Article(id=1212692428847502114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212692423956939344, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)17-1658-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.17.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1706198400000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767058005772, onlineDateStr=2025-12-30, pubDate=1725724800000, pubDateStr=2024-09-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767058005772, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767058005772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058005772, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1212692423956939344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='17', pageStart='1553', pageEnd='1664', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767058004596, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767058886858, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1212696124457140722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212692423956939344, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1212696124457140723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1212692423956939344, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1658, endPage=1664, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1212692429195629356, articleId=1212692428847502114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Analysis of Hepatoprotective Drugs Utilization in Hepatology Outpatients in 119 Chinese Hospitals from 2016 to 2023, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics and drug cost of hepatoprotective drugs among outpatients in domestic hospitals and provide references for rational drug use. METHODS The outpatient prescription data of 119 hospitals in 9 cities from January 2016 to December 2023 was collected, and the clinical application of hepatoprotective drugs was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 8 635 977 prescriptions from 3 194 167 patients were obtained in this study. The most frequent diagnoses of hepatoprotective drugs were hepatitis B (7.59%), liver cirrhosis (5.11%) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (4.53%).98.15% of prescriptions for 1-2 hepatoprotective drugs are prescribed, and oral dosage forms account for 97.29%. The total drug cost of hepatoprotective drugs increased from 85.38 million yuan to 109.8 million yuan, and the average drug cost per time increased from 85.15 yuan to 95.52 yuan. The glycyrrhizin preparation was the most used regimen, and the polyene phosphatidylcholine+glycyrrhizin preparation was the most used regimen. CONCLUSIONS The aggregate costs on hepatoprotective medications appears a consistent annual increase, which brings economic burden to medical insurance. This study analyzes the trend of hepatoprotective drug costs in the past 8 years, which is of great significance to the drug management of patients with liver disease.

, correspAuthors=Xiangli CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yi WU, Chen PAN, Jing JIANG, Yinchu CHEN, Ying ZHAO, Xiaozhu ZHOU, Ranjia LIU, Xiangli CUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1212692430281954142, articleId=1212692428847502114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=2016—2023年中国119家医疗机构肝病门诊保肝药用药分析, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 分析国内医院门诊患者的保肝药药物使用特征和药费情况,为合理用药提供参考。方法 收集并统计2016年1月至2023年12月全国9个城市119家医疗机构的保肝药相关门诊处方数据,分析保肝药物的临床应用情况。结果 本研究共调取3 194 167例患者的8 635 977张处方。门诊开具保肝药相关诊断最多的是乙型肝炎(7.59%)、肝硬化(5.11%)和非酒精性脂肪肝炎(4.53%),其中开具1~2种保肝药处方占比98.15%,口服剂型占比97.29%。近8年保肝药的药费总额从8 537.91万元增长至10 980万元,次均药费从85.15元增长至95.52元。甘草酸制剂是最常用的单药保肝方案,多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂治疗是最常用的联合保肝方案。结论 保肝药药费呈逐年上升趋势,给医保带来一定的负担,本研究对近8年全国肝病门诊保肝药用药情况进行分析,为未来开展保肝药物的综合评价提供基础数据支持。

, correspAuthors=崔向丽, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
* 崔向丽,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(010)80838511
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武一,男,博士,药师 研究方向:临床药学

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武一,男,博士,药师 研究方向:临床药学

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武一,男,博士,药师 研究方向:临床药学

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China Pharm (中国药业), 2023, 32(4):19-22., articleTitle=Clinical application of hepatoprotective drugs in a hospital from 2016 to 2020, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1212786707825607221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=36, issue=24, pageStart=3307, pageEnd=3311, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=ZHONG H L, journalName=J Pract Med(实用医学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHONG H L. Prevention of anti-tuberculosis drug-induced liver injury and therapeutic drugs selection[J]. 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基本信息 保肝药人群总计 保肝药种类=1~2 保肝药种类≥3 两组对比
人次/例 占比/% 人次/例 占比/% 人次/例 占比/% 1~2 vs ≥3
总病人次 3 194 167 100 3 134 996 100 59 171 100
性别 P<0.001
1 560 503 48.85 1 529 937 48.8 30 566 51.66
1 544 159 48.34 1 517 623 48.41 26 536 44.85
不详 89 505 2.8 87 436 2.79 2 069 3.5
年龄/岁 P<0.001
<18 117 418 3.68 116 085 3.7 1 333 2.25
18≤年<45 1 148 580 35.96 1 131 907 36.11 16 673 28.18
45≤年<60 916 991 28.71 896 483 28.6 20 508 34.66
60≤年<85 914 448 28.63 895 158 28.55 19 290 32.6
≥85 55 771 1.75 55 196 1.76 575 0.97
不详 40 960 1.28 40 168 1.28 792 1.34
年份/年 P<0.001
2016 376 807 11.8 372 208 12.11 4 599 8.93
2017 387 536 12.13 382 074 12.43 5 462 10.61
2018 404 085 12.65 398 441 12.97 5 644 10.96
2019 434 203 13.59 428 339 13.94 5 864 11.39
2020 349 721 10.95 344 718 11.22 5 003 9.72
2021 400 114 12.53 394 197 12.83 5 917 11.49
2022 366 036 11.46 360 081 11.72 5 955 11.57
2023 475 666 14.89 392 522 12.77 13 038 25.33
分类 P<0.001
抗炎类 1 250 936 39.16 1 244 132 39.69 6 804 11.5
抗氧化类 516 216 16.16 503 918 16.07 12 298 20.78
利胆退黄类 409 737 12.83 394 396 12.58 15 341 25.93
肝细胞膜修复保护剂 322 528 10.1 319 757 10.2 2 771 4.68
解毒类药物 196 166 6.14 194 157 6.19 2 009 3.4
促进能量代谢 12 582 0.39 12 559 0.4 23 0.04
其他中成药类 463 244 14.5 466 077 14.87 19 925 33.67
报销类型 P<0.001
部分报销 1 553 624 48.64 1 527 828 48.73 25 796 43.6
自费 713 836 22.35 700 447 22.34 13 389 22.63
公费 416 165 13.03 408 708 13.04 7 457 12.6
411 343 12.88 402 254 12.83 9 089 15.36
其他 99 200 3.11 95 760 3.05 3 440 5.81
), ArticleFig(id=1212786702712750514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院肝病门诊开具保肝药处方患者基本信息及分组统计表

