Article(id=1200147946030330205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)12-1082-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.12.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1677513600000, receivedDateStr=2023-02-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067168003, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1718985600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067168003, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067168003, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067168003, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147945191469403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='12', pageStart='1065', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067167804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067403507, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148933856035173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148933856035174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1082, endPage=1092, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147946223268190, articleId=1200147946030330205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Progress in the Application of Nano-drug Delivery System Based on Active Ingredients of Chinese Medicine for the Synergistic Treatment of Breast Cancer, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Active ingredients in Chinese medicine have great potential to be used in breast cancer treatment to improve the efficacy of existing breast cancer treatment strategies. By influencing different signaling pathways to produce different mechanisms of action, active ingredients in Chinese medicine enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to the effects of chemical, hormonal or gene therapeutic agents, reduce toxic side effects or inhibit the efflux of anticancer drugs. In this paper, it is reviewed the strategies for the combination of Chinese herbal active ingredients with other breast cancer therapeutic agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents, hormones, gene agents, small molecule inhibitors and inorganic mixtures, and intelligently design nano-delivery systems to co-deliver Chinese herbal active ingredients and other breast cancer therapeutic agents for the synergistic treatment of breast cancer. Nanocarriers offer various advantages including improved solubility, increased stability and enhanced tumor targeting, thus overcoming the clinical application limitations of the active ingredients of TCM.

, correspAuthors=Yuehua LIAO, Dongdong ZENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Mengmeng ZHANG, Gaofan SHI, Jing CHENG, Yuehua LIAO, Dongdong ZENG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147947900989838, articleId=1200147946030330205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于中药活性成分纳米递药系统协同治疗乳腺癌的应用进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

中药活性成分在乳腺癌治疗的应用中具有极大的潜力,可以提高现有乳腺癌治疗策略的疗效。中药活性成分通过影响不同的信号通路产生不同的作用机制,增强肿瘤细胞对化学、激素或基因治疗剂等作用的敏感性,减少毒副作用或抑制抗癌药物的外排。纳米载体提供了各种优点,包括改善溶解度、增加稳定性和增强肿瘤靶向性,从而克服中药活性成分的临床应用限制。本文就中药活性成分与其他乳腺癌治疗药物的联合使用策略,如化疗药、激素、基因药物、小分子抑制剂和无机混合物等,并智能设计纳米递药体系,共递送中药活性成分和其他乳腺癌治疗药物协同治疗乳腺癌的进展进行综述。

, correspAuthors=廖跃华, 曾冬冬, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*廖跃华,女,硕士生导师,副教授 研究方向:微纳米药物制剂研究 Tel:(021)51655896;
曾冬冬,女,硕士生导师,副研究员 研究方向:纳米材料与生物传感器 Tel:(021)51655896
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张蒙蒙,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:纳米材料载药

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HES-橙皮素;HSA-人血清白蛋白;APBA-3-氨基苯基硼酸;EXE-依西美坦;BKC-苯扎氯铵;PC-磷脂酰胆碱;PLX-多醛酸。

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基于中药活性成分纳米递药系统协同治疗乳腺癌的应用进展
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张蒙蒙 1 , 施高凡 2 , 程静 2 , 廖跃华 2, * , 曾冬冬 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(12): 1082-1092
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(12): 1082-1092
基于中药活性成分纳米递药系统协同治疗乳腺癌的应用进展
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张蒙蒙1, 施高凡2, 程静2, 廖跃华2, *, 曾冬冬2, *
作者信息
  • 1 上海中医药大学研究生院, 上海 201203
  • 2 上海健康医学院医疗器械学院, 上海 201318
  • 张蒙蒙,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:纳米材料载药

通讯作者:

*廖跃华,女,硕士生导师,副教授 研究方向:微纳米药物制剂研究 Tel:(021)51655896;
曾冬冬,女,硕士生导师,副研究员 研究方向:纳米材料与生物传感器 Tel:(021)51655896
Progress in the Application of Nano-drug Delivery System Based on Active Ingredients of Chinese Medicine for the Synergistic Treatment of Breast Cancer
Mengmeng ZHANG1, Gaofan SHI2, Jing CHENG2, Yuehua LIAO2, *, Dongdong ZENG2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Graduate School, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203,China
  • 2 School of Medical Devices, Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai 201318,China
出版时间: 2024-06-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.003
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中药活性成分在乳腺癌治疗的应用中具有极大的潜力,可以提高现有乳腺癌治疗策略的疗效。中药活性成分通过影响不同的信号通路产生不同的作用机制,增强肿瘤细胞对化学、激素或基因治疗剂等作用的敏感性,减少毒副作用或抑制抗癌药物的外排。纳米载体提供了各种优点,包括改善溶解度、增加稳定性和增强肿瘤靶向性,从而克服中药活性成分的临床应用限制。本文就中药活性成分与其他乳腺癌治疗药物的联合使用策略,如化疗药、激素、基因药物、小分子抑制剂和无机混合物等,并智能设计纳米递药体系,共递送中药活性成分和其他乳腺癌治疗药物协同治疗乳腺癌的进展进行综述。

纳米载体  /  共递送  /  中药  /  协同作用  /  乳腺癌

Active ingredients in Chinese medicine have great potential to be used in breast cancer treatment to improve the efficacy of existing breast cancer treatment strategies. By influencing different signaling pathways to produce different mechanisms of action, active ingredients in Chinese medicine enhance the sensitivity of tumor cells to the effects of chemical, hormonal or gene therapeutic agents, reduce toxic side effects or inhibit the efflux of anticancer drugs. In this paper, it is reviewed the strategies for the combination of Chinese herbal active ingredients with other breast cancer therapeutic agents, such as chemotherapeutic agents, hormones, gene agents, small molecule inhibitors and inorganic mixtures, and intelligently design nano-delivery systems to co-deliver Chinese herbal active ingredients and other breast cancer therapeutic agents for the synergistic treatment of breast cancer. Nanocarriers offer various advantages including improved solubility, increased stability and enhanced tumor targeting, thus overcoming the clinical application limitations of the active ingredients of TCM.

