Article(id=1200147948135870870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)12-1165-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.12.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1678118400000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067168505, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1718985600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067168505, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067168505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067168505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147945191469403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='12', pageStart='1065', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067167804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067403507, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148933856035173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148933856035174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1165, endPage=1170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147948408500647, articleId=1200147948135870870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=System Analysis of Pediatric Regulation in the European Union, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To analyze the key contents of paediatric regulation in the European Union (EU) and identify the characteristics of the European regulation for paediatric medicines. METHODS A literature review was conducted to analyze the EU paediatric regulation, relevant guidance documents and published literatures. RESULTS The EU has established the paediatric medicines committee, which is specifically responsible for issues related to the regulation of paediatric medicines. Moreover, the EU has systematically designed the regulation around four aspects including obligations, rewards and incentives, other initiatives for paediatric medicines research and information and transparency measures. CONCLUSION The EU attaches great importance to building a professional team for the regulation of paediatric medicines, focusing on both mandatory and incentives, and emphasizing the concepts of the whole life cycle of medicines and dynamic adjustments, which provide a comprehensive guarantee for promoting the development and availability of paediatric medicines. It deserves to be studied and learned from.

, correspAuthors=Liping QU, Shiyu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiuli LI, Dan LI, Liping QU, Tingmo ZHANG, Dingkun ZHANG, Shiyu WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147948660158904, articleId=1200147948135870870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=欧盟儿科药品管理条例系统解析, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 系统剖析欧盟儿科药品管理条例的核心内容,揭示欧盟儿科药品监管特点。方法 采用文献研究法分析欧盟儿科药品管理条例、有关指导文件及国内外文献情况。结果 欧盟设置儿科药品委员会专门负责儿科药品监管相关事宜,并围绕强制义务要求、奖励与激励措施、其他促进儿科药品研究的措施、信息透明措施4大核心内容进行系统设计,具有强制与激励相结合、多措并举确保有效实施和贯穿药品全生命周期的特点。结论 欧盟重视儿科药品监管专业队伍建设,注重强制与激励并行,强调药品全生命周期和动态调整理念,为促进儿科药品开发与可获得性提供了全方位保障,值得我国借鉴。

, correspAuthors=瞿礼萍, 王世宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*瞿礼萍,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:药品监管科学与中药国际化 Tel:(028)61800231;
王世宇,女,博士,教授 研究方向:药事管理 Tel:(028)61800231
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李秀丽,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药事管理与法规

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李秀丽,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药事管理与法规

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李秀丽,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药事管理与法规

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Questions and answers on the procedure of PIP compliance verification at EMA, and on pediatric rewards(revised December 2014)[EB/OL]. [2014-12-15]. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2009/09/WC500003916.pdf., articleTitle=Questions and answers on the procedure of PIP compliance verification at EMA, and on pediatric rewards(revised December 2014, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200147953508774580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147948135870870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-11/inventory_on_paediatrics_07-2008_en_0.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=European Medicines Agency, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Medicines Agency. 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[2021-06-12]. https://health.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-12/2020_annual_report.pdf., articleTitle=Report to the European Commission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200147954150503109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147948135870870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202308/content_6899905.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Circular on the Issuance of the Fourth List of Medicines for Children Encouraged for Research and Development Declaration[EB/OL]. [2023-08-22]. https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/202308/content_6899905.htm., articleTitle=Circular on the Issuance of the Fourth List of Medicines for Children Encouraged for Research and Development Declaration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200147954251166409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147948135870870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/regulatory-procedural-guideline/guidance-stepwise-pip-pilot_en.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=European Medicines Agency, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=European Medicines Agency. Guidance for Stepwise PIP pilot[EB/OL]. [2023-02-06]. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/regulatory-procedural-guideline/guidance-stepwise-pip-pilot_en.pdf., articleTitle=Guidance for Stepwise PIP pilot, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200147954515407565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147948135870870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=49, issue=7, pageStart=618, pageEnd=621, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=CHEN W, OUYANG Z L, GUO W J, journalName=Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHEN W, OUYANG Z L, GUO W J, et al. Study on pediatric drug regulatory strategies in Japan[J]. Chin Pharm J(中国药学杂志), 2014, 49(7): 618-621., articleTitle=Study on pediatric drug regulatory strategies in Japan, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200147954632848083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147948135870870, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=28, issue=1, pageStart=31, pageEnd=34, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=NIU Z X, XING Y B, MA S L, journalName=J Pediatr Pharm(儿科药学杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=NIU Z X, XING Y B, MA S L. Children's medication compliance and lts influencing factors[J]. 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环节 义务要求 奖励与激励 其他促进措施 信息透明措施
研究阶段 PIP申请 SPC制度 公共扶持资金项目 EudraCT
免费科学建议和协助 欧盟儿科用药研究网络 EU CTR
成员国奖励与激励措施清单 儿科用药需求清单 受益与未履行义务清单
上市许可阶段 PIP完成情况检查 SPC制度 儿科标识 EudraCT
PUMA EU CTR
受益与未履行义务清单
上市后阶段 PIP年度报告 SPC制度 儿科标识 EudraCT
上市期限 EU CTR
撤市要求 受益与未履行义务清单
欧盟药品信息数据库
), ArticleFig(id=1200147952313397898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147948135870870, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