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基本信息 保肝药人群总计 保肝药种类=1~2 保肝药种类≥3 两组对比
人次/例 占比/% 人次/例 占比/% 人次/例 占比/% 1~2 vs ≥3
总病人次 3 194 167 100 3 134 996 100 59 171 100
性别 P<0.001
1 560 503 48.85 1 529 937 48.8 30 566 51.66
1 544 159 48.34 1 517 623 48.41 26 536 44.85
不详 89 505 2.8 87 436 2.79 2 069 3.5
年龄/岁 P<0.001
<18 117 418 3.68 116 085 3.7 1 333 2.25
18≤年<45 1 148 580 35.96 1 131 907 36.11 16 673 28.18
45≤年<60 916 991 28.71 896 483 28.6 20 508 34.66
60≤年<85 914 448 28.63 895 158 28.55 19 290 32.6
≥85 55 771 1.75 55 196 1.76 575 0.97
不详 40 960 1.28 40 168 1.28 792 1.34
年份/年 P<0.001
2016 376 807 11.8 372 208 12.11 4 599 8.93
2017 387 536 12.13 382 074 12.43 5 462 10.61
2018 404 085 12.65 398 441 12.97 5 644 10.96
2019 434 203 13.59 428 339 13.94 5 864 11.39
2020 349 721 10.95 344 718 11.22 5 003 9.72
2021 400 114 12.53 394 197 12.83 5 917 11.49
2022 366 036 11.46 360 081 11.72 5 955 11.57
2023 475 666 14.89 392 522 12.77 13 038 25.33
分类 P<0.001
抗炎类 1 250 936 39.16 1 244 132 39.69 6 804 11.5
抗氧化类 516 216 16.16 503 918 16.07 12 298 20.78
利胆退黄类 409 737 12.83 394 396 12.58 15 341 25.93
肝细胞膜修复保护剂 322 528 10.1 319 757 10.2 2 771 4.68
解毒类药物 196 166 6.14 194 157 6.19 2 009 3.4
促进能量代谢 12 582 0.39 12 559 0.4 23 0.04
其他中成药类 463 244 14.5 466 077 14.87 19 925 33.67
报销类型 P<0.001
部分报销 1 553 624 48.64 1 527 828 48.73 25 796 43.6
自费 713 836 22.35 700 447 22.34 13 389 22.63
公费 416 165 13.03 408 708 13.04 7 457 12.6
411 343 12.88 402 254 12.83 9 089 15.36
其他 99 200 3.11 95 760 3.05 3 440 5.81
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处方相关诊断 保肝药人群总计 保肝药种类=1~2 保肝药种类≥3
例次/例 占比/% 例次/例 占比/% 例次/例 占比/%
肝病相关诊断
乙型肝炎 242 572 7.59 235 374 7.51 7 198 12.16
肝硬化(不包括原发性胆汁性肝硬化) 163 217 5.11 153 857 4.91 9 360 15.82
非酒精性脂肪肝炎 144 746 4.53 140 766 4.49 3 980 6.73
肝癌(包含肝细胞癌等) 84 684 2.65 81 465 2.6 3 219 5.44
胆汁淤积 46 155 1.44 42 827 1.37 3 328 5.62
药物性肝损伤 40 132 1.26 35 839 1.14 4 293 7.26
自身免疫性肝炎 32 310 1.01 30 221 0.96 2 089 3.53
原发性胆汁性肝硬化/胆管炎 15 561 0.49 14 820 0.47 741 1.25
酒精性脂肪肝炎 14 850 0.46 13 634 0.43 1 216 2.06
丙型肝炎 6 556 0.21 6 255 0.2 301 0.51
其他诊断
肿瘤或癌 269 990 8.45 260 134 8.3 9 856 16.66
高血压 148 780 4.66 145 998 4.66 2 782 4.7
高血脂/血脂异常 113 665 3.56 112 180 3.58 1 485 2.51
糖尿病 110 468 3.46 108 981 3.48 1 487 2.51
结核 113 454 3.55 113 034 3.61 420 0.71
冠心病 61 737 1.93 61 075 1.95 662 1.12
高尿酸 39 946 1.25 39 215 1.25 731 1.24
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703002157496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院肝病门诊开具保肝药处方相关诊断及分组统计情况