nanocarrier  /  co-delivery  /  traditional Chinese medicine  /  synergistic effect  /  breast cancer
张蒙蒙, 施高凡, 程静, 廖跃华, 曾冬冬. 基于中药活性成分纳米递药系统协同治疗乳腺癌的应用进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (12) : 1082 -1092 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.003
Mengmeng ZHANG, Gaofan SHI, Jing CHENG, Yuehua LIAO, Dongdong ZENG. Progress in the Application of Nano-drug Delivery System Based on Active Ingredients of Chinese Medicine for the Synergistic Treatment of Breast Cancer[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (12) : 1082 -1092 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.003
乳腺癌是女性最常见的癌症,其转移和复发给乳腺癌的治疗带来了新的挑战[1]。大约30%的早期乳腺癌患者最终会因转移而复发,转移性乳腺癌在很大程度上被认为是无法治愈的,尽管目前有可用的治疗方案,但其5年内生存率仅为26%[2]。在过去几年中,乳腺癌已成为最具破坏性的癌症之一,每年产生数百万新病例[3]。乳腺癌的治疗通常采用多模式方法,根据乳腺癌的分期、亚型以及患者的耐受性,治疗方法包括手术、放疗、激素治疗、HER2靶向治疗或化疗[4]。然而大多数患者接受了手术、放疗或常规化疗,在这种全身治疗中,化疗药物通过抑制癌细胞的增殖起作用,但也给患者带来严重副作用,这些副作用包括严重的全身毒性、低水平的药物摄取以及多药耐药性[5]
在这种背景下,中药被认为是强大的抗癌药物,因其含有数千种成分,可以共同对抗癌症[6-7]。分离纯化的中药活性成分在治疗乳腺癌方面表现出巨大的潜力,引起了人们的关注[8]。但中药活性成分直接给药存在生物利用度差、渗透性差、部分中药活性成分溶解度差、代谢快、作用脱靶等问题,这意味着治疗药物可能会与人体内的蛋白质或其他分子结合,而不是与治疗靶点结合,导致意想不到的副作用[9]。此外,水溶性中药活性成分,如黄酮类化合物和萜类化合物,在细胞膜上的吸收较低,从而降低了药效和生物利用度[10]。为了提高中药活性成分的生物功效,将其与化疗药、激素或基因治疗等组合可以增强乳腺癌治疗的协同效应,纳米技术的出现实现了双重药物的有效负载、增加药物溶解度、改善药代动力学分布、增加药物积累和保留以及控制药物的按需释放,以纳米技术为基础的联合治疗研究成为热点[11]。为了达到以上目的,研究对纳米颗粒进行了优化设计[12]。在乳腺癌长效治疗中,通过可生物降解载体或纳米载体负载中药活性成分和致敏剂进行靶向治疗,以不同的方式发挥作用,使癌细胞更容易死亡[13]。该策略可以实现有效靶向(图1),降低有效剂量,最小化对正常细胞的毒性以确保患者的良好生活质量,提高中药活性成分的溶解度进而增强药物作用,通过被动靶向和主动靶向实现药物持续可控释放,增加治疗药物在肿瘤组织中的积累[14]
本文重点介绍为联合治疗乳腺癌提供改进的智能纳米给药系统,以及讨论它们确切的作用机制,包括协同效应、增强效应或加性效应,并举例说明,以期为安全有效治疗乳腺癌提供新的思路。
如今以纳米粒子作为载体的递药是乳腺癌治疗的主要策略,特别是靶向联合治疗[11]。纳米给药系统的最大优势是可以在同一载体上以控释的方式共传递多种治疗药物,并改善这些治疗药物的药效学和药代动力学[15]。无论是“纳米颗粒+游离药物”的组合(一个药物封装在纳米颗粒中,另一个游离)还是“纳米颗粒+纳米颗粒”的组合(将两种药物分别封装在两个独立的纳米颗粒中),这2种组合方法可能会导致一些治疗药物无法抵达目标治疗部位,同时两种药物之间的协同作用会减弱[16]。因此,最佳的治疗方案是将2种药物共包封在同一纳米颗粒中,以确保2种药物之间最大的协同作用和疗效,最大限度地提高了细胞内的药物浓度,用于治疗乳腺癌。
目前,中药活性成分的主要来源是中草药,由于其在癌症治疗中的重要作用而成为抗癌药物开发的热点。中药提取物中很多活性成分的存在可能导致相互作用、失去活性和产生新的副作用,中药活性成分治疗存在严重的局限性,只有在治疗浓度范围内才能发现其治疗效果[7]。多种类型的纳米载体(图2),如纳米乳剂、高分子囊泡、聚合物胶束、纳米胶囊、量子点、纳米粒子和脂质体与抗癌中药活性成分结合,可以克服疏水性的问题和降低有效剂量[17]。值得注意的是,生物可降解的聚合物纳米颗粒,特别是那些被聚乙二醇(PEG)等亲水性聚合物包裹的纳米颗粒,有延长治疗药物的血浆循环时间的效果[18]。此外,它们大表面积与体积比允许纳米颗粒表面修饰功能化的靶向基团[19]
