Article(id=1200147896789205304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)11-1011-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.11.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705593600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067156264, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1717776000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067156264, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067156264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067156264, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147892095779072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='953', pageEnd='1064', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067155144, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067375019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148814364508515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148814364508516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1011, endPage=1022, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147897061835076, articleId=1200147896789205304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Enzymatic Preparation of 3-Hydroxyphloridzin and Its Therapeutic Activity in Vitiligo, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To design and optimize the enzymatic preparation process of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and investigate the in vivo anti-vitiligo activity of 3-hydroxyphloridzin, thus to provide scientific basis for achieving the mass production of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and vitiligo prevention and treatment. METHODS 3-hydroxyphloridzin was prepared in a system containing L-ascorbic acid and crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO) solution, with phloridzin from the aqueous extract of young leaves of Malus hupehensis being the substrate. The molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin was taken as the index, and factors including phloridzin concentration, pH, temperature, reaction time, L-ascorbic acid concentration, enzyme concentration, and stirring speed were selected to optimize the preparation process conditions of 3-hydroxyphloridzin by a complete randomized design, Placket-Burman (PB) test, path of steepest ascent method, and central composite design (CCD)-effect surface method. To verify the feasibility of the preparation process, the reaction system was scaled up to 250 L. Besides, Vitiligo model was constructed by applying hydroquinone cream to the back skin of C57BL/6 mice for 75 consecutive days, and the mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, positive group (8-methoxypsoralen (8-mop), 4.25 mg·kg-1), and 3-hydroxyphloridzin low, medium, and high dosage group (10, 20, and 40 mg·kg-1) on the 20th day of modeling, and were administered with 55 days of gavage. The mice in each group were depilated every 5 days, while the modeling area was videotaped and the hair decoloration was scored. At the end of the administration, blood was taken by removing the mice eyeballs, and the serum tyrosinase (TYR), cholinesterase (CHE) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of mice were detected using the kit. In addition, skin was taken from the dorsal lesions of mice and sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), then under a light microscope, 50 hair follicles were observed to count those containing melanin RESULTS The optimal preparation process of 3-hydroxyphloridzin was as follows: phloridzin concentration of 1.70 mmol·L-1, reaction time of 6.0 h, and PPO concentration of 25.0 U·mL-1. In the amplified experiment, the reaction solution was decontaminated by a macroporous resin, concentrated, and dried to obtain 334.80 g of crude 3-hydroxyphloridzin with a purity of 70.32%, and the extraction rate of 8.37%, and the purity of 98.10% of the 3-hydroxyphloridzin was obtained by further isolation and purification, which yielded a pure product of 3-hydroxyphloridzin with a purity of 98.10% and the yield of 68.50%. In vivo activity experiments showed that compared with the model group, the hair decoloration of mice in the 3-hydroxyphloridzin low, medium and high dose groups was significantly improved, with a significant decrease in hair decoloration scores, serum MDA content and CHE activity (P<0.05) and a significant increase in the number of melanin-containing hair follicles and serum TYR activity (P<0.05). CONCLUSION 3-hydroxyphloridzin can be prepared by enzymatic extraction of the aqueous extract of young leaves of Malus hupehensis, and the method has the feasibility of quantitative production. 3-hydroxyphloridzin has therapeutic activity for vitiligo, and the mechanism of action is related to enhancement of tyrosinase activity to increase melanin synthesis and improvement of oxidative stress damage to slow down the development of vitiligo.

, correspAuthors=Junzhi WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jingpeng LEI, Junzhi WANG, Haili YU, Yang XIE, Zhangshuang DENG, Gaigai DENG, Mengyao YANG, Peiyong Xu, Xianfan SHUI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147898781499806, articleId=1200147896789205304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=3-OH根皮苷酶法制备及其抗白癜风作用研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 设计优化3-OH根皮苷酶法制备工艺,探究3-OH根皮苷体内抗白癜风活性,为实现3-OH根皮苷的量产及白癜风防治提供科学依据。方法 以湖北海棠嫩叶水提液中根皮苷为底物,在含抗坏血酸、多酚氧化酶(PPO)粗酶液的体系中制备3-OH根皮苷。以3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率为指标,选取根皮苷浓度、pH、温度、反应时间、抗坏血酸浓度、酶浓度、搅拌速度等因素,通过单因素试验、普拉克特-伯曼(PB)试验、最陡爬坡试验、中心综合设计(CCD)-效应面法等方法,优化3-OH根皮苷制备工艺条件,反应体系放大至250 L验证制备工艺可行性。外用氢醌乳膏涂抹C57BL/6小鼠背部皮肤构建白癜风模型,连续造模75 d,造模第20天将小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性药8-甲氧补骨脂素组(8-mop,4.25 mg·kg-1)、3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组(10、20、40 mg·kg-1),灌胃给药55 d,各组小鼠每5d脱毛1次,同时对造模区域进行摄像,毛发脱色评分。给药结束后摘眼球取血,使用试剂盒检测小鼠血清酪氨酸酶(TYR)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。取小鼠背部皮损处皮肤,切片经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,在光学显微镜下观察50个毛囊,对含有黑色素的毛囊进行计数。结果 3-OH根皮苷的最佳制备工艺为:根皮苷1.70 mmol·L-1、反应时间6.0 h、PPO浓度25.0 U·mL-1。放大实验,反应液经大孔树脂除杂,浓缩,干燥得纯度为70.32%的3-OH根皮苷粗品334.80 g,提取率为8.37%,进一步分离纯化可得到纯度为98.10%的3-OH根皮苷纯品,得率为68.50%。体内活性实验表明,与模型组相比,3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组小鼠毛发脱色情况显著改善,毛发脱色评分显著降低(P<0.05)、血清MDA含量、CHE活性显著降低(P<0.05),含黑色素毛囊个数、血清TYR活性显著上升(P<0.05)。结论 可通过湖北海棠嫩叶水提液酶法高效提取制备3-OH根皮苷,且具有量化生产的可行性。3-OH根皮苷具有治疗白癜风的活性,其作用机制与提升酪氨酸酶活性,增加黑色素合成;改善氧化应激损伤,延缓白癜风的发展相关。

, correspAuthors=汪鋆植, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*汪鋆植,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药食两用资源研究与开发利用 Tel:(0717)6395580
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雷晶鹏,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然产物的活性研究

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雷晶鹏,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然产物的活性研究

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雷晶鹏,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然产物的活性研究