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处方相关诊断 保肝药人群总计 保肝药种类=1~2 保肝药种类≥3
例次/例 占比/% 例次/例 占比/% 例次/例 占比/%
肝病相关诊断
乙型肝炎 242 572 7.59 235 374 7.51 7 198 12.16
肝硬化(不包括原发性胆汁性肝硬化) 163 217 5.11 153 857 4.91 9 360 15.82
非酒精性脂肪肝炎 144 746 4.53 140 766 4.49 3 980 6.73
肝癌(包含肝细胞癌等) 84 684 2.65 81 465 2.6 3 219 5.44
胆汁淤积 46 155 1.44 42 827 1.37 3 328 5.62
药物性肝损伤 40 132 1.26 35 839 1.14 4 293 7.26
自身免疫性肝炎 32 310 1.01 30 221 0.96 2 089 3.53
原发性胆汁性肝硬化/胆管炎 15 561 0.49 14 820 0.47 741 1.25
酒精性脂肪肝炎 14 850 0.46 13 634 0.43 1 216 2.06
丙型肝炎 6 556 0.21 6 255 0.2 301 0.51
其他诊断
肿瘤或癌 269 990 8.45 260 134 8.3 9 856 16.66
高血压 148 780 4.66 145 998 4.66 2 782 4.7
高血脂/血脂异常 113 665 3.56 112 180 3.58 1 485 2.51
糖尿病 110 468 3.46 108 981 3.48 1 487 2.51
结核 113 454 3.55 113 034 3.61 420 0.71
冠心病 61 737 1.93 61 075 1.95 662 1.12
高尿酸 39 946 1.25 39 215 1.25 731 1.24
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保肝药药费和剂型 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年 年均增长率/%
药费
总处方数/万份 100.26 105.59 110.18 119.26 98.61 112.01 102.76 114.95 1.72
处方药费总额/万元 18 964.12 19 988.03 21 196.62 23 639.26 23 739.65 26 300.86 25 187.53 26 804.7 4.42
保肝药药费总额/万元 8 537.91 8 959.12 9 330.89 10 280.67 10 145.81 11 056.44 10 604.2 10 980 3.19
处方次均药费/元 189.14 189.29 192.37 198.22 240.75 234.82 245.1 233.19 2.65
保肝药次均药费/元 85.15 84.85 84.68 86.2 102.89 98.71 103.19 95.52 1.45
保肝药的药费占比/% 45.02 44.82 44.02 43.49 42.74 42.04 42.1 40.96 -
保肝药剂型
口服剂型/例 409 283 428 812 448 136 483 838 389 301 447 064 409 227 461 565 -
注射剂型/例 15 052 12 217 11 705 10 300 10 013 11 227 12 212 14 101 -
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703232844227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院肝病门诊开具保肝药处方药费和剂型按年份统计情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保肝药药费和剂型 2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年 年均增长率/%
药费
总处方数/万份 100.26 105.59 110.18 119.26 98.61 112.01 102.76 114.95 1.72
处方药费总额/万元 18 964.12 19 988.03 21 196.62 23 639.26 23 739.65 26 300.86 25 187.53 26 804.7 4.42
保肝药药费总额/万元 8 537.91 8 959.12 9 330.89 10 280.67 10 145.81 11 056.44 10 604.2 10 980 3.19
处方次均药费/元 189.14 189.29 192.37 198.22 240.75 234.82 245.1 233.19 2.65
保肝药次均药费/元 85.15 84.85 84.68 86.2 102.89 98.71 103.19 95.52 1.45
保肝药的药费占比/% 45.02 44.82 44.02 43.49 42.74 42.04 42.1 40.96 -
保肝药剂型
口服剂型/例 409 283 428 812 448 136 483 838 389 301 447 064 409 227 461 565 -
注射剂型/例 15 052 12 217 11 705 10 300 10 013 11 227 12 212 14 101 -
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703337701829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市分布
和医院级别
保肝药总人群 保肝药种类=1~2 保肝药种类≥3
人次/例 金额/万元 人次/例 金额/万元 人次/例 金额/万元
城市分布
上海 856 244 38 143.49 842 586 26.88 13 658 23.08
广州 552 645 31 198.44 538 468 17.18 14 177 23.96
成都 503 806 28 001.83 496 212 15.83 7 594 12.83
杭州 422 084 17 726.33 416 205 13.28 5 879 9.94
北京 344 571 28 901.17 336 869 10.75 7 702 13.02
天津 231 035 11 986.99 224 675 7.17 6 360 10.75
沈阳 118 232 6 432.64 115 945 3.7 2 287 3.87
郑州 91 809 3 231.28 90 925 2.9 884 1.49
哈尔滨 73 741 4 373.89 73 111 2.33 630 1.06
医院级别
三级医院 3 122 762 168 267.87 3 064 278 97.74 58 685 99.18
二级医院 68 748 1 614.26 68 075 2.17 483 0.82
一级医院 2 658 113.85 2 644 0.08 3 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703501279691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院肝病门诊开具保肝药药费和例次按照城市和医院级别分布统计情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
城市分布
和医院级别
保肝药总人群 保肝药种类=1~2 保肝药种类≥3
人次/例 金额/万元 人次/例 金额/万元 人次/例 金额/万元
城市分布
上海 856 244 38 143.49 842 586 26.88 13 658 23.08
广州 552 645 31 198.44 538 468 17.18 14 177 23.96
成都 503 806 28 001.83 496 212 15.83 7 594 12.83
杭州 422 084 17 726.33 416 205 13.28 5 879 9.94
北京 344 571 28 901.17 336 869 10.75 7 702 13.02
天津 231 035 11 986.99 224 675 7.17 6 360 10.75
沈阳 118 232 6 432.64 115 945 3.7 2 287 3.87
郑州 91 809 3 231.28 90 925 2.9 884 1.49
哈尔滨 73 741 4 373.89 73 111 2.33 630 1.06
医院级别
三级医院 3 122 762 168 267.87 3 064 278 97.74 58 685 99.18
二级医院 68 748 1 614.26 68 075 2.17 483 0.82
一级医院 2 658 113.85 2 644 0.08 3 0.01
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703601942990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
药品分类 药品名称 人次/例 金额/万元 人次占比/%
抗炎类 甘草酸制剂 1 250 937 41 762.98 39.16
利胆退黄类 熊去氧胆酸 371 789 29 822.85 11.64
腺苷蛋氨酸 36 083 4 640.09 1.13
茴三硫片/胶囊 23 823 783.09 0.75
肝细胞膜保护剂 多烯磷脂酰胆碱 321 223 18 728.95 10.06
抗氧化类 双环醇类制剂 262 076 21 591.89 8.2
水飞蓟素制剂 254 140 12 069.49 7.96
解毒类 谷胱甘肽制剂 101 303 7 884.54 3.17
葡醛内酯片/胶囊 64 964 3 966.33 2.03
其他中药类 五酯片/胶囊/滴丸 202 662 4 647.47 6.34
扶正化瘀片/胶囊 68 672 3 631.19 2.15
当飞利肝宁片/胶囊 62 310 3 319.56 1.95
复方鳖甲软肝片 41 087 4 268.3 1.29
茵栀黄制剂 35 120 1 004.36 1.1
肝复乐片/胶囊 26 313 3 421.87 0.82
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703719383507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院肝病门诊开具保肝药处方按例次和金额排序和药品分类情况(Top 15)

