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Article(id=1200147895015011171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, articleNumber=1001-2494(2024)11-0990-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.11669/cpj.2024.11.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1686844800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764067155841, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1717776000000, pubDateStr=2024-06-08, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764067155841, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764067155841, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067155841, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200147892095779072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, year='2024', volume='59', issue='11', pageStart='953', pageEnd='1064', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764067155144, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764067375019, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200148814364508515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200148814364508516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, issueId=1200147892095779072, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=990, endPage=997, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200147895388304233, articleId=1200147895015011171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=EN, title=Characteristic and Microscopic Identification of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen, columnId=null, journalTitle=Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

OBJECTIVE To explore the characteristic and microscopic features of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen and provide reference for the identification of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen. METHODS Characteristic identification and microscopic identification of 6 batches of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen were carried out. Samples were collected at different growing stages, including seeding stage, vegetative growth stage and reproductive stage. RESULTS For Perillae Folium collected at different growthing stages, the transverse sections of leaf veins were compared. As plant grows into older stages, more areas of the leaf veins appeared purple color. Additionally, the color of excited luminescence varied between Perillae Folium collected at different growing stages. These phenomena could be utilized to differentiate between Perillae Folium collected at different growing stages. Next, this experiment explored the microscopic difference of Perillae Folium and its counterfeit, Perillae Folium sum Cacumen. The leaf surface characters of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen were found to appear in different shapes. The density of peltare glandular hair and capitate glandular hair, as well as the numerical value of stomatal index ratio (lower/upper surface), was observed to be different between two kinds of leaves. CONCLUSION Through this experiment, the characteristic and microscopic features of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen are summarized, offering a reference for the supervision inspection, clinical application and standard revision of Perillae Follium.

, correspAuthors=Shuai KANG, Shuangcheng MA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinping WANG, Lixing NIE, Yi ZHANG, Shuai KANG, Shuangcheng MA), CN=ArticleExt(id=1200147896927613861, articleId=1200147895015011171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, language=CN, title=紫苏叶与白苏叶的性状与显微鉴别研究, columnId=1190352405612040510, journalTitle=中国药学杂志, columnName=论著, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究紫苏叶的性状和显微鉴别特征,为鉴别不同生长期紫苏叶、鉴别紫苏叶与白苏叶提供依据。方法 采用性状鉴别法、显微鉴别法进行对比研究,对幼苗期、营养生长期、生殖生长期共6批紫苏叶与白苏叶进行系统的性状及显微鉴别研究。结果 对不同生长期紫苏叶的叶脉横切特征进行总结,发现不同生长期紫苏叶的叶脉横切面中,呈现紫色的部位面积有所不同,且不同生长期紫苏叶叶脉横切面的荧光表征也不相同,这些现象可用于鉴别不同生长期的紫苏叶。随后,本实验对紫苏叶与其伪品白苏叶的显微差异展开研究。发现紫苏叶与白苏叶的叶表面细胞纹饰存在差异,紫苏叶上表面细胞纹理有螺纹状细胞纹饰,白苏叶的上表面细胞有条状褶皱细胞纹饰;此外,紫苏叶与白苏叶头状、盾状腺毛密度及气孔指数比(下/上表面)的数值有所不同。结论 本实验通过研究紫苏叶与白苏叶的性状与显微特征,探索了鉴别不同生长期紫苏叶、鉴别紫苏叶与其伪品白苏叶的方法,实验结果可为紫苏叶的监督检验、临床使用和标准修订提供参考。

, correspAuthors=康帅, 马双成, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*康帅,男,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药鉴定与本草文献研究 Tel:(010)67095452;
马双成,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量安全与评价 Tel:(010)53832076
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Fl3rIaNb4zI5iCjhiIvfxQ==, magXml=76UQlWo7Oe1ybcy40pWkcA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=7CbWv0f0RQGaRLl8xzAI1w==, pdfFileSize=5554346, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=9zq5rSxX5aHdmTudInuKuA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=u5BKLcbkaBafhlTdCyQh4A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王馨平与聂黎行为共同第一作者

王馨平,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制;

聂黎行,女,研究员 研究方向:中药质量控制及中药化学对照品研究。

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2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050, bio={"content":"

王馨平,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制;

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王馨平,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制;

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聂黎行,女,研究员 研究方向:中药质量控制及中药化学对照品研究。

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聂黎行,女,研究员 研究方向:中药质量控制及中药化学对照品研究。

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Ⅰ-seeding stage; Ⅱ-vegetative growth stage; Ⅲ-reproductive stage; 1-upper surface; 2-lower surface.