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Jinan: Shandong Traditional Chinese Medicine University, 2014., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200821242392605657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=41, issue=3, pageStart=322, pageEnd=325, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=LIU J Y, LIU T, journalName=J Dermatol Venereol(皮肤病与性病), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU J Y, LIU T. Effects of Psoralea corylifolia on tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in human melanocytes[J]. 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Chin Tradit Herb Drugs(中草药), 2015, 46(15): 2189-2192., articleTitle=Application of backward selection method based on Tujia medical trialistic theory in new drug research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200821242589737948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=11, pageStart=2131, pageEnd=2136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=LU C C, ZHAO L, HAUNG Y X, journalName=China J Chin Mater Med(中国中药杂志), refType=null, unstructuredReference=LU C C, ZHAO L, HAUNG Y X, et al. Simultaneous determination of quercitrin, phloridzin and 3-hydroxylphloridzin in leaves of Malus halliana by ultrasound-assistedionic liquid-reversed phase liquid chromatography[J]. 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Tetrahedron Lette, 2004, 45(35): 6673-6677., articleTitle=New compounds obtained by enzymatic oxidation of phloridzin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1200821239808914362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, awardId=HBGC-2021-167C, language=CN, fundingSource=湖北农业土著品种基因资源多样性保护与可持续利用项目资助(HBGC-2021-167C), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1200821234125632354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200821234134020963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, companyId=1200821234125632354, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200821234146603876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, companyId=1200821234125632354, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学), 宜昌 443002)]), AuthorCompany(id=1200821234209518437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200821234222101350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, companyId=1200821234209518437, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang 443003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200821234230489959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, companyId=1200821234209518437, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 湖北安琪酵母股份有限公司, 宜昌 443003)]), AuthorCompany(id=1200821234318570344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200821234326958953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, companyId=1200821234318570344, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 Hubei Province Badong County Guandukou Town Agricultural Service Center, Yichang 444399, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1200821234335347562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, companyId=1200821234318570344, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 湖北省巴东县官渡口镇农业服务中心, 宜昌 444399)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1200821237363635104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Malus hupehensis leaves aqueous extract HPLC chromatogram before and after conversion

A-Phloridzin; B-3-hydroxyphloridzin; C-Malus hupehensis leaves aqueous extract before reaction; D-Malus hupehensis leaves aqueous extract after reaction.

, figureFileSmall=OQwwMpKF/5/Q2lvGF76HMg==, figureFileBig=E9PB3bL3+bB6Lb4p/l1YBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237430743969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=图1, caption=湖北海棠水提液转化前后高效液相色谱图

A-根皮苷对照品;B-3-OH根皮苷对照品;C-湖北海棠水提液反应前;D-湖北海棠水提液反应后。

, figureFileSmall=OQwwMpKF/5/Q2lvGF76HMg==, figureFileBig=E9PB3bL3+bB6Lb4p/l1YBQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237539795874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of different factors on the molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin. n=3, $\bar{x}±s$

A-phloridzin concentration; B-reaction temperature; C-L-ascorbic acid concentration; D-reaction system pH; E-reaction time; F-enzyme concentration; G-stirring speed.

, figureFileSmall=8jzhUGRkpAg467OpseFNVg==, figureFileBig=T8YWcGICQbSuT0X90AFPLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237623681955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同因素对3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的影响. n=3, $\bar{x}±s$

A-根皮苷浓度;B-反应温度;C-抗坏血酸浓度;D-反应体系pH;E-反应时间;F-酶浓度;G-搅拌转速。

, figureFileSmall=8jzhUGRkpAg467OpseFNVg==, figureFileBig=T8YWcGICQbSuT0X90AFPLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237686596516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface and contour plots of the interaction effect of factors on potency

A,D-effect of enzyme concentration versus phloridzin; B, E-effect of time versus phloridzin;C, F-effect of enzyme concentration versus time.

, figureFileSmall=xKdFqUjDCEmm4lihKr88bA==, figureFileBig=8xxrt/TqZENkkeo7oCZ65Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237753705381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各因素交互影响效价的曲面图和等高线图

A,D-酶浓度与根皮苷浓度的影响;B,E-反应时间与根皮苷浓度的影响;C,F-酶浓度与反应时间的影响。

, figureFileSmall=xKdFqUjDCEmm4lihKr88bA==, figureFileBig=8xxrt/TqZENkkeo7oCZ65Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237825008550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Photographs of the skin of mice in each group after treatment (A-F) (×2) and hair depigmentation scores(G). n=6, $\bar{x}±s$

A-control; B-model; C-positive(8-mop); D, E, F-3-hydroxyphloridzin low, medium, high dose group ( 10, 20, 40 mg·mL-1); 1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01, compared with the control group; 3)P<0.01, compared with the model group.

, figureFileSmall=h5l00hVswCBhcUQ1+m3G2w==, figureFileBig=yB+OGCFFcQE43koxvIQ4Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821237896311719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=图4, caption=经治疗后各组小鼠皮肤照片(A~F)(×2)及毛发脱色评分(G). n=6, $\bar{x}±s$

A-空白组;B-模型组;C-阳性组(8-mop);D,E,F-3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组(10,20,40 mg·mL-1);与空白组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01;与模型组比较,3)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=h5l00hVswCBhcUQ1+m3G2w==, figureFileBig=yB+OGCFFcQE43koxvIQ4Pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821238047306664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Histopathological sections of the skin of mice in each group after treatment (A-F) (HE×100) and count of melanin-containing hair follicles(G). n=6, $\bar{x}±s$

A-control; B-model; C-positive(8-mop); D, E, F-3-hydroxyphloridzin low, medium, high dose group (10, 20, 40 mg·mL-1);1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01, compared with the control group; 3)P<0.01, compared with the model group; The red box-shows the cuticle of the skin at the mouse lesion;The red arrows-show the melanin-free hair follicles of the skin at the mouse lesion.

, figureFileSmall=Qf6ilB4nVlHNNcAYp5SrBg==, figureFileBig=mmxn0wOLm7dxyCrdtdH8pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821238131192745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=图5, caption=经治疗后各组小鼠皮肤组织病理切片图(A~F)(HE×100)及含黑色素毛囊计数(G). n=6, $\bar{x}±s$

A-空白组;B-模型组;C-阳性组(8-mop);D,E,F-3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组(10,20,40 mg·mL-1);与空白组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01;与模型组比较,3)P<0.01;红色方框处-小鼠皮损处皮肤角质层,红色箭头-小鼠皮损处皮肤无黑色素毛囊。

, figureFileSmall=Qf6ilB4nVlHNNcAYp5SrBg==, figureFileBig=mmxn0wOLm7dxyCrdtdH8pg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821238194107306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Effect of drug administration on TYR(A)、 MDA(B) and CHE(C) in vitiligo mice serum. n=6, $\bar{x}±s$

1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01, compared with the control group; 3)P<0.05, 4)P<0.01, compared with the model group.

, figureFileSmall=mYoNegzjr+d8ws2mh+Tkng==, figureFileBig=xYuspVUTnt8DX4tyGfysAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821238252827563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=图6, caption=给药对白癜风小鼠血清酪氨酸酶(TYR)(A)、丙二醛(MDA)(B)及胆碱酯酶(CHE)(C)的影响. n=6, $\bar{x}±s$

与空白组比较,1)P<0.05,2)P<0.01;与模型组比较,3)P<0.05,4)P<0.01。

, figureFileSmall=mYoNegzjr+d8ws2mh+Tkng==, figureFileBig=xYuspVUTnt8DX4tyGfysAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200821238336713644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Placket-Burman(PB) design levels of different factors affecting the molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variant Factor Low
level(-)
High
level(+)
X1 c(phloridzin)/mmol·L-1 1 4
X2 T(reaction)/℃ 25 35
X3 t(reaction)/h 2 8
X4 c(L-Ascorbic acid)/mmol·L-1 2 20
X5 Enzyme concentration/U·mL-1 10 40
X6 Reaction system pH 6 8
X7 Stirring speed/r·min-1 500 2 500
), ArticleFig(id=1200821238433182637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