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药品分类 药品名称 人次/例 金额/万元 人次占比/%
抗炎类 甘草酸制剂 1 250 937 41 762.98 39.16
利胆退黄类 熊去氧胆酸 371 789 29 822.85 11.64
腺苷蛋氨酸 36 083 4 640.09 1.13
茴三硫片/胶囊 23 823 783.09 0.75
肝细胞膜保护剂 多烯磷脂酰胆碱 321 223 18 728.95 10.06
抗氧化类 双环醇类制剂 262 076 21 591.89 8.2
水飞蓟素制剂 254 140 12 069.49 7.96
解毒类 谷胱甘肽制剂 101 303 7 884.54 3.17
葡醛内酯片/胶囊 64 964 3 966.33 2.03
其他中药类 五酯片/胶囊/滴丸 202 662 4 647.47 6.34
扶正化瘀片/胶囊 68 672 3 631.19 2.15
当飞利肝宁片/胶囊 62 310 3 319.56 1.95
复方鳖甲软肝片 41 087 4 268.3 1.29
茵栀黄制剂 35 120 1 004.36 1.1
肝复乐片/胶囊 26 313 3 421.87 0.82
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703815852506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保肝药治疗方案 例次(占比/%) 年均增
长率/%
2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年
甘草酸制剂 159 815(42.41) 155 272(40.07) 156 922(38.83) 170 648(39.3) 136 874(39.14) 151 919(37.97) 119 541(32.66) 132 800(27.9) -2.29
多烯磷脂酰胆碱 28 149(7.47) 30 105(7.77) 35 971(8.9) 39 157(9.02) 35 085(10.03) 41 646(10.41) 41 124(11.23) 47 717(10.03) 6.82
熊去氧胆酸 29 741(7.89) 32 489(8.38) 34 895(8.64) 38 865(8.95) 28 825(8.24) 36 671(9.17) 38 991(10.65) 42 917(9.02) 4.69
双环醇类制剂 18 184(4.83) 21 753(5.61) 24 936(6.17) 27 123(6.25) 22 588(6.46) 26 447(6.61) 25 346(6.92) 28 257(5.94) 5.66
水飞蓟素制剂 21 739(5.77) 21 840(5.64) 24 457(6.05) 25 057(5.77) 20 373(5.83) 22 977(5.74) 24 544(6.71) 33 104(6.96) 5.4
谷胱甘肽制剂 9 402(2.5) 11 762(3.04) 9 596(2.37) 11 661(2.69) 11 013(3.15) 11 839(2.96) 12 305(3.36) 12 347(2.6) 3.46
五酯片/胶囊/滴丸 8 182(2.17) 10 095(2.6) 11 430(2.83) 10 955(2.52) 8 232(2.35) 9 134(2.28) 8 025(2.19) 9 343(1.96) 1.67
葡醛内酯片/胶囊 9 363(2.48) 9 407(2.43) 9 024(2.23) 8 862(2.04) 5 705(1.63) 6 040(1.51) 5 337(1.46) 5 824(1.22) -5.76
扶正化瘀片/胶囊 6 757(1.79) 7 725(1.99) 7 716(1.91) 6 859(1.58) 3 772(1.08) 5 275(1.4) 6 325(1.73) 7 144(1.5) 0.7
当飞利肝宁片/胶囊 4 423(1.17) 4 648(1.2) 5 122(1.27) 5 372(1.24) 4 724(1.35) 5 617(1.4) 5 126(1.4) 6 209(1.31) 4.33
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂 3 878(1.03) 3 602(0.93) 3 518(0.87) 4 009(0.92) 3 607(1.03) 4 669(1.17) 4 053(1.11) 4 759(1) 2.59
茵栀黄制剂 6 602(1.75) 5 381(1.39) 4 201(1.04) 3 189(0.73) 2 151(0.62) 1 914(0.48) 1 297(0.35) 898(0.19) -22.07
复方鳖甲软肝片 4 043(1.07) 3 823(0.99) 4 126(1.02) 3 469(0.8) 2 266(0.65) 2 649(0.66) 3 618(0.99) 4 683(0.98) 1.85
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂 1 436(0.38) 2 199(0.57) 3 045(0.75) 3 646(0.84) 3 439(0.98) 4 245(1.06) 4 294(1.17) 4 603(0.97) 15.67
茴三硫片/胶囊 4 717(1.25) 3 860(1) 3 529(0.87) 3 481(0.8) 1 857(0.53) 1 959(0.49) 1 490(0.41) 903(0.19) -18.67
甘草酸制剂+熊去氧胆酸 2 484(0.66) 2 812(0.73) 3 098(0.77) 3 563(0.82) 2 488(0.71) 3 228(0.81) 2 933(0.8) 3 783(0.8) 5.4
肝复乐片/胶囊 3 062(0.81) 2 808(0.72) 2 624(0.65) 3 015(0.69) 2 763(0.79) 2 457(0.61) 1 838(0.5) 1 836(0.39) -6.19
腺苷蛋氨酸 1 275(0.34) 2 110(0.54) 2 353(0.58) 2 362(0.54) 2 850(0.81) 3 459(0.86) 3 764(1.03) 4 266(0.9) 16.3
护肝片/胶囊 2 644(0.7) 2 097(0.54) 1 755(0.43) 2 119(0.49) 2 087(0.6) 2 742(0.69) 4 311(1.18) 5 465(0.15) 9.5
九味肝泰胶囊 1 101(0.29) 1 119(0.29) 2 048(0.51) 2 720(0.63) 2 695(0.77) 3 981(0.99) 3 389(0.93) 2 917(0.61) 12.95
), ArticleFig(id=1212786703916515805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院肝病门诊不同保肝药治疗方案例次分布情况(Top 20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保肝药治疗方案 例次(占比/%) 年均增
长率/%
2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年
甘草酸制剂 159 815(42.41) 155 272(40.07) 156 922(38.83) 170 648(39.3) 136 874(39.14) 151 919(37.97) 119 541(32.66) 132 800(27.9) -2.29
多烯磷脂酰胆碱 28 149(7.47) 30 105(7.77) 35 971(8.9) 39 157(9.02) 35 085(10.03) 41 646(10.41) 41 124(11.23) 47 717(10.03) 6.82
熊去氧胆酸 29 741(7.89) 32 489(8.38) 34 895(8.64) 38 865(8.95) 28 825(8.24) 36 671(9.17) 38 991(10.65) 42 917(9.02) 4.69
双环醇类制剂 18 184(4.83) 21 753(5.61) 24 936(6.17) 27 123(6.25) 22 588(6.46) 26 447(6.61) 25 346(6.92) 28 257(5.94) 5.66
水飞蓟素制剂 21 739(5.77) 21 840(5.64) 24 457(6.05) 25 057(5.77) 20 373(5.83) 22 977(5.74) 24 544(6.71) 33 104(6.96) 5.4
谷胱甘肽制剂 9 402(2.5) 11 762(3.04) 9 596(2.37) 11 661(2.69) 11 013(3.15) 11 839(2.96) 12 305(3.36) 12 347(2.6) 3.46
五酯片/胶囊/滴丸 8 182(2.17) 10 095(2.6) 11 430(2.83) 10 955(2.52) 8 232(2.35) 9 134(2.28) 8 025(2.19) 9 343(1.96) 1.67
葡醛内酯片/胶囊 9 363(2.48) 9 407(2.43) 9 024(2.23) 8 862(2.04) 5 705(1.63) 6 040(1.51) 5 337(1.46) 5 824(1.22) -5.76
扶正化瘀片/胶囊 6 757(1.79) 7 725(1.99) 7 716(1.91) 6 859(1.58) 3 772(1.08) 5 275(1.4) 6 325(1.73) 7 144(1.5) 0.7
当飞利肝宁片/胶囊 4 423(1.17) 4 648(1.2) 5 122(1.27) 5 372(1.24) 4 724(1.35) 5 617(1.4) 5 126(1.4) 6 209(1.31) 4.33
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂 3 878(1.03) 3 602(0.93) 3 518(0.87) 4 009(0.92) 3 607(1.03) 4 669(1.17) 4 053(1.11) 4 759(1) 2.59
茵栀黄制剂 6 602(1.75) 5 381(1.39) 4 201(1.04) 3 189(0.73) 2 151(0.62) 1 914(0.48) 1 297(0.35) 898(0.19) -22.07
复方鳖甲软肝片 4 043(1.07) 3 823(0.99) 4 126(1.02) 3 469(0.8) 2 266(0.65) 2 649(0.66) 3 618(0.99) 4 683(0.98) 1.85
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂 1 436(0.38) 2 199(0.57) 3 045(0.75) 3 646(0.84) 3 439(0.98) 4 245(1.06) 4 294(1.17) 4 603(0.97) 15.67
茴三硫片/胶囊 4 717(1.25) 3 860(1) 3 529(0.87) 3 481(0.8) 1 857(0.53) 1 959(0.49) 1 490(0.41) 903(0.19) -18.67
甘草酸制剂+熊去氧胆酸 2 484(0.66) 2 812(0.73) 3 098(0.77) 3 563(0.82) 2 488(0.71) 3 228(0.81) 2 933(0.8) 3 783(0.8) 5.4
肝复乐片/胶囊 3 062(0.81) 2 808(0.72) 2 624(0.65) 3 015(0.69) 2 763(0.79) 2 457(0.61) 1 838(0.5) 1 836(0.39) -6.19
腺苷蛋氨酸 1 275(0.34) 2 110(0.54) 2 353(0.58) 2 362(0.54) 2 850(0.81) 3 459(0.86) 3 764(1.03) 4 266(0.9) 16.3
护肝片/胶囊 2 644(0.7) 2 097(0.54) 1 755(0.43) 2 119(0.49) 2 087(0.6) 2 742(0.69) 4 311(1.18) 5 465(0.15) 9.5
九味肝泰胶囊 1 101(0.29) 1 119(0.29) 2 048(0.51) 2 720(0.63) 2 695(0.77) 3 981(0.99) 3 389(0.93) 2 917(0.61) 12.95
), ArticleFig(id=1212786704029762015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保肝药治疗方案 金额(占比/%) 年均增
长率/%
2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年
熊去氧胆酸 1 294.52(15.16) 1 414.13(15.78) 1 518.85(16.28) 1 691.65(16.45) 1 254.65(12.37) 1 596.15(14.44) 1 697.14(16) 1 868.02(17.01) 4.69
甘草酸制剂 1 615.2(18.92) 1 569.29(17.52) 1 585.96(17) 1 724.69(16.78) 1 383.34(13.63) 1 535.4(13.89) 1 208.17(11.39) 1 342.17(12.22) -2.29
双环醇 614.9(7.2) 735.59(8.21) 843.23(9.04) 917.18(8.92) 763.83(7.53) 894.32(8.09) 857.09(8.08) 955.53(8.7) 5.66
多烯磷脂酰胆碱 533.73(6.25) 570.81(6.37) 682.04(7.31) 742.45(7.22) 665.24(6.56) 789.64(7.14) 779.74(7.35) 904.75(8.24) 6.82
水飞蓟素制剂 395.44(4.63) 397.28(4.43) 444.88(4.77) 455.79(4.43) 370.59(3.65) 417.96(3.78) 446.46(4.21) 602.17(5.48) 5.4
扶正化瘀片/胶囊 310.69(3.64) 355.19(3.96) 354.78(3.8) 315.38(3.07) 173.44(1.71) 242.54(2.19) 290.82(2.74) 328.48(2.99) 0.7
当飞利肝宁胶囊 221.4(2.59) 240.01(2.68) 276.45(2.96) 287.05(2.79) 228.17(2.25) 262.28(2.37) 228.3(2.15) 207.03(1.89) -0.84
谷胱甘肽制剂 190.82(2.23) 238.72(2.66) 194.76(2.09) 236.67(2.3) 223.52(2.2) 240.28(2.17) 249.74(2.36) 250.59(2.28) 3.46
复方鳖甲软肝片 220.64(2.58) 208.64(2.33) 225.17(2.41) 189.32(1.84) 123.66(1.22) 144.57(1.31) 197.45(1.86) 255.57(2.33) 1.85
肝复乐片/胶囊 223.5(2.62) 204.96(2.29) 191.53(2.05) 220.07(2.14) 201.67(1.99) 179.34(1.62) 134.16(1.27) 134.01(1.22) -6.19
双环醇类制剂+熊去氧胆酸 102.74(1.2) 132.05(1.47) 129.78(1.39) 157.34(1.53) 127.07(1.25) 163.2(1.48) 193.25(1.82) 229.08(2.09) 10.54
腺苷蛋氨酸 83.1(0.97) 137.52(1.53) 153.35(1.64) 153.94(1.5) 185.74(1.83) 225.44(2.04) 245.31(2.31) 278.03(2.53) 16.3
甘草酸制剂+熊去氧胆酸 140.08(1.64) 158.58(1.77) 174.71(1.87) 200.93(1.95) 140.31(1.38) 182.04(1.65) 165.4(1.56) 213.34(1.94) 5.4
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂 69.48(0.81) 106.4(1.19) 147.33(1.58) 176.41(1.72) 166.4(1.64) 205.4(1.86) 207.77(1.96) 222.72(2.03) 15.67
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+熊去氧胆酸 85.16(1) 82.19(0.92) 88.43(0.95) 108.5(1.06) 97.22(0.96) 128.75(1.16) 138.85(1.31) 157.08(1.43) 7.95
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂 119.1(1.39) 110.63(1.23) 108.05(1.16) 123.13(1.2) 110.78(1.09) 143.4(1.3) 124.48(1.17) 146.16(1.33) 2.59
甘草酸制剂+双环醇类制剂 84.32(0.99) 87.83(0.98) 101.14(1.08) 118.39(1.15) 101.01(1) 120.62(1.09) 103.62(0.98) 109.46(1) 3.32
五酯片/胶囊/滴丸 95.11(1.11) 117.35(1.31) 132.87(1.42) 127.35(1.24) 95.69(0.94) 106.18(0.96) 93.29(0.88) 108.61(0.99) 1.67
门冬氨酸鸟氨酸 68.76(0.81) 70.85(0.79) 68.6(0.74) 62.08(0.6) 45.67(0.45) 41.22(0.37) 41.92(0.4) 36.07(0.33) -7.75
葡醛内酯 21.43(0.25) 21.53(0.24) 20.65(0.22) 20.28(0.2) 13.06(0.13) 13.82(0.13) 12.22(0.12) 13.33(0.12) -5.76
), ArticleFig(id=1212786704117842404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1212692428847502114, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

