Article(id=1200147945770283355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)12-1065-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.12.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1668960000000, receivedDateStr=2022-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067167942, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1718985600000, pubDateStr=2024-06-22, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067167942, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067167942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067167942, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147945191469403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='12', pageStart='1065', pageEnd='1170', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067167804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067403507, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148933856035173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148933856035174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147945191469403, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1065, endPage=1073, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147945992581468, articleId=1200147945770283355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Targeted Nano-delivery System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Glycyrrhetinic Acid, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Targeted nano-drug delivery system (TNDDS) offers prominent advantages in drug delivery for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, targeting the tumor site via ligand-receptor interaction. TNDDS reduces the dosage of drug to fulfill the therapeutic index requirement, improving pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Besides, it can sustain drug release for several days after single-dose administration. In recent years, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) attracts much attention as a highly efficient ligand targeting to liver tumor. The superiority of GA is mainly reflected in its combination of efficient liver tumor targeting, superior anti-tumor activity and favorable biocompatibility. GA-based TNDDS to liver tumor possesses high site-specificity and therapeutic efficiency for chemotherapeutic drugs or genetic materials delivering. This paper focuses on the basic theory of GA as a ligand targeting to liver tumor and the researches advances in the development of GA-based nano-delivery systems. Through the review and summary in this paper, it is expected to systematically present current progress of GA-based liver tumor TNDDS for interested researchers, and provide references for the development of new delivery systems.

, correspAuthors=Ju LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Fuqing YAN, Ju LIANG, Yang LIN, Yunyun ZHANG, Wenlan WU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147950102999581, articleId=1200147945770283355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=基于甘草次酸的肝癌靶向纳米递送系统研究进展, columnId=1190352408384471863, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

靶向性纳米药物递送系统(TNDDS)在肝癌药物递送方面具有显著优势,借助配体-受体作用靶向肿瘤部位。TNDDS可以减少达到治疗指数所需的药物量,改善药代动力学和生物分布,并且可以在单次给药后延长药物释放数天。近年来,甘草次酸(GA)作为一种高效的肝癌靶向配体引起了人们的广泛关注。GA的优越性主要体现在其兼具高效肝癌靶向能力、抗肿瘤活性和良好的生物相容性。基于GA的肝癌纳米递送系统具有很高的位点特异性和治疗效率,可以递送化疗药物或基因药物。本文重点介绍GA作为肝癌靶向配体的基础理论及基于GA的纳米递送系统在肝癌治疗方面的研究情况。通过本文的回顾总结,希望相关研究者能对GA基肝癌靶向递送系统的现状有一个系统的认知,为新的递送系统的开发提供参考。

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*梁菊,女,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:纳米载体递药 Tel:13838467989
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闫付晴,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:纳米载体递药

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闫付晴,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:纳米载体递药

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闫付晴,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:纳米载体递药

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基于甘草次酸的肝癌靶向纳米递送系统研究进展
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闫付晴 1 , 梁菊 1, * , 林阳 1 , 张云蕴 1 , 吴文澜 2
中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024,59(12): 1065-1073
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中国药学杂志 | 综述 2024, 59(12): 1065-1073
基于甘草次酸的肝癌靶向纳米递送系统研究进展
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闫付晴1, 梁菊1, *, 林阳1, 张云蕴1, 吴文澜2
作者信息
  • 1 河南科技大学化学化工学院,河南 洛阳 471023
  • 2 河南科技大学医学院, 河南 洛阳 471023
  • 闫付晴,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:纳米载体递药

通讯作者:

*梁菊,女,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:纳米载体递药 Tel:13838467989
Research Progress of Targeted Nano-delivery System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Glycyrrhetinic Acid