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Ⅰ-幼苗期;Ⅱ-营养生长期;Ⅲ-生殖生长期;1-上表面;2-下表面。

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Ⅰ-seeding stage; Ⅱ-vegetative growth stage; Ⅲ-reproductive stage.

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Ⅰ-幼苗期;Ⅱ-营养生长期;Ⅲ-生殖生长期。

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A-Perilla Folium; B-Perilla Folium sum Cacumen; Ⅰ-seeding stage; Ⅱ-vegetative growth stage; Ⅲ-reproductive stage; 1-upper surface; 2-lower surface.

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A-紫苏叶;B-白苏叶;Ⅰ-幼苗期;Ⅱ-营养生长期;Ⅲ-生殖生长期;1-上表面;2-下表面。

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A-Perillae Folium; B-Perillae Folium sum Cacumen; 1-one base cell and one stalk cell; 2-two base cells and one stalk cell.

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A-紫苏叶;B-白苏叶;1-1个细胞头+单细胞柄;2-2个细胞头+单细胞柄。

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Ⅲ-Perilla Folium of reproductive stage; Ⅲ 1-measurement of capitate glandular hair; Ⅲ 2-measurement of peltate hair; 1-upper surface; 2-lower surface.

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Ⅲ-生殖生长期紫苏叶;Ⅲ 1-头状腺毛测量示例图;Ⅲ 2-盾状腺毛测量示例图;1-上表面;2-下表面。

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Samples information of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Herbal name Species Growth stage Habitat(in Chinese) Acquisition time
Perillae Folium Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Seeding stage Zhong country, Chongqing city(重庆忠县) 2022.07.05
Perillae Folium Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Vegetative growth stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.08.25
Perillae Folium Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Reproductive stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.09.05
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Seeding stage Zhong country, Chongqing city(重庆忠县) 2022.07.10
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Vegetative growth stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.08.25
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Reproductive stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.09.05
), ArticleFig(id=1200147901885280378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147895015011171, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

紫苏叶、白苏叶实验样品信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Herbal name Species Growth stage Habitat(in Chinese) Acquisition time
Perillae Folium Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Seeding stage Zhong country, Chongqing city(重庆忠县) 2022.07.05
Perillae Folium Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Vegetative growth stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.08.25
Perillae Folium Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Reproductive stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.09.05
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Seeding stage Zhong country, Chongqing city(重庆忠县) 2022.07.10
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Vegetative growth stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.08.25
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Perilla frutescens ( L.) Britt. Reproductive stage Fuling district, Chongqing city(重庆涪陵区) 2022.09.05
), ArticleFig(id=1200147901998526588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147895015011171, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Leaf surface feature of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample The surface decoration of upper epidermal cell The surface decoration of lower epidermal cells
Seeding
stage(Ⅰ)		 Vegetative
growth stage(Ⅱ)		 Reproductive
stage(Ⅲ)		 Seeding
stage(Ⅰ)		 Vegetative
growth stage(Ⅱ)		 Reproductive
stage(Ⅲ)
Perillae Folium Thread shap Thread shap Thread shap Linear plait Linear plait Linear plait
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear
), ArticleFig(id=1200147902111772800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147895015011171, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