2016—2023年119家医院不同保肝药治疗方案药费分布情况(万元,Top 20)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
保肝药治疗方案 金额(占比/%) 年均增
长率/%
2016年 2017年 2018年 2019年 2020年 2021年 2022年 2023年
熊去氧胆酸 1 294.52(15.16) 1 414.13(15.78) 1 518.85(16.28) 1 691.65(16.45) 1 254.65(12.37) 1 596.15(14.44) 1 697.14(16) 1 868.02(17.01) 4.69
甘草酸制剂 1 615.2(18.92) 1 569.29(17.52) 1 585.96(17) 1 724.69(16.78) 1 383.34(13.63) 1 535.4(13.89) 1 208.17(11.39) 1 342.17(12.22) -2.29
双环醇 614.9(7.2) 735.59(8.21) 843.23(9.04) 917.18(8.92) 763.83(7.53) 894.32(8.09) 857.09(8.08) 955.53(8.7) 5.66
多烯磷脂酰胆碱 533.73(6.25) 570.81(6.37) 682.04(7.31) 742.45(7.22) 665.24(6.56) 789.64(7.14) 779.74(7.35) 904.75(8.24) 6.82
水飞蓟素制剂 395.44(4.63) 397.28(4.43) 444.88(4.77) 455.79(4.43) 370.59(3.65) 417.96(3.78) 446.46(4.21) 602.17(5.48) 5.4
扶正化瘀片/胶囊 310.69(3.64) 355.19(3.96) 354.78(3.8) 315.38(3.07) 173.44(1.71) 242.54(2.19) 290.82(2.74) 328.48(2.99) 0.7
当飞利肝宁胶囊 221.4(2.59) 240.01(2.68) 276.45(2.96) 287.05(2.79) 228.17(2.25) 262.28(2.37) 228.3(2.15) 207.03(1.89) -0.84
谷胱甘肽制剂 190.82(2.23) 238.72(2.66) 194.76(2.09) 236.67(2.3) 223.52(2.2) 240.28(2.17) 249.74(2.36) 250.59(2.28) 3.46
复方鳖甲软肝片 220.64(2.58) 208.64(2.33) 225.17(2.41) 189.32(1.84) 123.66(1.22) 144.57(1.31) 197.45(1.86) 255.57(2.33) 1.85
肝复乐片/胶囊 223.5(2.62) 204.96(2.29) 191.53(2.05) 220.07(2.14) 201.67(1.99) 179.34(1.62) 134.16(1.27) 134.01(1.22) -6.19
双环醇类制剂+熊去氧胆酸 102.74(1.2) 132.05(1.47) 129.78(1.39) 157.34(1.53) 127.07(1.25) 163.2(1.48) 193.25(1.82) 229.08(2.09) 10.54
腺苷蛋氨酸 83.1(0.97) 137.52(1.53) 153.35(1.64) 153.94(1.5) 185.74(1.83) 225.44(2.04) 245.31(2.31) 278.03(2.53) 16.3
甘草酸制剂+熊去氧胆酸 140.08(1.64) 158.58(1.77) 174.71(1.87) 200.93(1.95) 140.31(1.38) 182.04(1.65) 165.4(1.56) 213.34(1.94) 5.4
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂 69.48(0.81) 106.4(1.19) 147.33(1.58) 176.41(1.72) 166.4(1.64) 205.4(1.86) 207.77(1.96) 222.72(2.03) 15.67
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+熊去氧胆酸 85.16(1) 82.19(0.92) 88.43(0.95) 108.5(1.06) 97.22(0.96) 128.75(1.16) 138.85(1.31) 157.08(1.43) 7.95
多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂 119.1(1.39) 110.63(1.23) 108.05(1.16) 123.13(1.2) 110.78(1.09) 143.4(1.3) 124.48(1.17) 146.16(1.33) 2.59
甘草酸制剂+双环醇类制剂 84.32(0.99) 87.83(0.98) 101.14(1.08) 118.39(1.15) 101.01(1) 120.62(1.09) 103.62(0.98) 109.46(1) 3.32
五酯片/胶囊/滴丸 95.11(1.11) 117.35(1.31) 132.87(1.42) 127.35(1.24) 95.69(0.94) 106.18(0.96) 93.29(0.88) 108.61(0.99) 1.67
门冬氨酸鸟氨酸 68.76(0.81) 70.85(0.79) 68.6(0.74) 62.08(0.6) 45.67(0.45) 41.22(0.37) 41.92(0.4) 36.07(0.33) -7.75
葡醛内酯 21.43(0.25) 21.53(0.24) 20.65(0.22) 20.28(0.2) 13.06(0.13) 13.82(0.13) 12.22(0.12) 13.33(0.12) -5.76
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2016—2023年中国119家医疗机构肝病门诊保肝药用药分析
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武一 1 , 潘晨 1 , 姜静 2 , 程吟楚 3 , 赵莹 1 , 周效竹 1 , 刘冉佳 1 , 崔向丽 1, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(17): 1658-1664
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(17): 1658-1664
2016—2023年中国119家医疗机构肝病门诊保肝药用药分析
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武一1, 潘晨1, 姜静2, 程吟楚3, 赵莹1, 周效竹1, 刘冉佳1, 崔向丽1, *
作者信息
  • 1 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院药学部, 北京 100050
  • 2 中国人民解放军火箭军特色医学中心生殖医学中心, 北京 100086
  • 3 北京大学第三医院药剂科, 北京 100191
  • 武一,男,博士,药师 研究方向:临床药学