Fuqing YAN1, Ju LIANG1, *, Yang LIN1, Yunyun ZHANG1, Wenlan WU2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2 School of Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
出版时间: 2024-06-22 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.001
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靶向性纳米药物递送系统(TNDDS)在肝癌药物递送方面具有显著优势,借助配体-受体作用靶向肿瘤部位。TNDDS可以减少达到治疗指数所需的药物量,改善药代动力学和生物分布,并且可以在单次给药后延长药物释放数天。近年来,甘草次酸(GA)作为一种高效的肝癌靶向配体引起了人们的广泛关注。GA的优越性主要体现在其兼具高效肝癌靶向能力、抗肿瘤活性和良好的生物相容性。基于GA的肝癌纳米递送系统具有很高的位点特异性和治疗效率,可以递送化疗药物或基因药物。本文重点介绍GA作为肝癌靶向配体的基础理论及基于GA的纳米递送系统在肝癌治疗方面的研究情况。通过本文的回顾总结,希望相关研究者能对GA基肝癌靶向递送系统的现状有一个系统的认知,为新的递送系统的开发提供参考。

甘草次酸  /  药物递送系统  /  纳米载体  /  肿瘤靶向  /  肝癌

Targeted nano-drug delivery system (TNDDS) offers prominent advantages in drug delivery for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma, targeting the tumor site via ligand-receptor interaction. TNDDS reduces the dosage of drug to fulfill the therapeutic index requirement, improving pharmacokinetics and biodistribution. Besides, it can sustain drug release for several days after single-dose administration. In recent years, glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) attracts much attention as a highly efficient ligand targeting to liver tumor. The superiority of GA is mainly reflected in its combination of efficient liver tumor targeting, superior anti-tumor activity and favorable biocompatibility. GA-based TNDDS to liver tumor possesses high site-specificity and therapeutic efficiency for chemotherapeutic drugs or genetic materials delivering. This paper focuses on the basic theory of GA as a ligand targeting to liver tumor and the researches advances in the development of GA-based nano-delivery systems. Through the review and summary in this paper, it is expected to systematically present current progress of GA-based liver tumor TNDDS for interested researchers, and provide references for the development of new delivery systems.

glycyrrhetinic acid  /  drug delivery system  /  nanocarrier  /  tumor targeting  /  hepatocellular carcinoma
闫付晴, 梁菊, 林阳, 张云蕴, 吴文澜. 基于甘草次酸的肝癌靶向纳米递送系统研究进展. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (12) : 1065 -1073 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.001