影响3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率不同因素的Placket-Burman(PB)设计水平

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variant Factor Low
level(-)
High
level(+)
X1 c(phloridzin)/mmol·L-1 1 4
X2 T(reaction)/℃ 25 35
X3 t(reaction)/h 2 8
X4 c(L-Ascorbic acid)/mmol·L-1 2 20
X5 Enzyme concentration/U·mL-1 10 40
X6 Reaction system pH 6 8
X7 Stirring speed/r·min-1 500 2 500
), ArticleFig(id=1200821238500291502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Effect of factors at different levels on the molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin in a Placket-Buman design. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Factor Molar yield of
3-hydroxyphlorizin/%
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
1 8 35 1 20 40 8 500 67.85
2 2 35 4 2 40 8 2 500 45.07
3 8 25 4 20 10 8 2 500 24.83
4 2 35 1 20 40 6 2 500 55.76
5 2 25 4 2 40 8 500 39.12
6 2 25 1 20 10 8 2 500 36.85
7 8 25 1 2 40 6 2 500 63.62
8 8 35 1 2 10 8 500 38.90
9 8 35 4 2 10 6 2 500 17.10
10 2 35 4 20 10 6 500 12.84
11 8 25 4 20 40 6 500 42.33
12 2 25 1 2 10 6 500 27.89
), ArticleFig(id=1200821238693229487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

Placket-Buman设计下各因素在不同水平下对3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的影响. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number Factor Molar yield of
3-hydroxyphlorizin/%
X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7
1 8 35 1 20 40 8 500 67.85
2 2 35 4 2 40 8 2 500 45.07
3 8 25 4 20 10 8 2 500 24.83
4 2 35 1 20 40 6 2 500 55.76
5 2 25 4 2 40 8 500 39.12
6 2 25 1 20 10 8 2 500 36.85
7 8 25 1 2 40 6 2 500 63.62
8 8 35 1 2 10 8 500 38.90
9 8 35 4 2 10 6 2 500 17.10
10 2 35 4 20 10 6 500 12.84
11 8 25 4 20 40 6 500 42.33
12 2 25 1 2 10 6 500 27.89
), ArticleFig(id=1200821238777115568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Analysis of variance of regression model results obtained by Placket-Burman design

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of variation Square sum Degrees of freedom Mean square F P
Model 4 348.13 7 621.16 18.74 0.006 6
Inaccuracies 132.58 4 33.14
Aggregate 4 480.71 11
response average 41.01
root mean square 14.04
R2 0.970 4
variation coefficient 14.04
precision 14.008
), ArticleFig(id=1200821238907138993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

通过Placket-Burman设计得到回归模型结果的方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of variation Square sum Degrees of freedom Mean square F P
Model 4 348.13 7 621.16 18.74 0.006 6
Inaccuracies 132.58 4 33.14
Aggregate 4 480.71 11
response average 41.01
root mean square 14.04
R2 0.970 4
variation coefficient 14.04
precision 14.008
), ArticleFig(id=1200821238999413682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Main effects analysis of the influence of factors on the molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin in a Placket-Burman design regression model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Effect F P Significance
X1 9.63 3.713 0.045 8 3
X2 2.93 0.345 0.891 7 7
X3 -19.66 15.483 0.002 9 2
X4 -2.00 0.161 0.682 5 6
X5 24.19 23.448 0.000 9 1
X6 2.76 0.306 0.172 4 4
X7 1.11 0.050 0.512 8 5
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239091688371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

Placket-Burman设计回归模型中各因素对3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的影响主效应分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Factor Effect F P Significance
X1 9.63 3.713 0.045 8 3
X2 2.93 0.345 0.891 7 7
X3 -19.66 15.483 0.002 9 2
X4 -2.00 0.161 0.682 5 6
X5 24.19 23.448 0.000 9 1
X6 2.76 0.306 0.172 4 4
X7 1.11 0.050 0.512 8 5
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239188157364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Effect of different levels of significant factors on the molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin under the Path of steepest ascent path method. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Serial number t(Response)/h c(Phlorizin)/mmol·L-1 Enzyme concentration/U·mL-1 Molar yield of 3-hydroxyphlorzin/%
1 2 4.0 10 28.85
2 3 3.4 16 39.48
3 4 2.8 22 50.64
4 5 2.2 28 68.01
5 6 1.6 34 62.58
6 8 1.0 40 55.57
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239280432053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

最陡爬坡实验下显著因素的不同水平下对3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的影响. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Serial number t(Response)/h c(Phlorizin)/mmol·L-1 Enzyme concentration/U·mL-1 Molar yield of 3-hydroxyphlorzin/%
1 2 4.0 10 28.85
2 3 3.4 16 39.48
3 4 2.8 22 50.64
4 5 2.2 28 68.01
5 6 1.6 34 62.58
6 8 1.0 40 55.57
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239368512438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Effect of different levels of significant factors on the molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin under the response surface method. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number X1 c(Phlorizin)/mmol·L-1 X2 t (Response)/h X3 Enzyme concentration/U·mL-1 Molar yield of 3-hydroxyphlorzin/%
1 1.42 3.27 16 59.80
2 2.58 3.27 16 38.48
3 1.42 6.73 16 72.48
4 2.58 6.73 16 45.57
5 1.42 3.27 34 47.75
6 2.58 3.27 34 36.69
7 1.42 6.73 34 56.72
8 2.58 6.73 34 41.46
9 1.00 5.00 25 72.49
10 3.00 5.00 25 51.37
11 2.00 2.00 25 29.23
12 2.00 8.00 25 65.39
13 2.00 5.00 10 67.24
14 2.00 5.00 40 38.21
15 2.00 5.00 25 73.65
16 2.00 5.00 25 68.23
17 2.00 5.00 25 65.43
18 2.00 5.00 25 72.69
19 2.00 5.00 25 67.78
20 2.00 5.00 25 73.91
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239452398519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

响应面实验设计下显著因素的不同水平对3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的影响. n=3

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Number X1 c(Phlorizin)/mmol·L-1 X2 t (Response)/h X3 Enzyme concentration/U·mL-1 Molar yield of 3-hydroxyphlorzin/%
1 1.42 3.27 16 59.80
2 2.58 3.27 16 38.48
3 1.42 6.73 16 72.48
4 2.58 6.73 16 45.57
5 1.42 3.27 34 47.75
6 2.58 3.27 34 36.69
7 1.42 6.73 34 56.72
8 2.58 6.73 34 41.46
9 1.00 5.00 25 72.49
10 3.00 5.00 25 51.37
11 2.00 2.00 25 29.23
12 2.00 8.00 25 65.39
13 2.00 5.00 10 67.24
14 2.00 5.00 40 38.21
15 2.00 5.00 25 73.65
16 2.00 5.00 25 68.23
17 2.00 5.00 25 65.43
18 2.00 5.00 25 72.69
19 2.00 5.00 25 67.78
20 2.00 5.00 25 73.91
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239532090296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=EN, label=Tab.7, caption=