通讯作者:

* 崔向丽,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(010)80838511
Analysis of Hepatoprotective Drugs Utilization in Hepatology Outpatients in 119 Chinese Hospitals from 2016 to 2023
Yi WU1, Chen PAN1, Jing JIANG2, Yinchu CHEN3, Ying ZHAO1, Xiaozhu ZHOU1, Ranjia LIU1, Xiangli CUI1, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
  • 2 Reproductive Medical Center, PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100086, China
  • 3 Department of Pharmacy, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
出版时间: 2024-09-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.014
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目的 分析国内医院门诊患者的保肝药药物使用特征和药费情况,为合理用药提供参考。方法 收集并统计2016年1月至2023年12月全国9个城市119家医疗机构的保肝药相关门诊处方数据,分析保肝药物的临床应用情况。结果 本研究共调取3 194 167例患者的8 635 977张处方。门诊开具保肝药相关诊断最多的是乙型肝炎(7.59%)、肝硬化(5.11%)和非酒精性脂肪肝炎(4.53%),其中开具1~2种保肝药处方占比98.15%,口服剂型占比97.29%。近8年保肝药的药费总额从8 537.91万元增长至10 980万元,次均药费从85.15元增长至95.52元。甘草酸制剂是最常用的单药保肝方案,多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂治疗是最常用的联合保肝方案。结论 保肝药药费呈逐年上升趋势,给医保带来一定的负担,本研究对近8年全国肝病门诊保肝药用药情况进行分析,为未来开展保肝药物的综合评价提供基础数据支持。

乙型肝炎  /  保肝药  /  处方分析  /  药费  /  甘草酸制剂

OBJECTIVE To analyze the characteristics and drug cost of hepatoprotective drugs among outpatients in domestic hospitals and provide references for rational drug use. METHODS The outpatient prescription data of 119 hospitals in 9 cities from January 2016 to December 2023 was collected, and the clinical application of hepatoprotective drugs was analyzed. RESULTS A total of 8 635 977 prescriptions from 3 194 167 patients were obtained in this study. The most frequent diagnoses of hepatoprotective drugs were hepatitis B (7.59%), liver cirrhosis (5.11%) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (4.53%).98.15% of prescriptions for 1-2 hepatoprotective drugs are prescribed, and oral dosage forms account for 97.29%. The total drug cost of hepatoprotective drugs increased from 85.38 million yuan to 109.8 million yuan, and the average drug cost per time increased from 85.15 yuan to 95.52 yuan. The glycyrrhizin preparation was the most used regimen, and the polyene phosphatidylcholine+glycyrrhizin preparation was the most used regimen. CONCLUSIONS The aggregate costs on hepatoprotective medications appears a consistent annual increase, which brings economic burden to medical insurance. This study analyzes the trend of hepatoprotective drug costs in the past 8 years, which is of great significance to the drug management of patients with liver disease.