Fuqing YAN, Ju LIANG, Yang LIN, Yunyun ZHANG, Wenlan WU. Research Progress of Targeted Nano-delivery System for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Based on Glycyrrhetinic Acid[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (12) : 1065 -1073 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.001
肝细胞癌(HCC)是肝脏最常见的原发性恶性肿瘤[1-2],发展中国家的发病率较高。早期HCC的治疗方案包括局部消融疗法、切除和肝移植,晚期患者只能依赖全身化疗和经动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)治疗[3]。化疗引起的严重副作用导致HCC的治疗效果并不理想。
纳米技术提出了新的解决方案。通过使用肿瘤靶向配体来改善药物的肿瘤积聚[4],这种策略称为靶向性纳米药物递送系统(TNDDS)。TNDDS通常是在纳米载体表面修饰受体特异性配体,如肽、碳水化合物、蛋白质和抗体[5]等,这些配体与肿瘤细胞上过度表达的受体特异性结合,实现药物的靶向递送。研究发现,肝癌细胞表面高表达的膜蛋白和受体有去唾液酸糖蛋白受体(ASGP-R)、甘草次酸受体(GA-R)、转铁蛋白受体(TF-R)、叶酸受体(FA-R)、表皮生长因子受体(EGF-R)等[6-8]。它们与肝细胞或HCC细胞上过表达的受体具有高亲和力,修饰过的纳米颗粒可以通过受体介导的内吞作用被恶性细胞内化,导致细胞内药物的释放和更大的细胞毒性。然而,在肝病的患者中,ASGP-R的密度和活性较低,因为血清中存在的抑制剂可使原发性肝细胞癌的结合能力降低95%,所以ASGP-R介导的肝脏靶向在病理条件下可能不那么有效[9-11]。而FA功能化的纳米载体例如脂质体进入血液后和天然免疫球蛋白大量结合,剥夺了FA的受体识别,并加速体内补体的激活,导致靶向效率降低[12]。HCC上TF-R的过度表达使TF成为潜在的靶向分子。但是有研究[13]显示使用TF偶联的纳米颗粒进行体外实验时,培养基中的蛋白质可以阻止TF与靶向受体结合。EGF-R表达升高在许多癌症中普遍存在,因此该受体已被确定为实体瘤治疗的相关靶点。但是EGF-R的表达可能存在低估或高估的情况,在一项人体Ⅰ期试验中[14],EGF修饰的脂质体并没有显示出预期的疗效[15]
GA是传统中药甘草的主要活性成分之一[16],其化学结构属五环三萜类化合物[17](图1)。由于C-18位H构型不同,GA有18α-GA和18β-GA两种异构体[18]。目前的研究中,常用18β-GA作为肝癌靶向配体,所以本文的讨论只涉及18β-GA(以下均称GA)。GA-R在肝癌细胞中的表达明显高于正常肝细胞[19],GA与GA-R的结合呈高度特异性和可饱和性,并且GA的内化主要是由配体-受体相互作用介导的[20]。Tian等[21]的实验中,GA修饰的汉黄芩素脂质体在HepG2细胞中的摄取率是L-02细胞的2.5倍,说明与L-02细胞相比,HepG2细胞上存在更多的GA特异性结合位点。这一结果也说明GA修饰可以区分肝癌细胞和正常肝细胞。综合以往研究,GA-R在实现肝癌高效靶向性方面具有显著优势。大量研究报道显示,GA修饰的纳米药物递送系统(GA-TNDDS)具有优异肝癌靶向性[16,22-23]
研究表明,肝细胞表面存在一种特异性的GA-R结合蛋白,GA与这种蛋白质的结合在肝脏中最高,其次是肾脏[24]。GA-R主要在肝脏表达[25-26],肝肿瘤组织的GA-R表达量比正常肝组织高1.5到5倍,GA已被用于靶向HCC[27]。用GA修饰的载体在肝脏中有更高的积累,并且对肝细胞具有更高的靶向效率[28]。最早的证据出现在20世纪90年代初,Negishi等[29]首次发现大鼠肝细胞膜上含有GA及GA结合位点,GA与该位点的结合呈可饱和性和高度特异性。同一时期,O'Brian等[30]发现与邻近的非肿瘤肝细胞相比,作为GA结合靶点的蛋白激酶C(PKC)在HCC表面的表达更高,推测GA在肝实质细胞膜上的结合位点可能是PKC,并指出GA对小鼠皮肤肿瘤促进的有效拮抗作用可能是其与类固醇受体的结合作用导致的。随后,Wu等[31]研究了42例肝癌患者组织标本中PKC亚型的mRNA表达。结果证实,与相应的非肝癌组织相比,HCC中的PKCα、PKCδ和PKCι mRNA显著增加,表明GA-R在肝癌细胞上是过表达的,GA易于被肝癌细胞识别并与之结合。为了证明肝细胞上存在特异性结合位点,Shi等[32]进行了抑制实验来检测游离GA是否会抑制CMCNP-GA的摄取。如果细胞表面的特异性结合位点被外源性GA饱和,在将游离GA添加到培养基中后,CMCNP-GA的内化将减少,实验结果如设想一般。并且他们也观察到,当添加游离GA时,对CMCNP的摄取没有影响。基于这些观察结果,他们提出了一个配体受体识别介导CMCNP-GA内化的模型。此外,还发现SMMC-7721细胞对CMCNP-GA的摄取比L02细胞表现出显著的优势,并推测GA在肝癌细胞上的表达可能更多,并且受体的周期可能比正常肝细胞更快。这个结果在Tian等[21]的实验中也得到了验证。同样,为了验证GA-R存在的真实性,Sun等[33]研究了GA与GA-R在肝癌细胞中的结合作用。GA的特异性结合饱和曲线表明,二者的解离常数(Kd)为(7.457±2.122) pmol·L-1,最大结合数(Bmax)为(2.385±0.175) pmol/2.5×106个细胞(Kd和Bmax是研究细胞受体和配体结合的最重要参数)。这说明,FITC-GA与肝细胞膜特异性结合,GA在HepG2细胞中显著竞争结合位点。GA和GA-R之间存在配体受体结合作用得到证实。此外,该课题组利用GA修饰的脂质体研究细胞对脂质体纳米颗粒的摄入过程,发现细胞对GA作为靶头的TNDDS的摄取是通过细胞膜穴样内陷的内吞作用介导的。同样,Singh等[34]报告的近红外成像探针(NIR-GA)也进一步证实GA通过受体介导的内吞途径被肝癌细胞有效摄取。