Analysis of Variance for each experimental group and regression model of response surface experiments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of variance Square sum Degrees of freedom Mean square F P
Model 3 802.24 9 422.47 12.01 0.000 3
X1 882.21 1 882.21 25.09 0.000 5
X2 660.27 1 660.27 18.77 0.001 5
X3 503.87 1 503.87 14.33 0.003 6
X1X2 11.98 1 11.98 0.34 0.572 4
X1X3 60.11 1 60.11 1.71 0.220 4
X2X3 4.56 1 4.56 0.13 0.726 3
X 1 2 200.50 1 200.50 5.70 0.038 1
X 2 2 1 122.71 1 1 122.71 31.92 0.000 2
X 3 2 693.84 1 693.84 19.73 0.001 3
Residual 351.68 10 35.17
Mismatch 287.36 5 57.47 4.47 0.063 1
Inaccuracies 64.33 5 12.87
Aggregate difference 4 153.92 19
), ArticleFig(id=1200821239615976377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147896789205304, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

响应面实验各实验组及回归模型方差分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Source of variance Square sum Degrees of freedom Mean square F P
Model 3 802.24 9 422.47 12.01 0.000 3
X1 882.21 1 882.21 25.09 0.000 5
X2 660.27 1 660.27 18.77 0.001 5
X3 503.87 1 503.87 14.33 0.003 6
X1X2 11.98 1 11.98 0.34 0.572 4
X1X3 60.11 1 60.11 1.71 0.220 4
X2X3 4.56 1 4.56 0.13 0.726 3
X 1 2 200.50 1 200.50 5.70 0.038 1
X 2 2 1 122.71 1 1 122.71 31.92 0.000 2
X 3 2 693.84 1 693.84 19.73 0.001 3
Residual 351.68 10 35.17
Mismatch 287.36 5 57.47 4.47 0.063 1
Inaccuracies 64.33 5 12.87
Aggregate difference 4 153.92 19
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雷晶鹏 1 , 汪鋆植 1, * , 余海立 2 , 谢阳 1 , 邓张双 1 , 邓改改 1 , 杨梦瑶 1 , 许培勇 3 , 税先樊 3
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(11): 1011-1022
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(11): 1011-1022
3-OH根皮苷酶法制备及其抗白癜风作用研究
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雷晶鹏1, 汪鋆植1, *, 余海立2, 谢阳1, 邓张双1, 邓改改1, 杨梦瑶1, 许培勇3, 税先樊3
作者信息
  • 1 天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学), 宜昌 443002
  • 2 湖北安琪酵母股份有限公司, 宜昌 443003
  • 3 湖北省巴东县官渡口镇农业服务中心, 宜昌 444399
  • 雷晶鹏,男,硕士研究生 研究方向:天然产物的活性研究

通讯作者:

*汪鋆植,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药食两用资源研究与开发利用 Tel:(0717)6395580
Enzymatic Preparation of 3-Hydroxyphloridzin and Its Therapeutic Activity in Vitiligo
Jingpeng LEI1, Junzhi WANG1, *, Haili YU2, Yang XIE1, Zhangshuang DENG1, Gaigai DENG1, Mengyao YANG1, Peiyong Xu3, Xianfan SHUI3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
  • 2 Angel Yeast Co., Ltd, Yichang 443003, China
  • 3 Hubei Province Badong County Guandukou Town Agricultural Service Center, Yichang 444399, China
出版时间: 2024-06-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.008
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目的 设计优化3-OH根皮苷酶法制备工艺,探究3-OH根皮苷体内抗白癜风活性,为实现3-OH根皮苷的量产及白癜风防治提供科学依据。方法 以湖北海棠嫩叶水提液中根皮苷为底物,在含抗坏血酸、多酚氧化酶(PPO)粗酶液的体系中制备3-OH根皮苷。以3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率为指标,选取根皮苷浓度、pH、温度、反应时间、抗坏血酸浓度、酶浓度、搅拌速度等因素,通过单因素试验、普拉克特-伯曼(PB)试验、最陡爬坡试验、中心综合设计(CCD)-效应面法等方法,优化3-OH根皮苷制备工艺条件,反应体系放大至250 L验证制备工艺可行性。外用氢醌乳膏涂抹C57BL/6小鼠背部皮肤构建白癜风模型,连续造模75 d,造模第20天将小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性药8-甲氧补骨脂素组(8-mop,4.25 mg·kg-1)、3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组(10、20、40 mg·kg-1),灌胃给药55 d,各组小鼠每5d脱毛1次,同时对造模区域进行摄像,毛发脱色评分。给药结束后摘眼球取血,使用试剂盒检测小鼠血清酪氨酸酶(TYR)、胆碱酯酶(CHE)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量。取小鼠背部皮损处皮肤,切片经苏木精-伊红(HE)染色,在光学显微镜下观察50个毛囊,对含有黑色素的毛囊进行计数。结果 3-OH根皮苷的最佳制备工艺为:根皮苷1.70 mmol·L-1、反应时间6.0 h、PPO浓度25.0 U·mL-1。放大实验,反应液经大孔树脂除杂,浓缩,干燥得纯度为70.32%的3-OH根皮苷粗品334.80 g,提取率为8.37%,进一步分离纯化可得到纯度为98.10%的3-OH根皮苷纯品,得率为68.50%。体内活性实验表明,与模型组相比,3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组小鼠毛发脱色情况显著改善,毛发脱色评分显著降低(P<0.05)、血清MDA含量、CHE活性显著降低(P<0.05),含黑色素毛囊个数、血清TYR活性显著上升(P<0.05)。结论 可通过湖北海棠嫩叶水提液酶法高效提取制备3-OH根皮苷,且具有量化生产的可行性。3-OH根皮苷具有治疗白癜风的活性,其作用机制与提升酪氨酸酶活性,增加黑色素合成;改善氧化应激损伤,延缓白癜风的发展相关。