hepatitis B  /  hepatoprotective drugs  /  prescription analysis  /  drug cost  /  glycyrrhizin preparation
武一, 潘晨, 姜静, 程吟楚, 赵莹, 周效竹, 刘冉佳, 崔向丽. 2016—2023年中国119家医疗机构肝病门诊保肝药用药分析. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (17) : 1658 -1664 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.014
Yi WU, Chen PAN, Jing JIANG, Yinchu CHEN, Ying ZHAO, Xiaozhu ZHOU, Ranjia LIU, Xiangli CUI. Analysis of Hepatoprotective Drugs Utilization in Hepatology Outpatients in 119 Chinese Hospitals from 2016 to 2023[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (17) : 1658 -1664 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.014
肝炎是由不同病原体或者药物等多种原因引起的肝脏损伤疾病,其中最常见乙型肝炎、药物性肝损伤、酒精/非酒精性脂肪肝炎等[1-2]。我国乙肝发病率逐年上升,根据《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》显示,目前我国一般人群乙肝流行率约为6.1%,慢性乙肝病毒感染者约8 600万例,其中慢性乙型肝炎患者有2 000~3 000万例[3]。慢性乙肝最终会导致肝硬化和肝癌。
我国临床常用的保肝药物主要包含抗炎类、利胆类、解毒类、降酶类、肝细胞膜修复保护剂、促进能量代谢类和一些中成药。但是,保肝药物在保护肝脏的同时也会增加肝脏负担,并可能导致其损伤。因此,合理使用保肝药物至关重要。目前,保肝药物说明书与国内肝病相关指南和共识存在一定差异,超说明书用药现象比较普遍。一些国内共识推荐异甘草酸镁和双环醇等保肝药用于各种肝炎治疗,但药物说明书未列出相关适应证[4-5]。此外,国内外指南对保肝药物的品种和推荐使用也存在争议,国外指南未推荐甘草酸制剂、谷胱甘肽等保肝药的使用,而国内指南则推荐使用[6-7]。对于中国庞大的乙肝和非酒精性脂肪肝炎等病人群,保肝药的不合理使用会给医保带来一定负担。因此,本研究分析了2016—2023年中国9个城市119家医疗机构开具的保肝药处方,旨在为保肝药合理使用提供参考。
数据来自中国药学会医院药学专业委员会的“医院处方分析合作项目”,经医院伦理委员会审核通过,已对所有处方数据进行脱敏处理,不涉及伦理问题。本研究调取2016年1月至2023年12月北京、上海、广州、天津、杭州、郑州、成都、哈尔滨及沈阳共9个城市119家医疗机构的肝病门诊处方数据,其中包含三级医院106家,二级医院10家,一级医院3家。该数据库每个季度随机抽取10个工作日的门诊处方数据进行分析,在含有保肝药的处方中提取以下信息:患者年龄、性别、就诊人次、保肝药种类、报销类型和保肝药联用情况等。
处方纳入标准为:①诊断含乙肝、肝硬化酒精性脂肪肝炎、非酒精性脂肪肝炎、肝癌、药物性肝损伤、自身免疫性肝病、自身免疫性肝炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化或胆管炎和丙型肝炎等;②处方中含≥1种保肝药,保肝药包括:甘草酸类制剂、水飞蓟素类制剂、双环醇类制剂、利胆类药物、解毒类药物、肝细胞膜修复保护剂、促进能量代谢类药物和其他保肝类中成药在内的总计49种药物;③统计患者基本情况,包括年龄、性别和保肝药使用情况等。
排除标准:①无保肝药处方;②无肝病相关诊断。所有患者个人信息被加密脱敏处理。
采用Excel 2021处理数据,统计患者基本情况(包括患者年龄、性别分布)和保肝药使用情况(包括药费、人次、报销情况等)。总人数按患者就诊人次统计,若同一患者就诊2次及以上,按患者就诊次数计算总人数,若患者单次就诊处方数大于1张,计1人次。
本研究共调取近8年来自9个城市的各级医院保肝药相关处方数据,总计包含3 194 167例次患者的8 635 977张处方。患者基本信息见表1,开具1~2种保肝药的患者男女比例约为1∶1,而开具保肝药种类≥3的患者男性多于女性。年龄分布方面,开具1~2种保肝药的患者以18~45岁居多,开具保肝药种类≥3的患者以45~60岁居多,两组比较具有显著性差异。就诊时间方面,开具1~2种保肝药的患者以2018年占比最多,开具保肝药种类≥3的患者以2023年占比最多。保肝药类型方面,1~2种保肝药的患者开具抗炎类最多,而保肝药种类≥3的患者开具中成药类最多。医保报销类型均以部分报销为主,两类人群中分别占比48.73%和43.6%;其次是自费,分别占比22.34%和22.63%。
对开具保肝药处方的相关诊断进行排名,结果见表2,开具保肝药的相关诊断的前5名分别为乙型肝炎、肝硬化、非酒精性脂肪肝炎、肝癌和胆汁淤积。其中,开具1~2种保肝药患者诊断最多的为乙型肝炎(7.51%),其次是肝硬化(4.91%)和非酒精性脂肪肝炎(4.49%);而1次开具保肝药≥3种的患者诊断最多的为肝硬化(15.82%),其次是乙型肝炎(12.16%)和药物性肝损伤(7.26%)。患者其他相关疾病诊断最多的均为肿瘤或者癌症,在开具1~2种保肝药患者人群中占8.3%,在开具保肝药种类≥3的患者人群中占比更高,占16.66%。
对开具保肝药相关处方药费进行统计,结果见表3~4。按照年份分析,2016—2023年间门诊开具保肝药患者总例次、处方药费总额、保肝药药费总额、处方次均药费总额、保肝药次均药费年均增长率分别为1.72%、4.42%、3.19%、2.65%、1.45%。在2016—2023年期间,每年保肝药处方约100万例次,保肝药药费总额呈上升趋势,从8 537.91万元增长至10 980万元;保肝药次均药费逐步上升,从85.15元增长至103.19元;8年间保肝药药费处方占比均在40%以上。按照城市分析,在9个城市之中,保肝药处方总例次和药费总额上海、广州和成都最多;而上海、广州和北京联用保肝药≥3种的占比最高。这可能与不同地区人口数量、肝病发病率和医院诊疗方案差异相关。按照医院级别分析,保肝药处方例次和金额三级医院最多,同时联用保肝药≥3种的占比也最高,可能由于三级医院肝病门诊患者数量较多,同时重症患者的数量也比一、二级医院更多。保肝药剂型中口服剂型占比97.29%。
对处方开具保肝药物按照患者例次和药物金额进行排序和分类,结果见表5。按照患者例次排序,抗炎类、利胆类、肝细胞膜保护剂类保肝药开具最多;按照药品金额排序,抗炎类、利胆类、抗氧化类保肝药开具最多。例次和总金额最多的均为甘草酸制剂,此类药物包括甘草酸单铵、复方甘草酸苷、甘草酸二铵及异甘草酸镁等。其次是熊去氧胆酸类药物,例次占比为11.64%。
对保肝药治疗方案进行分析,2016—2023年间不同保肝药治疗方案患者例次情况见表6。保肝药治疗方案中单药治疗方案使用最多,近8年间单药用药方案例次最多的为甘草酸制剂、多烯磷脂酰胆碱和熊去氧胆酸类药物治疗方案,单药用药方案中甘草酸制剂一直占据主导地位,但总例次呈现下降趋势,年均减少2.29%。在多药联合保肝方案中,总例次最多的方案为多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂、多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂和甘草酸制剂+熊去氧胆酸。其中,多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂的联合用药方案呈现例次逐年增长趋势,年平均增长15.67%。