化疗是治疗乳腺癌最普遍的方法,化疗药物可以杀死乳腺癌细胞或阻止乳腺癌细胞向身体其他组织器官的扩散和生长[20]。然而,化疗在杀死乳腺癌细胞的同时也严重影响体内所有快速生长和分裂的正常细胞,如骨髓产生的新血细胞或是毛发、胃、生殖器官和皮肤中的细胞[21]。中药活性成分和化疗药物的联合治疗可以减少高剂量单药治疗相关的副作用,还可以通过提供多种作用机制来抑制肿瘤的多药耐药[22]。但这一治疗方案会给健康细胞造成损伤,为了解决这一问题,药物递送系统显示了它的优势,特别是纳米载体具有智能控释、强大负载能力、靶组织特异性积累和规避宿主防御机制等特点[23]
多柔比星(DOX)是三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)化疗的核心药物之一,但其耐药性严重限制了其临床应用[24]。黄芪是一味具有悠久药用历史的中药,黄芪甲苷(astragaloside IV,AS-IV)是从黄芪中提纯的生物活性化合物,已被证明具有多种生物活性,包括抗癌[25]。前期Yue等[26]的研究发现AS-IV对DOX耐药有很好的逆转作用,制备了叶酸配体(FA)和八精氨酸多肽(R8)共修饰的新型靶向脂质体(FA-R8-LPs)共递送DOX和AS-IV用于TNBC的治疗。FA-R8-LPs-DOX/AS脂质体中DOX和AS-IV的EE和DL结果显示在冻干前后,DOX的包封率仍在98%左右,载药率在4.6%左右,AS-IV的包封率仍在97%左右,载药率在14%左右,结果表明FA-R8-LPs-DOX/AS具有优异的双药包封效果,为其疗效提供坚实的基础。该新型脂质体系统不仅实现了两种溶解度差异很大的药物的共递送,而且成功结合了FA配体的靶向特异性和R8的高效内化能力,实现了优异的肿瘤靶向和抗肿瘤作用。与未修饰的载药脂质体和R8单修饰的脂质体相比,FA-R8双修饰的载药脂质体对MDA-MB-231/DOX细胞的增殖抑制率更高,逆转DOX耐药的效果明显。因此,FA-R8双修饰脂质体共递送系统可能为TNBC的治疗提供一种新方法。
5氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)通常在细胞周期的G1-S期阻断肿瘤细胞。PTX和5-FU组合具有独特的作用机制、非重叠毒性和潜在的协同作用。许多研究表明,PTX联合5-FU对治疗某些实体瘤,特别是原发性/转移性乳腺癌有疗效和耐受性[27]。Chen等[28]制备了一种d-[KLAKLAK]2(KLA)修饰的脂质体(KLA-5-FU/PTX Lps)共递送5-FU和PTX,可以在肿瘤细胞线粒体中递送和积累化疗药物,快速诱导细胞凋亡。在3种TNBC细胞系中,5-FU和PTX的联合应用比任何一种单药本身都更能降低细胞活力,且剂量为3 μg·mL-1的5-FU和2 μg·mL-1的PTX的组合显示出有效的协同效应。该研究在细胞、分子和整体动物水平上都证明了KLA-5-FU/PTX Lps比含有游离药物或未修饰脂质体的对照组具有更好的抗肿瘤活性,脂质体中共存的PTX和5-FU显示出理想的抗肿瘤作用,这有利于减少必要的给药次数,从而提高患者的依从性。脂质体无明显的全身毒性。研究结果表明,KLA-5-FU/PTX Lps是一种有前途的系统,可以靶向将抗肿瘤药物递送到线粒体作为TNBC的治疗方法。
顺铂(Cis)是一种化疗药物,用于治疗多种癌症,包括乳腺癌。姜黄素(curcumin,Cur)可以使细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK1/2)失活,通过下调胸苷磷酸化酶(TP)来增强Cis的细胞毒性;或通过抑制HIF-1表达和激活caspase-3来增强Cis的抗癌效果。Mahmoudi等[29]首次将Cur插入顺铂(顺式)脂质体的双层膜中,以获得剂量控制的共递送制剂,能够诱导乳腺癌细胞凋亡。采用响应面法(RSM)优化纳米脂质体(Cur-Cis@NLP)中Cur和Cis的浓度;RSM优化对Cur和Cis的包封效率分别为99.81%和23.86%。透射电镜分析表明所制备的纳米颗粒平均直径为100 nm。Cur-Cis@NLPs浓度的细胞毒性评估显示出浓度依赖性。与游离和顺铂(顺式)脂质体相比,Cur-Cis@NLPs显著降低了乳腺癌细胞的活力。Cur-Cis@NLPs的CI组合指数值<1,表明所设计的共递送系统具有协同效应。此外,流式细胞术测定显示,Cur-Cis@NLPs触发的细胞凋亡比顺铂(顺式)脂质体高约10倍。这种共给药系统具有包封和释放疏水以及亲水药物的潜力,同时利用降低细胞毒性作用的优势以及实现高效力。