欧盟儿童药品管理条例(PR)围绕儿科药品全生命周期各环节设计的监管措施

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环节 义务要求 奖励与激励 其他促进措施 信息透明措施
研究阶段 PIP申请 SPC制度 公共扶持资金项目 EudraCT
免费科学建议和协助 欧盟儿科用药研究网络 EU CTR
成员国奖励与激励措施清单 儿科用药需求清单 受益与未履行义务清单
上市许可阶段 PIP完成情况检查 SPC制度 儿科标识 EudraCT
PUMA EU CTR
受益与未履行义务清单
上市后阶段 PIP年度报告 SPC制度 儿科标识 EudraCT
上市期限 EU CTR
撤市要求 受益与未履行义务清单
欧盟药品信息数据库
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欧盟儿科药品管理条例系统解析
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李秀丽 , 李丹 , 瞿礼萍 * , 张廷模 , 张定堃 , 王世宇 *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(12): 1165-1170
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(12): 1165-1170
欧盟儿科药品管理条例系统解析
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李秀丽, 李丹, 瞿礼萍*, 张廷模, 张定堃, 王世宇*
作者信息
  • 成都中医药大学药学院, 成都 611137
  • 李秀丽,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:药事管理与法规

通讯作者:

*瞿礼萍,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:药品监管科学与中药国际化 Tel:(028)61800231;
王世宇,女,博士,教授 研究方向:药事管理 Tel:(028)61800231
System Analysis of Pediatric Regulation in the European Union
Xiuli LI, Dan LI, Liping QU*, Tingmo ZHANG, Dingkun ZHANG, Shiyu WANG*
Affiliations
  • School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
出版时间: 2024-06-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.014
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目的 系统剖析欧盟儿科药品管理条例的核心内容,揭示欧盟儿科药品监管特点。方法 采用文献研究法分析欧盟儿科药品管理条例、有关指导文件及国内外文献情况。结果 欧盟设置儿科药品委员会专门负责儿科药品监管相关事宜,并围绕强制义务要求、奖励与激励措施、其他促进儿科药品研究的措施、信息透明措施4大核心内容进行系统设计,具有强制与激励相结合、多措并举确保有效实施和贯穿药品全生命周期的特点。结论 欧盟重视儿科药品监管专业队伍建设,注重强制与激励并行,强调药品全生命周期和动态调整理念,为促进儿科药品开发与可获得性提供了全方位保障,值得我国借鉴。

