1时,纳米球的载药量和包埋率没有明显提高,因此选择10 mg·mL-1的STC质量浓度用于后续实验。
理想的口服多肽纳米载体应该具有合适尺寸、良好的胃肠道稳定性、较高的胃肠道渗透率和稳定的释放行为。胃肠道的酸性环境会导致PLGA纳米球溶胀和团聚,导致粒径增大且难以保持分散状态,不利于后续肠道吸收纳米球[28]。因此可以通过监测纳米球的粒径变化来反映纳米球在各体液环境中的稳定性。纳米球在3种模拟环境:人工胃液(pH 1.5)、人工小肠液(pH 6.8)和模拟体液(PBS缓冲液,pH 7.4)中的稳定性见图4,未经修饰的PLGA-NPs在人工胃液及人工小肠液中发生溶胀聚并,粒径增大,表明其在胃肠道环境下并不稳定;而TCA-PLGA-NPs在3种模拟体液中,因为纳米球表面修饰有TCA,减少了体液与纳米球的接触面积,PLGA不易水解以及溶胀,因此粒径没有变化,显示TCA-PLGA-Nps具有良好的稳定性。
一般而言,药物在胃中的停留时间为0~2 h,在小肠的停留时间为4~6 h[29]。所以本实验在体外释放实验的第0~2 h内使用人工胃液;在体外释放实验的第2~8 h使用人工小肠液;而纳米球的目标是被小肠吸收进入体内,所以体外释放实验8 h后使用模拟体液,即PBS缓冲液。体外释放结果见图4,PLGA-NPs在2 h的释放度为61.32%,8 h的累计释放度为78.52%,说明其在胃肠道环境中已释放出大部分药物,即使被肠道细胞内吞进入体内,也只有少量药物起到缓释作用。TCA-PLGA-NPs在2 h的释放度为13.04%,8 h的累计释放度为36.15%,说明修饰了TCA可以有效地保护纳米球不受胃肠道环境影响,减少了纳米球在胃肠道中大量释放司美格鲁肽,保留了大部分司美格鲁肽纳米球在被肠道细胞内吞后释放。24 h后TCA-PLGA-NPs释放较为缓慢,在96 h时累计释放率达到81.48%,在192 h时累计释放率达到84.96%,表明纳米球具有良好的胃肠道稳定性和持续释放司美格鲁肽的能力。
使用SD大鼠研究TCA-PLGA-NPs在动物体内的药动学,分别对比了静脉注射司美格鲁肽、灌胃给药复配SNAC的司美格鲁肽和灌胃给药TCA-PLGA-NPs 3组大鼠的血药浓度。结果见图5表4,口服司美格鲁肽与SNAC复配溶液组,在给药48 h后司美格鲁肽的血药浓度已低于检测下限,表明其难以实现长效控制血糖的需求。而TCA-PLGA-NPs组在给药后所检测到的最高血药浓度为(9.48±0.84) ng·mL-1,低于司美格鲁肽与SNAC复配溶液组的(12.73±1.94) ng·mL-1,表明纳米球突释低且具有良好的安全性;随后纳米球在体内缓慢释放司美格鲁肽并在96 h内维持较高的血药浓度(5 ng·mL-1),在192 h后血药浓度低于检测下限。TCA-PLGA-NPs的生物利用度可达2.5%,高于司美格鲁肽与SNAC复配溶液组的生物利用度(1.1%),表明口服TCA-PLGA-NPs纳米球具有缓释作用,且提高了司美格鲁肽的生物利用度。
db/db小鼠是敲除了Leptin受体基因的C57BL/6J小鼠,为常用的2型糖尿病模型鼠[30],本实验用其来检测TCA-PLGA-NPs在体内的降糖效果。结果见图6A图6B,阳性对照组一的小鼠血糖与阴性对照组小鼠的血糖无明显差异,这是因为司美格鲁肽在强酸性环境的胃中大量降解失活以及多肽药物无法被胃肠道直接吸收而导致的;而司美格鲁肽在与SNAC复配后,SNAC可以在胃部升高局部pH,抑制胃蛋白酶活性,促进胃上皮细胞吸收司美格鲁肽,所以每天灌胃给药的情况下使得血糖能一直控制在15 mmol·L-1以下。在单次灌胃给药TCA-PLGA-NPs后,小鼠的血糖快速降低,在2 h时血糖值从30 mmol·L-1降低至14 mmol·L-1,并维持稳定3 d,第4天血糖开始上升并缓慢恢复到初始值。在给药后的前3 d内TCA-PLGA-NPs组的血糖值与阴性对照组有显著性差异,与阳性对照组无显著性差异,表明纳米球可以促进司美格鲁肽口服吸收并且具有缓释作用,可在3 d内有效降低db/db小鼠的血糖。
以PLGA为载体材料,在外水相中加入TCA,使用复乳溶剂挥发法成功制备出修饰了TCA的纳米球,用于口服递送司美格鲁肽。纳米球表面光滑球形圆整,红外光谱分析结果表明,TCA被成功地修饰到了纳米球的表面。通过一系列的单因素实验优化纳米球制备工艺,最优工艺制备的纳米球粒径为(185.9±3.31) nm;ζ电位(-32.53±0.95) mV;载药量和包埋率分别为(11.15±0.07)%和(85.51±0.01)%。体外释放结果表明,纳米球可以在胃肠道环境中减少司美格鲁肽的大量释放,并且在体内环境中持续释放司美格鲁肽。动物药代实验结果表明,纳米球可持续释放药物7 d,司美格鲁肽口服纳米球的生物利用度为2.5%,相对于市售口服制剂的1.1%,有明显提高。动物药效实验表明,纳米球可以在3 d内有效控制模型鼠的血糖。后续实验将进一步在细胞水平上探索纳米球口服递送的机制,为口服递送多肽药物的纳米平台临床应用奠定基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目子课题项目资助(2023YFC2812001)
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2024年第59卷第17期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.010
  • 接收时间:2023-03-08
  • 首发时间:2025-12-30
  • 出版时间:2024-09-08
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-08
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国家重点研发计划项目子课题项目资助(2023YFC2812001)
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    1 南京工业大学化工学院, 南京 211816
    2 中国科学院过程工程研究所生化工程国家重点实验室, 北京 100190

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* 韦祎,女,博士,副研究员 研究方向:药物递送和微球制剂 Tel:(010)82545002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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