中药活性成分与烷化剂类(Cis)、抗代谢类(5-FU)以及蒽环类化疗药物的联合纳米递药系统治疗乳腺癌的例子,表明纳米共给药系统有递送多种抗癌药物的潜力,在最小化对身体的毒性的同时发挥最大的治疗效果。然而这些联合治疗在长期的使用过程中,一些成分之间的相互作用可能会产生新的副作用或失去活性,可能是与新的活性成分的结合造成的。因此基于纳米技术的中药活性成分联合化疗药物治疗乳腺癌可能产生的新的副作用为未来一项重要挑战。
乳腺癌被认为是激素依赖性癌症,许多激素疗法已经被FDA批准用于乳腺癌的治疗,激素治疗主要是通过使用某些类固醇激素药物来减缓或抑制癌症的发展,这些药物会阻碍激素的产生或改变其活性[30]。研究表明毒性低和疗效高的抗癌中药活性成分,与激素类药物一起使用时,在具有相同疗效的情况下,两种治疗药物的需求量显著减少[31]。乳腺癌患者通过服用激素药物,抑制雌激素受体来降低癌细胞周围的激素浓度,超过70%的乳腺癌是雌激素受体阳性(ER+),通常使用他莫昔芬(TAM)阻断雌激素受体[32]。虽然TAM被认为是ER+的有效治疗方法,但长期服用会伴随许多并发症和产生耐药性[33]
白藜芦醇(Res)是一种存在于多种植物中的多酚类天然生物活性化合物,1997年被证实具有抗癌作用[34]。Al-jubori等[35]基于脂质药物传递系统的层层(LbL)纳米颗粒,制备涂有多层正电荷壳聚糖和负电荷透明质酸的液晶纳米颗粒(LCNPs),共递送TAM和Res,以评价其对乳腺癌细胞的生物相容性和治疗性能。结果表明,在MCF-7和CAL-51细胞系中,通过TAM/Res-LbL-LCNPs的治疗增加凋亡途径的重要调节剂p53和caspase-8的表达诱导细胞凋亡。Res通过降低Akt和ERK1/2磷酸化以及激活caspase-3和PARP裂解,在MCF-7和MCF-7/TR细胞中克服TAM耐药。TAM/Res-LbL-LCNPs对人类红细胞具有治疗有效性、安全性和生物相容性,在小鼠中没有明显的毒性、不良副作用或行为异常,这意味着它们在生物医学应用中的安全性。
Cur是从姜黄根茎中分离出来的多酚类天然产物,具有抗炎、抗氧化和抗肿瘤活性,临床研究表明,单独使用Cur或与其他药物联合使用对乳腺癌患者具有良好的抗癌活性,且无副作用[36]。Fatemizadeh等[37]制备了负载TAM和Cur的囊泡递药系统,用于乳腺癌的治疗。载药囊泡递送至乳腺癌细胞中,导致bax和p53基因的上调和bcl2基因的下调,与游离TAM和Cur的组合相比,负载TAM-Cur的递药囊泡增加了MCF-7细胞的凋亡率,这是由于2种药物之间的协同作用以及囊泡递药系统更高的细胞摄取。
红景天苷(Sal)是红景天根茎中的主要活性成分,具有良好的抗氧化活性,可抑制多种癌细胞的增殖,研究表明Sal在体外可以抑制乳腺癌细胞生长并诱导细胞凋亡[38]。Yu等[39]采用聚乳酸-羟基乙酸(PLGA)-聚乙二醇(PEG)-PLGA三嵌段共聚物,制备了含有亲水性药物Sal和疏水性药物TAM的纳米颗粒(NPs),以实现协同治疗乳腺癌。生理条件下(pH7.4),NPs中Sal和TAM的缓释时间显著延长。使用4T1细胞系的CCK-8检测显示,与游离TAM悬液相比,Sal-TAM NPs的IC50值显著降低。体内抗肿瘤研究和药代动力学研究表明,与游离TAM悬液相比,Sal-TAM NPs具有更高的抗肿瘤活性和更长的循环时间。
尽管中药与激素联合治疗乳腺癌具有更好的抗肿瘤活性、更长的循环时间以及更高的细胞摄取率,但仍应开展广泛的临床研究,以检测由于激素对其他重要器官的协同抑制而产生严重不良反应的可能性,因为这可能会干扰人体某些激素的功能。例如,使用激素疗法治疗乳腺癌的女性可能会出现阴道干涩和情绪波动等副作用[40]。因此中药活性成分联合激素协同治疗乳腺癌需要越来越多的研究,以确保在其他人体器官上的安全性。
基因疗法是乳腺癌治疗中重要方法之一,常见的基因治疗工具有:短发夹核糖核酸(shRNA),小干扰核糖核酸(siRNA),微型核糖核酸(miRNA),以及脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)[41]。它们抗癌的作用机制是促凋亡蛋白的表达、突变基因的替代、抗癌细胞因子的产生、抑制MDR、沉默致癌途径和激活免疫系统[42-43]。虽然基因治疗有巨大的治疗潜力,但仍有许多亟待解决的问题,未经修饰的基因工具由于缺乏特定的靶点和低细胞摄取,会被核酸酶迅速降解,并从体内迅速清除,siRNA的血清半衰期限制在5~60 min,而裸DNA的半衰期仅为10 min[44]。在这种背景下,纳米技术的革命推动新型药物载体的出现,这些纳米载体旨在克服基因治疗乳腺癌的挑战。近年研究表明,单一基因的乳腺癌治疗仅有短暂和部分的抗癌作用[45]。为了解决这一问题,纳米递药系统共递送中药活性成分和基因药物用于乳腺癌的治疗,具有作用持久、克服多药耐药、促进细胞凋亡和抑制血管生成的潜在作用。