儿科药品  /  监管  /  强制义务  /  奖励  /  激励  /  全生命周期

OBJECTIVE To analyze the key contents of paediatric regulation in the European Union (EU) and identify the characteristics of the European regulation for paediatric medicines. METHODS A literature review was conducted to analyze the EU paediatric regulation, relevant guidance documents and published literatures. RESULTS The EU has established the paediatric medicines committee, which is specifically responsible for issues related to the regulation of paediatric medicines. Moreover, the EU has systematically designed the regulation around four aspects including obligations, rewards and incentives, other initiatives for paediatric medicines research and information and transparency measures. CONCLUSION The EU attaches great importance to building a professional team for the regulation of paediatric medicines, focusing on both mandatory and incentives, and emphasizing the concepts of the whole life cycle of medicines and dynamic adjustments, which provide a comprehensive guarantee for promoting the development and availability of paediatric medicines. It deserves to be studied and learned from.

pediatric medicine  /  regulation  /  mandatory obligation  /  rewards  /  incentive  /  life cycle
李秀丽, 李丹, 瞿礼萍, 张廷模, 张定堃, 王世宇. 欧盟儿科药品管理条例系统解析. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (12) : 1165 -1170 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.014
Xiuli LI, Dan LI, Liping QU, Tingmo ZHANG, Dingkun ZHANG, Shiyu WANG. System Analysis of Pediatric Regulation in the European Union[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (12) : 1165 -1170 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.014