3-OH根皮苷  /  湖北海棠  /  白癜风  /  酪氨酸酶

OBJECTIVE To design and optimize the enzymatic preparation process of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and investigate the in vivo anti-vitiligo activity of 3-hydroxyphloridzin, thus to provide scientific basis for achieving the mass production of 3-hydroxyphloridzin and vitiligo prevention and treatment. METHODS 3-hydroxyphloridzin was prepared in a system containing L-ascorbic acid and crude polyphenol oxidase (PPO) solution, with phloridzin from the aqueous extract of young leaves of Malus hupehensis being the substrate. The molar yield of 3-hydroxyphloridzin was taken as the index, and factors including phloridzin concentration, pH, temperature, reaction time, L-ascorbic acid concentration, enzyme concentration, and stirring speed were selected to optimize the preparation process conditions of 3-hydroxyphloridzin by a complete randomized design, Placket-Burman (PB) test, path of steepest ascent method, and central composite design (CCD)-effect surface method. To verify the feasibility of the preparation process, the reaction system was scaled up to 250 L. Besides, Vitiligo model was constructed by applying hydroquinone cream to the back skin of C57BL/6 mice for 75 consecutive days, and the mice were randomly divided into blank group, model group, positive group (8-methoxypsoralen (8-mop), 4.25 mg·kg-1), and 3-hydroxyphloridzin low, medium, and high dosage group (10, 20, and 40 mg·kg-1) on the 20th day of modeling, and were administered with 55 days of gavage. The mice in each group were depilated every 5 days, while the modeling area was videotaped and the hair decoloration was scored. At the end of the administration, blood was taken by removing the mice eyeballs, and the serum tyrosinase (TYR), cholinesterase (CHE) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of mice were detected using the kit. In addition, skin was taken from the dorsal lesions of mice and sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), then under a light microscope, 50 hair follicles were observed to count those containing melanin RESULTS The optimal preparation process of 3-hydroxyphloridzin was as follows: phloridzin concentration of 1.70 mmol·L-1, reaction time of 6.0 h, and PPO concentration of 25.0 U·mL-1. In the amplified experiment, the reaction solution was decontaminated by a macroporous resin, concentrated, and dried to obtain 334.80 g of crude 3-hydroxyphloridzin with a purity of 70.32%, and the extraction rate of 8.37%, and the purity of 98.10% of the 3-hydroxyphloridzin was obtained by further isolation and purification, which yielded a pure product of 3-hydroxyphloridzin with a purity of 98.10% and the yield of 68.50%. In vivo activity experiments showed that compared with the model group, the hair decoloration of mice in the 3-hydroxyphloridzin low, medium and high dose groups was significantly improved, with a significant decrease in hair decoloration scores, serum MDA content and CHE activity (P<0.05) and a significant increase in the number of melanin-containing hair follicles and serum TYR activity (P<0.05). CONCLUSION 3-hydroxyphloridzin can be prepared by enzymatic extraction of the aqueous extract of young leaves of Malus hupehensis, and the method has the feasibility of quantitative production. 3-hydroxyphloridzin has therapeutic activity for vitiligo, and the mechanism of action is related to enhancement of tyrosinase activity to increase melanin synthesis and improvement of oxidative stress damage to slow down the development of vitiligo.