基于GA可识别和结合肝肿瘤细胞表面过表达的GA-R,目前GA已成为肝癌靶向药物递送系统的研究热点。研究者们利用GA结构上的可修饰基团设计了多种GA-TNDDS用于肝癌的药物递送,主要包括:脂质体、无机纳米粒、金属有机框架类、胶束、聚合物纳米粒、凝胶、GA-药物偶联物等。常见的GA-TNDDS类型及载药方式见图2
脂质体是研究最多的纳米递送系统之一,与生物膜具有相似的脂质双层结构,生物相容性良好[35],可以递送化疗药物。通过将GA配体修饰到脂质体表面,形成靶向脂质体。Zhao等[36]合成了GA修饰的脂质体(GA/Fe3O4-PTX-LP)(图3)。实验中,脂质体用DSPE-PEG5000-GA进行修饰,而Fe3O4纳米颗粒和PTX被包裹在脂质体中。体内靶向实验表明,GA/Fe3O4-PTX-LP具有很强的肝癌细胞靶向能力,且GA/Fe3O4-PTX-LP可抑制肝癌细胞的增殖,影响其形态、迁移和侵袭,并干扰肝癌细胞的周期。
Jiang等[37]制备了GA修饰的脂质体(GA-LPs),用于姜黄素(Cur)和Combrestatin A4磷酸盐(CA4P)的肝靶向共递送。体内荧光成像表明,GA靶向脂质体增加了肿瘤区域的积聚。实验显示,与未修饰的LPs相比,Cur-CA4P/GA LPs被人肝癌细胞(BEL-7402)有效吸收,并显示出比游离药物更高的细胞毒性。
GA除了单独修饰脂质体赋予其肝靶向性,还可以与其他靶头联合应用。Li等[38]合成了GA和细胞穿透肽(TAT)同时修饰的平阳霉素脂质体(GA-TAT-PYM-L)。组织分布结果显示,GA-TAT-PYM-L组肝脏中的PYM浓度在5 min后的每个监测周期始终高于其他组织,表明GA-TAT-PYM-L可以实现肝脏靶向性。且与游离PYM相比,脂质体包封的PYM在体内的清除速度减缓,极大地延长了药物作用时间。另有Li等[39]以GA和花生凝集素(PNA)为配体,制备了双配体修饰的多柔比星脂质体(DOX-GA/PNA-Lips)(图4)。结果表明,DOX-GA/PNA-Lips在体内外均显示出有效的抗肿瘤作用,其靶向给药减轻了DOX的毒副作用。
除了将GA修饰到脂质体表面,也可以将GA改造成两亲性分子,插入到脂质体层中获得肝癌靶向性。Zhu等[40]合成了3-琥珀酰-30-硬脂基甘草次酸(18-GA-Suc),将其加入负载斑蝥素(CTD)脂质体中获得一种新的脂质体(18-GA-Suc-CTD-Lip)(图5)。结果表明,经18-GA-Suc修饰后,18-GA-Suc-CTD-Lip的抗肿瘤作用显著。在给药30 min时,18-GA-Suc-CTD-Lip在肝脏中的最大浓度[(1.72±0.14)μg·g-1]是CTD-Lip[(0.75±0.08)μg·g-1]的2倍多,说明18-GA-Suc-CTD-Lip具有优异的肝脏靶向能力。
聚合物胶束是在一定条件下两亲性聚合物在溶液中自组装形成的一种具有热力学稳定的有序聚集体[41],已被广泛用作化疗药物靶向递送的药物载体[42]。Yan等[43]开发了一种基于壳聚糖(CS)的前药载体,用于DOX和Bcl-2 siRNA的共递送。流式细胞术结果表明,GA修饰的载体比无GA修饰的摄取能力几乎翻了一番,体内肿瘤抑制率(88.0%)显著提高。Guan等[44]制备了GA-PEG-SS-GMS(GA-PSG)共聚物(图6)作为递送抗癌药物的平台,模型药物可以被包裹在共聚物形成的胶束中,凭借GA的靶向作用将药物递送到HCC细胞,并在还原环境中释放药物,实现抗肿瘤作用。
基于明胶形成的胶束具有良好生物相容性和可生物降解的优点,Fan等[45]合成了GA修饰明胶(GA-GEL)共轭物,以DOX为模型药物。体内成像分析表明,DiR标记的GA-GEL胶束的荧光信号主要分布在肝脏和H22原位肿瘤中,表明GA-GEL具有显著的肝靶向活性。并且该胶束具有高载药量,显示出比DOX更高的细胞摄取和肿瘤抑制作用。Song等[46]制备了pH敏感大分子F68-缩醛-PCL(FAP)和活性靶向大分子F68-甘草次酸(FGA)的混合胶束,以有效递送Cur。结果显示,在GA配体的介导下,肝癌细胞对Cur的内吞率显著提高。体外实验表明,在肝癌细胞中,该胶束能诱导更高的细胞毒性和凋亡。
为了解决抗癌药物存在的药物浓度低、水溶性差、药物分布不专一等问题,Wang等[47]设计了一种含有Cur的纳米棘突还原敏感性聚合物前药(GA-HA-SS-Cur)(图7)。纳米棘突是一种类似海胆的胶束,是基于仿生药物传递系统(BDDSs)设计的,该系统在靶向和对抗HepG2人肝癌细胞方面具有协同效应。实验显示GA-HA-SS-Cur具有良好的生物安全性,以时间依赖性的方式进入HepG2细胞,体内抗肿瘤实验显示其能够有效抑制肿瘤生长。
目前,越来越多的金属和无机纳米粒已被用于设计药物靶向递送系统,但相对来说,二者在GA-TNDDS系统中应用较少,主要报道的有介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(MSN)、金属纳米粒、氧化石墨烯等。