2016—2023年间不同保肝药治疗方案药费情况见表7。近8年间单药用药方案按药费总金额排序依次是熊去氧胆酸制剂、甘草酸制剂和双环醇类药物。熊去氧胆酸药费占比较高,年均1 541.88万元,年均增长4.69%。在多药联合保肝方案中药费总金额最多为双环醇+熊去氧胆酸、甘草酸制剂+熊去氧胆酸和多烯磷脂酰胆碱+双环醇类制剂。这3种联合用药方案药费总金额在8年间均呈现逐步增加的趋势。
本研究首次利用来自全国9个城市的119家医疗机构肝病门诊处方数据对患者保肝药的使用情况和合理性进行评估,总计提取了2016—2023年间3 194 167患者例次的8 635 977张处方,开具保肝药相关诊断最多的是乙型肝炎和肝硬化;保肝药的药费总额和次均药费均呈逐年上升趋势。以甘草酸制剂为代表的抗炎类保肝药单药治疗方案是最常使用的方案,其次是熊去氧胆酸为代表的利胆药物。多烯磷脂酰胆碱+甘草酸制剂则是使用总例次最多的联合用药治疗方案。根据表3保肝药药费分析结果,119家医院每年肝病门诊处方中保肝药费用占比超过40%,2023年保肝药处方总额已超过1亿元,并且逐年增加。由于处方抽样为1个季度的10 d,可以推测实际保肝药处方金额将达到每年10亿元,而在全国范围内甚至会达到上百亿元,这将占据我国每年医保额度的相当大比例。保肝药种类较多,合理使用可最大限度保护肝脏、减少非必需用药。使用时要考虑药物作用机制、肝损伤类型及程度、临床表现及经济因素。同时临床药师应监督保肝药的合理使用,及时报告不合理使用情况,协助个体化给药,确保用药安全有效[8-9]
目前,临床保肝药的使用标准参差不齐,药物种类繁多,使用疗程、作用机制等方面也存在差异。对于肝功能异常的患者,仅仅使用保肝药进行指标降低是无效的,需要对病因进行治疗。例如使用抗病毒药物进行病因治疗,肝指标会自然下降,使用保肝药的意义较小。同时保肝药的使用,尤其是多药联用,也可能增加药物性肝损伤的风险。目前国外多个肝病相关指南并未提及保肝药治疗,甚至世界卫生组织也未推荐,但在国内使用保肝药较为普遍。究其原因是国内外指南与共识对于保肝药的使用尚且存在争议。2019年欧洲肝脏研究学会发表的《欧洲肝脏研究协会临床实践指南:药物性肝损伤》指出:N-乙酰半胱氨酸用于改善对乙酰氨基酚以外药物引起严重肝损伤的疗效尚未得到确证(推荐强度:D;证据:4级),熊去氧胆酸用于改善严重肝损伤的疗效尚未得到确证(推荐强度:D;证据:4级)[10];《美国自身免疫性肝炎诊疗指南》中提到免疫治疗联合熊去氧胆酸可以减缓胆汁淤积型肝炎的进展;《亚太肝脏研究协会药物性肝损伤共识指南》指出N-乙酰半胱氨酸可用于治疗对乙酰氨基酚引起的固有型药物性肝损伤,但是其作为解毒药物而并非保肝药物[7,11]。此外,《美国慢性乙型肝炎治疗指南》中只建议使用(核苷类似物和干扰素类),但未提到保肝药相关治疗;《美国肝病协会非酒精性脂肪肝病临床实践指导》中否定了熊去氧胆酸和水飞蓟素作为非酒精性脂肪肝的治疗手段[12-13]。而在我国《药物性肝损伤诊治指南(2023年版)》和《慢性乙型肝炎防治指南(2022年版)》中,则多次提到了保肝药物的使用,但是也指出对肝组织炎症明显或谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase,ALT)水平明显升高的患者,可以酌情使用,但不宜多种联合[3,6]。国内对于保肝药的临床应用管理相对更为宽泛,国内医院各个科室均会开具保肝药,包括预防性或者降指标为目的的治疗,这导致保肝药处方金额逐年上升,产生了不合理使用的现象[4,6,14-15]
关于保肝药处方的合理性分析,常见不合理用药包括联用2种以上保肝药、重复用药、无高危因素预防性使用保肝药或者无适应证用药等几个方面。首先,目前无证据显示2种以上保肝药的联合应用有更好的疗效,因此国内外指南均不推荐2种以上保肝药联合使用[6]。肝病治疗过程中常多药联用,发生药物性肝损害的几率较高,增加药费金额,降低依从性,直接影响患者的治愈率[16-17]。在开具保肝药数量方面,保肝药1~2种的患者有3 134 996例(98.15%),而保肝药种类≥3的有59 171例(1.85%)。分析其人群特征,此类人群相对年龄更大(45~60岁为主),肝硬化伴有癌症和肿瘤的诊断比例更高(16.66%),开具中成药类保肝药为主(33.67%),同时经济成本也更高(次均药费731.6元)。其次,《中国药物性肝损伤诊治指南(2023年版)》等多个指南均不推荐同时使用两种以上相同药理作用的保肝药[6,18-19]。本研究观察到一些处方开具多种保肝药联合用药时选择同种类型的保肝药,其中最常见的有抗炎类和解毒类,此类处方属于重复用药[20]。因此,临床开具保肝药处方时需正确认识保肝药的作用机制和特性,根据不同的病因、病期、病情,针对性地选择 1~2种不同药理作用的保肝药即可。此外,指南不推荐患者进行预防性使用保肝药,如果预防性使用保肝药应充分评估患者的危险因素,同时建议使用口服制剂[21-22]。由于保肝药也经肝肾代谢,会出现药物相互作用、配伍禁忌以及导致药品不良反应发生率增加,甚至引起转氨酶反跳[15]。本研究收集到的保肝药处方几乎都有肝炎等相关肝损伤的诊断,很少出现无适应证用药或者无高危因素预防性使用保肝药,同时,近8年间开具保肝药口服剂型的占比为97.29%,且逐年上升,注射剂型占比逐年下降。
本研究调取近8年来全国119家医疗机构的保肝药处方,数据量大,但也存在一定的局限性。本研究只收集了保肝药处方的相关信息,由于处方可获取的信息有限,只有诊断、药品和费用等基本信息,无法获取患者相关的肝功检验指标、治疗效果和安全性指标等信息,因此患者使用多种保肝药物治疗方案有效性有待进一步评估。此外,本研究数据是从每个季度随机抽取10个工作日的门诊处方信息进行分析,并非实际的数据,只在一定程度上反映和估算保肝药处方的总例数和总药费情况。
综上所述,本研究为医院制订更合理的保肝药治疗方案提供了参考。未来国内应该尽快开展多中心保肝药物的有效性、安全性、经济性评价,减少不合理使用。临床实践应加强监督,定期报告保肝药的不合理使用情况及纠正措施,确保用药安全、有效、合理。
  • 国家卫生健康委医院管理研究所医院药学高质量发展研究项目资助(NIHAYS2302)
  • 北京药学会临床药学研究项目资助(LCYX-2022-16)
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2024年第59卷第17期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.17.014
  • 接收时间:2024-01-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-30
  • 出版时间:2024-09-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-26
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国家卫生健康委医院管理研究所医院药学高质量发展研究项目资助(NIHAYS2302)
北京药学会临床药学研究项目资助(LCYX-2022-16)
作者信息
    1 首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院药学部, 北京 100050
    2 中国人民解放军火箭军特色医学中心生殖医学中心, 北京 100086
    3 北京大学第三医院药剂科, 北京 100191

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* 崔向丽,女,博士,主任药师 研究方向:临床药学 Tel:(010)80838511
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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