儿童由于处于生长发育阶段,解剖生理特点不同于成人,药物在其体内的吸收、分布、代谢、排泄等动态过程与成人存在较大差异,对儿童和成人群体的疗效和毒性反应往往不同[1],因而不能简单地将儿童视为缩小版成人。然而,目前儿科用药品种、专用剂型和规格少,供应量不足,儿科用药成人化和分剂量用药现象突出,所带来的不合理用药、用药错误造成的药物性损害是儿科临床上长期面临的现实难题[2]。药品监管政策是政府宏观调控医药市场的重要手段,对药品市场发挥着关键导向作用。如何创新监管机制、加速儿科药品研发与上市对解决儿科用药短缺问题尤为重要。欧盟是较早重视儿科用药短缺问题的地区之一,2006年颁布“儿科药品管理条例”(paediatric regulation,PR),即Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006以后,逐步建立了完善的儿科药品监管制度,有力促进了欧盟儿科用药的发展[3]。本研究以PR为对象,在分析立法背景与目的、相关概念的基础上,系统解析强制义务要求、奖励与激励、其他促进措施和信息透明措施这4大核心内容,以期揭示欧盟儿科药品监管特点,为进一步完善我国儿科药品监管体系提供参考。
由于儿童患者数量较成人少,研发技术难度和风险大,还存在伦理、法律等诸多因素的限制,新药在上市前多缺乏儿童人群临床试验研究数据,致使儿科用药信息缺失,儿童人群发生不良反应的风险往往更大[4]。为激励企业研发动力,欧洲药品局(European Medicines Agency, EMA)1997年组织了儿科用药问题圆桌会议,就加强儿科药品监管立法特别是引入激励制度进行了讨论[5]。2004年,欧盟委员会提交了儿科药品立法提案,系统讨论了制约儿科药品研究的问题与应对措施。经过多轮磋商,PR于2006年12月12日颁布,2007年1月26日正式实施。欧盟施行PR目的主要是希望更好地促进儿科药品研发与可获得性,并尽可能保障儿科药品相关临床试验符合伦理学标准,为不同年龄段儿童患者人群提供充分的用药信息。
欧盟PR对儿童人群、儿科用药研究计划(paediatric investigation plan, PIP)、儿科适应证药品(medicinal product authorised for a paediatric indication)、儿科使用上市许可(paediatric use marketing authorization, PUMA)等4个主要术语在法律视阈下的含义进行了界定[6]。儿童人群,系指自从出生后到18岁之间的人群,这与国际《儿童权利公约》基本一致。PIP是指为获取必要的儿科临床试验数据并通过儿童人群上市许可而开展的药物研究与开发计划,其目的旨在评估药物对不同年龄组儿童人群的安全性、有效性及质量可控性。PIP的具体内容包括所有年龄组儿童的需求、疾病及其诊断与治疗概述(尤其是儿童与成人的差异)、药品已有研究概述、额外的儿科研究计划等。儿科适应证药品是指获准在部分或全部年龄组儿童人群中使用,并在产品特性摘要中予以体现的人用药品,也即本研究所指儿科药品。PUMA系针对不受欧盟1768/92/EEC条例规定的补充保护证书(supplementary protection certificate, SPC)或符合SPC授予条件的专利保护药品,授予其在儿童患者人群使用的上市许可,包括适宜的规格、剂型或给药途径。
根据PR第3条,EMA于2007年成立了儿科药品委员会(Paediatric Committee, PDCO),与人用药品委员会、孤儿药委员会、草药药品委员会、先进疗法委员会、药物警戒风险评估委员会和兽用药品委员会共同构成EMA下设的7大专家委员会,在欧盟药品监管网络中发挥着核心作用。PDCO由人用药品委员会成员、欧盟各成员国药品主管部门(National Competent Authority, NCA)相关人员、患者协会及医疗保健专业人员等组成,涵盖药物研发、全科医学、儿科医学、儿科药学、儿科药理学、药物警戒、伦理及公共卫生等多个科学领域。总体上,PDCO的核心职责是评估企业提交的针对儿童人群研究计划的PIP内容及其相关豁免或延期问题。当企业按获批PIP要求完成研究工作后,PDCO还应进一步负责评价研究数据,并向欧盟人用药品委员会或各国NCA提供有关产品质量、安全与有效性的评价意见。PDCO的其他职责还包括调查、收集儿童用药数据并向欧盟各成员国提供建议、为EMA欧洲儿科研究网络(European network of paediatric research at the European Medicines Agency, Enpr-EMA)的发展提供建议和技术支持、就儿科药品向EMA或欧盟委员会提供科学建议、建立并定期更新儿科药品需求清单等[6]
欧盟PR围绕儿科药品上市许可的要求与程序、上市后要求、奖励与激励、沟通与协调等方面进行了系统规定。从条款的具体内容分析,主要涉及强制义务要求、奖励与激励措施、其他促进儿科药品研究的措施和信息透明措施这4大核心内容。