3-hydroxyphloridzin  /  Malus hupehensis  /  vitiligo  /  tyrosinase
雷晶鹏, 汪鋆植, 余海立, 谢阳, 邓张双, 邓改改, 杨梦瑶, 许培勇, 税先樊. 3-OH根皮苷酶法制备及其抗白癜风作用研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (11) : 1011 -1022 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.008
Jingpeng LEI, Junzhi WANG, Haili YU, Yang XIE, Zhangshuang DENG, Gaigai DENG, Mengyao YANG, Peiyong Xu, Xianfan SHUI. Enzymatic Preparation of 3-Hydroxyphloridzin and Its Therapeutic Activity in Vitiligo[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (11) : 1011 -1022 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.008
白癜风(vitiligo)是一种常见的获得性色素脱失皮肤病,由皮肤黑色素细胞减少或功能丧失引起,全球患病率在0.5%~2%之间[1]。临床上表现为皮肤或黏膜部位发生白斑,严重影响了患者的容貌和心理健康,且随着生活节奏加快,精神压力增加,白癜风的发病率逐年升高。临床治疗白癜风以口服糖皮质激素、免疫抑制剂、维生素D3衍生物、抗氧化剂等为主[2],短期内疗效显著,但病情易反复且不良反应较高。中医药在预防和治疗白癜风方面具有安全有效的独特优势,近年来,随着研究不断深入,越来越多的单味中药、中药单体成分及复方被证实可以通过调节自身免疫、改善黑色素细胞功能,降低氧化应激水平、提高酪氨酸酶活性等多种机制发挥治疗作用[3]
湖北海棠[Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.]又名茶海棠、林檎茶、花红茶,其干燥嫩叶作为茶叶饮用已有千年历史。湖北海棠是土家族常用药,主要成分根皮苷[4](phloridzin)具有抗氧化[5]、降血糖[6]、抗肿瘤[7]、抑菌[8]等多种药理作用,3-OH(3-hydroxyphloridzin)根皮苷也是湖北海棠有效成分,其邻苯二酚的结构使得抗氧化能力强于根皮苷[9],还具有降血糖[10]、降尿酸[11]、类雌激素[12]等功效。根皮苷对酪氨酸酶有显著的抑制作用,已用于美白产品[13]。前期通过反选法研究发现3-OH根皮苷对酪氨酸酶有显著的激活作用,可能具有治疗白癜风的应用潜质。因此本研究以湖北海棠嫩叶为原料,优化多酚氧化酶氧化根皮苷制备3-OH根皮苷的工艺,并探究其对白癜风小鼠的治疗作用,以期为湖北海棠定向加工和3-OH根皮苷的拓展应用提供依据,为湖北海棠的可持续利用提供思路。
湖北海棠嫩叶,采于湖北省长阳土家族自治县,由三峡大学王玉兵教授鉴定基源为湖北海棠[Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.];双孢菇(郑州启涵食品有限公司);根皮苷对照品(纯度≥98%)、3-OH根皮苷对照品(纯度≥98%)(三峡大学天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室);甲醇、乙腈(色谱纯);邻苯二酚、氢氧化钠、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钠、二甲基亚砜(DMSO)(国药集团化学试剂有限公司);抗坏血酸(西陇科学股份有限公司);酪氨酸酶(TYR)试剂盒(索莱宝生物科技有限公司);胆碱酯酶(CHE)试剂盒、丙二醛(MDA)试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所);脱毛膏(南京同仁堂健康产业有限公司);8-甲氧补骨脂素(批号Lc1230074)(上海皓鸿生物医药科技有限公司)。
Q/SGYM 1009型万分之一电子天平(奥豪斯仪器上海有限公司);艾科浦超纯水系统(艾科浦国际有限公司);LKQ-400DB型数控超声波清洗器(昆山市超声仪器有限公司);LC-2030C 3D Plus型高效液相色谱仪(岛津公司);COSMOSIL C18色谱柱(日本Nacalai Tesque);HPX-9052型MBE数显电热培养箱(上海博讯实业有限公司医疗设备厂);小型多功能提取罐TQ-300、全钢立式卫生级胶体磨JML-80(郑州玉祥机械设备有限公司)。
40只C57BL/6J小鼠,雄性,4周龄,体质量(14±2)g,由三峡大学动物实验中心提供,实验动物生产许可证号 SCXK(鄂)2022-0012,实验动物设施使用许可证号 SYXK(鄂)2022-0061,动物伦理审查批准编号 2023020X,动物实验中心SPF级动物实验室,饲养条件:相对湿度(55±5)%、温度20~25 ℃,自由进食、饮水。
取湖北海棠嫩叶100 g,98 ℃回流提取2次,第1次加12倍水,第2次加8倍水,过滤,合并滤液[14],得到含生药质量浓度为50 mg·mL-1的湖北海棠嫩叶水提液2 L,高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定湖北海棠嫩叶水提液中根皮苷的含量,然后取该水提液梯度稀释为不同浓度,用于后续工艺优化实验。
精确称取新鲜双孢菇100 g,洗净切碎,加入预冷的磷酸缓冲液200 mL(pH 7.0,0.1 mol·L-1),低温磨浆,纱布过滤,得PPO粗酶液,分装进20 mL离心管中-20 ℃冷冻储藏,取用时避免反复冻融。
PPO活性的测定:取1 mL浓度为0.1 mol·L-1的邻苯二酚加入10 mL试管中,加入pH 7.0磷酸缓冲液4 mL混匀,加PPO粗酶液1 mL。以磷酸缓冲液作为空白对照,在420 nm处测定反应体系的吸光度值,每30 s记录一次。将每分钟增加0.001的吸光度值定义为1个酶活力单位(U)[15]
取湖北海棠嫩叶水提液24 mL,加入抗坏血酸(20 mmol·L-1),NaOH水溶液(1.0mol·L-1)调节pH至7.0,加入1 mL PPO粗酶液后开始反应,在25 ℃下反应6 h,取酶促反应溶液0.5 mL,80 ℃水浴灭活5 min,流水冷却至室温后加入0.5 mL甲醇溶液,过滤得供试品溶液,HPLC测定反应液中根皮苷及3-OH根皮苷的含量。
取“2.1.1”及“2.1.2”项中的样品按照下列色谱条件进行含量测定:进样量:10 μL;色谱柱:COSMOSIL 5C18-MS-Ⅱ Packed Column (4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm);流动相A为水,B为乙腈,流动相梯度:0~25 min为10%~100%B,25~30 min为100%~10%B;流速:1 mL·min-1;检测波长:285 nm;柱温:28 ℃。
测得湖北海棠嫩叶水提液及反应液中根皮苷及3-OH根皮苷的含量,并按(公式1)计算3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率:
3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率(%)=(C3-OH根皮苷/C转化前根皮苷)×100%
由于不同地区及不同时间采摘的湖北海棠嫩叶中根皮苷含量有一定差异,因此反应工艺以湖北海棠嫩叶水提液中的根皮苷浓度为因素,便于工业生产中的质量控制,根据“2.2”项下方法测得湖北海棠嫩叶水提液中根皮苷浓度设置以下浓度梯度(1.0、2.0、3.0、4.0 mmol·L-1)、同样的以PPO粗酶液中酶活为因素,根据“2.1.2”项测得酶活设置以下梯度(10、20、30、40 U·mL-1),反应过程中其他影响因素及梯度如下:反应温度(15、25、35、45 ℃)、抗坏血酸浓度(2、5、10、20、40 mmol·L-1)、搅拌转速(500、1 000、1 500、2 000 r·min-1)、反应时间(2、4、6、8、10、12 h)、初始pH(6.0、7.0、8.0)。假设各个因素间不存在交互作用,固定其他因素对3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的影响因素进行单因素实验初步优化,并为普拉克特-伯曼(Placket-Burman,PB)实验选择高低水平提供参考(所加试剂用量均以25 mL反应体系为基准)。
在单因素实验的基础上,分别选取7个因素的高低2个水平,通过Design Expert 软件进行PB设计,以3-OH根皮苷产率作为响应值Y。筛选出对其影响较为显著的因素。实验设计见表1
将Placket-Burman实验筛选出的3个因素进行最陡爬坡实验,根皮苷浓度和酶浓度成正效应,转化时间呈负效应。对显著因素的变化及方向进行试验设计,从而确定各个因素的中心点所在区域的最佳取值范围。
根据最陡爬坡试验所确定的最佳中心点,进行CCD试验设计,通过对结果进行软件分析,得到所需响应值时各个因素的取值。