Nasab等[46]将以Feco-聚乙烯亚胺(FeCo-PEI)纳米粒子为基础的三元磁性共聚物与聚乳酸-聚乙二醇(PLA-PEG)基因递送体系形成纳米颗粒,将叶酸(FA)和葡萄糖(Glu)偶联于载体表面,优化载体对肿瘤组织的选择性,将siRNA和PTX同时包封在纳米颗粒中,该纳米药物对MCF-7和BT-474细胞活力影响显著,由于其具有FA和Glu的多靶点特性,对乳腺癌细胞的抗癌作用显著增强(图3)。
Luo等[47]开发了一种多功能纳米复合物,可同时递送PTX和STAT3 siRNA(siSTAT3),以抑制乳腺癌细胞生长并防止癌细胞转移。PTX通过疏水相互作用被包封在合成的聚乙烯亚胺-聚乳酸-硫辛酸(PPL)胶束中,而siSTAT3通过静电相互作用缩合到聚乙烯亚胺上。载药纳米复合物(siSTAT3-PPL-PTX)的表面电荷通过涂有透明质酸(HA)将其转化为负性。多功能纳米复合物(HA/siSTAT3-PPL-PTX)通过主动靶向机制有效地进入CD44过表达的4T1细胞。由于PTX和siSTAT3的协同作用,HA/siSTAT3-PPL-PTX对肿瘤细胞表现出增强的细胞毒性。体外证实有效抑制4T1细胞中的细胞迁移和侵袭。更重要的是,在原位4T1荷瘤小鼠中观察到了显著的抗肿瘤功效,对主要器官无副作用,并且在4T1转移模型中肺转移受到有效抑制。
Swami等[48]开发并探索了负载多西紫杉醇(DTX)的pH敏感SIRT1 shRNA脂质复合物(DTX-lipoplex)来提高治疗乳腺癌的潜力。pH敏感脂质(DOPE)被掺入脂质体的双层中,这使得系统对pH变化具有环境敏感性。将阳离子脂质(DOTAP)掺入脂质体双层使囊泡增加了与核酸的复合能力。通过体外和体内实验表明,与上市的非pH敏感脂质转染剂和临床对照品(Taxotere®)相比,DTX-lipoplex在肿瘤细胞内的DTX浓度高出约3倍,从而显著降低肿瘤体积(约78%)。
纳米递药系统共递送中药活性成分和基因药物用于乳腺癌的治疗,对乳腺癌起到了一个靶向协同抑制作用,然而联合使用基因治疗乳腺癌的一个基本问题是,耐药性的发展以及确定转移部位的困难无法靶向转移性乳腺癌,其他挑战包括临床应用、资金、伦理和政策问题。应致力于设计一种理想的乳腺癌中药联合基因疗法,这种疗法能够治疗转移性乳腺癌,对正常细胞的无影响。
小分子抑制剂药物与中药活性成分的共同递送用于乳腺癌的治疗在临床实践中广泛应用,将其封装成大分子载体有望有助于平衡速率和比例的药物释放,并靶向特定的乳腺癌细胞。
橙皮素(hesperetin,Hes)是一种从柑橘类水果中提取的黄酮类化合物,具有多种药理活性,包括心脏保护、抗炎、抗氧化和抗癌活性[49]。Gaber等[50]采用蛋白质涂层方法制备了白蛋白壳油芯纳米胶囊(NCs),共同装载了疏水性药物依西美坦(EXE)和有较强芳香化酶抑制活性的Hes,用于靶向治疗乳腺癌。EXE直接封装在油性核心中,预先配制的磷脂复合物形式的Hes可以溶解于油相。除了白蛋白介导的与albondin和SPARC的结合外,苯基硼酸与白蛋白壳化学偶联可产生额外的肿瘤靶向性。靶向纳米载体表现出增强对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞内化作用,从而协同增强细胞毒性(图4)。与非靶向药物和游离药物组合相比,靶向纳米载体在荷瘤小鼠中显示出优异的抗癌活性。与阳性对照组相比,靶向纳米载体显著减少了肿瘤体积(7倍)和降低Ki67表达(3倍)。
来曲唑(letrozole,LET)作为芳香化酶抑制剂,用于治疗绝经后女性荷尔蒙阳性的乳腺癌,该药水溶性低,代谢快且副作用大[51]。Jamshidifar等[52]设计了一种磁性纳米脂质体载体,磁性NiCoFe2O4核心被一层薄薄的二氧化硅包裹,然后是一种囊泡结构,用于将Cur和LET分别负载到二氧化硅层和囊泡层中,并研究它们对乳腺癌细胞的协同作用(图4)。细胞分析结果显示,纳米载体在癌细胞系(如MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3)中具有高的细胞摄取能力和低的细胞活力。NiCoFe2O4@L-Silica-L@C-Niosome能提高对MDA-MB-231和SK-BR-3乳腺癌细胞的凋亡率,且具有很强的细胞毒性,主要是由于其在乳腺癌细胞基因表达水平的调节,其中Bcl-2、MMP 2、MMP 9、cyclin D和cyclin E基因下调,而Bax、caspase-3和caspase-9基因表达上调。研究结果表明,设计磁性纳米载体,可以同时靶向地将疏水和亲水药物递送到乳腺癌癌细胞中,以增强其协同治疗效果。