MSN因其良好的生物相容性[48]、易于化学修饰和高封装能力,已成为制备智能纳米载体的有效平台。Martínez-Edo等[49]制备了pH触发MSN纳米载药系统,用于DOX/CPT-PEG的共递送。为了提高靶向性,作者借助GA修饰MSN。体外实验表明,该系统进入细胞后,游离CPT与DOX结合产生协同效应,对HepG2细胞显示出更强的细胞毒性。Anirudhan等[50]开发了一种基于胺化介孔二氧化硅纳米颗粒(AMSN)和GA修饰的玉米醇溶蛋白(ZEIN)的药物递送系统(图8),用于5氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)和Cur的联合递送。实验表明该系统具有优良的生物可接受性和较高的细胞毒性,是具有抗癌活性的高效DDS。
磁共振成像(MRI)在肝脏肿瘤的早期诊断中显示出巨大的前景。为了提高Fe3O4纳米颗粒造影剂材料的生物相容性和靶向性,Li等[51]在Fe3O4纳米颗粒上修饰了GA,得到了Fe3O4@cGlu-GA颗粒,用于肝肿瘤靶向成像(图9)。体内外结果均表明,Fe3O4@cGlu-GA是一种很有前途的磁共振造影剂,具有超低的肝毒性,与现有的基于Fe3O4的纳米颗粒相比在生物相容性方面有了很大的提升。
氧化石墨烯(GO)基纳米材料可以提高基因装载能力并促进细胞转染效率,显示出良好的基因递送潜力。在Liu等[52]的研究中,GA和聚酰胺-胺型树枝状高分子(PAMAM)通过一步共价交联方法固定在GO表面形成了GO-PAMAM-GA杂合物。通过GA功能化,GO-PAMAM的基因转染能力提高了约50%,并且具有对SMMC-7721细胞的靶向基因转染能力。Qu等[53]将GA作为肝靶向配体,构建由GA、聚乙二醇(PEG)、聚酰胺树状大分子和纳米氧化石墨烯(NGO)组成的共轭物(GA-PEG-NGO树状大分子,GPND)(图10)用于siRNA的递送。通过GPND的递送,siRNA有效地聚集在肝肿瘤组织中,靶向性增强,最终肿瘤组织的生长受到强烈抑制。
聚合物纳米粒在GA-TNDDS系统中应用较多。Chen等[54]采用一步酯化反应制备了两亲性自组装甘草次酸-生物素-淀粉纳米粒(GABS NP)(图11),将DOX高效递送到HepG2细胞中。DOX/GABS NP表现出迅速的细胞摄取,明显的靶向能力,并增强了对HepG2细胞的细胞毒性,有望成为疏水性抗癌药物的潜在载体,用于未来的体内应用。青蒿琥酯(ART)是一种抗疟药物,从传统草药青蒿中提取,在治疗肝癌方面也具有显著疗效。Pan等[55]将GA的高效肝靶向性与PLGA(聚乳酸)的优良生物学特性相结合,开发了GA修饰的新型药物递送系统(GA-PEG-PLGA-ART),以提高ART对肝癌的治疗效率。结果表明,与游离ART相比,GA的修饰显著增加了NPs在肝癌细胞中的结合亲和力和聚集,在体外达到显著增强的细胞毒性。
虽然GA修饰的聚合物纳米粒应用较多,但目前更多的研究致力于GA和其他靶头联合应用。Li等[56]设计了GA和半乳糖双配体修饰的壳聚糖纳米粒(图12),作为肝癌递送药物平台。后期通过加载siPAK1,一种siRNA,构建了双配体纳米粒GCGA-siPAK1[57]。结果表明,该系统在配体-受体介导下表现出显著的抗肿瘤作用。
Tian等[58]利用GA和L-组氨酸(HIS)修饰的透明质酸(HA)合成了一种新型共聚物(GHH),制备了pH响应性的多柔比星纳米粒(DOX/GHH)(图13)用于肝靶向给药。
该系统通过GA受体介导的内吞作用实现了DOX的肝靶向递送。结果表明,GHH纳米颗粒能明显内化到人肝细胞中,具有剂量依赖性抗肿瘤作用。与游离DOX相比,DOX/GHH显示出更高的抗肿瘤效果。
为了克服传统化疗在临床抗肿瘤治疗中的局限性,联合用药策略作为一种新的抗肿瘤疗法被寄予厚望。Tian等[59]制备了由二硬脂酰磷脂酰乙醇胺-聚乙二醇-聚醚酰亚胺(DSPE-PEG-PEI)和GA修饰的透明质酸(GA-HA)组成的肝靶向纳米粒(GH-DPP)(图14),用于联合递送DOX和Bcl-2 siRNA。体内近红外荧光成像显示,负载DiR(荧光染料)的GH-DPP纳米粒可以有效积聚在肝肿瘤组织中。结果表明,该系统可以同时将化疗药物和siRNA递送到肿瘤区域,诱导更多的细胞凋亡,并显示出更高的抗肿瘤作用。
GA药物偶联物是指将GA与化疗药物通过刺激响应性化学键连接起来,也称为前药。有些药物的溶解性很差,例如DOX,通过形成前药的方式可以改善药物的溶解度和药动学性质。Liu等[60]设计了一种线粒体靶向递送系统(GNPs-P-DOX-GA)(图15),通过增强活性氧的生成来克服MDR(多药耐药)。结果显示,与未经GA修饰的载体相比,在耐药HepG2细胞中,GNPs-P-DOX-GA的细胞摄取增加了近4倍。
表柔比星(EPI),一种有效的治疗肝癌药物。Singh等[11]将EPI和GA化学偶联,合成了前药EPI-GA。体内抗肿瘤实验表明,EPI-GA具有有效的靶向性和EPI递送能力,GA与药物的结合显著增强了肝癌靶向能力和治疗效果。He等[61]构建了一种新型的复合恩替卡韦(ETV)和GA的白蛋白纳米粒(ETV-GA-AN),以改善ETV在肝脏的蓄积。体外细胞摄取研究和体内组织分布实验表明,这些带负电荷的ETV-GA-AN可以增加ETV在肝细胞中的积累,改善肝脏内药物的分布。
为了降低5-FU的结构选择性,Liu等[62]对其进行了结构修饰。他们将5-FU通过烷基链连接到GA,以合成GA与5-FU(分别为GA-5-FU和GA-5-FU-GA)的单或双共轭物。数据显示,与双取代靶向共轭物相比,单取代共轭物提高了对受试癌细胞系的抗肿瘤活性。这提示GA-R对GA的识别和结合具有饱和性,程度过高的修饰或许会导致较大空间位阻,阻碍受体与配体识别结合。