参照最佳工艺条件,加大反应体系溶剂及样品量使用提取罐进行3-OH根皮苷的制备。称取新鲜双孢菇3.12 kg,加入预冷的磷酸缓冲液10 L(pH 7.0,0.1 mol·L-1),磨浆机低温磨浆,过滤得PPO粗酶液。湖北海棠嫩叶4 kg,加入240 L水使用提取罐98 ℃提取2 h,提取完毕后降温至35 ℃,加入抗坏血酸352 g,使用NaOH(1.0 mol·L-1)调PH至7.0加入10 L粗酶液开始酶促反应,反应6 h,反应结束时升温至80 ℃加热10 min终止反应,取反应液使用“2.2”项下方法测量计算3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率,反应液过滤,HPD100型大孔树脂吸附,4 BV(1 BV=5 m3)水洗脱除杂,再用4 BV体积分数70%乙醇洗脱,洗脱速度为2 BV·h-1,收集体积分数70%乙醇洗脱液[16],低压浓缩,干燥得粗3-OH根皮苷,检测3-OH根皮苷含量。
取粗3-OH根皮苷溶于甲醇,湿法上硅胶柱层析,用二氯甲烷-甲醇(体积比:12∶1,10∶1,8∶1,6∶1)的混合溶液依次进行梯度洗脱,通过薄层层析法确定3-OH根皮苷所在组分,收集该组分洗脱液,浓缩干燥,得3-OH根皮苷纯品,用于后续核磁共振结构鉴定及体内实验。
称取10 mg的3-OH根皮苷干燥纯品用Methanol-d4溶解,转移至核磁管中,采用核磁共振波谱仪测定3-OH根皮苷的氢谱及碳谱,操作在室温下进行。
购入C57BL/6小鼠后,动物适应环境3 d。第4天,选择小鼠背部黑色部位2 cm×2 cm,电动剃毛机剃短毛发,小鼠脱毛膏脱毛,并在24 h后开始造模,造模周期为75 d。每日在背部脱毛区均匀涂抹质量分数2.5%的氢醌软膏0.5 mL(1 g羧甲基纤维素钠、2.5 g氢醌溶于100 mL去离子水中),涂抹两次,空白组小鼠每日于背部脱毛处涂抹空白基质(质量分数1%羧甲基纤维素钠)0.5 mL,持续75 d。
造模第20天根据造模情况将小鼠随机分为空白组、模型组、阳性组8-甲氧补骨脂素(8-mop 4.25 mg·kg-1)、3-OH根皮苷低剂量(10 mg·kg-1)、中剂量(20 mg·kg-1)、高剂量(30 mg·kg-1)组,按0.01 mL·g-1的剂量灌胃给药55 d,在此期间,各组小鼠每5 d脱毛1次,同时对造模区域进行摄像,记录皮肤脱色情况,并对毛发脱色进行评分。
皮肤毛发脱色评分标准:0分,毛发无脱色;1分,毛发脱色面积≤10%;2分,10% <毛发脱色面积≤25%;3分,25% <毛发脱色面积≤50%;4分,50%<毛发脱色面积≤75%;5分,75%<毛发脱色面积≤100%。
含黑色素的毛囊计数:取小鼠背部皮损处皮肤,10%福尔马林固定,石蜡包埋,切片。取皮肤石蜡包埋切片(4 μm)进行HE染色。在光学显微镜下观察50个毛囊,并对含有黑色素的毛囊进行计数。
生化测定:采用摘眼球法取血,静置后以3 000 r·min-1离心15 min,分离血清,按照试剂盒说明书操作检测TYR、CHE活性、MDA含量。
通过SPSS25.0软件进行处理,数据以($\bar{x}±s$)表示,组间方差分析和多重比较采用单因素 ANOVA。P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
经HPLC测量湖北海棠嫩叶水提液中根皮苷浓度为4.03 mmol·L-1,“2.12”项下方法测量得PPO粗酶液中酶活为40.35 U·mL-1,为方便后续工艺优化设计,将根皮苷浓度定为4 mmol·L-1,PPO粗酶液酶活定为40 U·mL-1
图1酶促反应进程HPLC色谱图可知,根皮苷在反应过程中被消耗,且出现了新的色谱峰,根据对照品的保留时间的定位与紫外吸收特征初步推测转化产物为3-OH根皮苷。
图2A可知,随着湖北海棠嫩叶提取液根皮苷的浓度升高(其他条件保持不变),酶促反应朝着生成3-OH根皮苷的方向进行,但到达一定浓度时,由于酶与底物的结合能力有限,随着根皮苷浓度的升高3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率呈下降的趋势。当根皮苷浓度升高至4.0 mmol·L-1时,3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率仅为1.0 mmol·L-1时的一半。
图2B可知,在15~35 ℃内,随着反应温度的升高,酶的活性增强,3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率随之升高,但当温度达45 ℃时,产率急剧下降,可能是因为酶的热变性失活导致酶活下降。
图2C可知,其他条件一致,增加反应体系中抗坏血酸的浓度,3-OH根皮苷产率先升高后平衡,当反应体系中抗坏血酸浓度达到20 mmol·L-1后基本达到平衡。抗坏血酸浓度过低时3-OH根皮苷会被继续氧化,最终生成一种黄色素,导致产率较低,当反应液中有足够的抗坏血酸时,就会阻止3-OH根皮苷的进一步氧化,此时酶促反应达到平衡状态,3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率基本达到平衡状态。
图2E可知,随着反应时间的不断增加,根皮苷不断被转化成3-OH根皮苷,其浓度不断升高,产率呈不断上升的趋势,当反应时间达到8h后,3-OH根皮苷浓度不再改变产率趋于平衡。由图2F可知,其他条件一致,增加反应体系中PPO的浓度,3-OH根皮苷产率均呈现先上升后平衡的趋势。
图2D可知,在pH 6.0~8.0条件下,多酚氧化酶处于稳定状态下,3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率基本不变。如图2G所示,在此实验条件下,搅拌转速对3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率的影响不大,见图2G
为了快速有效的筛选影响3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的主要因素,在单因素试验结果的基础上,设计了7因素PB实验,7个因素分别为X1反应时间、X2温度、X3根皮苷浓度、X4抗坏血酸浓度、X5酶浓度、X6 pH、X7搅拌速度,PB试验设计及结果见表2
回归模型的方差分析和主效应分析见表3~4,反应时间、反应温度、酶浓度、pH、搅拌速率对3-OH根皮苷的摩尔产率呈正效应,根皮苷浓度和抗坏血酸浓度对摩尔产率呈负效应。其中根皮苷浓度、酶浓度和转化时间的影响显著(P<0.05)。所以选取酶浓度、根皮苷浓度、转化时间作为最陡爬坡试验和响应面实验的因素。其他因素正效应取高水平,负效应取低水平。
根据PB实验结果,保持其他因素不变设计最陡爬坡实验。显著因素的实验设计及结果见表5,在第4组实验条件下,3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率最高,选择第4组作为后续响应面优化的中心点。
在上述实验的基础上,选取影响3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率的主要因素,应用 Design Expert 8.0软件进行实验设计,实验设计及结果见表6,方差分析见表7
应用Design Expert 8.0软件对表7的试验数据进行多元回归分析,得到3-OH根皮苷摩尔产率(Y)对根皮苷浓度(X1)、反应时间(X2)、酶浓度(X3)的二次多元回归方程:Y=70.28-7.94X1+6.87X2-6X3-1.22X1X2+2.74X1X3-0.76X2X3-3.57 X 1 2-8.44 X 2 2-6.64 X 3 2。结果表明各变量影响3-OH根皮苷转化率均显著。模型结果P<0.01,说明该模型回归方程具有极显著意义,失拟性结果P>0.05,说明该模型具有较高可靠性。r2=0.915 3,精确度10.517,标准偏差0.074,变异系数10.36,这些结果均说明所选用的回归方程可较好地预测实验结果。
以 Design Expert 8. 0 软件固定一个因素对剩余两个因素按照所得的二元二次方程进行编程运算,分别作三维响应面图和二维等高线图。响应曲面坡度的陡峭、平缓,表明对于处理条件下改变的反应敏感性大、小。由图3并结合表7的结果分析可知:根皮苷浓度、反应时间、酶浓度交互作用不显著。
通过Design Expert 软件分析确定最佳转化工艺为根皮苷浓度1.69 mmol·L-1,转化时间5.92 h,酶浓度25.00 U·mL-1,此条件下由公式计算的理论值为75.11%。考虑到实际操作和生产控制等问题,验证实验实际取值为根皮苷浓度1.70 mmol·L-1,转化时间6.0 h,酶浓度25.00 U·mL-1
取反应液测得3-OH根皮苷的摩尔转化率为(72.50±1.53)%,与理论值接近,因此该模型的预测结果可靠。反应液经大孔树脂除杂,浓缩,干燥得3-OH根皮苷粗品334.80 g,提取率为8.37%,HPLC测量粗品中3-OH根皮苷含量为70.32%,杂质主要为根皮苷及根皮素等其他黄酮类物质。
3-OH根皮苷粗品经硅胶柱层析纯化得3-OH根皮苷纯品229.34 g,得率68.50%,测量计算得纯度为98.10%。