Houdaihed等[53]制备了一种聚合纳米颗粒(NPs)制剂,将PTX和mTOR抑制剂依维莫司(EVER)的协同组合共递送,以抗体Fab片段为靶向片段,靶向乳腺癌细胞上的HER2和EGFR受体。在HER2high/EGFR mod单层乳腺癌细胞中,暴露72 h后发现双靶向NPs相对于HER2单靶向NPs(T-NPs)和非靶向NPs(UT-NPs)具有更高的细胞毒性,而在HER2neg/EGFRlow细胞中未观察到显著差异。在HER2high/EGFRmod乳腺癌细胞中,暴露24 h后,与UT-NPs和T-NPs相比,双靶向NPs的细胞摄取显著增加。阻断HER2和EGFR时,显著降低了HER2high/EGFRmod乳腺癌细胞中T-NPs和双靶向NPs的摄取,表明EGFR和HER2具有特异性结合。
虽然小分子抑制剂和中药活性成分共递送治疗乳腺癌取得了一定的成果,但新的组合和释放的活性分子,在靶点的相互作用可能导致抗癌活性的丧失,甚至产生新的副作用和严重的不良反应,需要进一步的研究来确保新的联合治疗组合的安全性。
近年来对于乳腺癌的预防和治疗,人们发现绿色化疗的使用可以提高常规化疗的疗效,克服多药耐药(MDR)以及多种副作用[54]。在许多研究中天然药物显示出抗癌活性,由于其低毒和广泛的生物活性,可以协同治疗乳腺癌,它们通过影响不同的靶点,来调节细胞周期增殖、基因转导以及细胞凋亡[55]
白杨素(Chr)是一种在多种蔬菜、水果和蘑菇中发现的黄酮类化合物,具有抗炎和抗癌的生物活性[56]。青蒿素(Art)是一种重要的提取物,被广泛用作抗疟药,也用于治疗癌症[57]。Khoshravan等[58]在PVA作为稳定剂的情况下,使用w/o/w方法成功制备了负载Art和Chr的PLGA-PEG生物可降解纳米颗粒。形貌和粒径分析表明,制备的负载Art和Chr的PLGA-PEG NPs近似球形,表面光滑,平均粒径小于110 nm。Art-Chr纳米复合制剂比单独使用Art和Chr对人T47D乳腺癌细胞的毒性更强,与相同浓度的Art或Chr相比,通过PLGA-PEG纳米载体共递送的Art和Chr更加有效地抑制了hTERT的表达,表明了一种协同方式。
天然多酚Cur和柚皮素(Nar),具有抗癌潜力且安全性高。Askar等[59]设计将Cur和Nar包封于葡聚糖修饰的磁性纳米粒(Cur-Nar-D-MNPs)作为化疗药物,并结合放疗验证其治疗乳腺癌的有效性。结果表明,Cur-Nar-D-MNPs通过产生活性氧(ROS)诱导细胞凋亡并抑制细胞增殖。单独使用Cur-Nar-D-MNPs对乳腺癌有一定的治疗作用,Cur-Nar-D-MNPs加放疗通过调节P53升高、P21升高、TNF-α降低、CD44降低和ROS高信号传导显著减小肿瘤体积并导致细胞周期停滞和诱导细胞凋亡。
胡椒碱(Pip)是一种主要存在于中药荜茇中的生物碱,这种天然化合物已被证明对各种癌症的增殖和存活产生影响,特别是对乳腺癌具有很强的抑制作用[60]。Abolhassani等[61]采用自组装法合成了共同负载Cur和Pip的人血白蛋白纳米粒(Cur-Pip-HSA-NPs)。Cur-Pip-HSA-NPs可以同时利用Cur和Pip的优势,且副作用最小。采用自组装法合成的NPs结构稳定,尺寸小于200 nm,具有EPR效应的被动靶向能力。Pip作为增敏剂和抗癌药物,它可以抑制P-gp引起的MDR效应,同时提高Cur的生物利用度,促进药物进入细胞。双递药体系对MCF-7细胞显示出了显著的抗癌活性,这代表了该递药体系在治疗乳腺癌方面的潜力。
大多数植物来源的化合物或次级代谢物与其他药物相比是安全的且副作用低。然而这些活性分子能够与许多其他药物或其他活性分子相互作用,从而产生新的不良反应。在同一递药体系中存在越多的中药活性成分,就可能会增加由于相互作用而失去活性的风险。因此,还需要进一步研究调研来解决这一点。
无机纳米颗粒(INPs)作为一种药物载体,在乳腺癌的治疗过程中具有许多优势,同时还具有成像和监测癌症治疗进展的能力[62]。超顺磁性氧化铁纳米颗粒(SPIONs)除了具有良好的生物相容性外,还可以通过外磁体靶向到所需的肿瘤部位,当它暴露在外部交变磁场(AMF)中会产生高达43℃的局部热,从而诱导癌细胞和附近的血管凋亡[63]。与正常细胞相比,癌细胞由于pH值低、血管组织紊乱、缺氧和液体传输受限等导致温度调节不良而更容易被热疗,虽然热疗可以单独杀死癌细胞,但通常与放疗、化疗等其他类型的治疗方法组合以加强癌症治疗,并通过磁共振成像(MRI)监测治疗过程[64]
Elhasany等[65]将雷公藤红素(celastrol,Cst)的NF-κB抑制潜力与柳氮磺胺吡啶(SFZ)的谷胱甘肽抑制作用联合使用,可以防止Cst失活,从而增强其抗肿瘤活性。受CD44介导的亲水性多糖硫酸软骨素(ChS)的肿瘤靶向作用的启发,本研究合成了两亲性的玉米醇溶蛋白-ChS胶束,将水不溶性SFZ与玉米醇溶蛋白化学偶联,Cst和油酸封端的SPION物理包封在疏水性玉米醇溶蛋白/SFZ胶束核中,实现磁性肿瘤靶向和MRI治疗(图5)。结果表明,SPIONs靶向负载Cst的聚合物胶束,导致MCF-7癌细胞中胶束的细胞内化增强,因此对MCF-7和MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞具有更高的细胞毒性作用。该磁性靶向胶束通过抑制NF-κB活化、VEGF和COX-2在体内显示出优异的抗肿瘤活性。组织病理学检查显示Ki-67表达水平的降低也证实了其优越的活性。