除了上述提到的载体类型,还有一些有潜力的基于GA的纳米材料用于肝癌靶向治疗,例如水凝胶,金属有机骨架、树状大分子等。水凝胶是由许多交联聚合物网络组成的三维材料[63],由于其远程可控性和快速响应性,被广泛用于药物递送领域。Chen等[64]开发了GA修饰的姜黄素超分子凝胶剂(GA-Cur)(图16)。由于GA受体在肝癌细胞中的过度表达,GA-Cur显示出增强的细胞摄取和对肝癌细胞更好的抑制能力。
金属有机骨架(MOF),是近二十年来发展迅速的一种配位聚合物,是由不同连接数的有机配体(联接桥)和金属离子结点组合而成的框架结构。Li等[65]开发了一种GA修饰的金属有机骨架药物释放系统(GA-MOFs)(图17),以增强5-FU的肝靶向性。体内实验表明,5-FU@GA-MOFs延长了药物的血液循环时间,提高了肝靶向效率,并降低了5-FU的心脏毒性和肾毒性。
此外,树枝状大分子(dendrimer)也是一种优良的递送载体,Cong等[66]合成了GA-PPI树枝状大分子(图18),以降低细胞毒性并提高肝细胞靶向能力。实验表明,在最佳GA取代度(6.31%)下,GA-PPI比商业基准DNA载体bPEI(25 000)具有更高的肝细胞转染效率(43.5%对22.3%)和更低的细胞毒性(94.3%对62.5%,细胞活力)。证实GA-PPI树状大分子是靶向肝癌治疗的一种有前景的候选基因载体。
降低患者全身不良反应的发生概率,提高化疗药物在肿瘤部位的蓄积是当下癌症治疗领域的重要课题。纳米靶向递送系统的出现为癌症的化疗提供了一种减毒增效的有效手段。主动靶向策略通常利用肿瘤上过度表达的细胞表面受体来实现药物在靶部位的有效富集。肝癌实质性细胞表面过表达GA受体,国内外一系列研究从细胞水平和动物水平充分证实了GA介导的纳米给药体系能特异性地靶向至肝癌部位。如前所述,纳米载体种类繁多,为GA用于肝癌特异性靶向递送提供了机会。脂质体具有亲水腔和疏水腔,可同时包载亲水、疏水性药物。在进行靶头修饰时,GA可以和脂质体的组成成分进行化学偶联,也可以被改造成两亲分子,通过亲疏水作用络合到脂质体上。与脂质体相比,胶束虽然能够更好地吸收药物并延长循环时间,但只能输送疏水性药物。聚合物纳米粒的GA修饰一般是以聚合物为主体框架,通过化学反应连接靶头,但这种修饰牵扯到发生化学反应时靶头取代度和靶头的取代位置问题。虽然纳米载体具有各自的优缺点,但GA靶头的修饰均涉及到复杂的化学合成,这需要从业者具备有机合成的背景知识。本文综述了GA具有肝肿瘤靶向的基础理论,基于这些理论,着重介绍了其在肝癌靶向纳米递药系统中的应用。
虽然GA作为肝癌靶头得到了广泛应用,但目前大多数研究止步于实验室阶段,这里存在一些关键性问题亟待解决。首先,大多数研究集中在利用GA修饰的纳米材料以获得更好的治疗效果,然而,GA-R的结构以及与GA的结合机理、配体结合后该表面受体的内化与脱落速率等问题并不清楚。笔者认为,想要充分发挥GA的肝癌靶向潜力,还需要围绕GA-R进行更为细致的研究。其次,只有少数纳米治疗制剂进入临床试验,迄今为止,FDA尚未批准针对肝癌的治疗性纳米材料。原因之一可能是纳米材料在体内环境的行为并不明确,需要更多的数据和研究来阐明纳米药物体内行为的细节。这将有助于评估和改善纳米药物的生物利用度、生物相容性和药代动力学,从而提高抗癌疗效。
综上所述,GA基纳米材料给予了靶向肝癌的巨大治疗前景,但是从实验到临床仍需更为细致深刻的研究。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(51403055)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目资助(U1704150)
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2024年第59卷第12期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.12.001
  • 接收时间:2022-11-21
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-06-22
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  • 收稿日期:2022-11-21
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国家自然科学基金项目资助(51403055)
国家自然科学基金项目资助(U1704150)
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    1 河南科技大学化学化工学院,河南 洛阳 471023
    2 河南科技大学医学院, 河南 洛阳 471023

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*梁菊,女,教授,硕士生导师 研究方向:纳米载体递药 Tel:13838467989
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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