紫苏叶与白苏叶叶表面特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample The surface decoration of upper epidermal cell The surface decoration of lower epidermal cells
Seeding
stage(Ⅰ)		 Vegetative
growth stage(Ⅱ)		 Reproductive
stage(Ⅲ)		 Seeding
stage(Ⅰ)		 Vegetative
growth stage(Ⅱ)		 Reproductive
stage(Ⅲ)
Perillae Folium Thread shap Thread shap Thread shap Linear plait Linear plait Linear plait
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear Linear
), ArticleFig(id=1200147902204047492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147895015011171, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Capitate glandular hair, peltate hair and stomatal index ratio of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen(lower/upper surface)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hebal name Upper surface Lower surface Stomatal index
ratio(lower
/upper surface)
Capitate glandular hair Capitate glandular hair Peltate hair
Density of glandular
hair/mm2		 Size range
/μm		 Density of glandular
hair/mm2		 Size range
/μm		 Density of glandular
hair/mm2		 Size range
/μm
Perillae Folium 21-62 20-29.5 23-24 18.7-27.7 17-35 64.4-84.1 0.4-1.6
20-32 18.6-29.6 8-39 19.3-33.3 8-19 68.1-84.2 0.5-1.4
28-72 12.2-31.9 13-38 15.5-31.7 11-20 53.3-80.1 0.3-0.8
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen 9-13 17-27.4 8-10 16.5-28.3 6-13 68.1-87.9 1.9-6.7
11-46 16.7-41 8-13 14.4-29.1 10-17 68.5-84.2 1.9-3.3
4-15 18-25.9 13-19 17.5-28.1 8-12 69.8-89.8 1.9-5.9
), ArticleFig(id=1200147902338265223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1190317699101192196, articleId=1200147895015011171, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

紫苏叶和白苏叶头状、盾状腺毛及气孔指数比数值表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Hebal name Upper surface Lower surface Stomatal index
ratio(lower
/upper surface)
Capitate glandular hair Capitate glandular hair Peltate hair
Density of glandular
hair/mm2		 Size range
/μm		 Density of glandular
hair/mm2		 Size range
/μm		 Density of glandular
hair/mm2		 Size range
/μm
Perillae Folium 21-62 20-29.5 23-24 18.7-27.7 17-35 64.4-84.1 0.4-1.6
20-32 18.6-29.6 8-39 19.3-33.3 8-19 68.1-84.2 0.5-1.4
28-72 12.2-31.9 13-38 15.5-31.7 11-20 53.3-80.1 0.3-0.8
Perillae Folium sum Cacumen 9-13 17-27.4 8-10 16.5-28.3 6-13 68.1-87.9 1.9-6.7
11-46 16.7-41 8-13 14.4-29.1 10-17 68.5-84.2 1.9-3.3
4-15 18-25.9 13-19 17.5-28.1 8-12 69.8-89.8 1.9-5.9
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紫苏叶与白苏叶的性状与显微鉴别研究
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王馨平 1, 2 , 聂黎行 2 , 张毅 3 , 康帅 2, * , 马双成 1, 2, *
中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024,59(11): 990-997
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中国药学杂志 | 论著 2024, 59(11): 990-997
紫苏叶与白苏叶的性状与显微鉴别研究
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王馨平1, 2, 聂黎行2, 张毅3, 康帅2, *, 马双成1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1 河北中医药大学药学院,河北省中药炮制技术创新中心, 石家庄 050200
  • 2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
  • 3 重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院, 重庆 401121

    • 王馨平,女,硕士研究生 研究方向:中药质量评价与控制;

    聂黎行,女,研究员 研究方向:中药质量控制及中药化学对照品研究。

通讯作者:

*康帅,男,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药鉴定与本草文献研究 Tel:(010)67095452;
马双成,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量安全与评价 Tel:(010)53832076
Characteristic and Microscopic Identification of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen
Xinping WANG1, 2, Lixing NIE2, Yi ZHANG3, Shuai KANG2, *, Shuangcheng MA1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1 Traditional Chinese Medicine Processing Technology Innovation Center of Hebei Province, School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang 050200, China
  • 2 National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
  • 3 Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, Chongqing 401121, China
出版时间: 2024-06-08 doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.006
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摘要
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目的 探究紫苏叶的性状和显微鉴别特征,为鉴别不同生长期紫苏叶、鉴别紫苏叶与白苏叶提供依据。方法 采用性状鉴别法、显微鉴别法进行对比研究,对幼苗期、营养生长期、生殖生长期共6批紫苏叶与白苏叶进行系统的性状及显微鉴别研究。结果 对不同生长期紫苏叶的叶脉横切特征进行总结,发现不同生长期紫苏叶的叶脉横切面中,呈现紫色的部位面积有所不同,且不同生长期紫苏叶叶脉横切面的荧光表征也不相同,这些现象可用于鉴别不同生长期的紫苏叶。随后,本实验对紫苏叶与其伪品白苏叶的显微差异展开研究。发现紫苏叶与白苏叶的叶表面细胞纹饰存在差异,紫苏叶上表面细胞纹理有螺纹状细胞纹饰,白苏叶的上表面细胞有条状褶皱细胞纹饰;此外,紫苏叶与白苏叶头状、盾状腺毛密度及气孔指数比(下/上表面)的数值有所不同。结论 本实验通过研究紫苏叶与白苏叶的性状与显微特征,探索了鉴别不同生长期紫苏叶、鉴别紫苏叶与其伪品白苏叶的方法,实验结果可为紫苏叶的监督检验、临床使用和标准修订提供参考。

紫苏叶  /  白苏叶  /  性状鉴别  /  显微鉴别

OBJECTIVE To explore the characteristic and microscopic features of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen and provide reference for the identification of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen. METHODS Characteristic identification and microscopic identification of 6 batches of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen were carried out. Samples were collected at different growing stages, including seeding stage, vegetative growth stage and reproductive stage. RESULTS For Perillae Folium collected at different growthing stages, the transverse sections of leaf veins were compared. As plant grows into older stages, more areas of the leaf veins appeared purple color. Additionally, the color of excited luminescence varied between Perillae Folium collected at different growing stages. These phenomena could be utilized to differentiate between Perillae Folium collected at different growing stages. Next, this experiment explored the microscopic difference of Perillae Folium and its counterfeit, Perillae Folium sum Cacumen. The leaf surface characters of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen were found to appear in different shapes. The density of peltare glandular hair and capitate glandular hair, as well as the numerical value of stomatal index ratio (lower/upper surface), was observed to be different between two kinds of leaves. CONCLUSION Through this experiment, the characteristic and microscopic features of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen are summarized, offering a reference for the supervision inspection, clinical application and standard revision of Perillae Follium.