某些等离子体纳米材料,如光热剂(PTAs),可以将近红外激光照射转化为局部热,用于癌症的热消融[66]。金纳米粒子(AuNPs)作为PTAs的一种,在其固有成像特性的引导下,单独或与其他治疗药物协同治疗,显示出优越的抗癌效果[67]
Chiu等[68]制备了负载小檗碱(Ber)的金纳米粒子(AuNPs)和胶原蛋白(COL)的纳米载体(Au-COL-Ber),以评估其对HER2乳腺癌细胞的生物学效应。结果表明,与Au-COL相比,Au-COL-Ber显示出更大的细胞摄取能力,在HER2中可以显著抑制细胞迁移,此外,在Au-COL-Ber处理后,凋亡级联蛋白Bax和p21的HER2乳腺癌细胞中表达,且在处理后的异种移植小鼠模型中检测到了肿瘤抑制。Sulaiman等[69]制备了负载橙皮苷(hesperidin,Hsp)的金纳米颗粒(Hsp-AuNPs),在本研究中,与游离的Hsp或AuNPs相比,Hsp-AuNPs对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞具有很强的细胞毒性和增强细胞凋亡的作用,并且具有剂量依赖性的细胞毒性。Hsp-AuNPs的抗癌活性是通过诱导巨噬细胞的功能活性而有效抑制了EAT小鼠的肿瘤生长。
另一种用于递送抗癌药物的无机纳米颗粒是介孔二氧化硅纳米粒子(MSNPs),因其生物相容性、稳定性、表面积大、载药量高等特性而得到广泛应用[70]
近年来,Ali等[71]将乳铁蛋白(LF)与介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(MSNPs)偶联,联合递送细胞毒性药物培美曲塞(PMT)和植物药鞣花酸(EA)用于协同治疗乳腺癌。与游离药物相比,双载药LF-MSNPs对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞的细胞毒性最高,结合指数最低(CI=0.885)。联合指标值(<1)揭示了2种负载药物之间的协同作用。此外,通过LF受体介导的内吞作用,观察到纳米载体对MCF-7乳腺癌细胞的高细胞摄取。总的来说,双载药LF-MSNPs通过触发不同的信号通路,来克服多药耐药,降低全身毒性,是一种很有前景的乳腺癌治疗载体。乳铁蛋白(lactoferrin,LF)通过与多种癌细胞过表达的低密度脂蛋白(LDL)和转铁蛋白(TF)受体的高亲和力,显示了巨大的肿瘤靶向能力。Abdelmoneem等[72]将DTX和Cst成功偶联到LF骨架上用于乳腺癌的协同治疗,与阳性对照和游离联合药物相比,纳米偶联物在乳腺癌荷瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤作用增强,表现为肿瘤体积缩小、生存率延长,NF-κB、P65、TNF-α、COX-2和Ki-67表达水平显著降低。
除此以外,一些研究强调了通过与量子点(QDs)共同递送治疗药物来增强治疗乳腺癌的能力。量子点是一种半导体晶体,尺寸范围为2~10 nm,可在近红外波长可见的宽光谱中产生可调谐的光激发光,这些独特的物理化学性质有利于它们在细胞标记和癌症成像中的应用[73]
Ghanbari等[74]以葡萄糖胺(GlcN)偶联石墨烯量子点(GQDs)为载体,包封疏水性抗癌剂Cur,制造了一种新型靶向、可跟踪和pH响应的药物递送系统,以评估其对GlcN受体过表达乳腺癌细胞的靶向性和细胞毒性。结果表明,该纳米材料载体具有pH响应和缓释的性能。通过荧光显微镜进行体外细胞摄取研究和流式细胞术显示,与非靶向的相比,靶向的纳米载体对MCF-7细胞具有更强的荧光,这是因为通过GlcN受体介导的内吞作用,细胞内化程度更高。此外,MTT测定结果表明无药物纳米载体对MCF-7细胞和正常成纤维细胞的细胞毒性可忽略不计。与Cur/GQDs相比,Cur/GlcN-GQDs对MCF-7细胞的细胞毒性更高,对正常细胞的细胞毒性很小。类似地,Zajdel等[75]将甘露糖基化BSA-QDs纳米治疗药物设计用于白藜芦醇(Rsv)和培美曲塞二钠(PMT)的靶向联合治疗,以治疗乳腺癌。水溶性硫醇封端的CdTe QDs通过肿瘤可切断与BSA NPs表面偶联的键,以抑制Cd离子释放到循环中,从而降低QDs毒性。PMT与Rsv联合,通过修饰不同的信号通路,提高各自的治疗效果,提高抗肿瘤疗效,降低毒性,降低多药耐药。
无机纳米颗粒联合中药活性成分治疗癌症方面取得了巨大的成功。然而,它们的生物分布、肝、脾等特定器官的积累、自由基的产生以及需要通过生物相容性研究来确定各种无机纳米颗粒的免疫应答等方面仍存在一些问题和挑战。