欧盟PR在强制义务要求方面的内容主要体现为对PIP的规定,旨在通过强制规定确保对儿童人群有潜在治疗价值的药品尽可能地开展儿科研究。所有新药上市许可持有人(marketing authorization holder,MAH)均须在完成成人药动学研究前向PDCO提交PIP,由其评价明确儿科药品开发所需的药学研究、临床前研究、临床试验计划、时限等要求。MAH后续在提交新药上市许可申请或已上市药品的新适应证、新剂型、新给药途径等产品申请的过程中,亦须提交依据获批PIP要求完成的研究数据。为了确保MAH严格按要求完成研究,PR还提出了PIP完成情况检查(compliance check),规定NCA或PDCO在评审上市许可申请及上市后变更申请当中,须审查产品是否严格按PIP要求开展了儿科研究工作,并决定是否给予对应的奖励政策,即儿科药品补充保护(见“2.2”项下)。
当儿科研究无法与成人研究同步完成时,欧盟允许企业延期开展PIP研究(deferral),以避免因儿科研究导致新药在成人群体上市时间的延迟。但无论延期与否,MAH最终都须按PIP要求完成相应研究工作。为最大程度确保儿科研究的开展,PR又进一步规定延期开展PIP的药品必须按要求以年度报告的方式向EMA上报其儿科研究进展情况。当药品在儿童人群可能不安全、无效或用治只影响成人群体疾病时,欧盟也允许PIP研究豁免(waiver),包括部分豁免(partial waiver)和完全豁免(full waiver),分别免除部分或全部儿科年龄组的研究。此外,还有一类药物类别豁免(class waiver),主要适用于只发生在成人群体疾病的药品,如治疗恶性肿瘤的性激素受体调节剂、性激素代谢调节剂、性激素和生长激素及其释放或抑制因子等[7]
除了以PIP为代表的强制义务要求,PR也同时配套了用以支持儿科药品研发的奖励与激励措施,其中最为首要的是儿科药品SPC制度。根据PR第36~38条,在欧盟获得上市许可且申报资料包含PIP研究结果的所有药品,无论最终是否批准儿科适应证,其SPC期限均可额外延长6个月;儿科孤儿药可在孤儿药10年市场独占期的基础上额外延长2年;不受专利或SPC保护的药品开发儿科适应证的,PR还提出了专有上市许可——PUMA,并给予10年数据保护,这对其在保护期内免受仿制药冲击起到了积极作用。与此同时,欧盟亦规定受益于儿科药品SPC制度的所有药品须在产品信息中反映PIP研究结果[8],这对完善药品说明书儿童用药信息具有重要价值。
此外,PR规定欧盟及各成员国应定期制定并发布奖励与激励措施详细清单。例如,在欧盟PR实施初期,PDCO即发布了奥地利、意大利、法国等17个成员国在财政拨款、成立儿科工作小组、国家研究项目、中小企业特别扶持办法等措施[9]。此外,欧盟PR亦规定EMA需为企业或研究者免费提供儿科研究相关的科学建议(scientific advice,SA),针对儿科孤儿药,还应进一步提供研究方案协助(protocol assistance,PA)。据统计,PDCO在2009—2018年间总计提供了943次SA和1 009次PA[10]。奖励与激励措施详细清单及针对性SA、PA对儿科药品补充保护制度形成了有效补充,共同发挥着促进儿科药品研发的积极作用。
为了全方位促进儿科药品研发,PR在“2.2”奖励与激励措施基础上,还制定了一系列其他促进措施,主要涉及促进儿科药品研发的其他措施,以及确保儿科药品批准上市后可获得性方面的举措。其中,在促进儿科药品研发方面包括3个措施:①针对仿制药或药品说明书未涵盖儿科应用的上市药品设立多种公共扶持资金项目,截至2015年,已有20个药品通过欧盟框架项目(the European Union Framework Programs,FP)获得儿科研究经费[11];②建立欧盟儿科用药研究网络,由专业儿科临床研究人员和研究中心共同组建欧洲儿科研究网络,形成网络内部及与利益相关者之间的有效协作,推动儿科用药安全与有效性的高质量研究,提高医护人员、父母及照顾者等对儿科临床试验必要性的认识等;③规定PDCO及各成员国调查收集药品儿童人群使用数据并建立儿科用药需求清单,2011年EMA公开的调查报告显示欧盟儿科用药需求主要集中在抗心律失常药、降压药(肾素-血管紧张素抑制剂和β-受体阻滞剂)、质子泵抑制剂和H2受体拮抗剂、平喘药、抗抑郁药、青少年避孕药和幼龄儿童抗生素等领域[12]。儿科用药需求清单不仅从临床需求角度对儿科药品开发起到了积极导向作用,而且有助于PDCO在评价PIP过程中综合判断儿科研究的必要性,亦利于医护人员和患者了解儿科用药信息。