Perillae Folium  /  Perillae Folium sum Cacumen  /  characteristic identification  /  microscopic identification
王馨平, 聂黎行, 张毅, 康帅, 马双成. 紫苏叶与白苏叶的性状与显微鉴别研究. 中国药学杂志, 2024 , 59 (11) : 990 -997 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.006
Xinping WANG, Lixing NIE, Yi ZHANG, Shuai KANG, Shuangcheng MA. Characteristic and Microscopic Identification of Perillae Folium and Perillae Folium sum Cacumen[J]. Chinese Pharmaceutical Journal, 2024 , 59 (11) : 990 -997 . DOI: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.006
正文
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紫苏叶为唇形科植物紫苏[Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.]的干燥叶(或带嫩枝)[1],最早记载于《尔雅》:“苏,桂荏”。从宋代开始,以紫苏为正名,《本草图经》载:“苏,紫苏也……叶下紫色而气甚香,夏采茎、叶,秋采实”[2]。白苏叶收载于《广东中药材标准第三册》,来源为唇形科植物白苏[Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.]的干燥叶或带叶嫩枝[3],最早记载于《本草经集注》:“荏,状如苏,高大色白,不甚香”[4],至宋代《本草图经》载:“然而苏有数种,有水苏、白苏、鱼苏、山鱼苏”。
《中国植物志》中记载:“紫苏为唇形科紫苏属一年生、直立草本植物。紫苏种下包含4个变种,分别为紫苏(原变种)[P. frutescens var. frutescens (L.) Britt.]、野生紫苏[P. frutescens var. acuta (Thunb.) Kudo]、耳齿紫苏[P. frutescens var. auriculato-dentata C. Y. Wu et Hsuan ex H. W. Li.]和回回苏[P. frutescens var. crispa (Thunb.) Hand.-Mazz.][5]。其中,紫苏(原变种)又包括两面紫色或一面紫色一面绿色的“紫苏”以及两面绿色的“白苏”。自古以来,紫苏叶便是指两面紫色或上表面绿色下表面紫色的叶子,白苏叶和紫苏叶来源为同一种植物,但白苏叶为两面绿色叶子[2,5]。
紫苏叶具有解表散寒,行气和胃的功效,其含有挥发油、酚酸、黄酮、三萜、花青素等多种生物活性物质及糖、氨基酸等营养物质[6-7]。其作为食品在中华饮食中也具有一席之地,可腌菜、生食或做汤[8-9]。紫苏叶可用于妊娠呕吐,鱼蟹中毒等,白苏叶可用于食积、吐泻、冷痢等,两者的主治功能有所差异。现代研究表明,紫苏叶还具有抗氧化、抗炎、抗菌、抗过敏、抗肿瘤、抗血栓、抗抑郁等丰富的药理作用[10-12],白苏叶仅具抑菌、抗氧化的药理作用[13-14],两者药理作用存在明显差异。随着紫苏叶用量增加,白苏、回回苏、野苏等混伪品较多,药用品种混淆,有待对其开展深入的鉴别研究,确保紫苏叶药性,服务中医临床用药安全有效。
目前对紫苏叶的生药学研究较少,主要集中在腺毛、种质及不同品种叶脉横切面研究[15-19],研究内容及应用的显微技术较为单一,且尚未发现有研究从腺毛密度、叶表面细胞纹饰、气孔指数比等方面将紫苏叶和白苏叶进行区分。本研究对不同生长期的紫苏叶和白苏叶采用性状鉴别和显微鉴别的研究方法,应用光学显微镜、体视显微镜、荧光显微镜和扫描电镜技术,从叶片的形状大小、叶脉横切面特征、头状、盾状腺毛的密度及大小范围等方面对不同生长时期的紫苏叶和白苏叶进行系统的鉴别研究,为紫苏叶显微鉴别的研究思路和方法提供参考。
1 仪器与材料
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1.1 仪器