1H-NMR(400 MHz,Methanol-d4)δ 6.73(d,J=1.3 Hz,1H,H-2),6.72(d,J=4.4 Hz,1H,H-5),6.59(dd,J=8.1,2.1 Hz,1H,H-6),6.23(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,H-3'),6.02(d,J=2.3 Hz,1H,H-5'),5.09(m,1H,H-1″),3.92(dd,J=12.3,2.1 Hz,1H,H-6″a),3.74(dd,J=12.3,5.5 Hz,1H,H-6″b),3.58~3.49(m,3H,H-2″,3″,5″),3.49~3.39(m,2H,1-CH2),3.27(m,1H,H-4″),2.83(t,J=7.5 Hz,2H,2-CH2)。13C-NMR(100 MHz,Methanol-d4)δ: 207.2(-CO),166.7(C-6'),165.4(C-4'),161.9(C-2'),145.5(C-3),143.7(C-4),134.8(C-1),121.0(C-6),116.8(C-2),116.6(C-5),106.8(C-1'),101.4(C-1″),98.4(C-5'),95.6(C-3'),77.9(C-5″),77.8(C-3″),74.4(C-2″),70.7(C-4″),62.0(C-6″),46.6(2-CH2),30.9(1-CH2)。以上数据与文献报道[35]的3-OH根皮苷一致。
正常对照组未出现毛发脱色现象,毛发脱色为0,与正常对照组比较,模型组小鼠皮毛脱色明显,且出现严重脱屑现象,毛发脱色评分显著升高(图4)。与模型组相比,在给药55 d后,阳性组,3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组小鼠毛发脱色情况明显改善,毛发脱色评分显著降低。
在显微镜下可以看见与正常组小鼠相比,模型组小鼠皮损处皮肤角质层明显变厚,出现增生现象(图5红色方框),毛囊内无黑色素(图5红色箭头处),经过计数发现含黑色素毛囊数极显著降低(图5G)。与模型组比较,3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组小鼠,皮肤角质层增生有所缓解,含黑色素毛囊数显著升高。
测得结果表明,TYR 是黑素合成的限速酶,并在黑素合成的整个生理过程中起着重要的作用,在本次实验结果中,与空白组相比,模型组小鼠血清TYR活性显著降低,与模型组相比3-OH根皮苷低、中高剂量组及阳性组小鼠血清TYR活性显著升高(图6A)。
氧化应激已被作为诱发黑素细胞减少导致白癜风的重要因素之一。MDA是脂质过氧化反应的终产物和作为氧化应激的具体指标。许多临床研究表明,白癜风患者血清中MDA水平较高。而CHE增加时,白癜风患者的植物神经功能也常常是紊乱的,CHE能够增强乙酰胆碱和交感神经活性的代谢,降低副交感神经的兴奋性[17]。MDA水平和CHE活性的升高变化将减少黑素合成,诱发白癜风的发生。本次实验结果中,与空白组相比,模型组小鼠血清MDA含量及CHE活性显著升高,与模型组相比3-OH根皮苷低、中、高剂量组及阳性组小鼠血清MDA含量显著降低(图6B),3-OH根皮苷中、高剂量组CHE活性显著降低(图6C)。
3-OH根皮苷现主要存在于多穗柯[18]、海棠[19]、苹果[20]等植物中,含量为0.43%~4.03%[21],应用较少且多作为甜味剂报道[22],近些年来3-OH根皮苷降血糖、降尿酸、类雌激素等药理活性逐渐被研究发掘出来,具有广阔的发展前景,但3-OH根皮苷目前仅用于实验研究,未见成熟的提取生产工艺。已有研究发现根皮苷可经多酚氧化酶氧化生成根皮苷氧化产物(POPj),3-OH根皮苷是该反应的中间产物。本研究在该反应的基础上,加入抗坏血酸控制反应进程,设计酶法制备3-OH根皮苷工艺,以湖北海棠嫩叶为原料,先使用水提法提取根皮苷,然后以富含根皮苷的水提液为底物溶液,加入抗坏血酸及双孢菇提取的PPO粗酶液,使得底物溶液中的根皮苷转化为3-OH根皮苷,随后通过大孔树脂吸附分离,干燥得到粗3-OH根皮苷,实现了3-OH根皮苷的量产。湖北海棠嫩叶富含根皮苷,含量超过8%[4],以湖北海棠嫩叶为原料酶法制备3-OH根皮苷,与直接提取相比,减少了原料的投入,提高了提取率;反应过程中所使用的抗坏血酸及双孢菇成本较低,且双孢菇富含多种氨基酸[23],提取粗酶液的废料可用于制作饲料等,进一步降低了生产成本。该工艺通过根皮苷转换成3-OH根皮苷,简化了生产工艺,实现了降成本增效益,工艺通过定向控制,实现了从湖北海棠中按需求定向获得根皮苷、3-OH根皮苷、根皮苷氧化产物不同成分的可能性,有利于充分利用湖北海棠资源,也为更好利用3-OH根皮苷提供了依据。但根皮苷与3-OH根皮苷极性相似,难以通过简单的方式分离,如何实现根皮苷与3-OH根皮苷快速分离纯化,实现高纯度3-OH根皮苷量产需要进一步研究。
近年来,中药防治白癜风的应用逐渐广泛,机制研究不断深入,如丹参[24]、黄芩素[25]、芹黄素[26]、白芍总苷[27]通过改善患者免疫状态从而发挥治疗白癜风的作用,姜黄素[28] 、丹皮酚[29]、蒺藜皂苷[30]可改善黑素细胞的氧化应激损伤,中药单体补骨脂能促进黑色素细胞与角质形成细胞增殖,增加TYR活性及黑色素合成[31]。牛樟芝提取物能够促进人黑色素细胞增殖和迁移,减少细胞凋亡,提高黑色素合成率[32]。但大多数中药仅通过单一机制发挥作用,不利于白癜风的长期治疗。本研究通过体内实验证明3-OH根皮苷具有治疗白癜风的活性,且一方面能够显著降低白癜风小鼠血清MDA含量及CHE活性,改善氧化应激损伤,从而延缓白癜风的发展,另一方面显著提升了白癜风小鼠血清TYR活性,增加皮损处黑色素合成,利于白斑皮肤的复色,为白癜风的多靶点联合治疗提供了新思路。
中药具有多成分多靶点作用特点,研究发现,中药中的同类成分由于结构不同,可能对同一靶点作用相反,不同类型的成分,也可通过不同靶点,产生相反作用。因此,本研究提出了反选法,即通过反选,以中药已知作用和成分为基础,发现作用相反的成分,从而为新药发现或提高中药疗效、增加新用途提供依据。反选法是一种快速有效的研究方法,可以更好地促进中药研究利用和创新药物研发[33]。根皮苷及3-OH根皮苷均是湖北海棠中的主要黄酮类成分,根皮苷对酶酪氨酸酶有较强的抑制作用,现今常被用于美白产品。因此,本研究通过反选法,试图发现酪氨酸酶的激活剂,为白癜风治疗的提供新策略,结果发现3-OH根皮苷对酪氨酸酶有激活作用,结果与文献报道一致[34]。进一步通过体内外实验证实3-OH根皮苷可显著激活白癜风小鼠血清TYR活性,具有治疗白癜风的潜质。为3-OH根皮苷合理利用发现了新方向,为进一步完善反选法提供了依据。
湖北海棠嫩叶作为茶叶饮用历史悠久。嫩叶中主要成分为根皮苷,含量变化明显,一般在4%~12%[4]左右,可选取高含量湖北海棠嫩叶作为根皮苷提取原料,并进而加工制备3-OH根皮苷等多种化合物。湖北海棠嫩叶加工成茶的过程中经过揉捻,叶片细胞受挤压破碎,细胞中的多酚酶类可溶出与根皮苷发生反应,其中的单酚酶活性使其氧化为3-OH根皮苷,随即又被进一步氧化为邻醌结构的物质,在一系列反应后茶叶中同时呈现根皮苷、3-OH根皮苷、根皮素、黄色素等多种活性成分[35]。本研究根据湖北海棠加工茶的成分变化,结合文献设计了以湖北海棠嫩叶为原料酶法制备3-OH根皮苷的工艺。为3-OH根皮苷的量化生产和利用提供了新方法,也为优化湖北海棠茶的加工工艺及创新利用提供了新思路。
综上所述,以湖北海棠嫩叶为原料酶法制备3-OH根皮苷具有可行性。3-OH根皮苷对白癜风小鼠的治疗产生了积极作用,可能是通过激活酪氨酸酶活性、改善氧化应激损伤发挥其治疗作用。为3-OH根皮苷量化生产,及在白癜风治疗中的应用提供了依据,为进一步完善反选法及优化湖北海棠茶的加工工艺提供了参考,为湖北海棠的可持续发展利用提供了思路。
  • 湖北农业土著品种基因资源多样性保护与可持续利用项目资助(HBGC-2021-167C)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.008
  • 接收时间:2024-01-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-06-08
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-19
基金
湖北农业土著品种基因资源多样性保护与可持续利用项目资助(HBGC-2021-167C)
作者信息
    1 天然产物研究与利用湖北省重点实验室(三峡大学), 宜昌 443002
    2 湖北安琪酵母股份有限公司, 宜昌 443003
    3 湖北省巴东县官渡口镇农业服务中心, 宜昌 444399

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*汪鋆植,男,博士,教授 研究方向:药食两用资源研究与开发利用 Tel:(0717)6395580
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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