在确保儿科药品批准上市后的可获得性方面,欧盟给予获批儿科适应证的药品儿科专用标识,便于大众更易于辨识。PR亦明确规定了儿科药品须在获批后2年内上市销售,补充保护期结束后需停止生产、撤市的儿科药品,MAH应至少提前6个月告知EMA,并将药品上市许可转让或授权第三方使用,以保障儿科药品的市场投放率以及长期供应。
在信息透明措施方面,PR主要设计了促进儿科研究信息与临床用药信息公开的相关内容。其一,规定及时公开儿科药品临床研究数据。PR要求MAH应在完成儿科研究的6个月内,向EMA或NCA提交儿科研究的所有信息,并将临床试验结果上传至欧盟药品临床试验数据库(European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database, EudraCT);若相关临床试验尚未在EudraCT注册,则需先进行注册。同时,公众可通过欧盟药品临床试验注册库(European Union Clinical Trials Register, EU CTR)获取其中的儿科临床试验以及Ⅱ~Ⅳ期成人临床试验数据。其二,公开已上市儿科药品用药信息。为便于公众获取已上市药品的用药信息,欧盟于2006年12月建立欧盟药品信息数据库(EudraPharm),系统收集了包括儿科药品在内的所有人用药品信息,为公众提供上市药品产品特性概要、包装与标签等的在线查询服务。随着数据库的完善,EudraPharm于2019年6月被欧盟57号条款数据库(Article 57 database)取代。此外,PR亦规定EMA应定期向欧盟委员会报告企业或药品受益于PR奖励与激励政策(如SA与PA、儿科药品补充保护等)以及未遵守PR所规定义务要求(如PIP研究)的情况。2021年EMA向欧盟委员会提交的报告显示,EMA在2020年提供了167次儿科SA和PA,对29个新药的SPC期限额外延长了6个月,对2个孤儿药的市场保护期额外延长了2年,同时亦公布了未在规定时间内提交PIP申请的64个药品、未通过PIP完成情况检查的93个药品情况[13]
欧盟PR围绕义务要求、奖励与激励、其他促进措施和信息透明措施4大方面系统设计,其实质是实行强制与激励相结合。一方面,以PIP为促进儿科药品发展的关键手段进行全程规定,辅以PIP完成情况检查等作为强化保障措施,促使企业在研发与上市阶段完成PIP,在上市后阶段提供年度报告,为推动儿科研究、完善儿科临床用药信息提供了重要保障。另一方面,设计了以延长市场保护期为特点的儿科药品SPC制度,并配合PUMA、SA与PA、仿制药专项支持和儿科用药需求清单和儿科药品专用标识等,成功引导并激发了企业儿科研究的积极性。
《中国儿童发展纲要(2011—2020年)》已明确提出儿科用药短缺问题,指出“鼓励儿童专用药品研发和生产”的重要性。2019年《药品管理法》和2020年《药品注册监管办法》将鼓励儿科用药研制和创新提至法律法规层面,对具有明确临床价值、符合儿童生理特征的儿童用新品种、剂型和规格实行优先审评审批。截至2023年8月,国家已印发《鼓励研发申报儿童药品清单》4批[14],合计有129个药品被纳入清单。近年来国家药品监督管理局(NMPA)也陆续发布了儿科人群药动学研究、儿科用药临床药理学、临床试验、成人用药数据外推至儿科人群等技术指导原则,为指导企业开展儿科研究提供了重要技术支持。这些举措标志着我国儿科药品监管体系正在不断完善,但可以发现主要为激励措施,尚缺乏对企业的强制要求和承担儿科研究的社会责任规定,激励举措亦缺乏系统设计,也存在落实落地问题,要切实推动我国儿科药品发展和保障儿科用药,还有待优化。
从药品全生命周期的角度看,欧盟PR的4大核心内容贯穿了儿科药品的研发、上市许可和上市后等各个阶段,且具体内容在不同阶段的分布与侧重各有不同,见表1。在研究阶段,PR强制要求PIP,同时重视强制与激励相结合,并尤其强调奖励与激励措施、其他促进措施的“组合拳”布局与全方位设计,确保促进企业开展儿科研究的效果。从表1可以看出,研发阶段也是PR规定最多和最全面的环节,这与它是药品上市准入前的起始阶段,直接关系着药品质量、安全性和有效性问题是密切相关的。在上市许可阶段,PR以PIP为主线进一步强化企业开展儿科研究的强制义务要求,包括实行上市审批过程中的PIP完成情况检查,提出PUMA针对性支持非专利药开展儿科研究,给予儿科药品专用标识等。在上市后阶段,除了进一步围绕PIP实行年度报告制度,亦围绕可获得性问题,对儿科药品获批后的上市销售和撤市做出专门规定。PR的信息透明措施贯穿了药品全生命周期,为保障儿科研究信息公开透明、避免重复研究提供了重要支撑。此外,欧盟对儿科药品的监管也是不断根据实际发展情况动态完善的,例如在对PIP的规定方面,EMA逐渐认识到新药研发的特殊性,药物研发早期评估PIP存在一定程度的不确定性,研发后期大多需修改PIP内容,因而在2023年2月提出了渐进式PIP试点项目(stepwise PIP, sPIP)[15]。药品是特殊商品,在全生命周期的不同阶段特点迥异。我国从2019年《药品管理法》到2023年《药品标准管理办法》亦均强调药品全生命周期监管理念,未来在出台儿科药品激励与强制措施当中,也应结合药品不同生命周期阶段的动态特点有针对性进行研究和系统布局。