EOS5D 数码相机(日本CANON 公司);Leica CM1950 冰冻切片机(德国徕卡公司);Zeizz Stereo Lumar 4V12 型体视荧光显微镜及 Axiocam 506 color 成像系统(德国蔡司公司);Olympus BX51型透射光显微镜及DP71型CCD成像系统(日本奥林巴斯公司);Olympus SZX-ZB7型透射光显微镜; Echo Revolution RON-B荧光显微镜(美国 Echo 公司);Leica HI1220 切片捞片仪(德国徕卡公司);Phenom pure电子扫描显微镜(荷兰飞纳公司)。
1.2 材料
屈臣氏饮用水(广州屈臣氏食品饮料有限公司),明胶[碧迪医疗器械(上海)有限公司],超级蓝吉利不锈钢双面刀片(上海吉利有限公司)。
1.3 试剂
水合氯醛(批号20180226,中国医药集团上海化学工业公司),冰冻包埋剂(批号03819364,德国徕卡公司),卡尔科弗卢尔(Calcofluor)荧光增白剂染色液(美国Sigma公司)。
1.4 样品
实验样品为市场收集,重庆为紫苏的道地优势产区,样品均收集于重庆,均为栽培品,经中国食品药品检定研究院康帅副研究员鉴定为唇形科植物紫苏[Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.]的干燥叶或带叶嫩枝、唇形科植物白苏[Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt.]的干燥叶或带叶嫩枝。样品信息见表1。
2 方法
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2.1 性状观察
将能够代表叶子特征与特征范围的原药材悬挂于干燥器内,干燥器内倒入一定量的纯净水对干燥叶片进行软化,150 min后将软化好的叶片放置标本夹中压平干燥,将原药材及展平后的样品放在盈商3D成像系统内的自制操作台上,用EOS5D数码相机对原药材进行拍摄;采用叶子中部或中下部的正反面固定于载玻片上,置于体视显微镜的载物台上,在自然光下观察样品的正反面观,利用Zeizz Stereo Lumar 4V12型体视荧光显微镜拍照成像。
2.2 显微实验
2.2.1 横切面显微研究方法
体视荧光显微镜:将原药材悬挂于干燥器内软化,软化好的叶片沿叶主脉长轴方向的中部或中下部位置用刀片切去正方形小块,在Olympus SZX-ZB7型透射光显微镜下徒手切薄片,粘贴于载玻片上,置于Zeiss SteREO Discovery. V12型体视荧光显微镜下80倍放大,使用可见光下观察,并应用ZEN数码成像系统于RGB模式下进行拍摄,并采用景深扩展进行合成图像。
荧光显微镜:在包埋管(一次性滴管自制)中将正方形叶主脉小块垂直置管底中央,加入1~2滴0.1 g·mL-1明胶溶液,置-60 ℃低温保存箱冷冻1 h,取出后用冰冻切片机切取16 μm的叶脉横切片,用黏附载玻片吸附切片,置45 ℃捞片仪中洗去样品周边明胶,取出烘干后滴一滴卡尔科弗卢尔荧光增白剂,并静置染色1 min,将制作好的切片分别在可见光及荧光下进行观察并拍照。
扫描电镜:将样品固定于贴有导电胶的样品台上,将其放入载物铜台,经SBC-2离子溅射仪真空喷铂金镀膜70 s,连续2次,置于Phenom扫描电子显微镜下,在高分辨10 kV加速电压下,二次电子的探头模式,标准束流下观察、记载,并选有代表性的视野照相记录。
2.2.2 粉末显微研究方法
将紫苏叶用粉碎机打碎,取少量粉末透化后置于Olympus BX51型透射光显微镜下观察头状腺毛形态,在DP71型CCD成像系统下选有代表性的视野照相记录。
2.2.3 表面显微研究方法
将原药材悬挂于干燥器内软化,软化好的叶片用刀片切取正方形小块,喷金后置于Phenom扫描电子显微镜下观察,在205倍下拍摄,测1 mm2面积内的头状、盾状腺毛个数及大小范围,每批测量3次,取腺毛平均值计算密度,在3次结果中表征大小范围。
3 结果
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3.1 性状
3.1.1 紫苏叶