近年来,随着骨髓移植治疗血源性癌症的成功,以及单克隆抗体治疗多种肿瘤的最新发展,免疫疗法在乳腺癌的治疗中发挥着越来越重要的作用[76]。免疫疗法广义上是指通过引入疫苗、细胞因子、抗体或免疫细胞本身来刺激免疫系统对抗癌细胞。免疫疗法分为“被动疗法”和“主动疗法”两种,被动免疫疗法包括直接作用于癌细胞本身的细胞因子、抗体和免疫细胞;主动免疫疗法可刺激自身免疫系统消除癌细胞(如疫苗)[77]
Cai等[78]开发了一种能够降低PD-L1表达并增强抗癌作用的纳米药物(MS NPs),该纳米药物由免疫佐剂二甲双胍(MET)和抗癌剂7-乙基-10-羟基喜树碱(SN38)通过氢键和静电相互作用自组装而成。MS NPs通过MET直接降低MDA-MB-231(MB231)细胞中过表达的PD-L1水平以实现免疫治疗(图6)。因此,MS NPs的免疫治疗乳腺癌的效果优于同类药物,MS NPs还能通过重塑细胞外基质和恢复免疫监测而有效抑制癌细胞的转移。此外,MS NPs对荷瘤Balb/C小鼠主要器官无明显毒性,小鼠经MS NPs处理后生存率较高。
Maravajjala等[79]开发了一种用于有效治疗乳腺癌的多维联合化学-免疫治疗的模式,以纳米沉淀的方法将线性PLGA和多臂星形PLGA 2种不同的聚合物合成了2种不同的pH敏感纳米颗粒,通过纳米沉淀的方法,使用微流体技术制备了负载紫杉醇(PTX)和免疫调节剂瑞喹莫特(RSQ)的S-PLGA-pH NPs或L-PLGA-pH NPs。其中,S-PLGA-pH NPs在复杂的乳腺癌球体模型(4T1乳腺癌细胞+RAW 264.7巨噬细胞)中显著改善了pH依赖性药物释放,并增加了细胞渗透性,S-PLGA-pH NPs处理后显示乳腺癌相关巨噬细胞的M2表型向M1表型逆转,说明它具有强大的免疫激活。
目前,疫治疗是乳腺癌治疗中发展最迅速的治疗方法,研究人员应关注其对免疫系统的作用,以及攻击健康组织和器官的可能性,如果攻击重要器官,可能会造成致命的不良反应,所以应致力于临床前和临床研究来确保其对正常细胞的安全性,且不产生任何免疫相关并发症。
纳米载药系统为靶向抗癌的药物递送提供了一个有前景的平台。纳米颗粒系统合成的灵活性使得多种药物共递送成为一种治疗乳腺癌有前途的方法并取得了一定的成功。所有这些基于中药活性成分组合的纳米颗粒新策略对乳腺癌耐药有较好的解决作用。在乳腺癌治疗中,这种新策略使不同作用模式的抗乳腺癌药物能够以准确的方式共同递送,药物之间的协同作用以最大限度地提高了抗癌疗效,并克服耐药性的发展。尽管对于乳腺癌的治疗取得了一定进展,但仍有许多当前治疗模式带来的挑战亟待解决。如今,免疫疗法已成为乳腺癌治疗的一种有效手段。这一成功背后的主要驱动力是检查点抑制剂,CTLA-4和PD-L1由于其在临床单独或联合治疗中具有检查点封锁的潜力而变得越来越重要。免疫疗法有多种联合治疗策略,但对正常细胞的毒副作用是临床应用这些联合治疗策略的限制因素,治疗成功的关键在于早期发现和选择合适的中药纳米制剂减小副作用。另一个挑战是保持中药活性成分纳米药物组合的可重复性和可制造性,以及评估中药纳米制剂的安全性及其与细胞的相互作用。以期未来实现对乳腺癌的安全绿色治疗。
  • 上海市自然科学基金项目资助(19ZR1474300)
  • 上海健康医学院科研骨干学术导师制项目资助(2021-4)
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2024年第59卷第12期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.003
  • 接收时间:2023-02-28
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-06-22
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  • 收稿日期:2023-02-28
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上海市自然科学基金项目资助(19ZR1474300)
上海健康医学院科研骨干学术导师制项目资助(2021-4)
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    1 上海中医药大学研究生院, 上海 201203
    2 上海健康医学院医疗器械学院, 上海 201318

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*廖跃华,女,硕士生导师,副教授 研究方向:微纳米药物制剂研究 Tel:(021)51655896;
曾冬冬,女,硕士生导师,副研究员 研究方向:纳米材料与生物传感器 Tel:(021)51655896
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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