欧盟专门在EMA下设儿科药品专业监管机构PDCO,不仅负责对PIP提交审核、研究开展、延期或豁免的全过程监管,而且肩负调查收集儿童用药数据、制定儿科用药需求清单和为Enpr-EMA提供技术支持等重要职责,在欧盟儿科药品监管体系中发挥着关键作用。我国近2年亦重视专门队伍建设,2021年NMPA药品审评中心组建儿童用药专项小组,一线调研儿童用药实际需求和研发难点,并针对研发中的实际困难进行了沟通指导。但这仅仅是第一步,儿童是特殊群体,儿科药品研发技术难度大,安全性要求高,主管部门需开展大量的技术与监督工作,应进一步加强监管专业队伍建设,才能切实发挥监管对市场的正向引导作用。与此同时,在借鉴国际经验的同时,也必须立足国情,我国正处于深化药品审评审批制度改革新阶段,要在NMPA设立PDCO这类专门监管机构存在现实困难,但仍可进一步加强我国现有的儿童用药专项小组队伍建设,系统设计并明确职责范围。例如,日本亦未设立专门的儿科药品监管机构,而是围绕监管和促进儿科研究有针对性地成立了儿科用药研究小组、未获批药品研究小组,分别就日本获批的上市药品儿童用药数据收集评估,以及未获批药品的国际用药信息在日本进行研究和及时转化开展相关工作[16]
根据第七次人口普查数据,我国0~14岁人口数量达2.53亿(占比约17.95%),居世界第二位。从患病人口数量看,中国患病儿童约占总患病人数的19.4%[17]。由此可见,我国儿科药品需求巨大,如何发挥制度优势、保障我国儿科临床用药是值得深思的课题。本研究系统分析欧盟PR的结果提示其不仅明确界定了儿科药品有关概念,设置了专业机构负责儿科药品的评价和监管相关事宜;更重要的是,PR系统设计了义务要求、奖励与激励、其他促进研发措施和信息透明措施4大核心内容,实行强制与激励相结合的监管模式,从监管政策层面为促进儿科药品开发与可获得性提供了药品全生命周期、全方位的保障。Tomasi等[18]对PR实施10年效果的评价结果提示,欧盟2007年1月至2016年12月共批准了273个儿科新药和43个适用于儿童人群的新剂型产品,比较分析施行前后批准数据发现PR明显推动了更多儿科药品的上市使用。PR对改善欧盟儿科用药短缺的临床现实问题起到了积极促进作用,对我国儿科药品相关监管体系的完善等具有良好的借鉴价值。
  • 国家社会科学基金青年项目资助(18CGJ036)
  • 成都中医药大学“杏林学者”学科人才科研提升计划传承创新专项资助(CCYB2022008)
  • 四川省天府青城计划天府科技菁英项目资助(川青城第1341号)
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2024年第59卷第12期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.014
  • 接收时间:2023-03-07
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-06-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-07
基金
国家社会科学基金青年项目资助(18CGJ036)
成都中医药大学“杏林学者”学科人才科研提升计划传承创新专项资助(CCYB2022008)
四川省天府青城计划天府科技菁英项目资助(川青城第1341号)
作者信息
    成都中医药大学药学院, 成都 611137

通讯作者:

*瞿礼萍,女,博士,副教授 研究方向:药品监管科学与中药国际化 Tel:(028)61800231;
王世宇,女,博士,教授 研究方向:药事管理 Tel:(028)61800231
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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