紫苏叶原药材性状:本品叶片多皱缩卷曲、破碎,完整者展平后呈卵圆形,长约4.6~9.3 cm,宽3.2~8 cm。先端长尖或急尖,基部圆形或宽楔形,边缘具圆锯齿。上表面绿色,下表面紫色,疏生灰白色毛,下表面有多数凹点状的腺鳞。叶柄长1.8~4.6 cm,紫色或紫绿色,质脆。气清香,味微辛。幼苗期(Ⅰ时期)原药材长4.6~7.3 cm,宽3.2~6 cm,上表面呈灰绿色,下表面紫色,叶片较皱缩;营养生长期(Ⅱ时期)和生殖生长期(Ⅲ时期)长5.5~9.25 cm,宽4.5~8 cm,叶片较为相似,均为上表面绿色,下表面紫色。
紫苏叶表面性状:不同生长期紫苏叶均为上表面绿色下表面紫色,完整叶片展平后均呈卵圆形,先端长尖或急尖,基部圆形或宽楔形,边缘具圆锯齿,疏生灰白色毛。
紫苏叶微性状:3个生长期叶片均有非腺毛,上表面非腺毛较多,无盾状腺毛,下表面盾状腺毛较多,且Ⅱ时期叶片下表面紫色较淡,上表面非腺毛较长。
3.1.2 白苏叶
白苏叶原药材性状:本品叶片多皱缩卷曲、破碎,完整者展平后呈卵圆形,长10.5~13.8 cm,宽6~10.5 cm。先端长尖或急尖,基部圆形或宽楔形,边缘具圆锯齿。两面黄绿色至黄棕色,灰白色毛密而长。叶柄4~7.5 cm,黄绿色至黄棕色,质脆。气清香,味微辛。Ⅰ时期原药材长10.5~11 cm,宽6~8 cm,且皱缩严重,呈深灰绿色;Ⅱ和Ⅲ时期原药材长10.5~13.8 cm,宽8.25~10.5 cm,呈绿色。
白苏叶表面性状:Ⅰ时期正反面均呈灰绿色,叶片较小;Ⅱ和Ⅲ时期叶片增大,呈绿色,完整叶片展平后呈卵圆形,先端长尖或急尖,基部圆形或宽楔形,边缘具圆锯齿,灰白色毛密而长。
白苏叶微性状:3个生长期叶片均有非腺毛,且非腺毛较长,Ⅱ时期上表面非腺毛较多,不同生长期叶片下表面无显著差异,均分布数个盾状腺毛。
紫苏叶和白苏叶性状对比图见图1。
3.2 显微特征
3.2.1 叶及叶脉横切特征
体视荧光显微镜:紫色部分在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ时期均分布在叶片下表面,在Ⅰ和Ⅱ时期分布在叶脉上表面和下表面的厚角组织处,在Ⅲ时期分布在上下表面厚角组织处及导管处。
荧光显微镜:叶主脉上、下表面内侧具数列厚角组织,Ⅰ、Ⅱ时期呈粉紫色,Ⅲ时期呈蓝紫色;维管束外韧性,Ⅰ时期韧皮部呈粉紫色荧光,Ⅱ、Ⅲ时期呈紫色荧光;木质部导管2~4个径向排列,Ⅰ时期呈现出黄色荧光,Ⅱ、Ⅲ时期呈黄绿色荧光,叶及叶脉横切表征图见图2。
3.2.2 叶表面特征
紫苏叶和白苏叶上表面表皮细胞在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ 3个时期均为多角形,两者叶表面细胞纹饰不同;下表面表皮细胞均严重皱缩,两者叶表面细胞纹饰相同,见表2、图3。
3.2.3 腺毛及气孔指数比
头状腺毛类型:紫苏叶的头状腺毛类型均为长柄头状腺毛,为1~2个细胞头和单细胞柄组成,在3个生长期的紫苏叶中均有2种类型的头状腺毛。白苏叶的头状腺毛类型均为长柄头状腺毛,在其上表面,只有1个细胞头+单细胞柄的头状腺毛,在其下表面有2种类型的头状腺毛,在3个生长期均有1个细胞头+单细胞柄的头状腺毛,在Ⅱ、Ⅲ时期有2个细胞头+单细胞柄的头状腺毛。信息见图4。
腺毛特征及气孔指数比:上表面头状腺毛:紫苏叶在I和Ⅲ时期数量较多,Ⅱ时期最大值减少至一半左右,为32;白苏叶Ⅱ时期数量较多,最大值为46,Ⅰ和Ⅲ时期减少至1/3左右;下表面头状腺毛:紫苏叶在3个时期数量相近;白苏叶在3个时期数量呈上升趋势,Ⅲ时期最多为19;下表面盾状腺毛:前期研究表明,紫苏盾状腺毛较多且分布在叶片背面[20-22],本实验结果与此前报道一致。紫苏叶在Ⅰ时期数量最多,最大值为35,Ⅱ、Ⅲ时期数量相近;白苏叶在Ⅱ时期数量最多,最大值为17,Ⅰ、Ⅲ时期数量相近;气孔指数比:实验过程中发现,紫苏叶片下表面气孔数量通常多于其上表面,因此采用下/上表面气孔指数的方式进行比较研究。紫苏叶在Ⅰ和Ⅱ时期比值相近,Ⅲ时期减小;白苏叶在Ⅰ时期比值最大,Ⅲ时期次之。紫苏叶和白苏叶在不同生长期的变化规律不同。头状、盾状腺毛测量图见图5,不同样品的头状、盾状腺毛和气孔指数比结果见表3。
4 讨论
收起
古人将紫苏和白苏区分开,白苏为“荏”“白苏”,紫苏为“苏”“紫苏”,记载植物形态及药用价值均不同,《中国植物志》中把紫苏叶、白苏叶归为同一种植物,认为均来源于紫苏原变种,笔者在收集样本过程中发现收集的紫苏叶中混有两面绿色的白苏叶,外观和紫苏叶相同,仅叶片颜色不同,市场上将紫苏叶与白苏叶混淆使用,白苏叶是否能够药用还需进一步探究。本研究通过对紫苏叶和白苏叶进行鉴别研究,发现紫苏叶和白苏叶在性状和显微特征上均有所不同。
4.1 紫苏叶、白苏叶比较鉴别
近年来对紫苏叶、白苏叶的比较鉴别研究较少,本研究通过性状、显微鉴别,发现两者在叶片边缘形状、叶表面纹理及叶片气孔指数比等方面有所差异。在叶缘形状上,紫苏叶边缘锯齿较为急尖,白苏叶较为钝圆,且白苏叶叶片较大。在叶表面细胞纹饰上,发现紫苏叶上表面为螺纹状细胞纹饰,白苏叶为条纹褶皱细胞纹饰,在下表面细胞纹饰上,两者均为条状细胞纹饰,白苏叶更加皱缩。在气孔指数比上,发现紫苏叶的气孔指数比为0.3~1.6,白苏叶的为1.9~6.7,在头状腺毛类型上,紫苏叶上表面有2种类型头状腺毛,白苏叶上表面只有1个细胞头+单细胞柄这一种头状腺毛。可根据以上特征对紫苏叶与白苏叶进行区分,本研究对道地优势产区紫苏叶进行研究,后续可扩大样本量,对不同产地样品进行比较研究。
4.2 不同生长期紫苏叶鉴别
本研究对幼苗期(Ⅰ时期)、营养生长期(Ⅱ时期)、生殖生长期(Ⅲ时期)的紫苏叶和白苏叶进行研究,发现不同时期紫苏叶叶主脉横切颜色及盾状腺毛密度均有所不同。在叶及叶主脉横切上,发现3个时期紫苏叶叶横切面均为上表面绿色、下表面紫色;叶主脉横切面Ⅰ及Ⅱ时期紫苏叶的紫色部位分布在相同位置,Ⅲ时期紫色部位分布的位置则有所不同,且各时期叶脉横切面所表现出的荧光强弱也各不相同,那么紫色部位的化学成分到底是什么,还需进一步探究。在盾状腺毛密度上,前期研究表明,盾状腺毛密度和挥发油得率呈正相关[16,18],且白苏叶挥发油含量大于紫苏叶[13,23],本研究发现,紫苏叶与白苏叶在3个时期腺毛数量呈下降趋势,且白苏叶在幼苗期盾状腺毛密度大于紫苏叶,表明白苏叶挥发油含量大于紫苏叶,与前期研究结果相符合。
4.3 对实验方法的探讨
紫苏叶的软化和显微切片实验是本实验的关键。紫苏叶原药材为干燥皱缩叶片,为将其压平及切片,需先进行软化处理,本研究将叶片悬挂于干燥器中,让其主动吸水进行软化,期间对软化时间进行考察,发现在2.5 h左右效果较好,得到了既保留原药材颜色又达到软化目的的叶片。为观察叶及叶脉横切面的紫色部分,需要有些许厚度的横切面,采取在显微镜下徒手切片,用盖玻片搭建出一定坡度的平台,在平台上用刀片切取理想厚度的横切面,在体视显微镜及电镜下进行观察。
本实验对不同生长期的紫苏叶和白苏叶进行性状和显微鉴别研究,在叶表面特征及叶色分布情况发现了异同点,目前还需对叶子不同部位的化学成分进行研究,将紫色部位与化学成分相结合,对紫苏叶进行进一步研究。
基金
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  • 中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金项目资助(GJJS-2022-10-2)
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2024年第59卷第11期
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doi: 10.11669/cpj.2024.11.006
  • 接收时间：2023-06-16
  • 首发时间：2025-11-25
  • 出版时间：2024-06-08
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-16
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中国食品药品检定研究院关键技术研究基金项目资助(GJJS-2022-10-2)
作者信息
    1 河北中医药大学药学院,河北省中药炮制技术创新中心, 石家庄 050200
    2 中国食品药品检定研究院, 北京 100050
    3 重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院, 重庆 401121

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*康帅,男,博士,副研究员 研究方向:中药鉴定与本草文献研究 Tel:(010)67095452;
马双成,男,博士,研究员 研究方向:中药质量安全与评价 Tel:(010)53832076
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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